| antigenic and molecular characterization of bat rabies virus in europe. | the predominant role of eptesicus serotinus in the epizootic of bat rabies in europe was further outlined by the first isolation of the rabies virus from this species in france. the distribution of the virus was studied in naturally infected e. serotinus bats at the time of death and suggested that the papillae of the tongue and the respiratory mucosa may play a role in virus production and excretion. the analysis of 501 french rabies virus isolates from various animal species by antinucleocapsi ... | 1992 | 1401009 |
| t and b cell human responses to european bat lyssavirus after post-exposure rabies vaccination. | t and b cell human responses to european bat lyssavirus (ebl1) induced by post-exposure rabies vaccination (pm virus vaccine) were evaluated by measuring plasmatic titres of ebl1-specific neutralizing antibodies; specific ebl1-binding antibodies; and proliferation indices of peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated in vitro with ebl1. these parameters for vaccination efficacy were compared with those obtained with vaccine-related viruses (cvs and era) and with a non-vaccine-related virus. mokola ... | 1991 | 1864001 |
| a reduced panel of anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies for bat rabies virus identification in europe. | a reduced panel of 4 anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies (mab) was set up to distinguish viruses of terrestrial mammal origin from viruses of bat origin in europe. four additional mab were necessary to identify each one of the four serotypes of lyssavirus. these 8 mab were selected out of 25 mab secreted by hybridomas obtained from mice immunized with either serotype 1 lyssavirus (rabies virus pv4) or serotype 3 lyssavirus (mokola). they were screened with 32 viruses representative of the fo ... | 1990 | 2277871 |
| protective activity of a murine monoclonal antibody against european bat lyssavirus 1 (ebl1) infection in mice. | a mouse model was designed to test in vivo the efficacy of rabies immune globulins and specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to prevent european bat lyssavirus 1 infection. human or equine rabies immune globulins previously found to contain variable amounts of neutralizing bat lyssavirus crossreactive antibodies were passively transferred to mice receiving intramuscularly a lethal dose of bat lyssavirus type 1. immune globulins did not protect mice well against bat lyssavirus 1 whereas the ... | 1993 | 8256507 |
| molecular diversity of the lyssavirus genus. | the sequence of 5568 nucleotides of the 3' moiety of the mokola virus genome (serotype 3 of lyssaviruses) encompassing the nucleoprotein (n), phosphoprotein, matrix protein, and glycoprotein genes is presented and compared to that of the vaccinal strains of serotype 1. it allowed us to determine consensus sequences derived from the transcriptional start/stop signals and the order of protein conservation (nucleoprotein > matrix protein > phosphoprotein) in lyssaviruses. the sequences of the n gen ... | 1993 | 8386891 |
| lyssavirus in eptesicus serotinus (chiroptera: vespertilionidae). | to determine the prevalence of european bat lyssavirus 1 (ebl1), antibodies plasma samples were obtained from 175 serotine bats (eptesicus serotinus) from four colonies in southern spain between september of 1991 and september 1992. five bats were detected with ebl1 virus in one colony in 1989. the prevalence of antibodies rose to 74% in one of the colonies studied (villarrasa) in the spring of 1992. after a few months the prevalence declined to under 10%. individuals with a high antibody level ... | 1995 | 8592359 |
| the antigen-specific cell-mediated immune response in mice is suppressed by infection with pathogenic lyssaviruses. | responsiveness of t cells (rtc) was studied in balb/c mice intramuscularly infected with various lyssaviruses. after infection by this peripheral route, two types of viruses could be classified according to their effects: 1) pathogenic viruses, including fixed rabies pasteur virus (serogenotype 1) and wild viruses belonging to serogenotype 1 (from a rabid fox in france and from a cow infected by a vampire bat in brazil) or to serogenotype 5 (european bat lyssavirus 1); and 2) non-pathogenic viru ... | 1996 | 8880998 |
| potency of veterinary rabies vaccines in the netherlands: a case for continued vigilance. | commercial rabies vaccines, used by veterinarians in the netherlands, were collected for testing in the mouse potency test. of the six vaccines tested, two were clearly below the minimal requirements for potency of 1.0 iu. of these six vaccines the rabies virus glycoprotein (gp) and nucleoprotein (np) contents were determined in an antigen competition elisa. the gp content proved to correlate well with the potency found in the mouse potency test (r = 0.95, p < 0.01), whereas no such correlation ... | 1996 | 8972063 |
| chimeric lyssavirus glycoproteins with increased immunological potential. | the rabies virus glycoprotein molecule (g) can be divided into two parts separated by a flexible hinge: the nh2 half (site ii part) containing antigenic site ii up to the linear region (amino acids [aa] 253 to 275 encompassing epitope vi [aa 264]) and the cooh half (site iii part) containing antigenic site iii and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. the structural and immunological roles of each part were investigated by cell transfection and mouse dna-based immunization with homogeneous ... | 1999 | 9847325 |
| is there an advantage to including the nucleoprotein in a rabies glycoprotein subunit vaccine? | the pv rabies (genotype 1) g and n proteins were produced by recombinant baculoviruses in insect cells. we tested the ability of recombinant antigens to synergistically induce an immune response and, particularly, to broaden the spectrum of lyssavirus-neutralizing antibodies produced. cell-free preparations of recombinant proteins caused an immune response. recombinant rabies g protein (rrg) from infected cell extract or supernatant induced virus neutralizing antibodies (vnab) against rabies (cv ... | 1999 | 10195792 |
| lyssavirus glycoproteins expressing immunologically potent foreign b cell and cytotoxic t lymphocyte epitopes as prototypes for multivalent vaccines. | truncated and chimeric lyssavirus glycoprotein (g) genes were used to carry and express non-lyssavirus b and t cell epitopes for dna-based immunization of mice, with the aim of developing a multivalent vaccine prototype. truncated g (gpviii) was composed of the c-terminal half (aa 253-503) of the pasteur rabies virus (pv: genotype 1) g containing antigenic site iii and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. the chimeric g (gebl1-pv) was composed of the n-terminal half (aa 1-250) of the europ ... | 1999 | 10501486 |
| immunization of dogs with a dna vaccine induces protection against rabies virus. | rabies is a fatal encephalomyelitis which is transmitted to man, mostly by dogs in developing countries. this zoonosis can be prevented by vaccination of humans before or after exposure. however, a more radical approach is possible, involving the elimination of the principal vector/reservoir by vaccinating dogs. the vaccine must be effective, safe and inexpensive. mass production of plasmids is possible and dna-based immunization with a plasmid encoding the antigen responsible for inducing prote ... | 1999 | 10519937 |
| evidence of two lyssavirus phylogroups with distinct pathogenicity and immunogenicity. | the genetic diversity of representative members of the lyssavirus genus (rabies and rabies-related viruses) was evaluated using the gene encoding the transmembrane glycoprotein involved in the virus-host interaction, immunogenicity, and pathogenicity. phylogenetic analysis distinguished seven genotypes, which could be divided into two major phylogroups having the highest bootstrap values. phylogroup i comprises the worldwide genotype 1 (classic rabies virus), the european bat lyssavirus (ebl) ge ... | 2001 | 11238853 |
| screening of active lyssavirus infection in wild bat populations by viral rna detection on oropharyngeal swabs. | brain analysis cannot be used for the investigation of active lyssavirus infection in healthy bats because most bat species are protected by conservation directives. consequently, serology remains the only tool for performing virological studies on natural bat populations; however, the presence of antibodies merely reflects past exposure to the virus and is not a valid marker of active infection. this work describes a new nested reverse transcription (rt)-pcr technique specifically designed for ... | 2001 | 11574590 |
| a novel expression cassette of lyssavirus shows that the distantly related mokola virus can rescue a defective rabies virus genome. | by comparing three expression vectors for the rabies virus (rv) minigenome, we show that the characteristic of the rv rna is important for efficient rescue despite its not being crucial for replication. moreover, we show that the coexpression of the viral proteins from helper rv and mokola virus could rescue the rv minigenome while rv-related european bat lyssavirus 1 could not, suggesting that the signals controlling transcription and replication are conserved in the distantly related rv and mo ... | 2002 | 11799201 |
| presence of european bat lyssavirus rnas in apparently healthy rousettus aegyptiacus bats. | apparently healthy rousettus aegyptiacus bats were randomly chosen from a dutch colony naturally infected with european bat lyssavirus subgenotype 1a (ebl1a). these bats were euthanised three months after the first evidence of an ebl1a infection in the colony. ebl1a genomic and antigenomic rnas of the nucleoprotein gene were detected by nested reverse transcriptase pcr in 75% of the examined rousettus aegyptiacus bats. the ebl1a rnas of the nucleoprotein gene were detected mainly in brain tissue ... | 2002 | 11892688 |
| european bat lyssavirus infection in spanish bat populations. | from 1992 to 2000, 976 sera, 27 blood pellets, and 91 brains were obtained from 14 bat species in 37 localities in spain. specific anti-european bat lyssavirus 1 (ebl1)-neutralizing antibodies have been detected in myotis myotis, miniopterus schreibersii, tadarida teniotis, and rhinolophus ferrumequinum in the region of aragon and the balearic islands. positive results were also obtained by nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction on brain, blood pellet, lung, heart, tongue, and es ... | 2002 | 11971777 |
| new lyssavirus genotype from the lesser mouse-eared bat (myotis blythi), kyrghyzstan. | the aravan virus was isolated from a lesser mouse-eared bat (myotis blythi) in the osh region of kyrghyzstan, central asia, in 1991. we determined the complete sequence of the nucleoprotein (n) gene and compared it with those of 26 representative lyssaviruses obtained from databases. the aravan virus was distinguished from seven distinct genotypes on the basis of nucleotide and amino acid identity. phylogenetic analysis based on both nucleotide and amino acid sequences showed that the aravan vir ... | 2003 | 12643828 |
| cross-reactive antigenicity of nucleoproteins of lyssaviruses recognized by a monospecific antirabies virus nucleoprotein antiserum on paraffin sections of formalin-fixed tissues. | diagnosis of rabies is routinely confirmed by detection of rabies virus antigens in acetone-fixed frozen brain tissues or imprint smears using an immunofluorescence method with commercial antirabies virus antibodies. since recent molecular analyses disclosed wide heterogeneity in the genome sequences of rabies virus strains and related lyssaviruses, it is necessary to confirm the presence of common epitopes in these lyssaviruses. in this study we confirmed the presence of cross-reactive antigens ... | 2003 | 12895231 |
| spill-over of european bat lyssavirus type 1 into a stone marten (martes foina) in germany. | european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1, genotype 5) is known to endemically circulate in insectivorous bat populations in germany. in august 2001, a rabies suspect stone marten (martes foina) was found in the city of burg (saxony-anhalt, germany) and was sent to the regional veterinary laboratory for routine rabies diagnosis. whereas brain samples repeatedly tested negative in the fluorescent antibody test for classical rabies virus (genotype 1), the mouse inoculation test and the rabies tissue ... | 2004 | 15030600 |
| susceptibility of ferrets (mustela putorius furo) to experimentally induced rabies with european bat lyssaviruses (eblv). | twenty ferrets (mustela putorius furo) were inoculated by intramuscular (i.m.) injection with european bat lyssaviruses (eblv) type-1 and 2 using 10(4.0) foci-forming units (ffu) eblv-2 (n = 6), 10(4.0) ffu eblv-1 (n = 7) and 10(6.0) ffu eblv-1 (n = 7). furthermore, 15 mice received 10(2.5) ffu eblv-2 (n = 5), 10(2.5) ffu eblv-1 (n = 5) and 10(4.5) ffu eblv-1 (n = 5) by i.m. inoculation. all ferrets and mice receiving the higher dose of eblv-1 succumbed to infection. in contrast, only three of s ... | 2004 | 15030601 |
| development of a hemi-nested rt-pcr method for the specific determination of european bat lyssavirus 1. comparison with other rabies diagnostic methods. | a simplified hemi-nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (hnrt-pcr) has been developed to determine specifically the european bat lyssavirus 1 (eblv-1) nucleoprotein gene. the specificity of this method was determined by using the seven genotypes of lyssavirus by rt-pcr, southern blot and sequence analysis. compared to the rabies diagnostic methods, the hnrt-pcr showed a higher sensitivity for the detection of small amounts of eblv-1 virus. in view of these results, we suggest th ... | 2004 | 15121304 |
| genetic analysis of european bat lyssavirus type 1 isolates from france. | european bat lyssavirus type 1a (eblv-1a) was first identified in central france from a serotine bat (eptesicus serotinus) collected at the end of 2002. rabies was diagnosed by reference rabies diagnosis methods and molecular tools. phylogenetic analysis of 14 viral isolates obtained from french bats infected with eblv-1 between 1989 and the end of 2002 against 47 nucleoprotein sequences showed a north-west to east distribution of eblv-1a virus and a south to north distribution of eblv-1b virus, ... | 2004 | 15160845 |
| detection and strain differentiation of european bat lyssaviruses using in situ hybridisation. | a protocol suitable for the detection of rabies virus and the related european bat lyssaviruses type 1 and 2 is described. in situ hybridisation, employing digoxigenin labelled riboprobes was used for the detection of lyssavirus rna in mouse-infected brain tissue. the principal advantage of this technique, compared to routine methods used for histopathology, is that this method is robust, highly sensitive, and specific for assessing the presence of rna in different tissues. an additional advanta ... | 2004 | 15381360 |
| rabies in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) experimentally infected with european bat lyssavirus type 1. | the susceptibility of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) to european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) infection was examined. eight foxes were inoculated intramuscularly (i.m.) with 10(4.9) foci-forming units (ffu) (n = 4) and 10(5.1) ffu (n = 4) and observed for up to 90 days. all foxes showed manifestations of a neurologic disorder (e.g. seizures, myoclonus, agitation), starting as early as 5 days post-infection (p.i.). subsequently, all animals showed improvement followed by one or more relapses. one fo ... | 2004 | 15525359 |
| phylogeography, population dynamics, and molecular evolution of european bat lyssaviruses. | european bat lyssaviruses types 1 and 2 (eblv-1 and eblv-2) are widespread in europe, although little is known of their evolutionary history. we undertook a comprehensive sequence analysis to infer the selection pressures, rates of nucleotide substitution, age of genetic diversity, geographical origin, and population growth rates of eblv-1. our study encompassed data from 12 countries collected over a time span of 35 years and focused on the glycoprotein (g) and nucleoprotein (n) genes. we show ... | 2005 | 16051841 |
| natural and experimental infection of sheep with european bat lyssavirus type-1 of danish bat origin. | in 1998 and 2002, european bat lyssavirus type-1 (eblv-1) was demonstrated in brain tissue of five danish sheep suffering from neurological disorders. four of the five sheep also had encephalic listeriosis. the animals originated from four flocks on pastures within a limited area of western jutland. in a serological investigation in two of the herds, from which three of the diseased animals originated, eblv-1 neutralizing antibodies were detected in only one of 69 sheep. in follow-up surveys, 21 ... | 2006 | 16545840 |
| temporal dynamics of european bat lyssavirus type 1 and survival of myotis myotis bats in natural colonies. | many emerging rna viruses of public health concern have recently been detected in bats. however, the dynamics of these viruses in natural bat colonies is presently unknown. consequently, prediction of the spread of these viruses and the establishment of appropriate control measures are hindered by a lack of information. to this aim, we collected epidemiological, virological and ecological data during a twelve-year longitudinal study in two colonies of insectivorous bats (myotis myotis) located i ... | 2007 | 17593965 |
| [bat rabies in europe and the czech republic]. | in 2005, six children were treated in our department who had been in contact with a bat infected with european bat lyssavirus 1 (ebl1). in the czech republic, this was the first confirmed case of rabies since 2002, but the fourth case of bat rabies since 1994. all the cases were related to southern moravia and bat species which almost do not migrate. this suggests only endemic prevalence of ebl1 in this country. bat rabies is different from rabies in terrestic mammals. based on genetic analyses, ... | 2007 | 17703400 |
| susceptibility of sheep to european bat lyssavirus type-1 and -2 infection: a clinical pathogenesis study. | european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs) have been known to cross the species barrier from their native bat host to other terrestrial mammals. in this study, we have confirmed eblv-1 and eblv-2 susceptibility in sheep (ovis ammon) following intracranial and peripheral (intramuscular) inoculation. notably, mild clinical disease was observed in those exposed to virus via the intramuscular route. following the intramuscular challenge, 75% of the animals infected with eblv-1 and 100% of those that were cha ... | 2007 | 17706900 |
| first isolation of eblv-2 in germany. | in europe, rabies in bats is caused by european bat lyssavirus (eblv) type 1 (eblv-1) or type 2 (eblv-2) which form two distinct genotypes (gt 5 and 6) within the genus lyssavirus of the family of rhadoviridae. spill-over infections of eblv in humans have caused fatal rabies encephalitis and highlighted the relevance of this wildlife disease for public health. the vast majority of the 831 european bat rabies cases reported between 1977 and 2006 were identified as eblv-1. only few virus isolates ... | 2008 | 18424021 |
| susceptibility of north american big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) to infection with european bat lyssavirus type 1. | the aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility of insectivorous bats (using the big brown bat as a model) to infection with european bat lyssavirus type 1a (eblv-1a), to assess the dynamics of host immune responses and to evaluate the opportunity for horizontal viral transmission within colonies. two isolates of eblv-1a, originating from slovakia (eblv-1ask) and germany (eblv-1age), were tested. four different routes of inoculation were used with isolate eblv-1ask [10(4.8) mouse intra ... | 2008 | 18632972 |
| investigating antibody neutralization of lyssaviruses using lentiviral pseudotypes: a cross-species comparison. | cross-neutralization between rabies virus (rabv) and two european bat lyssaviruses (eblv-1 and -2) was analysed using lentiviral pseudotypes as antigen vectors. glycoprotein (g-protein) cdna from rabv challenge virus standard-11 (cvs-11) and eblv-1 and -2 were cloned and co-expressed with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) or murine leukemia virus (mlv) gag-pol and packageable green fluorescent protein (gfp) or luciferase reporter genes in human cells. the harvested lentiviral (hiv) vector infec ... | 2008 | 18753230 |
| a reassessment of the emergence time of european bat lyssavirus type 1. | the previous study of the evolutionary rates of european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) used a strict molecular clock to estimate substitution rates of the nucleoprotein gene and in turn times of the most recent common ancestor (tmrca) of the entire genotype and the two major eblv-1 lineages (eblv-1a and eblv-1b). the results of that study suggested that the evolutionary rate of eblv-1 was one of the lowest recorded for rna viruses and that genetic diversity of eblv-1 arose 500-750 years ago. he ... | 2008 | 18773973 |
| experimental infection of foxes with european bat lyssaviruses type-1 and 2. | since 1954, there have been in excess of 800 cases of rabies as a result of european bat lyssaviruses types 1 and 2 (eblv-1, eblv-2) infection, mainly in serotine and myotis bats respectively. these viruses have rarely been reported to infect humans and terrestrial mammals, as the only exceptions are sheep in denmark, a stone marten in germany and a cat in france. the purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of foxes to eblvs using silver foxes (vulpes vulpes) as a model. | 2009 | 19454020 |
| detection of high levels of european bat lyssavirus type-1 viral rna in the thyroid gland of experimentally-infected eptesicus fuscus bats. | two common bat lyssavirus species have been identified in many european countries: european bat lyssavirus type-1 and -2 (eblv-1 and eblv-2). only limited knowledge on the susceptibility of the natural eblv-hosts, insectivorous bats, to lyssavirus infection is available. our study was undertaken to evaluate the susceptibility and pathology associated with an eblv-1 infection in eptesicus fuscus following different routes of virus inoculation including intracranial (n = 6), intramuscular (n = 14) ... | 2009 | 19497087 |
| antibodies induced by vaccination with purified chick embryo cell culture vaccine (pcecv) cross-neutralize non-classical bat lyssavirus strains. | tissue-culture vaccines like purified chick embryo cell vaccine (pcecv) have been shown to provide protection against classical rabies virus (rabv) via pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis. a cross-neutralization study was conducted using a panel of 100 human sera, to determine, to what extent after vaccination with pcecv protection exists against non-classical bat lyssavirus strains like european bat lyssavirus (eblv) type 1 and 2 and australian bat lyssavirus (ablv). virus neutralizing an ... | 2009 | 19615958 |
| intergenotypic replacement of lyssavirus matrix proteins demonstrates the role of lyssavirus m proteins in intracellular virus accumulation. | lyssavirus assembly depends on the matrix protein (m). we compared lyssavirus m proteins from different genotypes for their ability to support assembly and egress of genotype 1 rabies virus (rabv). transcomplementation of m-deficient rabv with m from european bat lyssavirus (eblv) types 1 and 2 reduced the release of infectious virus. stable introduction of the heterogenotypic m proteins into rabv led to chimeric viruses with reduced virus release and intracellular accumulation of virus genomes. ... | 2010 | 19955305 |
| bat rabies--a gordian knot? | although classical rabies is one of the earliest identified and best studied infectious diseases, there is still limited knowledge about lyssaviruses and their major natural hosts, bats. focussing on bat rabies in europe caused by european bat lyssaviruses 1 (eblv-1) and 2, for instance the association of eblv-1 to eptesicus bats and eblv-2 to myotis daubentonii and m. dasycneme together with an apparent clustering of cases is one question still to be answered. furthermore, the question whether ... | 2009 | 19999377 |
| phylogeny of european bat lyssavirus 1 in eptesicus isabellinus bats, spain. | to better understand the epidemiology of european bat lyssavirus 1 (eblv-1) in europe, we phylogenetically characterized lyssavirus from eptesicus isabellinus bats in spain. an independent cluster of eblv-1 possibly resulted from geographic isolation and association with a different reservoir from other european strains. eblv-1 phylogeny is complex and probably associated with host evolutionary history. | 2011 | 21392449 |
| active surveillance of bat rabies in france: a 5-year study (2004-2009). | active surveillance of bats in france started in 2004 with an analysis of 18 of the 45 bat species reported in europe. rabies antibodies were detected in six indigenous species, mainly in eptesicus serotinus and myotis myotis, suggesting previous contact with the eblv-1 rabies virus. nineteen of the 177 tested bats were shown serologically positive in seven sites, particularly in central and south-western france. neither infectious viral particles nor viral genomes were detected in 173 and 308 t ... | 2011 | 21570221 |
| population genetic structure of serotine bats (eptesicus serotinus) across europe and implications for the potential spread of bat rabies (european bat lyssavirus eblv-1). | understanding of the movements of species at multiple scales is essential to appreciate patterns of population connectivity and in some cases, the potential for pathogen transmission. the serotine bat (eptesicus serotinus) is a common and widely distributed species in europe where it frequently harbours european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1), a virus causing rabies and transmissible to humans. in the united kingdom, it is rare, with a distribution restricted to south of the country and so far t ... | 2015 | 25832817 |
| serological evidence of lyssaviruses among bats on southwestern indian ocean islands. | we provide serological evidence of lyssavirus circulation among bats on southwestern indian ocean (swio) islands. a total of 572 bats belonging to 22 species were collected on anjouan, mayotte, la réunion, mauritius, mahé and madagascar and screened by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test for the presence of neutralising antibodies against the two main rabies related lyssaviruses circulating on the african continent: duvenhage lyssavirus (duvv) and lagos bat lyssavirus (lbv), representing ... | 2016 | 27501458 |
| analysis of the complete genome of the first irkut virus isolate from china: comparison across the lyssavirus genus. | the genome of irkut virus, isolate irkv-thchina12, the first non-rabies lyssavirus from china (of bat origin), has been completely sequenced. in general, coding and non-coding regions of this viral genome are similar to those of other lyssaviruses. however, alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences of the structural proteins of irkv-thchina12 with those of other lyssavirus representatives revealed significant variability between viral species. the nucleoprotein and matrix protein were found ... | 2013 | 23872529 |
| [rabies in bats]. | rabies is a zoonosis ending fatally in all mammals, including humans. unlike the other mammals, this disease is usually not fatal in bats. rabies is caused by lyssaviruses which are divided into several distinct phylogroups comprising 15 known viruses. it is believed that the original hosts of all lyssaviruses are bats. classical rabies virus (rabv) occurs in bats across americas and represents the major cause of rabies in humans and domestic animals there. european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1 ... | 2016 | 27450525 |
| international interlaboratory trials on rabies diagnosis: an overview of results and variation in reference diagnosis techniques (fluorescent antibody test, rabies tissue culture infection test, mouse inoculation test) and molecular biology techniques. | interlaboratory trials on rabies diagnosis were organised in 2009 and in 2010 by the european union reference laboratory (eurl) for rabies. in 2009, two panels of virus samples were sent to participating laboratories to compare results on reference diagnosis techniques and on rt-pcr. a single panel was sent in 2010 to test fat (fluorescent antibody test), rtcit (rabies tissue culture infection test) and rt-pcr techniques. the virus panels included the rabv, eblv-1, eblv-2 and ablv strains. resul ... | 2011 | 21703307 |
| bat population genetics and lyssavirus presence in great britain. | summarymost lyssaviruses appear to have bat species as reservoir hosts. in europe, of around 800 reported cases in bats, most were of european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) in eptesicus serotinus (where the bat species was identified). about 20 cases of eblv-2 were recorded, and these were in myotis daubentonii and m. dasycneme. through a passive surveillance scheme, britain reports about one case a year of eblv-2, but no cases of the more prevalent eblv-1. an analysis of e. serotinus and m. da ... | 2010 | 21205436 |
| surveillance for european bat lyssavirus in swiss bats. | most countries in western europe are currently free of rabies in terrestrial mammals. nevertheless, rabies remains a residual risk to public health due to the natural circulation of bat-specific viruses, such as european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs). european bat lyssavirus types 1 and 2 (eblv-1 and eblv-2) are widely distributed throughout europe, but little is known of their true prevalence and epidemiology. we report that only three out of 837 brains taken from bats submitted to the swiss rabies ... | 2010 | 20803042 |
| generation of recombinant european bat lyssavirus type 1 and inter-genotypic compatibility of lyssavirus genotype 1 and 5 antigenome promoters. | bat lyssaviruses (fam. rhabdoviridae) represent a source for the infection of terrestial mammals and the development of rabies disease. molecular differences in the replication of bat and non-bat lyssaviruses and their contribution to pathogenicity, however, are unknown. one reason for this is the lack of reverse genetics systems for bat-restricted lyssaviruses. to investigate bat lyssavirus replication and host adaptation, we developed a reverse genetics system for european bat lyssavirus type ... | 2010 | 20614145 |
| targeted surveillance for european bat lyssaviruses in english bats (2003-06). | in 2003-06, targeted (active) surveillance for european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs) was undertaken throughout england, focusing on two species most likely to host these viruses, myotis daubentonii and eptesicus serotinus. blood was sampled for the detection of eblv-specific neutralizing antibodies and oropharyngeal swabs were taken for the detection of viral rna or infectious virus in saliva. between 2003 and 2006, 273 e. serotinus and 363 m. daubentonii blood samples were tested by the eblv-1 or e ... | 2009 | 19901379 |
| experimental infection of serotine bats (eptesicus serotinus) with european bat lyssavirus type 1a. | the serotine bat (eptesicus serotinus) accounts for the vast majority of bat rabies cases in europe and is considered the main reservoir for european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1, genotype 5). however, so far the disease has not been investigated in its native host under experimental conditions. to assess viral virulence, dissemination and probable means of transmission, captive bats were infected experimentally with an eblv-1a virus isolated from a naturally infected conspecific from germany. ... | 2009 | 19515825 |
| mitochondrial dna signatures at different spatial scales: from the effects of the straits of gibraltar to population structure in the meridional serotine bat (eptesicus isabellinus). | the meridional serotine bat eptesicus isabellinus is found in north africa and the iberian peninsula. we analyzed the genetic structure of e. isabellinus at two different geographic scales to reveal the historical and ecological patterns that have shaped its populations. the role of the straits of gibraltar as an isolating barrier between african and iberian populations is evaluated and the degree of genetic structure and female-mediated gene flow was assessed at a local scale between neighborin ... | 2009 | 19401715 |
| comparative pathological study of the murine brain after experimental infection with classical rabies virus and european bat lyssaviruses. | european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs) types 1 (eblv-1) and 2 (eblv-2) cause rabies in terrestrial species, but the pathological changes associated with neuroinvasion have yet to be fully elucidated. swiss of-1 mice were inoculated peripherally with strain rv61 (classical rabies virus), rv1423 (eblv-1) or rv1332 (eblv-2) to compare the nature and extent of histopathological changes produced. inoculated animals developed varying degrees of non-suppurative encephalitis, and lyssavirus infection was con ... | 2009 | 19111840 |
| endemic circulation of european bat lyssavirus type 1 in serotine bats, spain. | to determine the presence of european bat lyssavirus type 1 in southern spain, we studied 19 colonies of serotine bats (eptesicus isabellinus), its main reservoir, during 1998-2003. viral genome and antibodies were detected in healthy bats, which suggests subclinical infection. the different temporal patterns of circulation found in each colony indicate independent endemic circulation. | 2008 | 18680651 |
| first detection of european bat lyssavirus type 2 (eblv-2) in norway. | in europe, bat rabies is primarily attributed to european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) and european bat lyssavirus type 2 (eblv-2) which are both strongly host-specific. approximately thirty cases of infection with eblv-2 in daubenton's bats (myotis daubentonii) and pond bats (m. dasycneme) have been reported. two human cases of rabies caused by eblv-2 have also been confirmed during the last thirty years, while natural spill-over to other non-flying mammals has never been reported. rabies has ... | 2017 | 28693578 |
| active monitoring of eblv infection in natural colonies of the mouse-eared bat (myotis myotis). | bats are important reservoir hosts of rna viruses, including lyssaviruses, which can cross the species barrier to infect humans and other domestic and wild non-flying mammals. six of the seven lyssavirus genotypes described to date infect bats. in europe, two genotypes of lyssavirus, european bat lyssavirus types 1 and 2 (eblv-1 and eblv-2), circulate among several bat species and numerous bats are found infected every year. to provide epidemiologists and public health officials with data to eff ... | 2008 | 18634518 |
| experimental infection of foxes with european bat lyssaviruses type-1 and -2. | experimental studies have been undertaken to assess the susceptibility of silver foxes to bat variants of rabies virus, namely european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs). both eblv-1 and eblv-2 have been isolated in european bats since 1954, in eptesicus serotinus and myotis species, respectively. since 2000, the number of reported cases has increased largely due to the improvement of the surveillance of bat rabies virus throughout europe. although over >800 eblvs cases have been reported in bats in euro ... | 2008 | 18634496 |
| a random grid based molecular epidemiological study on eblv isolates from germany. | germany has reported one of the highest levels of eblv cases in bats in europe. so far, all isolates originating from germany have been identified as eblv-1, using monoclonal antibodies, and a preliminary epidemiological study has indicated that there is a distinct geographical distribution of eblv-1 in germany. to further investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of eblv-1 variants in germany and their impact on molecular epidemiology, isolates were selected using a random grid sampling ... | 2008 | 18634492 |
| molecular epidemiology of lyssaviruses in eurasia. | the lyssavirus genus, a member of the rhabdoviridae family, consists of seven established related viruses (genotypes 1-7). rabies cases in eurasia are principally attributed to three of these genotypes, namely genotype 1 (rabv, classical rabies) and to a lesser extent genotypes 5 and 6 (european bat lyssaviruses type-1 and -2). in addition, four newly identified divergent lyssaviruses have been isolated from insectivorous bats. the molecular diversity of classical rabies viruses (genotype 1, rab ... | 2008 | 18634471 |
| antigenic characterisation of yeast-expressed lyssavirus nucleoproteins. | in europe, three genotypes of the genus lyssavirus, family rhabdoviridae, are present, classical rabies virus (rabv, genotype 1), european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1, genotype 5) and european bat lyssavirus type 2 (eblv-2, genotype 6). the entire authentic nucleoprotein (n protein) encoding sequences of rabv (challenge virus standard, cvs, strain), eblv-1 and eblv-2 were expressed in yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae at high level. purification of recombinant n proteins by caesium chloride gradi ... | 2007 | 17619134 |
| comparative analysis of the full genome sequence of european bat lyssavirus type 1 and type 2 with other lyssaviruses and evidence for a conserved transcription termination and polyadenylation motif in the g-l 3' non-translated region. | we report the first full-length genomic sequences for european bat lyssavirus type-1 (eblv-1) and type-2 (eblv-2). the eblv-1 genomic sequence was derived from a virus isolated from a serotine bat in hamburg, germany, in 1968 and the eblv-2 sequence was derived from a virus isolate from a human case of rabies that occurred in scotland in 2002. a long-distance pcr strategy was used to amplify the open reading frames (orfs), followed by standard and modified race (rapid amplification of cdna ends) ... | 2007 | 17374776 |
| bat rabies surveillance in france, from 1989 through may 2005. | in france, the passive surveillance of lyssaviruses in bats started in 1989, with the first positive case found in the east of the country. in 2000, the french bat rabies surveillance network in france was improved on the basis of the one used for the surveillance of fox rabies. the objectives of this network are to improve bat rabies surveillance by increasing the number of specimens and to provide an estimation of rabies incidence in bat populations across the country. the surveillance network ... | 2006 | 16878486 |
| bat rabies surveillance in the former soviet union. | more than 3,000 bats were examined for lyssaviruses in the territory of the former soviet union (fsu) over the past 41 years (1964-2004). european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) was registered in the ukraine and the european part of russia. lyssaviruses aravan (arav, kyrgyzstan, 1991), khujand (khuv, tajikistan, 2001), irkut (irkv, irkutsk region, 2002) and west caucasian bat virus (wcbv, krasnodar region, 2002) were proposed as new lyssavirus genotypes. all reports on rabies virus (rabv; seroty ... | 2006 | 16878485 |
| cross reactive antigenicity in orally vaccinated foxes and raccoon dogs against european bat lyssavirus type 1 and 2. | for the first time, the effectiveness of oral rabies vaccines against european bat lyssaviruses type 1 (eblv-1) and type 2 (eblv-2) by means of cross-neutralization assays was investigated. sera from orally vaccinated red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) with the street alabama dufferin (sad) b19 and sad p5/88 live-modified vaccine viruses were used to study the cross reactive antigenicity against cvs-11 (genotype 1), eblv-1 (genotype 5) and eblv-2 (genotype 6). ... | 2006 | 16878477 |
| ability of rabies vaccine strains to elicit cross-neutralising antibodies. | two european bat lyssaviruses (eblv-1 and eblv-2) have been identified (n > 750 cases) in european bat species. in addition, eblvs have been detected as "spillover" cases in three humans, one stone marten and four sheep. a further concern is the interaction of companion animals with infected bats and the possibility of subsequent lyssavirus infection. cat-bat interactions represent approximately 32 % (n = 398) of passive lyssavirus surveillance submissions at the veterinary laboratories agency ( ... | 2006 | 16878476 |
| seroprevalence dynamics of european bat lyssavirus type 1 in a multispecies bat colony. | we report an active surveillance study of the occurrence of specific antibodies to european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) in bat species, scarcely studied hitherto, that share the same refuge. from 2004 to 2012, 406 sera were obtained from nine bat species. blood samples were subjected to a modified fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test to determine the antibody titer. eblv-1-neutralizing antibodies were detected in six of the nine species analyzed (pipistrellus pipistrellus, p. kuhlii ... | 2014 | 25192547 |
| complete genomic sequence of european bat lyssavirus 1, isolated from eptesicus isabellinus in spain. | all members of the lyssavirus genus cause the disease rabies. european bat lyssavirus 1 (eblv-1) viruses are divided genetically into three groups according to geographic location and host reservoir. we report here the first genome sequence for an eblv-1 isolated from eptesiscus isabellinus in the iberian peninsula, spain. | 2015 | 25676752 |
| cross-platform evaluation of commercial real-time sybr green rt-pcr kits for sensitive and rapid detection of european bat lyssavirus type 1. | this study evaluates the performance of five two-step sybr green rt-qpcr kits and five one-step sybr green qrt-pcr kits using real-time pcr assays. two real-time thermocyclers showing different throughput capacities were used. the analysed performance evaluation criteria included the generation of standard curve, reaction efficiency, analytical sensitivity, intra- and interassay repeatability as well as the costs and the practicability of kits, and thermocycling times. we found that the optimise ... | 2015 | 25785274 |
| insights into persistence mechanisms of a zoonotic virus in bat colonies using a multispecies metapopulation model. | rabies is a worldwide zoonosis resulting from lyssavirus infection. in europe, eptesicus serotinus is the most frequently reported bat species infected with lyssavirus, and thus considered to be the reservoir of european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1). to date, the role of other bat species in eblv-1 epidemiology and persistence remains unknown. here, we built an eblv-1-transmission model based on local observations of a three-cave and four-bat species (myotis capaccinii, myotis myotis, miniopte ... | 2014 | 24755619 |
| molecular double-check strategy for the identification and characterization of european lyssaviruses. | the "gold standard" for post-mortem rabies diagnosis is the direct fluorescent antibody test (fat). however, in the case of ante-mortem non-neural sample material or decomposed tissues, the fat reaches its limit, and the use of molecular techniques can be advantageous. in this study, we developed and validated a reverse transcription pcr cascade protocol feasible for the classification of samples, even those for which there is no epidemiological background knowledge. this study emphasises on the ... | 2014 | 24681051 |
| ecological factors associated with european bat lyssavirus seroprevalence in spanish bats. | bats have been proposed as major reservoirs for diverse emerging infectious viral diseases, with rabies being the best known in europe. however, studies exploring the ecological interaction between lyssaviruses and their natural hosts are scarce. this study completes our active surveillance work on spanish bat colonies that began in 1992. herein, we analyzed ecological factors that might affect the infection dynamics observed in those colonies. between 2001 and 2011, we collected and tested 2,39 ... | 2013 | 23700480 |
| favourable outcome in a patient bitten by a rabid bat infected with the european bat lyssavirus-1. | the classic rabies virus (genotype 1) has been eliminated in western europe, but related lyssaviruses still circulate in local bats. in august 2010, a belgian photographer was bitten upon provocation of a disoriented eptesicus serotinus bat in spain. the bat was infected with european bat lyssavirus-1 (genotype 5). the isolate proved highly neurovirulent in mice. the patient had received preventive rabies immunisations years before the incident and received two boosters with the hdcv rabies vacc ... | 2016 | 23627196 |
| a step forward in molecular diagnostics of lyssaviruses--results of a ring trial among european laboratories. | rabies is a lethal and notifiable zoonotic disease for which diagnostics have to meet the highest standards. in recent years, an evolution was especially seen in molecular diagnostics with a wide variety of different detection methods published. therefore, a first international ring trial specifically designed on the use of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for detection of lyssavirus genomic rna was organized. the trial focussed on assessment and comparison of the perform ... | 2013 | 23520505 |
| membrane and inclusion body targeting of lyssavirus matrix proteins. | lyssavirus matrix proteins (m) support virus budding and have accessory functions that may contribute to host cell manipulation and adaptation to specific hosts. here, we show that rabies virus (rabv) and european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) m proteins differ in targeting and accumulation at cellular membranes. in contrast to rabv m, eblv-1 m expressed from authentic eblv-1 or chimeric rabv accumulated at the golgi apparatus. chimeric m proteins revealed that golgi association depends on the ... | 2013 | 23046288 |
| molecular epidemiology of bat lyssaviruses in europe. | bat rabies cases in europe are principally attributed to two lyssaviruses, namely european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) and european bat lyssavirus type 2 (eblv-2). between 1977 and 2011, 961 cases of bat rabies were reported to rabies bulletin europe, with the vast majority (>97%) being attributed to eblv-1. there have been 25 suspected cases of eblv-2, of which 22 have been confirmed. in addition, two single isolations of unique lyssaviruses from european insectivorous bats were reported in ... | 2013 | 22937876 |
| interspecies protein substitution to investigate the role of the lyssavirus glycoprotein. | european bat lyssaviruses type 1 (eblv-1) and type 2 (eblv-2) circulate within bat populations throughout europe and are capable of causing disease indistinguishable from that caused by classical rabies virus (rabv). however, the determinants of viral fitness and pathogenicity are poorly understood. full-length genome clones based on the highly attenuated, non-neuroinvasive, rabv vaccine strain (sad-b19) were constructed with the glycoprotein (g) of either sad-b19 (sn), of eblv-1 (sn-1) or eblv- ... | 2013 | 23100360 |
| bat rabies surveillance in europe. | rabies is the oldest known zoonotic disease and was also the first recognized bat associated infection in humans. to date, four different lyssavirus species are the causative agents of rabies in european bats: the european bat lyssaviruses type 1 and 2 (eblv-1, eblv-2), the recently discovered putative new lyssavirus species bokeloh bat lyssavirus (bblv) and the west caucasian bat virus (wcbv). unlike in the new world, bat rabies cases in europe are comparatively less frequent, possibly as a res ... | 2013 | 22963584 |
| enhanced passive bat rabies surveillance in indigenous bat species from germany--a retrospective study. | in germany, rabies in bats is a notifiable zoonotic disease, which is caused by european bat lyssaviruses type 1 and 2 (eblv-1 and 2), and the recently discovered new lyssavirus species bokeloh bat lyssavirus (bblv). as the understanding of bat rabies in insectivorous bat species is limited, in addition to routine bat rabies diagnosis, an enhanced passive surveillance study, i.e. the retrospective investigation of dead bats that had not been tested for rabies, was initiated in 1998 to study the ... | 2014 | 24784117 |
| lyssavirus distribution in naturally infected bats from germany. | in germany, to date three different lyssavirus species are responsible for bat rabies in indigenous bats: the european bat lyssaviruses type 1 and 2 (eblv-1, eblv-2) and the bokeloh bat lyssavirus (bblv) for which eptesicus serotinus, myotis daubentonii and myotis nattereri, respectively, are primary hosts. lyssavirus maintenance, evolution, and epidemiology are still insufficiently explored. moreover, the small number of bats infected, the nocturnal habits of bats and the limited experimental d ... | 2014 | 24440375 |
| novel alphacoronaviruses and paramyxoviruses cocirculate with type 1 and severe acute respiratory system (sars)-related betacoronaviruses in synanthropic bats of luxembourg. | several infectious disease outbreaks with high mortality in humans have been attributed to viruses that are thought to have evolved from bat viruses. in this study from luxembourg, the genetic diversity and epidemiology of paramyxoviruses and coronaviruses shed by the bat species rhinolophus ferrumequinum and myotis emarginatus were evaluated. feces collection (n = 624) was performed longitudinally in a mixed-species colony in 2015 and 2016. in addition, feces (n = 254) were collected cross-sect ... | 2017 | 28710271 |
| comparative analysis of european bat lyssavirus 1 pathogenicity in the mouse model. | european bat lyssavirus 1 is responsible for most bat rabies cases in europe. although eblv-1 isolates display a high degree of sequence identity, different sublineages exist. in individual isolates various insertions and deletions have been identified, with unknown impact on viral replication and pathogenicity. in order to assess whether different genetic features of eblv-1 isolates correlate with phenotypic changes, different eblv-1 variants were compared for pathogenicity in the mouse model. ... | 2017 | 28628617 |
| molecular epidemiology and evolution of european bat lyssavirus 2. | bat rabies cases in europe are mainly attributed to two lyssaviruses, namely european bat lyssavirus 1 (eblv-1) and european bat lyssavirus 2 (eblv-2). prior to the death of a bat worker in finland in 1985, very few bat rabies cases were reported. enhanced surveillance in the two subsequent years (1986-1987) identified 263 cases (more than a fifth of all reported cases to date). between 1977 and 2016, 1183 cases of bat rabies were reported, with the vast majority (>97%) being attributed to eblv- ... | 2018 | 29303971 |
| longitudinal survey of two serotine bat (eptesicus serotinus) maternity colonies exposed to eblv-1 (european bat lyssavirus type 1): assessment of survival and serological status variations using capture-recapture models. | this study describes two longitudinal serological surveys of european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) antibodies in serotine bat (eptesicus serotinus) maternity colonies located in the north-east of france. this species is currently considered as the main eblv-1 reservoir. multievent capture-recapture models were used to determine the factors influencing bat rabies transmission as this method accounts for imperfect detection and uncertainty in disease states. considering the period of study, anal ... | 2017 | 29149215 |
| bat rabies surveillance in france: first report of unusual mortality among serotine bats. | rabies is a fatal viral encephalitic disease that is caused by lyssaviruses which can affect all mammals, including human and bats. in europe, bat rabies cases are attributed to five different lyssavirus species, the majority of rabid bats being attributed to european bat 1 lyssavirus (eblv-1), circulating mainly in serotine bats (eptesicus serotinus). in france, rabies in bats is under surveillance since 1989, with 77 positive cases reported between 1989 and 2016. | 2017 | 29237469 |
| host genetic variation does not determine spatio-temporal patterns of european bat 1 lyssavirus. | the majority of bat rabies cases in europe are attributed to european bat 1 lyssavirus (eblv-1), circulating mainly in serotine bats (eptesicus serotinus). two subtypes have been defined (eblv-1a and eblv-1b), each associated with a different geographical distribution. in this study, we undertake a comprehensive sequence analysis based on 80 newly obtained eblv-1 nearly complete genome sequences from nine european countries over a 45-year period to infer selection pressures, rates of nucleotide ... | 2017 | 29165566 |
| active and passive surveillance for bat lyssaviruses in italy revealed serological evidence for their circulation in three bat species. | the wide geographical distribution and genetic diversity of bat-associated lyssaviruses (lysvs) across europe suggest that similar viruses may also be harboured in italian insectivorous bats. indeed, bats were first included within the passive national surveillance programme for rabies in wildlife in the 1980s, while active surveillance has been performed since 2008. the active surveillance strategies implemented allowed us to detect neutralizing antibodies directed towards european bat 1 lyssav ... | 2018 | 30511606 |
| molecular and serological survey of lyssaviruses in croatian bat populations. | rabies is the only known zoonotic disease of bat origin in europe. the disease is caused by species belonging to the genus lyssavirus. five lyssavirus species, i.e., european bat lyssavirus (eblv)-1, eblv-2, bokeloh bat lyssavirus, lleida bat lyssavirus, and west caucasian bat virus, have been identified in european bats. more recently, a proposed sixth species, kotalahti bat lyssavirus, was detected. thus, in this study, active surveillance was initiated in order to obtain insights into the pre ... | 2018 | 30189884 |
| faeces as a novel material to estimate lyssavirus prevalence in bat populations. | rabies is caused by infection with a lyssavirus. bat rabies is of concern for both public health and bat conservation. the current method for lyssavirus prevalence studies in bat populations is by oral swabbing, which is invasive for the bats, dangerous for handlers, time-consuming and expensive. in many situations, such sampling is not feasible, and hence, our understanding of epidemiology of bat rabies is limited. faeces are usually easy to collect from bat colonies without disturbing the bats ... | 2020 | 31814288 |
| first cases of european bat lyssavirus type 1 in iberian serotine bats: implications for the molecular epidemiology of bat rabies in europe. | previous studies have shown that eblv-1 strains exclusively hosted by eptesicus isabellinus bats in the iberian peninsula cluster in a specific monophyletic group that is related to the eblv-1b lineage found in the rest of europe. more recently, enhanced passive surveillance has allowed the detection of the first eblv-1 strains associated to eptesicus serotinus south of the pyrenees. the aim of this study is the reconstruction of the eblv-1 phylogeny and phylodynamics in the iberian peninsula in ... | 2018 | 29684025 |
| european bat lyssaviruses: distribution, prevalence and implications for conservation. | worldwide, there are more than 1100 species of the order chiroptera, 45 of which are present in europe, and 16 in the uk. bats are reservoirs of, or can be infected by, several viral diseases, including rabies virus strains (in the lyssavirus genus). within this genus are bat variants that have been recorded in europe; european bat lyssavirus 1 (eblv-1), european bat lyssavirus 2 (eblv-2) and, four currently unclassified isolates. since 1977, 783 cases of eblvs (by isolation of viral rna) have b ... | 2006 | 32226078 |