| [borreliosis (spirochetosis) in grey parrot (psittacus erithacus)]. | | 1977 | 847459 |
| air sac and renal mucormycosis in an african gray parrot (psittacus erithacus). | a case of mucormycosis in an african gray parrot (psittacus erithacus) involving air sac and kidney is described. the causal fungus, absidia corymbifera, had produced sporangia in the air-sac lesion. | 1976 | 962764 |
| pasteurellosis in african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus l.). | | 1975 | 1200951 |
| histopathological survey of protozoa, helminths and acarids of imported and local psittacine and passerine birds in japan. | a total of 534 psittacine and passerine birds consisting of 241 imported and 293 local birds were examined histologically. as a result, the following parasites were found: giardia (86 cases), knemido-coptes (26 cases), coccidia (10 cases), ascaridia (6 cases), cryptosporidium (5 cases), sarcocystis (5 cases), tapeworm (4 cases), microfilaria (2 cases), hexamita (1 case), and spiroptera (1 case). high incidences of giardiasis and knemido-coptic infestation were detected in the local birds, but ra ... | 1992 | 1297009 |
| survey of clinical psittacine bird sera for salmonella typhimurium agglutinins. | of 2407 serum samples from various kinds of psittacine birds submitted for chlamydia serology, 2343 (97.4%) were negative, 25 (1.0%) were equivocal, and 39 (1.6%) were positive for salmonella typhimurium agglutinins. in additional serum samples from two groups of african gray parrots, the prevalence of agglutinins was 0.0% (0/38) in the timneh variety and 24.0% (6/25) in the congo variety. in sera from one macaw, one cockatoo, and one amazon parrot, which were negative for chlamydial antibody ac ... | 1992 | 1417620 |
| pet avian medicine. case reports. | four case reports are presented. the first involves chronic lead toxicity in a yellow-naped amazon parrot, which presented for a shoulder injury. the second discusses aspergillosis in an african grey parrot following smoke inhalation and systemic antibiotic use. the third describes chlamydiosis in a recently imported amazon parrot, and the final case concerns rhinitis/sinusitis in a cockatiel. | 1991 | 1767476 |
| cloacal papillomas in psittacines. | papilloma-like masses affecting the cloaca of 19 amazons, 16 macaws, 3 parrots, 1 conure, and 1 parakeet were examined. papillomatous lesions were characterized by proliferation of the lining epithelium on thin fibrovascular stalks. carcinoma in situ was diagnosed in the cloaca of a macaw in addition to the other 16 macaws with papillomas. papillomavirus group-specific antigens were not detected in any of the 41 lesions, using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. the dna extracts from 6 diff ... | 1986 | 2421621 |
| excision arthroplasty for management of coxofemoral luxation in pet birds. | coxofemoral luxation, although not a common injury, can cause considerable pelvic limb dysfunction in pet birds. luxation usually is craniodorsal, as it is in dogs. previously recommended treatments have not always been effective in managing the injury. sequelae can include dorsolateral deviation of the pelvic limb, with loss of function and bumblefoot in the nonluxated limb, owing to abnormal weight-bearing. excision arthroplasty combined with a muscular sling constructed from a segment of the ... | 1989 | 2914805 |
| systemic salmonellosis in an african gray parrot and salmonella osteomyelitis in canaries. | | 1983 | 6355031 |
| cryptococcus neoformans in fecal matter of birds kept in cages--control of cr. neoformans habitats. | the occurrence of cryptococcosis in predamaged persons in whom the fecal matter of caged birds had been suspected as the source of infection has led to the present investigation. in the excreta of only four out of a total of 142 bird species kept by the berlin zoological gardens, cryptococcus neoformans could be demonstrated with the aid of guizotia abyssinica creatinine agar: twany frogmouth (podargus strigoides, g. eulenschwalm); palm cockatoo (probosciger aterrimus, g. arakakadu); military ma ... | 1984 | 6377755 |
| intranasal caseous fibrinous plug causing upper respiratory distress in two african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus). | two cases of intranasal caseous fibrinous plugs causing upper respiratory distress in two african grey parrots are described. the causal bacterial agents in one case were klebsiella spp., bacillus mycoides, staphylococcus epidermitis, and pasteurella multocida. both cases produced pressure necrosis and obstruction of the naris. | 1981 | 7259689 |
| characterization of a newcastle disease virus isolated from a parrot (psittacus erythracus) in nigeria. | the characteristics of a newcastle disease virus isolated from a parrot (psittacus erythracus) in nigeria were examined using standard laboratory tests. minimum lethal dose in embryos was 10(-10), mean death time 44.8 h. the intracerebral and intravenous pathologic indices were 1.65 and 2.42, respectively. the virus was resistant at ph 3 and ph 7.2 and the hemagglutinin was thermostable at 56 c for 120 min. of 10 mammalian species of erythrocytes examined, those of equine and rat were not agglut ... | 1981 | 7310954 |
| inclusion body hepatitis and hemorrhagic enteritis in two african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus) associated with adenovirus. | | 1995 | 7779952 |
| a comparative study of human and parrot phonation: acoustic and articulatory correlates of vowels. | general acoustic and articulatory parallels between human and avian production of human vowels have been identified. a complete set of vowels from an african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus) and a limited set from a yellow-naped amazon parrot (amazonica ochrocephala auropalliata) have been analyzed. comparison of human and avian acoustic parameters demonstrated both differences (e.g., absolute values of first formant frequencies) and similarities (e.g., separation of vowels into back and front ... | 1994 | 7930064 |
| comparison of herpesvirus isolates from falcons, pigeons and psittacines by restriction endonuclease analysis. | field isolates of herpesviruses recovered from falcon, pigeon, and psittacine birds were compared by restriction endonuclease (re) analysis using four separate enzymes. pigeon and falcon herpesviruses had strikingly similar dna cleavage patterns, while dna cleavage pattern of virus isolates from a double-yellow headed amazon and an african grey parrot had different genomic patterns to both the pigeon and falcon herpesviruses. these findings support the field observations that pigeon herpesvirus ... | 1993 | 8387609 |
| effect of avian-human joint attention on allospecific vocal learning by grey parrots (psittacus erithacus). | the authors studied whether grey parrots (psittacus erithacus) would learn referential english vocalizations if training lacked full social interaction with humans. in previous studies, grey parrots learned human vocalizations most readily when training simultaneously demonstrated the meaning (full reference) and function (full contextual applicability) of the utterance and actively engaged the subject in learning (full interaction). those studies, however, did not contrast effects of limited an ... | 1996 | 8858848 |
| an inactivated avian polyomavirus vaccine is safe and immunogenic in various psittaciformes. | the safety and immunogenicity of adjuvanted and nonadjuvanted inactivated avian polyomavirus vaccines, administered either intramuscularly or subcutaneously (s.c.), were evaluated in a group of mixed species psittaciformes. in 233 vaccinates representing species of macaws, cockatoos, conures, and parrots, gross reactions were limited to small scab formation at the s.c. injection site in three african grey parrots. both vaccines stimulated a virus neutralizing (vn) antibody response, particularly ... | 1996 | 8911004 |
| development of piagetian object permanence in a grey parrot (psittacus erithacus). | the authors evaluated the ontogenetic performance of a grey parrot (psittacus erithacus) on object permanence tasks designed for human infants. testing began when the bird was 8 weeks old, prior to fledging and weaning. because adult grey parrots understand complex invisible displacements (i. m. pepperberg & f. a. kozak, 1986), the authors continued weekly testing until the current subject completed all of i. c. uzgiris and j. hunt's (1975) scale 1 tasks. stage 6 object permanence with respect t ... | 1997 | 9090138 |
| lexicon size and its relation to foot preference in the african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus). | to study footedness in parrots, an international survey of parrot owners was conducted. responses were obtained from 524 individuals, including 70 owners of african grey parrots (all animals > or = 10 months old). all respondents were given a 10-item questionnaire and a standard method for testing foot preference in their pets, and they were asked to count the number of separate words in their pets' lexicons of human speech sounds. right-footed african greys (n = 36) had significantly larger lex ... | 1997 | 9204496 |
| acoustic and articulatory correlates of stop consonants in a parrot and a human subject. | general acoustic patterns in productions of american english stops /p,b,t,d,k,g/ by a grey parrot (psittacus erithacus) and his primary human trainer are identified. comparisons demonstrated both differences (coherence of voicing [/p,t,k/ and /b,d,g/] and place [/p,b/, /t,d/, and /k,g/] subsets, predictive power of measures related to f1 and f3) and similarities (categorical distinctions among stop consonants) in acoustic properties of psittacine and human speech. the authors suggest how acousti ... | 1998 | 9566339 |
| rhizomucor pusillus mucormycosis combined with chlamydiosis in an african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus erithacus). | this paper describes a case of mucormycosis combined with chlamydiosis in an african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus erithacus). the clinical signs included diarrhoea, an unsteady gait and a twisted neck. smears of the spleen, liver and contents of the cloaca stained strongly positive for chlamydia species. histologically, hyphae typical of zygomycetes were observed invading through the walls of blood vessels of the spleen. rhizomucor pusillus was isolated as a pure culture from the intestines, ... | 1998 | 9823607 |
| [adenovirus infections in psittacines]. | diagnostic investigations were carried out in a fatal disease of several african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus) and cape parrots (poicephalus robustus) in a large breeding plant. electron microscopically examination of liver and intestine, the organs with the most prominent pathomorphological changes, regularly revealed adenoviruses. necrotizing hepatitis and catarrhal to haemorrhagic enteritis dominated on histopathological examination. numerous basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in h ... | 1998 | 9931996 |
| production of a rabbit anti-cockatiel immunoglobulin g and characterization of its cross-reactivities with immunoglobulin g of other psittacine species. | the purpose of this work was to produce rabbit anti-cockatiel immunoglobulin g (igg) and compare its cross-reactivity with sera from eight other psittacine birds: quaker parakeet, budgerigar, green-wing macaw, blue-fronted amazon parrot, eclectus parrot, african grey parrot, patagonian conure, moluccan cockatoo. cockatiel igg did not bind to protein a or g; therefore, these proteins could not be used in column chromatography to isolate the igg. a combination of serum igg precipitation by ammoniu ... | 1999 | 10216759 |
| filamentous intranuclear inclusion bodies in psittacine birds. a structural and ultrastructural study. | this paper concerns a disease affecting a group of african grey parrots, which involves intranuclear inclusion bodies composed of filamentous material. the disease was characterized by either sudden death or death within 2-3 days from onset of non-specific symptoms. at necropsy, gross lesions included enlarged liver, mild hepatic congestion and focal necrosis. samples from five birds were fixed in 10% formol and routinely processed for light and electron microscopy. in four birds, numerous hepat ... | 1999 | 10481620 |
| severe leukopenia and liver necrosis in young african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus erithacus) infected with psittacine circovirus. | this paper describes the signs, clinical pathology, and postmortem findings in 14 young african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus erithacus) that were naturally infected with psittacine beak and feather disease (pbfd) virus (psittacine circovirus). all but two of the parrots had severe leukopenia at clinical presentation. two other parrots also had severe anemia. all birds died within 3 wk after presentation. postmortem examination documented liver necrosis in 11 of 14 birds and secondary bacter ... | 2000 | 10879931 |
| evidence for a form of mutual exclusivity during label acquisition by grey parrots (psittacus erithacus)? | the authors present context-dependent evidence for a form of mutual exclusivity during label learning by grey parrots (psittacus erithacus). for human children, mutual exclusivity refers to their assumption during early word learning that an object has one and only one label. along with the whole-object assumption (that a label likely refers to an entire object rather than some partial aspect), mutual exclusivity is thought to guide children in initial label acquisition. it may also help childre ... | 2000 | 10994837 |
| vocal learning in the grey parrot (psittacus erithacus): effects of species identity and number of trainers. | grey parrots (psittacus erithacus) learn referential english labels when they view and interact with 2 humans who model vocal labeling and who demonstrate referentiality and functionality of a label (i.m. pepperberg, 1990a). to test if both trainers are necessary, the authors contrasted 2-trainer modeling with training by 1 human who presented targeted labels to a bird in concert with appropriate items, who asked questions, and who would reward attempts at the label with the item. the bird was a ... | 2000 | 11149541 |
| proposed use of two-part interactive modeling as a means to increase functional skills in children with a variety of disabilities. | many behavior modification and intervention programs are based on operant procedures developed for animal subjects, but few use modeling procedures in which one student observes interactions between two proficient trainers. we show how such procedures, which successfully trained grey parrots (psittacus erithacus) to produce and comprehend elements of human language, can be adapted for use with children with three types of disabilities: (a) autism with limited social and language skills, (b) deve ... | 2000 | 11273372 |
| postnatal development of lateralized motor preference in the african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus). | the parrot appears to provide a potentially unique animal model of handedness in humans, but few (if any) observational studies of early postnatal development of postural/motor asymmetries have been published. we studied three african grey hatchlings, raised without human physical contact, for the first 5 months of life. all three animals failed to show consistent postural and/or motor asymmetries until the end of the 4 postnatal week. these results appear to be comparable to data from prior stu ... | 2001 | 11527348 |
| comparative dna sequence analysis of genetic variation in the african grey parrot, psittacus erythacus. | comparative genome analysis promises to provide an insight into avian species that have been very little studied. to test the feasibility of this approach, we investigated the use of heterologous primers to generate single nucleotide polymorphisms (snp) in the african grey parrot, psittacus erythacus, using primers specific for chicken and turkey dna fragments. three of the primers were specific for three expressed sequence tagged sites in the turkey and the fourth for a chicken proteoglycan cor ... | 2000 | 11766843 |
| reovirus infection in psittacine birds (psittacus erithacus): morphologic and immunohistochemical study. | in this paper we report on an outbreak of reovirus, herpesvirus (pacheco disease), and/or mycosis infection (aspergillus spp. and zygomyces spp.) affecting a batch of young african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus), with 80% morbidity and 30% mortality. study material was taken from five birds (four dead and one euthanatized) with a range of clinical symptoms (depression, diarrhea, respiratory symptoms). diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical detection of avian reovirus, electron micros ... | 2002 | 12061663 |
| molecular phylogeny of the psittacid herpesviruses causing pacheco's disease: correlation of genotype with phenotypic expression. | fragments of 419 bp of the ul16 open reading frame from 73 psittacid herpesviruses (pshvs) from the united states and europe were sequenced. all viruses caused pacheco's disease, and serotypes of the european isolates were known. a phylogenetic tree derived from these sequences demonstrated that the pshvs that cause pacheco's disease comprised four major genotypes, with each genotype including between two and four variants. with the exception of two viruses, the serotypes of the virus isolates c ... | 2003 | 14512573 |
| nucleotide sequence analysis of a c1 gene fragment of psittacine beak and feather disease virus amplified by real-time polymerase chain reaction indicates a possible existence of genotypes. | to investigate sequence diversity of psittacine beak and feather disease virus, samples collected from 31 psittacine species with or without clinical signs were tested for the presence of the viral genome. a real-time polymerase chain reaction was developed amplifying a 202 base pair fragment of the region encoding the capsid protein c1 and detecting 100 to 1000 genome equivalents. the nucleotide sequences of the polymerase chain reaction products showed 84.1 to 100% identity with no consistent ... | 2004 | 14681067 |
| acute beak and feather disease in juvenile african grey parrots--an uncommon presentation of a common disease. | psittacine beak and feather disease is commonly diagnosed all over the world as a viral disease of psittacine birds that primarily results in abnormalities of the feathers and beak. the clinical presentation of this disease varies between species and age groups, but in the majority of cases the course of the disease is chronic. this case report documents an acute form of the disease in african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus erithacus) that resulted in death without lesions in the feathers and ... | 2003 | 15080443 |
| interferon treatment of circovirus infection in grey parrots (psittacus e erithacus). | | 2004 | 15119897 |
| psittacid herpesviruses associated with mucosal papillomas in neotropical parrots. | mucosal papillomas are relatively common lesions in several species of captive neotropical parrots. they cause considerable morbidity and in some cases, result in mortality. previous efforts to identify papillomavirus dna and proteins in these lesions have been largely unsuccessful. in contrast, increasing evidence suggests that mucosal papillomas may contain psittacid herpesviruses (pshvs). in this study, 41 papillomas from 30 neotropical parrots were examined by pcr with pshv-specific primers. ... | 2004 | 15231383 |
| analysis of the beak and feather disease viral genome indicates the existence of several genotypes which have a complex psittacine host specificity. | a study was made of the phylogenetic relationships between fifteen complete nucleotide sequences as well as 43 nucleotide sequences of the putative coat protein gene of different strains belonging to the virus species beak and feather disease virus obtained from 39 individuals of 16 psittacine species. the species included among others, cockatoos ( cacatuini), african grey parrots ( psittacus erithacus) and peach-faced lovebirds ( agapornis roseicollis), which were infected at different geograph ... | 2004 | 15290360 |
| cryptococcosis outbreak in psittacine birds in brazil. | an outbreak of cryptococcosis occurred in a breeding aviary in são paulo, brazil. seven psittacine birds (of species charmosyna papou, lorius lory, trichoglossus goldiei, psittacula krameri and psittacus erithacus) died of disseminated cryptococcosis. incoordination, progressive paralysis and difficulty in flying were seen in five birds, whereas superficial lesions coincident with respiratory alterations were seen in two birds. encapsulated yeasts suggestive of cryptococcus sp. were seen in faec ... | 2004 | 15473361 |
| staphylococcus pseudintermedius sp. nov., a coagulase-positive species from animals. | four staphylococcal isolates from clinical and necropsy specimens from a cat, a dog, a horse and a parrot (psittacus erithacus timneh) were found to constitute a distinct taxon. 16s rrna gene sequence analysis revealed that its closest phylogenetic relatives are staphylococcus intermedius and staphylococcus delphini. growth characteristics, biochemical features and dna-dna hybridizations demonstrated that the strains differ from these and other known species and that they represent a single, nov ... | 2005 | 16014483 |
| the evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin w and z gene reveals four major divisions of the psittaciformes. | the psittaciformes (parrots, parakeets) are among the most widely held captive birds. yet, their evolution and their phylogenetic relationships have been relatively little studied. this paper describes the phylogenetic relationships between a number of psittaciformes as derived from the sequences of the third intron of the z-chromosomal and w-chromosomal spindlin genes. the z-chromosomal sequences of the kakapo (strigops habroptilus), the kea (nestor notabilis), and the kaka (nestor meridionalis ... | 2005 | 16099384 |
| a novel psittacid herpesvirus found in african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus erithacus). | dna from a novel alphaherpesvirus was amplified from a cloacal papilloma, a cutaneous papilloma, and the normal cloacal mucosa of african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus erithacus). phylogenetically, the virus was most closely related to the psittacid herpesvirus, but demonstrated sufficient nucleotide and amino acid diversity to be considered a new alphaherpesvirus. it is proposed that the previously described psittacid herpesvirus be designated as psittacid herpesvirus 1 (pshv-1), and this n ... | 2005 | 16191697 |
| beak and feather disease virus haemagglutinating activity using erythrocytes from african grey parrots and brown-headed parrots. | psittacine beak and feather disease (pbfd) is a common viral disease of wild and captive psittacine birds characterized by symmetric feather loss and beak deformities. the causative agent, beak and feather disease virus (bfdv), is a small, circular single-stranded dna virus that belongs to the genus circovirus. bfdv can be detected by pcr or the use of haemagglutination (ha) and haemagglutination inhibition (hi) assays that detect antigen and antibodies respectively. erythrocytes from a limited ... | 2005 | 16300196 |
| pharmacokinetics of fluconazole after oral administration of single and multiple doses in african grey parrots. | to determine the pharmacokinetics and effects of orally administered fluconazole in african grey parrots. | 2006 | 16506902 |
| grey parrot numerical competence: a review. | the extent to which humans and nonhumans share numerical competency is a matter of debate. some researchers argue that nonhumans, lacking human language, possess only a simple understanding of small quantities, generally less than four. animals that have, however, received some training in human communication systems might demonstrate abilities intermediate between those of untrained nonhumans and humans. here i review data for a grey parrot (psittacus erithacus) that has been shown to quantify ... | 2006 | 16909236 |
| tissue distribution of psittacid herpesviruses in latently infected parrots, repeated sampling of latently infected parrots and prevalence of latency in parrots submitted for necropsy. | psittacid herpesvirus-1 (pshv-1) is the cause of an acute fatal disease in parrots and is implicated as the cause of papillomatous lesions of the digestive tract. not all infections cause disease and some parrots are infected asymptomatically. latently infected parrots are potential sources for virus dissemination. tissues from parrots that died spontaneously with a history of coming from flocks where a pshv-1 outbreak had occurred were examined for pshv-1 dna. fourteen of 16 parrots examined we ... | 2006 | 17121080 |
| chlamydophila psittaci genotype e/b transmission from african grey parrots to humans. | thirty-six birds from a parrot relief and breeding centre, as well as the manager, were examined for the presence of chlamydophila psittaci. in the relief unit, 5 of 20 african grey parrots showed depression, ruffled feathers, loss of weight and mild dyspnoea. the birds received no antibiotic treatment. birds of the breeding unit, 14 blue and gold macaws and 2 green-winged macaws, were healthy. they received doxycycline at the start of each breeding season. the manager complained of shortness of ... | 2007 | 17644718 |
| avian influenza a viruses in birds of the order psittaciformes: reports on virus isolations, transmission experiments and vaccinations and initial studies on innocuity and efficacy of oseltamivir in ovo. | birds of the order psittaciformes are - besides chickens, turkeys and other birds - also susceptible to infection with avian influenza a viruses (aiv) and succumb following severe disease within one week. published data prove that various parakeets, amazons, cockatoos, african grey parrots and budgerigars (genera barnardius, psittacula, cacatua, eolophus, amazona, myiopsitta, psittacus and melopsittacus) were found dead following natural infections. natural infections of highly pathogenic avian ... | 2007 | 17724934 |
| [intestinal parasites of parrots]. | the aim of this study was to determine a parasitic species composition, prevalence and intensity of infection in selected parrots. | 2007 | 17912808 |
| pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after oral administration of single and multiple doses in african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus timneh). | to determine the pharmacokinetics and safety of orally administered voriconazole in african grey parrots. | 2008 | 18167096 |
| comparison of selected diagnostic parameters in african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus) with normal plumage and those exhibiting feather damaging behavior. | feather damaging behavior is a common problem in african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus). to determine if differences in clinical test results could be detected in parrots with feather damaging behavior (fdb), we studied 51 parrots, including 24 with fdb, with a variety of diagnostic tests. a predictable stress hemogram was found after administration of thyroid-stimulating hormone in both normal birds and birds with fdb. birds with fdb had significantly lower lymphocyte counts and higher hete ... | 2007 | 18351004 |
| feather-picking psittacines: histopathology and species trends. | histologic findings are described for 408 feather-picking or self-mutilating psittacines with the use of biopsies from clinically affected and unaffected skin. inflammatory skin disease was diagnosed in 210 birds, and traumatic skin disease was diagnosed in 198 birds. criteria used for the diagnosis of inflammatory skin disease included the presence of perivascular inflammation in the superficial or deep dermis of clinically affected and unaffected sites. the primary histologic criteria for the ... | 2008 | 18487502 |
| use of experimenter-given cues by african gray parrots (psittacus erithacus). | one advantage of living in a social group is the opportunity to use information provided by other individuals. social information can be based on cues provided by a conspecific or even by a heterospecific individual (e.g., gaze direction, vocalizations, pointing gestures). although the use of human gaze and gestures has been extensively studied in primates, and is increasingly studied in other mammals, there is no documentation of birds using these cues in a cooperative context. in this study, w ... | 2009 | 18543008 |
| processing of the müller-lyer illusion by a grey parrot (psittacus erithacus). | alex, a grey parrot (psittacus erithacus) who identifies the bigger or smaller of two objects by reporting its color or matter using a vocal english label and who states "none" if they do not differ in size, was presented with two-dimensional müller-lyer figures (brentano form) in which the central lines were of contrasting colors. his responses to "what color bigger/ smaller?" demonstrated that he saw the standard length illusion in the müller-lyer figures in 32 of 50 tests where human observer ... | 2008 | 18605149 |
| consensus nested pcr amplification and sequencing of diverse reptilian, avian, and mammalian orthoreoviruses. | the orthoreoviruses are segmented rna viruses that infect diverse vertebrate host species. while the most common human orthoreovirus, mammalian reovirus, is not typically associated with significant disease, the majority of orthoreovirus species have been shown to cause significant and often fatal disease in reptiles, birds, and primates. there is significant potential for jumping species. a consensus nested-pcr method was designed for investigation of the rna-dependent rna polymerase gene of or ... | 2009 | 18656318 |
| acute septicaemic pasteurella multocida infection in an african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus timneh) after a bite from a pet rat (rattus norvegicus). | p. multocida infections in man and birds as a sequel to animal bites are reviewed and a case report is presented of a fatal p. multocida septicaemia in a parrot after a bite from a pet rat. the need for immediate intravenous or intramuscular treatment of birds with a penicillin after bites from all mammals is stressed. | 1986 | 18766580 |
| three cases of infection by haemophilus-like bacteria in psittacines. | the clinical manifestations of three cases of infection with nad (v-factor)-requiring haemophilus-like bacteria in psittacines are described. case 1 involved members of the platycercus family and produced mainly respiratory signs. in case 2 only conjunctivitis was seen among cockatiels. the third case was a hand-reared african grey parrot which developed a peracute septicaemia. the haemophilus-like bacteria isolated from the three cases differed from each other as well as from the known avian na ... | 1988 | 18766731 |
| [leukosis in captive wild birds]. | among 2589 captive wild birds, examined between 1974 and 1983, we found leukosis in 26 birds belonging to 13 different species and five orders. we diagnosed lymphoid leukosis in 11 birds (two melopsittacus undulatus, two psittacus erithacus one platycerus eximius, one columba livia, one streptopelia decaocto, one polyplectron bicalcaratum, one pavo cristatus, one aptenodytes patachonia and one finch, species unknown), myeloid leukosis in 14 (nine melopsittacus undulatus, two agapomis personata f ... | 1984 | 18766880 |
| transmission of tuberculosis between men and pet birds: a case report. | the present report describes a case of mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in an african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus erithacus) kept as a pet bird. diagnosis was confirmed by microbiologic and pathologic results, and indicated a human-avian transmission. clinical signs included sublingual nodules resulting in anorexia and signs of osteolysis in the long bones. proliferation consisted of several nodules with small greenish-caseous foci in cross-section and revealed a severe granulomatous in ... | 2008 | 18821184 |
| reovirus infection in two species of psittaciformes recently imported into italy. | an outbreak of reovirus infection with high mortality in two groups of recently imported psittacine birds is reported. the disease in the two species involved, african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus erithacus) and australian king parrots (alisterus scapularis), had differences in clinical presentation and gross lesions. reovirus particles were observed by electron microscopy and ultrastructural examination of tissues, and two viruses were isolated in cell culture, one from each bird species. ... | 2001 | 19184872 |
| methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus-associated dermatitis in a congo african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus erithacus). | a 2-year-old dna-sexed female congo african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus erithacus) was evaluated for self-trauma of the feathers and skin of the tail base for a duration of more than 1 year. all rectrices and tail coverts were missing, the skin of the tail base was thickened and ulcerated, and the uropygial gland was swollen. results of a complete blood cell count revealed relative monocytosis and basophilia. survey radiographs showed truncation and lysis of the caudal vertebrae and pygosty ... | 2008 | 19216263 |
| surgical removal of a retrobulbar adenoma in an african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus). | an african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus) was presented with exophthalmos and a semisolid mass dorsomedial to the left eye that led to ventrotemporal deviation of the globe. ultrasonography of the eye revealed a well-demarcated mass of cystic appearance, retrobulbar to the left eye. cultures of samples of the mass acquired by fine needle aspiration were negative for bacteria and mycoplasma species. metaplasia of a periorbital gland caused by hypovitaminosis a was suspected, and vitamin a supp ... | 2009 | 19530403 |
| spontaneous categorization of vocal imitations in african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus). | the ability to categorize elements of the environment is a fundamental aspect of information processing. many experiments demonstrate the ability of birds and non-human primates to classify items according to their perceptual similarities. few data are available regarding spontaneous classification of items according to a non-perceptual account in non-human animals. here, we report unexpected results obtained with african grey parrots learning the referential use of french labels. parrots did no ... | 2009 | 19591908 |
| referential learning of french and czech labels in african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus): different methods yield contrasting results. | some african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus), the most famous being pepperberg's parrot alex, are able to imitate human speech and produce labels referentially. in this study, the aim was to teach ten african grey parrots from two laboratories to label items. training three parrots from the first laboratory for several months with the model/rival method, developed by pepperberg, in which two humans interact in front of the subject to demonstrate the use of a label, led to disappointing result ... | 2010 | 20600700 |
| phylogenetic analysis of six isolates of beak and feather disease virus from african grey parrots in portugal. | beak and feather disease virus (bfdv), a member of the genus circovirus, was detected in six dead african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus) in portugal. the complete nucleotide sequences of these six bfdvs (pt05, pt08, pt08-2, pt08-3, pt09, and pt09-2) were determined and analyzed. the seven open reading frames (orfs) described for other bfdvs were detected in all strains, except for pt05 and pt08, in which orfs 4 and 7 are absent. bayesian inference of phylogeny based on complete genomes of bf ... | 2010 | 20945789 |
| mixed infection with reovirus and chlamydophila in a flock of budgerigars (melopsittacus undulatus). | eleven budgerigars (melopsittacus undulatus) from a zoological collection presented at necropsy with emaciation and splenomegaly or hepatomegaly or both. polymerase chain reaction assays performed on liver and spleen samples were positive for chlamydophila psittaci in 2 of 3 birds tested, and histologic findings in 2 additional birds were compatible with chlamydiosis. the aviary was subsequently closed to the public, and a 45-day treatment regimen with doxycycline in the seeds was initiated. no ... | 2010 | 21302762 |
| finding good acoustic features for parrot vocalizations: the feature generation approach. | a crucial step in the understanding of vocal behavior of birds is to be able to classify calls in the repertoire into meaningful types. methods developed to this aim are limited either because of human subjectivity or because of methodological issues. the present study investigated whether a feature generation system could categorize vocalizations of a bird species automatically and effectively. this procedure was applied to vocalizations of african gray parrots, known for their capacity to repr ... | 2011 | 21361465 |
| social context influences the vocalizations of a home-raised african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus erithacus). | home-raised african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus erithacus) exhibit strong social bonding with their human companions. we examined how 1 parrot's vocal production (speech and nonword sounds) changed with social context with respect to descriptive measures of the vocalizations and their thematic content. we videotaped the parrot in 4 social conditions: subject home alone, subject and owner in the same room, owner in a separate room within hearing range, and owner and experimenter conversing ... | 2011 | 21381810 |
| cooperative problem solving in african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus). | one of the main characteristics of human societies is the extensive degree of cooperation among individuals. cooperation is an elaborate phenomenon, also found in non-human primates during laboratory studies and field observations of animal hunting behaviour, among other things. some authors suggest that the pressures assumed to have favoured the emergence of social intelligence in primates are similar to those that may have permitted the emergence of complex cognitive abilities in some bird spe ... | 2011 | 21384141 |
| do african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus) know what a human experimenter does and does not see? | perspective-taking is a cognitive ability that can be useful to access information during social interactions. this ability is extensively exploited in humans, and some evidence of it has been found in other mammals and some bird species. perspective-taking requires individuals to be sensitive to the attentional state of others. in this experiment, three hand-reared grey parrots were tested on their ability to adapt their behaviours according to the perception of a human handler. two different s ... | 2011 | 21513779 |
| penicilliosis in an african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus). | penicillium mycosis, or penicilliosis, is rare in animals. this report describes the clinical signs and pathological, immunohistochemical, and biomolecular findings in a case of avian penicilliosis in a congo african grey parrot. on gross necropsy, pyogranulomatous changes were identified in the lung, liver, and kidney. histopathology demonstrated periodic acid schiff-(pas) and grocott-positive hyphae in these tissues. immunohistochemistry confirmed the genus of the fungus and polymerase chain r ... | 2011 | 22946411 |
| characterization of a reo-like virus and its isolation from and pathogenicity for parrots. | necropsy of an african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus) revealed subcutaneous hemorrhages, multiple foci and microfoci of necrosis in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and intestinal lamina propria, mild air sacculitis, and epicarditis. a virus, isolated from the liver, was non-enveloped, was polyhedral with a diameter of 84.9 +/- 3.4 nm, possessed a double-stranded rna genome, and was stable at ph 3.0 for 30 minutes and at 56 c for up to 120 minutes. the virus was propagated in cell culture, pur ... | 2011 | 3039971 |
| necrotizing hepatitis associated with a reo-like virus infection in a parrot. | a young african grey parrot was presented for necropsy following a 3-to-4-day illness consisting of lethargy, anorexia, and diarrhea. a disseminated necrotizing hepatopathy was evident upon histologic examination of the liver. aggregates of approximately 70-nm-diameter viral particles having morphology consistent with the family reoviridae were demonstrated by thin-section and negative-staining electron microscopy. | 2010 | 2992444 |
| pharmacokinetics of amikacin in african gray parrots. | amikacin sulfate was administered to african gray parrots at 3 dosages (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) via 2 routes (iv and im). the elimination half-time was approximately 1 hour (range, 0.9 to 1.34 hour). the apparent bioavailability of im administered drug was 61 to 106% and was not dose-related. | 2009 | 2719389 |
| a complicated, metastatic, humeral air sac cystadenocarcinoma in a timneh african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus timneh). | a 9-year-old male timneh african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus timneh) was presented because of inability to fly and suspected trauma. the owner also had observed dyspnea, with tail bobbing and open-beak breathing. on clinical examination, a hard, painful mass was palpable in the left proximal humerus and axillary area. radiographs revealed a radiodense soft tissue mass of the left humerus with no bony involvement, multifocal opacities in lung and air sacs, and an enlarged spleen. an asymmetr ... | 2013 | 23772455 |
| incidence and detection of beak and feather disease virus in psittacine birds in the uae. | beak and feather disease is caused by circovirus, which affects actively growing beak and feather cells of avian species. the disease affects mainly young birds while older birds may overcome the disease with few lasting effects. due to lack of treatment, the only way to control the disease is through hygiene and early diagnosis. as a diagnostic tool, we have established a taqman probe based real-time pcr assay to detect the presence of the viral genome in psittacine birds in uae and reported th ... | 2016 | 27077045 |
| molecular analysis and associated pathology of beak and feather disease virus isolated in italy from young congo african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus) with an "atypical peracute form" of the disease. | this study is the first report on the genetic and pathogenic characterization of beak and feather disease virus (bfdv) occurring in italy. twenty bfdv strains isolated in italy from juvenile congo african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus) were investigated. seventeen strains showed an "atypical peracute form" (apf) of the disease, and three a chronic form (cf). the birds with apf had been weaned, were independent as far as food and protection were concerned and apparently were without lesions. ... | 2014 | 24968067 |
| relatedness between host species and genotype of beak and feather disease virus suggesting possible interspecies cross infection during bird trade. | beak and feather disease virus (bfdv) is a causative agent of psittacine beak and feather disease (pbfd), which shows a characteristic feather disorder in psittacine birds. in the present study, the subclinical infection rate of pbfd in imported and domestically bred psittacine birds was investigated by polymerase chain reaction. as a result, 126 of 402 birds (31.3%) were found to be bfdv positive. the dna sequences of the part of open reading frame (orf) c1 were determined for 16 bfdv-positive ... | 2013 | 23149463 |
| pcr-based diagnosis, molecular characterization and detection of atypical strains of avian chlamydia psittaci in companion and wild birds. | chlamydiosis is one of the most important infectious diseases of birds. in this study, 253 clinical samples were taken from 27 bird species belonging to seven orders. thirty-two (12.6%) samples were positive for chlamydia psittaci major outer membrane gene (ompa) dna by a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr). twelve nested pcr-positive specimens were typed by ompa gene-based pcr-restricted fragment length polymorphism, using ctu/ctl primers and alui restriction enzyme. four restriction pattern ... | 2013 | 23391180 |
| molecular identification and successful treatment of chlamydophila psittaci (genotype b) in a clinically affected congo african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus erithacus). | avian chlamydiosis is caused by chlamydiophila psittaci with the highest infection rate in parrots (psittacidae) and pigeons (columbiformes). a two-year-old congo african grey parrot was examined since the bird had shown clinical signs of anorexia, depression, diarrhea, and mild dyspnea and based on biochemical and hemathological analysis the bird was diagnosed as having anemia, leukocytosis, heterophilia, lymphopenia and monocytosis. with regards to clinical and paraclinical findings, the case ... | 2016 | 28224015 |
| avihepadnavirus diversity in parrots is comparable to that found amongst all other avian species. | avihepadnaviruses have previously been isolated from various species of duck, goose, stork, heron and crane. recently the first parrot avihepadnavirus was isolated from a ring-necked parakeet in poland. in this study, 41 psittacine liver samples archived in poland over the last nine years were tested for presence of parrot hepatitis b virus (phbv). we cloned and sequenced phbv isolates from 18 birds including a crimson rosella, an african grey parrot and sixteen ring-necked parakeets. phbv isola ... | 2013 | 23411008 |
| identification of members of the pasteurellaceae isolated from birds and characterization of two new taxa isolated from psittacine birds. | a collection of 43 unclassified members of the pasteurellaceae, most of which were obtained from lesions, were investigated using an extensive battery of phenotypical tests as well as by ribotyping. the isolates had been made from anser anser forma (f) domestica (d), agapornis fischer, amazona spp., ara macao, columba livia f.d., melanopsittacus undulatus, and psittacus erithacus. comparison of results with those obtained from reference strains allowed classification of 25 strains. three strains ... | 1999 | 26905494 |
| a novel papillomavirus in adélie penguin (pygoscelis adeliae) faeces sampled at the cape crozier colony, antarctica. | papillomaviruses are epitheliotropic viruses that have circular dsdna genomes encapsidated in non-enveloped virions. they have been found to infect a variety of mammals, reptiles and birds, but so far they have not been found in amphibians. using a next-generation sequencing de novo assembly contig-informed recovery, we cloned and sanger sequenced the complete genome of a novel papillomavirus from the faecal matter of adélie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) nesting on ross island, antarctica. the g ... | 2014 | 24686913 |
| lack of canonical e6 and e7 open reading frames in bird papillomaviruses: fringilla coelebs papillomavirus and psittacus erithacus timneh papillomavirus. | determination and analyses of the complete sequence of fringilla coelebs papillomavirus and psittacus erithacus timneh papillomavirus indicate that they represent a distinct and distant lineage of papillomaviruses. the lack of canonical e6-e7 open reading frames suggests that they serve adaptive functions during papillomavirus evolution. | 2002 | 12208979 |
| avian papillomaviruses: the parrot psittacus erithacus papillomavirus (pepv) genome has a unique organization of the early protein region and is phylogenetically related to the chaffinch papillomavirus. | an avian papillomavirus genome has been cloned from a cutaneous exophytic papilloma from an african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus). the nucleotide sequence, genome organization, and phylogenetic position of the psittacus erithacus papillomavirus (pepv) were determined. this pepv sequence represents the first complete avian papillomavirus genome defined. | 2002 | 12110158 |
| carotenoid pigments and the selectivity of psittacofulvin-based coloration systems in parrots. | carotenoid pigments are commonly used as colorants of feathers and bare parts by birds. however, parrots (aves: psittaciformes) use a novel class of plumage pigments (called psittacofulvins) that, like carotenoids, are lipid-soluble and red, orange, or yellow in color. to begin to understand how and why parrots use these pigments and not carotenoids in their feathers, we must first describe the distribution of these two types of pigments in the diet, tissues, and fluids of these birds. here, we ... | 2004 | 15253871 |
| effects of mydriatic agents in cockatoos, african gray parrots, and blue-fronted amazon parrots. | to compare, in psittacines, the mydriatic effects of several topically applied curariform, sympathomimetic, and parasympatholytic drugs with and without the addition of surface-acting penetrating agents. | 1996 | 8567377 |
| measurement of the cardiac silhouette in psittacines. | to determine reference values for size of the radiographic cardiac silhouette in healthy adult medium-sized psittacines. | 2002 | 12420828 |
| plasma osmolality reference values in african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus erithacus), hispaniolan amazon parrots (amazona ventralis), and red-fronted macaws (ara rubrogenys). | birds are routinely presented to veterinarians for dehydration. success with these cases ultimately depends on providing replacement fluids and re-establishing fluid homeostasis. few studies have been done to determine reference ranges for plasma osmolality in birds. the goals of this study were to determine reference values for plasma osmolality in 3 species of parrots and to provide recommendations on fluid selection for replacement therapy in these species. blood samples were collected from 2 ... | 2011 | 21877445 |
| reference intervals of plasma calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium for african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus) and hispaniolan parrots (amazona ventralis). | calcium (ca), phosphorus (p), and magnesium (mg) are important elements for body homeostasis in several diseases associated with imbalances in the plasma concentration of these ions. this is the first published report of reference intervals for mg in association with ca and p levels for psittacine species. one milliliter of blood was collected from 26 hispaniolan parrots (amazona ventralis) and 24 african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus). the plasma concentrations of ca, p, and mg were determi ... | 2009 | 20063813 |
| computed tomographic anatomy of the heads of blue-and-gold macaws (ara ararauna), african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus), and monk parakeets (myiopsitta monachus). | objective to create an atlas of the normal ct anatomy of the head of blue-and-gold macaws (ara ararauna), african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus), and monk parakeets (myiopsitta monachus). animals 3 blue-and-gold macaws, 5 african grey parrots, and 6 monk parakeets and cadavers of 4 adult blue-and-gold macaws, 4 adult african grey parrots, and 7 monk parakeets. procedures contrast-enhanced ct imaging of the head of the live birds was performed with a 4-multidetector-row ct scanner. cadaveric ... | 2016 | 27901394 |
| normal computed tomographic features and reference values for the coelomic cavity in pet parrots. | the increasing popularity gained by pet birds over recent decades has highlighted the role of avian medicine and surgery in the global veterinary scenario; such a need for speciality avian medical practice reflects the rising expectation for high-standard diagnostic imaging procedures. the aim of this study is to provide an atlas of matched anatomical cross-sections and contrast-enhanced ct images of the coelomic cavity in three highly diffused psittacine species. | 2016 | 27596377 |
| loss of the gene for the alpha subunit of atp synthase (atp5a1) from the w chromosome in the african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus). | this study describes the results of an analysis using southern blotting, the polymerase chain reaction, and sequencing which shows that the african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus) lacks the w-chromosomal gene for the alpha subunit of mitochondrial atp synthase (atp5a1w). additional evidence shows that in other psittacines a fragment of the atp5a1w gene contains five times as many nonsynonymous nucleotide replacements as the homologous fragment of the z gene. therefore, whereas in these other p ... | 2001 | 11479684 |
| grey parrot number acquisition: the inference of cardinal value from ordinal position on the numeral list. | a grey parrot (psittacus erithacus) had previously been taught to use english count words ("one" through "sih" [six]) to label sets of one to six individual items (pepperberg, 1994). he had also been taught to use the same count words to label the arabic numerals 1 through 6. without training, he inferred the relationship between the arabic numerals and the sets of objects (pepperberg, 2006b). in the present study, he was then trained to label vocally the arabic numerals 7 and 8 ("sih-none", "ei ... | 2012 | 22878117 |
| bacteria isolated from the skin of congo african grey parrots ( psittacus erithacus ), budgerigars ( melopsittacus undulatus ), and cockatiels ( nymphicus hollandicus ). | little is known about the normal bacterial flora of the skin of birds. to identify the bacterial organisms that reside on the integument of companion psittacine birds in a normal physiologic state, skin cultures were taken from 75 psittacine birds comprising 25 congo african grey parrots ( psittacus erithacus ), 25 budgerigars ( melopsittacus undulatus ), and 25 cockatiels ( nymphicus hollandicus ). all birds were adults and in good health with no underlying identifiable diseases, had not been o ... | 2014 | 25843464 |
| radiology of the avian skull. | a standard radiographic anatomy of the skulls of three genera of birds (psittacines, accipitrines, passerines) is worked out and illustrated by drawings. the african grey parrot is described as a standard. all detectable anatomical structures are identified and set into relationship to discernable structures in cockatoos (cacatua galerita galerita), common buzzards (buteo buteo) and mynah birds (gracula religiosa). | 1991 | 1907062 |
| use of an extracapsular stabilization technique to repair cruciate ligament ruptures in two avian species. | an extracapsular stabilization technique was used to repair cruciate ligament ruptures in a trumpeter hornbill (bycanistes bucinator) and an african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus). the hornbill demonstrated cranial drawer motion and severe rotational instability of the stifle from ruptures of the cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments and stifle joint capsule. the luxation was reduced, and the fibula was cranially transposed, in relation to the tibiotarsus, and anchored with 2 positive profile ... | 2009 | 20235463 |
| the influence of local enhancement on choice performances in african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus) and jackdaws (corvus monedula). | being attentive to the behavior of others may be advantageous to gain important information, for example, on the location of food. often, this is achieved through simple local enhancement. however, this is not always beneficial, as it may override cognitive abilities, with negative consequences. grey parrots (psittacus erithacus) and ravens have already succeeded in exclusion tasks, but carrion crows do so only when controlling for local enhancement, and jackdaws (corvus monedula) fail entirely. ... | 2012 | 22866773 |
| plasma butyrylcholinesterase concentrations in psittacine birds: reference values, factors of variation, and association with feather-damaging behavior. | butyrylcholinesterase is a glycoprotein enzyme used in the diagnosis of toxicosis by cholinesterase-inhibitor agents like organophosphates and carbamates. in animals, butyrylcholinesterase concentrations have been shown to vary depending on numerous factors such as age, sex, diet, and season of sampling. to establish reference values of plasma butyrylcholinesterase concentrations in common psittacine species, plasma butyrylcholinesterase concentrations were measured in 1942 companion psittacine ... | 2014 | 24881148 |
| [nutrition-related problems in pet birds]. | the detection and correction of dietary errors plays an important role in avian medicine. examples of diseases caused in part by a deficiency or abundance of a nutrient include hypovitaminosis a in birds of the parrot (psittacidae) family, hypocalcemia in the african grey parrot, goitre in budgerigars, and iron storage diseases in the minah and toucan. hypovitaminosis a can lead to metaplasia of mucous membranes, which in turn can lead to chronic rhinitis and respiratory fungal infections. vitam ... | 1999 | 9929897 |
| comparative cytogenetics of the congo african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus). | the congo african grey parrot (psittacus erithacus, per) is an endemic species of central africa, valued for its intelligence and listed as vulnerable due to poaching and habitat destruction. improved knowledge about the p. erithacus genome is needed to address key biological questions and conservation of this species. the p. erithacus genome was studied using conventional and molecular cytogenetic approaches including zoo-fish. p. erithacus has a 'typical' parrot karyotype with 2n = 62-64 and 8 ... | 2015 | 26894300 |