| inclusion body disease (herpesvirus infection) of falcons (ibdf). | inclusion body disease of falcons (ibdf) is caused by a herpesvirus. the clinical course is short, 24 to 72 hours in duration, and is characterized by mild to severe depression and weakness often accompanied by anorexia. the disease is invariably fatal. the virus has a marked affinity for the reticuloendothelial system and hepatocytes,producing focal to diffuse necrosis of infected tissues accompanied by the formation of intranuclear inclusion bodies. the virus is pathogenic for american kestrel ... | 1975 | 163383 |
| inclusion body disease of falcons (herpesvirus infection) in an american kestrel. | postmortem examination of a captive-bred american kestrel (falco sparverius) showed numerous white necrotic foci 1-2 mm in diameter throughout the liver and spleen. the results of light and spleen. the results of light and electron microscopic studies and experimental transmission to a captive american kestrel and a barred owl (strix varia) suggests a herpesvirus similar to those dsecribed for owls and other falcons in the u.s. this is the first report of a naturally occurring case of inclusion ... | 1977 | 194064 |
| isolation of a herpesvirus from an american kestrel with inclusion body disease. | a herpesvirus was isolated from the liver of a captive-bred american kestrel (falco sparverius) which had died of inclusion body disease. initial isolation was achieved in chicken embryo fibroblasts after three blind passages. cell-adapted virus produced a distinct rounding of cef cells within 24 to 48 h. biologic and serologic tests suggested that the kestrel virus is similar to falcon herpesvirus and pigeon herpesvirus and is at least partially related to owl herpesvirus. however, serologic te ... | 1979 | 222917 |
| the refractive development of the eye of the american kestrel (falco sparverius): a new avian model. | most measures of avian visual performance are carried out on commonly available domestic species such as the chicken, and most of the data on avian induced refractive error deals with chickens. raptors are predatory birds in which good visual resolving ability is particularly important. behavioral studies indicate that the eyes of raptors have two to three times the resolving ability of the human eye. the domestic chicken is precocial at hatching whereas most raptors are semi-altricial. this stu ... | 1992 | 1507156 |
| developmental toxicity of diphenyl ether herbicides in nestling american kestrels. | beginning the day after hatching, american kestrel (falco sparverius) nestlings were orally dosed for 10 consecutive days with 5 microliters/g of corn oil (controls) or one of the diphenyl ether herbicides (nitrofen, bifenox, or oxyfluorfen) at concentrations of 10, 50, 250, or 500 mg/kg in corn oil. at 500 mg/kg, nitrofen resulted in complete nestling mortality, bifenox in high (66%) mortality, and oxyfluorfen in no mortality. nitrofen at 250 mg/kg reduced nestling growth as reflected by decrea ... | 1991 | 1942122 |
| accumulation of lead and organochlorine residues in captive american kestrels fed pine voles from apple orchards. | pine voles (microtus pinetorum) were collected from pesticide-treated orchards in new york (usa) and fed to three captive american kestrels (falco sparverius) for 60 days to evaluate potential hazards from soil-borne persistent insecticides. three control kestrels were fed uncontaminated laboratory mice (mus musculus). the pine voles contained an average of 38 ppm lead, 48 ppm dde and 1.2 ppm dieldrin (wet weight). the kestrels accumulated sublethal amounts of lead (1 ppm lead wet weight) in the ... | 1989 | 2668568 |
| acute oral toxicity of sodium cyanide in birds. | sensitivities of six avian species, black vulture (coragyps atratus), american kestrel (falco sparverius), japanese quail (coturnix japonica), domestic chicken (gallus domesticus), eastern screech-owl (otus asio), and european starling (sturnus vulgaris), to acute poisoning by sodium cyanide (nacn) were compared by single dose ld50's. three species, domestic chickens, black vultures, and turkey vultures (cathartes aura), were dosed with nacn to determine cyanide residues in those that died and a ... | 1986 | 3503141 |
| survival, growth, and histopathological effects of paraquat ingestion in nestling american kestrels (falco sparverius). | | 1985 | 4037873 |
| falcon herpesvirus, the etiologic agent of inclusion body disease of falcons. | a viral agent has been isolated from five fatal cases of naturally occurring inclusion body disease in three different falcon species, namely, the prairie falcon (falco mexicanus), the red-headed falcon (f. chiquera), and the peregrine falcon (f. peregrinus). the virus has been shown to possess the physical, chemical, and biological properties of a herpesvirus and has been used to reproduce inclusion body disease in the prairie falcon, merlin (f. columbarius), and american kestrel (f. sparverius ... | 1973 | 4352453 |
| hemorrhagic enteritis in captive american kestrels (falco sparverius). | hemorrhagic enteritis and hepatitis of suspected adenovirus etiology were the apparent cause of death of nine captive american kestrels. cloacal hemorrhage was the only prominent gross lesion: disseminated hepatocellular necrosis, and intranuclear inclusion bodies were evident microscopically. electron microscopy revealed numerous adenovirus-like particles associated with the hepatic lesions. attempts to serologically identify the agent were unsuccessful. | 1983 | 6315970 |
| methyl parathion and fenvalerate toxicity in american kestrels: acute physiological responses and effects of cold. | physiological and toxicological effects of p.o. methyl parathion (0.375-3.0 mg/kg) or fenvalerate (1000-4000 mg/kg) were examined over a 10-h period in american kestrels (falco sparverius) maintained in thermoneutral (22 degrees c) and cold (-5 degrees c) environments. methyl parathion was highly toxic (estimated median lethal dose of 3.08 mg/kg, 95% confidence limits of 2.29-4.14 mg/kg), producing dose-dependent inhibition of brain and plasma cholinesterase activity, hyperglycemia, and elevated ... | 1984 | 6498609 |
| tissue lead distribution and hematologic effects in american kestrels (falco sparverius l.) fed biologically incorporated lead. | american kestrels were fed a diet containing 0.5, 120, 212, and 448 ppm (dry wt) biologically incorporated lead (pb) for 60 days. the diet consisted of homogenized 4-wk-old cockerels raised on feed mixed with and without lead. no kestrels died and weights did not differ among treatment groups. the control group (0.5 ppm pb) had the lowest mean concentration of lead and the high dietary group had the highest for the following tissues: kidney, liver, femur, brain, and blood. concentrations of lead ... | 1984 | 6716559 |
| raptors lack lower-field myopia. | the presence of lower-field myopia (described in chickens, pigeons, quail and amphibians) allows these animals to keep the ground in focus while performing other visual tasks. a relationship has also been reported between the eye height and the degree of myopia observed. all of the animals reported in the literature to date are ground-foraging species. using infrared neutralizing video retinoscopy and static photoretinoscopy we found a lower-field myopia to be absent in the barn owl (tyto alba), ... | 1995 | 7610576 |
| growth of hand-reared american kestrels i. the effect of two different diets and feeding frequency. | seventy captive-bred american kestrels (falco sparverius) were hand-reared on diets of either day-old cockerels (gallus domesticus) (n = 38) or laboratory mice (mus musculus) (n = 32) at meal frequencies of 4 or 6 times per day. ad libitum food was provided in all meals. a proximate analysis of the two diets was performed and showed that cockerels when compared to mice contained more crude protein (60.0% versus 42.7% dry matter) and less fat (28.1% versus 46.5% dry matter). body mass of nestling ... | 1994 | 7713636 |
| growth of hand-reared american kestrels. ii. body composition and wingloading of fledglings hand-fed two different diets. | the body composition of young american kestrels (falco sparverius) hand-fed either a protein-rich diet (day-old cockerels gallus domesticus) or a fat-rich diet (laboratory mice mus musculus) was determined one day after fledging. mouse-fed fledglings (n = 16) had significantly greater fat deposits than cockerel-fed birds (n = 15), while the crude protein content of the carcass was unaffected by the diets. at fledging, mouse-fed birds showed a significantly greater wingloading than cockerel-fed b ... | 1994 | 7713637 |
| prevalence of encysted toxoplasma gondii in raptors from alabama. | little is known about the prevalence of encysted toxoplasma gondii in wild birds. we examined the hearts and breast muscles from 101 raptors for encysted t. gondii. all of the raptors had been submitted for necropsy to the state veterinary diagnostic laboratory, auburn, alabama. tissues were digested in acid-pepsin solution and inoculated into groups of 3-5 laboratory mice. toxoplasma gondii was isolated from 27 of 101 (26.7%) raptors: 8 of 12 (66.7%) red-shouldered hawks (buteo lineatus), 13 of ... | 1993 | 8277379 |
| the functional anatomy of the ciliary muscle in four avian species. | the functional anatomy of avian ciliary muscles has been difficult to describe, due to the muscle's inaccessible location inside the eye. the ciliary muscle of the chicken (gallus gallus domesticus), the pigeon (columbia livia), the kestrel (falco sparverius) and the hooded merganser (margus cucullatus) (four species with differing accommodative needs) was examined histologically in both the relaxed and contracted states. the ciliary muscle of all four species can be divided into three main musc ... | 1997 | 9167856 |
| effects on young american kestrels (falco sparverius) exposed to beauveria bassiana bioinsecticide. | | 1997 | 9307411 |
| prevalence of encysted apicomplexans in muscles of raptors. | an acid-pepsin digestion technique was used to examine portions of breast muscle and heart from raptors for encysted protozoans. apicomplexan zoites were present in 52 (45.6%) of the 114 samples examined: 11 of 12 (91.7%) red-shouldered hawks (buteo lineatus), 20 of 34 (58.8%) red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis), two of seven (28.6%) cooper's hawks (accipiter cooperi), three of four (75%) sharp-shinned hawks (accipiter striatus), one (100%) mississippi kites (ictinia misisippiensis), one of two ... | 1999 | 9950339 |
| yolk androgens reduce offspring survival. | females may favour some offspring over others by differential deposition of yolk hormones. in american kestrels (falco sparverius), we found that yolks of eggs laid late in the sequence of a clutch had more testosterone (t) and androstenedione (a4) than yolks of first-laid eggs. to investigate the effects of these yolk androgens on nestling 'fitness', we injected both t and a4 into the yolks of first-laid eggs and compared their hatching time, nestling growth and nestling survival with those of ... | 2000 | 10983830 |
| the role of prolactin in the regulation of clutch size and onset of incubation behavior in the american kestrel. | in most bird species, the timing of incubation onset may influence the degree of hatching asynchrony, which, together with variation in clutch size, affects reproductive success. in some domesticated species that usually show no hatching asynchrony, plasma prolactin concentrations in females rise with the onset of incubation and the end of laying, and this rise enhances incubation behavior and may terminate laying. to investigate whether a rise in prolactin during laying is involved in the regul ... | 2000 | 11038291 |
| antibody-mediated immunotoxicity in american kestrels (falco sparverius) exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls. | antibody-mediated immune function in adult and recently fledged (30 to 33 d old) american kestrels (falco sparverius) was examined in birds exposed directly, or only in ovo, to polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs). in 1998, 9 mature male and 9 female kestrels were fed pcbs, whereas 9 females and 10 males served as controls. a mixture of aroclors 1248:1254:1260 suspended in safflower oil was injected into the kestrels' food items, while in control diets only the same volume of oil was added. the dosa ... | 2001 | 11245392 |
| captivity diets alter egg yolk lipids of a bird of prey (the american kestrel) and of a galliforme (the red-legged partridge). | the salient feature of the fatty acid profile of kestrel eggs collected in the wild was the very high proportion of arachidonic acid (15.2%+/-0.7% of fatty acid mass, n=5) in the phospholipid fraction of the yolk. kestrels in captivity fed on day-old chickens produced eggs that differed from those of the wild birds in a number of compositional features: the proportion of linoleic acid was increased in all the lipid fractions; the proportion of arachidonic acid was increased in yolk phospholipid ... | 2001 | 11247734 |
| evidence of oxidative stress in american kestrels exposed to electromagnetic fields. | exposure to electromagnetic fields (emfs) alters melatonin, behavior, growth, and reproduction of captive american kestrels (falco sparverius), particularly of males. emf exposure is a "possible" human carcinogen and associated with some neurodegenerative diseases. oxidative stress contributes to cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and immune disorders. we tested whether emf exposure elicits an avian immune response and alters oxidative stress levels. captive male kestrels were bred under contro ... | 2001 | 11437466 |
| [temporal distribution of diurnal rapacious birds in "playón de mismaloya" reservation, jalisco, mexico]. | diurnal raptors were counted monthly in the "playón de mismaloya", reserve, jalisco, mexico, from november 1997 to october 1998. we identified 11 species; eight of them migrants, one resident and two resident with migrant populations. the highest increase in total number of individuals was from december to march, influenced mainly by the presence of caracara polancus (crested caracara), falco sparverius (american kestrel) and pandion haliaetus (osprey). the two former species were observed frequ ... | 2000 | 11487921 |
| effects of dietary pcb exposure on adrenocortical function in captive american kestrels (falco sparverius). | we experimentally examined the effects of dietary exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) on adrenocortical function in american kestrels (falco sparverius). nine captive male american kestrels previously exposed to a pcb mixture (aroclor 1248:1254:1260; 1:1:1) in their diet were subjected to a standardized capture, handling and restraint protocol designed to produce an increase in circulating corticosterone. a similar protocol has been applied to a wide range of avian species and was used ... | 2003 | 12739868 |
| do pcbs cause eggshell thinning? | the evidence that pcbs are involved in eggshell thinning is examined. in experiments in which both pcbs and dde were used, it was found that dde, but not pcbs, caused eggshell thinning of mallard and american kestrel. for two other species, bobwhite and japanese quail, no thinning was observed with either agent. numerous other studies with dde alone have demonstrated that this agent can cause eggshell thinning in many, but not all, species. it is concluded that dde is the only compound that has ... | 1996 | 15091460 |
| clarification of effects of dde on shell thickness, size, mass, and shape of avian eggs. | moriarty et al. (1986) used field data to conclude that dde decreased the size or altered the shape of avian eggs; therefore, they postulated that decreased eggshell thickness was a secondary effect because, as a general rule, thickness and egg size are positively correlated. to further test this relationship, the present authors analyzed data from eggs of captive american kestrels. falco sparverius given ddt- or dde-contaminated or clean diets and from wild brown pelicans pelecanus occidentalis ... | 1997 | 15093475 |
| evaluation of the antibody mediated immune response in nestling american kestrels (falco sparverius). | avian biologists and toxicologists use tests of immune function to evaluate health or quality in birds. nestlings are widely studied members of the population because of the logistical ease of working with them, and because of their vulnerability to environmental contaminants. current immunological techniques are designed for domestic poultry and are far from ideal, since poultry are precocial (developmentally mature at hatching), while many wild species are altricial (developmentally immature, ... | 2005 | 15450756 |
| vectest as diagnostic and surveillance tool for west nile virus in dead birds. | the vectest antigen-capture assay for west nile virus was performed on oral and tissue swabs from dead birds in new york state from april 2003 through july 2004. results were compared with those from real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of kidney or brain. oral vectest sensitivity is adequate for surveillance in american crows (corvus brachyrhynchos) (87%), blue jays (cyanocitta cristata) (80%), and house sparrows (passer domesticus) (76%). oral vectest performed well for sm ... | 2004 | 15663856 |
| attempts to identify the source of avian vacuolar myelinopathy for waterbirds. | attempts were made to reproduce avian vacuolar myelinopathy (avm) in a number of test animals in order to determine the source of the causative agent for birds and to find a suitable animal model for future studies. submerged vegetation, plankton, invertebrates, forage fish, and sediments were collected from three lakes with ongoing outbreaks of avm and fed to american coots (fulica americana), mallard ducks and ducklings (anas platyrhynchos), quail (coturnix japonica), and laboratory mice eithe ... | 2005 | 15827222 |
| evidence of immunomodulation in nestling american kestrels (falco sparverius) exposed to environmentally relevant pbdes. | we investigated whether exposure to environmentally relevant polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) causes immunomodulation in captive nestling american kestrels (falco sparverius). eggs within each clutch, divided by laying sequence, were injected with safflower oil or penta-bde congeners-47, -99, -100, and -153 dissolved in safflower oil (18.7 microg sigmapbdes/egg) approximating great lakes birds. for 29 days, nestlings consumed the same pbde mixture (15.6+/-0.3 ng/g body weight per day), rea ... | 2005 | 15951077 |
| exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes): changes in thyroid, vitamin a, glutathione homeostasis, and oxidative stress in american kestrels (falco sparverius). | polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes), a class of additive flame retardants, are temporally increasing in wildlife tissues and capable of disrupting normal endocrine function. we determined whether in ovo and post-hatch exposure of captive american kestrels (falco sparverius) to environmentally relevant pbdes alter thyroid, retinol, and oxidative stress measures. control eggs were injected with safflower oil and subsequent nestlings fed the same vehicle; dosed eggs received pbde congeners (bde- ... | 2005 | 16120752 |
| spatial contrast sensitivity of birds. | contrast sensitivity (cs) is the ability of the observer to discriminate between adjacent stimuli on the basis of their differences in relative luminosity (contrast) rather than their absolute luminances. in previous studies, using a narrow range of species, birds have been reported to have low contrast detection thresholds relative to mammals and fishes. this was an unexpected finding because birds had been traditionally reported to have excellent visual acuity and color vision. this study repo ... | 2006 | 16404602 |
| natural and experimental west nile virus infection in five raptor species. | we studied the effects of natural and/or experimental infections of west nile virus (wnv) in five raptor species from july 2002 to march 2004, including american kestrels (falco sparverius), golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos), red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis), barn owls (tyto alba), and great horned owls (bubo virginianus). birds were infected per mosquito bite, per os, or percutaneously by needle. many experimentally infected birds developed mosquito-infectious levels of viremia (>10(5) wnv ... | 2006 | 16699143 |
| changes in the growth, but not the survival, of american kestrels (falco sparverius) exposed to environmentally relevant polybrominated diphenyl ethers. | polybrominated diphenyl ether (pbdes) concentrations are increasing exponentially in biota. we studied the growth of american kestrel (falco sparverius) nestlings exposed in ovo and during development to environmentally relevant pbde congeners and concentrations. eggs within each clutch, divided between groups by laying sequence, were injected into the air cell at 19 days of incubation with safflower oil or penta-bde congeners bde-47, -99, -100, and -153 dissolved in safflower oil (18.7 microg t ... | 2006 | 16854784 |
| mitochondrial genomes and avian phylogeny: complex characters and resolvability without explosive radiations. | we improve the taxon sampling for avian phylogeny by analyzing 7 new mitochondrial genomes (a toucan, woodpecker, osprey, forest falcon, american kestrel, heron, and a pelican). this improves inference of the avian tree, and it supports 3 major conclusions. the first is that some birds (including a parrot, a toucan, and an osprey) exhibit a complete duplication of the control region (cr) meaning that there are at least 4 distinct gene orders within birds. however, it appears that there are regio ... | 2007 | 17062634 |
| quantification of low levels of organochlorine pesticides using small volumes (<or=100 microl) of plasma of wild birds through gas chromatography negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. | a solid phase extraction and gas chromatography with negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry in scan mode (gc-nci-ms) method was developed to identify and quantify for the first time low levels of organochlorine pesticides (ocs) in plasma samples of less than 100 microl from wild birds. the method detection limits ranged from 0.012 to 0.102 pg/microl and the method reporting limit from 0.036 to 0.307 pg/microl for alpha, gamma, beta and delta-hexachlorocyclohexane (hch), heptachlor, aldri ... | 2007 | 17240024 |
| first detection of bacillus anthracis in feces of free-ranging raptors from central argentina. | prevalence of anthrax spores in feces of raptors was determined from samples collected in november-december 2000 and april-may 2001 in an agricultural region of santa fé province, argentina. feces were tested from 48 birds of six raptor species. one of 14 chimango caracaras (milvago chimango) and one of eight road-side hawks (buteo magnirostris) tested positive. the prevalence of bacillus anthracis spores in feces for the six species was 4% (n=48). the prevalence was 7% (n=14) for chimango carac ... | 2007 | 17347404 |
| avian mortality surveillance for west nile virus in colorado. | we tested 1,549 avian carcasses of 104 species to identify targets for west nile virus (wnv) surveillance in colorado, determine species affected by wnv, compare virus isolation versus rna detection applied to hearts and oral swabs from carcasses, and compare the vectest wnv antigen assay (vectest) to standard assays. forty-two species tested positive. from june to september 2003, 86% of corvids, 34% of non-corvid passerines, and 37% of raptors tested positive. we developed the target species in ... | 2007 | 17360863 |
| prevalence of west nile virus antibodies in a breeding population of american kestrels (falco sparverius) in pennsylvania. | west nile virus (wnv) has been identified in nearly 300 species of wild birds, including raptors, in north america since its introduction in new york city in 1999. american kestrels (falco sparverius) are susceptible to wnv infection, and the numbers of these birds have declined along the atlantic coast in recent years. we examined the population biology and wnv exposure of kestrels breeding in the area surrounding hawk mountain sanctuary in kempton, pennsylvania, usa. the reproductive biology o ... | 2007 | 17699096 |
| falcon adenovirus in an american kestrel (falco sparverius). | a fatal adenovirus infection is described in a wild-caught american kestrel (falco sparverius). predominate lesions were a moderate to severe hepatitis with diffuse single-cell necrosis of hepatocytes and a splenitis characterized by necrosis of cells surrounding the sheathed arteries. pan-nuclear eosinophilic to magenta inclusion bodies were abundant within hepatocytes. polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify a portion of the hexon gene from dna extracted from the bird's liver and spleen. ... | 2007 | 18065135 |
| changes in reproductive courtship behaviors of adult american kestrels (falco sparverius) exposed to environmentally relevant levels of the polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture, de-71. | polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) are increasing in biota. here, captive adult american kestrels were exposed daily by diet to safflower oil (controls), or one of two levels of a pentabde technical formulation, de-71 (0.3 or 1.6 ppm), for approximately 75 days, commencing 21 days before breeding. this exposure resulted in eggs having pbde concentrations similar (low exposure) or within the same order of magnitude (high exposure) reported for wild american kestrels and gulls in the great lak ... | 2008 | 18065774 |
| species differences in the sensitivity of avian embryos to methylmercury. | we injected doses of methylmercury into the air cells of eggs of 26 species of birds and examined the dose-response curves of embryo survival. for 23 species we had adequate data to calculate the median lethal concentration (lc(50)). based on the dose-response curves and lc(50)s, we ranked species according to their sensitivity to injected methylmercury. although the previously published embryotoxic threshold of mercury in game farm mallards (anas platyrhynchos) has been used as a default value ... | 2009 | 18421496 |
| immunological development in nestling american kestrels falco sparverius: post-hatching ontogeny of the antibody response. | avian research involving examination of immune function or testing of immunocompetence in wild birds has been based upon information on galliforms, (chicken and quail) even though they are precocial, whereas most wild species with which ecologists, biologists and toxicologists work are altricial; blind, naked and completely dependent at hatching. here we begin to address this gap in knowledge, offering insight into the early, post-hatching, humoral immune response in an altricial bird, the ameri ... | 2008 | 18801453 |
| key amino acids in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor predict dioxin sensitivity in avian species. | dioxin-like compounds are toxic to most vertebrates, but significant differences in sensitivity exist among species. a recent study suggests that the amino acid residues corresponding to ile324 and ser380 in the chicken aryl hydrocarbon receptor 1 (ahr1) are important determinants of differential biochemical responses to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (tcdd) in chickens and common terns. here, we investigate whether the identity of these amino acid residues can predict embryonic sensitivity ... | 2008 | 18939598 |
| toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (de-71) in chicken (gallus gallus), mallard (anas platyrhynchos), and american kestrel (falco sparverius) embryos and hatchlings. | embryonic survival, pipping and hatching success, and sublethal biochemical, endocrine, and histological endpoints were examined in hatchling chickens (gallus gallus), mallards (anas platyrhynchos), and american kestrels (falco sparverius) following air cell administration of a pentabrominated diphenyl ether (penta-bde; de-71) mixture (0.01-20 microg/g egg) or polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) congener 126 (3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl; 0.002 microg/g egg). the penta-bde decreased pipping and ha ... | 2009 | 19045936 |
| environmentally relevant concentrations of de-71 and hbcd alter eggshell thickness and reproductive success of american kestrels. | polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) and total alpha-hexabromocyclododecane (hbcd) are flame-retardant additives that are commonly used in household and commercial applications. pbde congeners, which are comprised of technical mixtures such as de-71, are globally persistent and their concentrations are increasing in many species. captive american kestrels (falco sparverius) were exposed by diet to vehicle (safflower oil), or one of two environmentally relevant concentrations of de-71 and unint ... | 2009 | 19368224 |
| clinical evaluation and outcomes of naturally acquired west nile virus infection in raptors. | west nile virus (wnv) infection and associated disease and mortality have been documented in numerous north american raptor species. information regarding clinical presentations and long-term outcomes of wnv-infected raptors is important in the clinic for the diagnosis, treatment, and assessment of prognosis, as well as for understanding potential population level effects on raptor species. raptors of 22 species admitted to a rehabilitation clinic were tested, from 2002 to 2005, for previous and ... | 2009 | 19368240 |
| experimental infection of a north american raptor, american kestrel (falco sparverius), with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n1). | several species of wild raptors have been found in eurasia infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) subtype h5n1. should hpaiv (h5n1) reach north america in migratory birds, species of raptors are at risk not only from environmental exposure, but also from consuming infected birds and carcasses. in this study we used american kestrels as a representative species of a north american raptor to examine the effects of hpaiv (h5n1) infection in terms of dose response, viral shedd ... | 2009 | 19847294 |
| absorption and biotransformation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers de-71 and de-79 in chicken (gallus gallus), mallard (anas platyrhynchos), american kestrel (falco sparverius) and black-crowned night-heron (nycticorax nycticorax) eggs. | we recently reported that air cell administration of penta-brominated diphenyl ether (penta-bde; de-71) evokes biochemical and immunologic effects in chicken (gallus gallus) embryos at very low doses, and impairs pipping (i.e., stage immediately prior to hatching) and hatching success at 1.8mugg(-1) egg (actual dose absorbed) in american kestrels (falco sparverius). in the present study, absorption of polybrominated diphenyl ether (pbde) congeners was measured following air cell administration o ... | 2010 | 20079516 |
| prevalence of west nile virus in wild american kestrels (falco sparverius) of southern quebec, canada. | we assessed west nile virus (wnv) antibody prevalence in american kestrels (falco sparverius) in southern quebec by sampling 152 birds during the 2003-05 breeding seasons. we analyzed the dependence of antibody prevalence on age group, year, and gender; a significant relationship was detected only between age (adults vs. nestlings) and antibody prevalence. furthermore, reproductive success did not appear to be linked with the prevalence of anti-wnv antibodies in this population. | 2010 | 20688659 |
| occurrence of west nile virus infection in raptors at the salton sea, california. | we investigated the prevalence of west nile virus (wnv)-neutralizing antibodies and infectious virus, and the occurrence of overwinter transmission in two raptor species during january and march 2006 at the salton sea, imperial county, california. we captured 208 american kestrels (falco sparverius) (january, n=100; march, n=108) and 116 burrowing owls (athene cunicularia) (january, n=52; march, n=64). laboratory analysis revealed that 83% of american kestrels and 31% of burrowing owls were posi ... | 2010 | 20688694 |
| serological and parasitological prevalence of toxoplasma gondii in wild birds from colorado. | ground-feeding birds are considered important in the epidemiology of toxoplasma gondii because they serve as indicators of soil contamination by oocysts, and birds of prey are indicators of t. gondii prevalence in rodents and other small mammals. cats excrete environmentally resistant oocysts after consuming tissues of t. gondii -infected birds. in the present study, sera and tissues from 382 wild birds from colorado were tested for t. gondii infection. antibodies to t. gondii were found in 38 b ... | 2010 | 20950101 |
| acute toxicity, histopathology, and coagulopathy in american kestrels (falco sparverius) following administration of the rodenticide diphacinone. | the acute oral toxicity of the anticoagulant rodenticide diphacinone was found to be over 20 times greater in american kestrels (falco sparverius; median lethal dose 96.8 mg/kg body weight) compared with northern bobwhite (colinus virginianus) and mallards (anas platyrhynchos). modest evidence of internal bleeding was observed at necropsy, although histological examination of heart, liver, kidney, lung, intestine, and skeletal muscle revealed hemorrhage over a wide range of doses (35.1-675 mg/kg ... | 2011 | 21337606 |
| toxic effects of dietary methylmercury on immune function and hematology in american kestrels (falco sparverius). | fifty-nine adult male american kestrels (falco sparverius) were assigned to one of three diet formulations including 0 (control), 0.6, and 3.9ôçë-ág/g (dry wt) methylmercury (mehg). kestrels received their diets daily for 13 weeks to assess the effects of dietary mehg on immunocompetence. immunotoxic endpoints included assessment of cell-mediated immunity (cmi) using the phytohemagglutinin (pha) skin-swelling assay and primary and secondary antibody-mediated immune responses (ir) via the sheep r ... | 2011 | 21381084 |
| toxic effects of dietary methylmercury on immune system development in nestling american kestrels (falco sparverius). | this study evaluated the effects of dietary methylmercury (mehg) on immune system development in captive-reared nestling american kestrels (falco sparverius) to determine whether t cell-mediated and antibody-mediated adaptive immunity are targets for mehg toxicity at environmentally relevant concentrations. nestlings received various diets, including 0 (control), 0.6, and 3.9ôçë-ág/g (dry wt) mehg for up to 18 d posthatch. immunotoxicity endpoints included cell-mediated immunity (cmi) using the ... | 2011 | 21381090 |
| biomagnification of higher brominated pbde congeners in an urban terrestrial food web in north china based on field observation of prey deliveries. | as an important group of brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) persist in the wildlife food webs. however, the biomagnification of pbdes has not been adequately studied in the terrestrial food webs. in this study, a terrestrial food web composed of common kestrels, sparrows, rats, grasshoppers, and dragonflies in the urban environment from northern china was obtained. a field prey delivery study, reinforced by δ(13)c and δ(15)n analyses, indicates that sparrows are ... | 2011 | 21612266 |
| effects of developmental conditions on nestling american kestrel (falco sparverius) corticosterone concentrations. | how nestling birds respond to stressful situations may constitute an important survival component that has lasting developmental effects on the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (hpa) axis. as birds are exposed to increasing amounts of potential anthropogenic stressors through land use change, understanding how these factors contribute to hpa development is important. we examined whether conditions experienced during the nestling stage affected free-living american kestrel (falco sparverius) hpa ac ... | 2011 | 21641910 |
| Diet exposure to technical hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) affects testes and circulating testosterone and thyroxine levels in American kestrels (Falco sparverius). | Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a high-production-volume, brominated flame-retardant that is used in items such as polystyrene foams. HBCD has been detected in the environment, wildlife tissues and in humans globally with some of the highest recorded levels in predatory birds. This study examined the effects of exposure to environmentally relevant levels of HBCD on the reproductive physiology of captive male American kestrels (Falco sparverius), a predatory bird. Two sets of males were used: on ... | 2011 | 21917248 |
| health of an ex situ population of raptors (falconiformes and strigiformes) in mexico: diagnosis of internal parasites. | successful programs for ex situ and in situ conservation and management of raptors require detailed knowledge about their pathogens. the purpose of this study was to identify the internal parasites of some captive raptors in mexico, as well as to verify their impact in the health status of infected birds. birds of prey were confiscated and kept in captivity at the centro de investigación y conservación de vida silvestre (civs) in los reyes la paz, mexico state. for this, fecal and blood samples ... | 2011 | 22017131 |
| clinical utility of a complete diagnostic protocol for the ocular evaluation of free-living raptors. | objective: to describe a protocol for the examination of free-living raptors and report the ophthalmic examination findings of seven raptor species native to central illinois, namely the barred owl, cooper's hawk, eastern screech owl, great horned owl, american kestrel, red-tailed hawk, and turkey vulture and to determine if the findings relative to visual prognosis affected eligibility for future release. animals studied: seventy-nine free-living raptors. procedures: under manual restraint, ... | 2011 | 22050975 |
| preliminary report of haemoproteus tinnunculi infection in a breeding population of american kestrels (falco sparverius). | a population of american kestrels breeding in southeastern pennsylvania was examined for hematozoa. haemoproteus tinnunculi infected 17 of 23 (74%) of the adults. parasitemia ranged from two to 252, with a median of 32 infected erythrocytes per 10,000. parasitemia and body weight of female kestrels were negatively correlated. this parasite was not observed in the six juvenile or 38 nestling kestrels examined. trypanosoma sp. was detected by culture in three of seven (43%) adults, but not in the ... | 2011 | 3127602 |
| american kestrel (falco spaverius) fledgling with severe bilateral periorbital swelling and infection with mycoplasma buteonis, avibacterium (pasteurella) gallinarum, and staphylococcus pasteuri. | abstract: a female american kestrel (falco spaverius) fledgling was found on the ground with a suspected trauma to the right eye and open-mouth breathing. during the first 2 days of hospitalization, the bird developed severe bilateral periorbital cellulitis, blepharoedema, and sinusitis. the periocular tissues of the right globe were devitalized and communicated with a fistula at the commissure of the right side of the beak. the blepharoedema of the left eye was aspirated and yielded a dark colo ... | 2014 | 25115041 |
| antibody prevalence and isolation of viable toxoplasma gondii from raptors in the southeastern usa. | raptors are good indicators of the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii in the environment because they prey on small mammals and birds. these prey species are a major source of infection in domestic cats ( felis catus ), which shed the environmentally resistant oocysts. we assessed t. gondii infection in 281 opportunistically available raptors at a rehabilitation facility between 2012 and 2014. antibodies to t. gondii were assayed by a modified agglutination test (cutoff 1:25) and found in serum of ... | 2016 | 27243150 |
| molecular confirmation of trichomonas gallinae and other parabasalids from brazil using the 5.8s and its-1 rrna regions. | clinical, gross, and histopathology lesions and molecular characterization of trichomonas spp. infection were described in two striped owls (asio (rhinoptynx) clamator), one american kestrel (falco sparverius), two green-winged saltators (saltator similis), and in a toco toucan (ramphastos toco) from brazil. these birds presented clinical signs including emaciation, ruffled feathers, abundant salivation and open mouth breathing presumably due to abundant caseous material. gross lesions were char ... | 2012 | 22749289 |
| numerical and functional response of predators to a long-term decline in mammalian prey at a semi-arid neotropical site. | occurrence and diet of ten carnivorous predators (four falconiforms, four owls, and two foxes), and population levels of their mammalian prey, were monitored over 45 months at a semi-arid site in north-central chile. early in this period, small mammals irrupted and then declined markedly to a density 7% of that at peak. all four falconiforms (buteo polyosoma, falco sparverius, geranoaetus melanoleucus, parabuteo unicinctus) and one owl (tyto alba) responded numerically to the decline in mammalia ... | 1992 | 28313400 |
| parathion accumulation in cricket frogs and its effect on american kestrels. | adult cricket frogs (acris crepitans) were held individually for 96 h in static systems containing initial concentrations of either 0, 0.1, 1.0, or 10 ppm parathion in 10 ml water. mortality of cricket frogs was directly related to the parathion concentration in the water. frogs from the 1.0- and 10-ppm groups accumulated 0.08 and 4.6 ppm parathion, respectively. one of four american kestrels (falco sparverius) fed frogs from the 10-ppm group died from organophosphate poisoning less than 3 h aft ... | 1982 | 7161839 |
| acute oral toxicities of wildland fire control chemicals to birds. | wildland fire control chemicals are released into the environment by aerial and ground applications to manage rangeland, grassland, and forest fires. acute oral 24h median lethal dosages (ld50) for three fire retardants (fire-trol gts-r, phos-chek d-75f, and fire-trol lcg-r) and two class a fire suppressant foams (silv-ex and phos-chek wd881) were estimated for northern bobwhites, colinus virginianus, american kestrels, falco sparverius, and red-winged blackbirds, agelaius phoeniceus. the ld50s ... | 2009 | 19038451 |
| management and case outcome of gastric impaction in four raptors: a case series. | four captive raptors, an american kestrel ( falco sparverius ), peregrine falcon ( falco peregrinus ), golden eagle ( aquila chrysaetos ), and barn owl ( tyto alba ), were diagnosed with ventricular and/or proventricular foreign material impactions consisting of artificial turf substrate, paper and plastic substrate, grass, and newspaper. partial or total anorexia was reported in all birds and decreased casting in 2 birds. survey radiographs confirmed presence of gastric enlargement in all 4 bir ... | 2017 | 28358612 |
| ground squirrel shooting and potential lead exposure in breeding avian scavengers. | recreational ground squirrel shooting is a popular activity throughout the western united states and serves as a tool for managing ground squirrel populations in agricultural regions. belding's ground squirrels (spermophilus beldingi) are routinely shot in california, nevada, and oregon across habitats that overlap with breeding avian scavengers. ground squirrels shot with lead (pb)-based bullets may pose a risk to avian scavengers if they consume carcasses containing pb fragments. to assess the ... | 2016 | 27942006 |
| estimating raptor nesting success: old and new approaches. | studies of nesting success can be valuable in assessing the status of raptor populations, but differing monitoring protocols can present unique challenges when comparing populations of different species across time or geographic areas. we used large datasets from long-term studies of 3 raptor species to compare estimates of apparent nest success (ans, the ratio of successful to total number of nesting attempts), mayfield nesting success, and the logistic-exposure model of nest survival. golden e ... | 2013 | 26401058 |
| the guild structure of a community of predatory vertebrates in central chile. | the trophic ecology of eleven predator species (falconiforms: buteo polyosoma, elanus leucurus, falco sparverius, geranoaetus melanoleucus, parabuteo unicinctus; strigiforms: athene cunicularia, bubo virginianus, tyto alba; carnivores: dusicyon culpaeus; snakes: philodryas chamissonis, tachymenis peruviana) in two nearby localities of central chile is analyzed. the localities exhibit the typical climate (hot-dry summers, coldrainy winters), and vegetation (chaparral), of mediterranean ecosystems ... | 1981 | 28309444 |
| lead in hawks, falcons and owls downstream from a mining site on the coeur d'alene river, idaho. | mining and smelting at kellogg-smelterville, idaho, resulted in high concentrations of lead in coeur d'alene (cda) river sediments and the floodplain downstream, where american kestrels (falco sparverius), northern harriers (circus cyaneus), red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis), great horned owls (bubo virginianus), and western screech-owls (otus kennicotti) nested. nestling american kestrels contained significantly higher (p=0.0012) blood lead concentrations along the cda river (0.24 µg/g, wet ... | 1994 | 24221348 |
| the area of the nucleus isthmo-opticus in the american kestrel (falco sparverius) and the red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis). | | 1975 | 1139294 |
| nasal mites of the subfamily speleognathinae (ereynetidae) from birds in texas. | nasal mites of the subfamily speleognathinae were recovered from several species of birds in texas. new host records include ophthalmophagus striatus (crossley) 1952 from columbigallina passerina, boydaia clarki fain 1963 from callipepla squamata, boydaia falconis fain 1956 from falco sparverius, and boydaia tyrannus ford 1959 from myiarchus cinerascens. also recovered was astrida coccyzae pence 1972 from coccyzus americanus. boydaia pheucticola sp. n. from pheucticus melanocephalus is described ... | 1976 | 932921 |
| residues in common flicker and mountain bluebird eggs one year after a ddt application. | common flicker (colaptes auratus) and mountain bluebird (sialia currucoides) eggs were examined 1 year after ddt application and showed a marked difference. residue levels in mountain bluebird eggs were approximately 10 times higher than in common flicker eggs (5.29 to 0.58 ppm wet weight). these differences can be explained by disparate dietary habits. the mean level in american kestrel (falco sparverius) eggs collected in the spray area at the same time was 6.42 ppm wet weight. | 1977 | 890148 |
| topography and morphology of retinal ganglion cells in falconiforms: a study on predatory and carrion-eating birds. | the topographic distribution of retinal ganglion cells and their cell body size have been studied in five falconiform species, including predatory (chilean eagle buteo fuscenses australis, and sparrow hawk falco sparverius) and carrion-eating (chimango caracara milvago chimango; condor vultur gryphus, and black vulture coragyps atratus) birds. all these species had a well defined nasal fovea and a horizontal streak. instead of a temporal fovea as in eagles and hawks, an afoveate temporal area is ... | 1991 | 2012314 |
| reproductive changes in american kestrels (falco sparverius) in relation to exposure to technical hexabromocyclododecane flame retardant. | recently, the ban of hexabromocyclododecane (hbcd), a high-production-volume flame retardant, was announced in europe and north america. however, the effects of hcbd remain understudied in birds. the objectives of the present comparative effects study were to determine whether exposure to an hbcd technical mixture (hbcd-tm) altered avian reproductive measures at an environmentally relevant concentration. american kestrels were exposed daily by food to hbcd-tm, i.e., 0.51 µg hbcd/g kestrel/d; exp ... | 2011 | 21898552 |
| short-term effects of oil ingestion on american kestrels (falco sparverius). | the mexican ixtoc oil well blowout resulted in extensive oil contamination along the texas gulf coast. this oil posed a potential hazard to migrating birds including the endangered peregrine falcon (falco peregrinus). laboratory tests with the american kestrel (falco sparverius) indicated that the oil: water mixture gathered at the surface of the blowout site posed little acute hazard to falcons. | 1982 | 7201529 |
| disruption of thyroxine and sex hormones by 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (dbe-dbch) in american kestrels (falco sparverius) and associations with reproductive and behavioral changes. | 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (dbe-dbch - formerly tbech) is an emerging brominated flame retardant (bfr) pollutant with androgen potentiating ability and other endocrine disrupting effects in birds and fish. the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of exposure to environmentally-relevant levels of dbe-dbch on circulating levels of thyroid and sex steroid hormones in american kestrels, and if hormonal concentrations were related to previously reported changes in r ... | 2017 | 28189029 |
| a reassessment on the state of knowledge of chilean falconidae in the last hundred years. | eight species of falcons (falconidae) have been recorded in chile. to date, all relevant studies considered birds of prey in general, with no specific focus on this family. based on a comprehensive review of the literature, an updated report is presented on the state of knowledge of falcons in chile. this data set comprises a total of 165 studies published from 1915 to 2015. scientific productivity was lowest in 1945-1955 and highest in 2005-2015, with a steady increase since 1985. however, the ... | 2017 | 28138302 |
| simulations reveal the power and peril of artificial breeding sites for monitoring and managing animals. | despite common use, the efficacy of artificial breeding sites (e.g., nest boxes, bat houses, artificial burrows) as tools for monitoring and managing animals depends on the demography of target populations and availability of natural sites. yet, the conditions enabling artificial breeding sites to be useful or informative have yet to be articulated. we use a stochastic simulation model to determine situations where artificial breeding sites are either useful or disadvantageous for monitoring and ... | 2017 | 28117915 |
| occurrence of triclocarban and triclosan in an agro-ecosystem following application of biosolids. | triclocarban (tcc) and triclosan (tcs), two of the most commonly used antimicrobial compounds, can be introduced into ecosystems by applying wastewater treatment plant biosolids to agricultural fields. concentrations of tcc and tcs were measured in different trophic levels within a terrestrial food web encompassing land-applied biosolids, soil, earthworms (lumbricus), deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus), and eggs of european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) and american kestrels (falco sparverius) at ... | 2016 | 27993073 |
| earlier nesting by generalist predatory bird is associated with human responses to climate change. | warming temperatures cause temporal changes in growing seasons and prey abundance that drive earlier breeding by birds, especially dietary specialists within homogeneous habitat. less is known about how generalists respond to climate-associated shifts in growing seasons or prey phenology, which may occur at different rates across land cover types. we studied whether breeding phenology of a generalist predator, the american kestrel (falco sparverius), was associated with shifts in growing seasons ... | 2017 | 27871118 |
| amino acid specific stable nitrogen isotope values in avian tissues: insights from captive american kestrels and wild herring gulls. | through laboratory and field studies, the utility of amino acid compound-specific nitrogen isotope analysis (aa-csia) in avian studies is investigated. captive american kestrels (falco sparverius) were fed an isotopically characterized diet and patterns in δ(15)n values of amino acids (aas) were compared to those in their tissues (muscle and red blood cells) and food. based upon nitrogen isotope discrimination between diet and kestrel tissues, aas could mostly be categorized as source aas (retai ... | 2016 | 27786442 |
| transfer of hexabromocyclododecane flame retardant isomers from captive american kestrel eggs to feathers and their association with thyroid hormones and growth. | feathers are useful for monitoring contaminants in wild birds and are increasingly used to determine persistent organic pollutants. however, few studies have been conducted on birds with known exposure levels. we aimed to determine how well nestling feather concentrations reflect in ovo exposure to hexabromocyclododecane (α-, β- and γ-hbcdd), and to determine if feather concentrations are related to physiological biomarkers. captive kestrels (n = 11) were exposed in ovo to maternally transferred ... | 2017 | 27707600 |
| inhaling benzene, toluene, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide, disrupts thyroid function in captive american kestrels (falco sparverius). | research investigating the effects of air contaminants on biota has been limited to date. captive adult female american kestrels (falco sparverius) were exposed to a mixture of benzene (0.6 ppm), toluene (1 ppm), nitrogen dioxide (no2; 2 ppm) and sulfur dioxide (so2; 5.6 ppm), in a whole-body inhalation chamber. thyroid axis responses to meet metabolic demands were examined through thyroid histology, plasma thyroxine (t4), and triiodothyronine (t3), and hepatic outer ring deiodination (t4-ord). ... | 2016 | 27646166 |
| plasma carotenoid concentrations of incubating american kestrels (falco sparverius) show annual, seasonal, and individual variation and explain reproductive outcome. | in wild birds, the proximate and ultimate factors that affect circulating carotenoid concentrations remain poorly understood. we studied variation in plasma carotenoid concentrations across several scales: annual, seasonal, pair, territory and individual, and evaluated whether carotenoid levels explained reproductive outcome of wild american kestrels (falco sparverius). we sampled plasma carotenoid concentrations of 99 female and 80 male incubating kestrels from april-june in 2008-2012. plasma c ... | 2016 | 27041770 |
| description and molecular characterization of a new leucocytozoon parasite (haemosporida: leucocytozoidae), leucocytozoon californicus sp. nov., found in american kestrels (falco sparverius sparverius). | diurnal raptors in the order accipitriformes are commonly parasitized with leucocytozoon spp., and the prevalence and intensity of parasitemia are often high. however, for raptors in falconiformes, several studies have reported relatively low prevalences (1 % or less) of leucocytozoon spp. leucocytozoon parasite pathogenicity has been documented in falcons, but little is known about the diversity, prevalence, and phylogenetic relationships among leucocytozoon species in these predatory birds. th ... | 2016 | 26815037 |
| sex-specific changes in thyroid gland function and circulating thyroid hormones in nestling american kestrels (falco sparverius) following embryonic exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers by maternal transfer. | high concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) accumulate in predatory birds. several pbde congeners are considered thyroid disruptors; however, avian studies are limited. the authors examined circulating thyroid hormones and thyroid gland function of nestling american kestrels (falco sparverius) at 17 d to 20 d of age, following embryonic exposure by maternal transfer only to environmentally relevant levels of pbdes (de-71 technical mixture). nestlings were exposed to in ovo sum ... | 2016 | 26757407 |
| exposure to the androgenic brominated flame retardant 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)-cyclohexane alters reproductive and aggressive behaviors in birds. | detected in environmental samples, 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl) cyclohexane (dbe-dbch) is a bioaccumulative isomer of a current-use brominated flame retardant. all 4 structural isomers are androgen agonists; however, little toxicological information exists for this compound. the objective of the present study was to determine if β-dbe-dbch, the isomer found most prominently in animal tissue, affects androgen-dependent behavior of breeding american kestrels (falco sparverius). the authors hyp ... | 2015 | 26013366 |
| investigating endocrine and physiological parameters of captive american kestrels exposed by diet to selected organophosphate flame retardants. | organophosphate triesters are high production volume additive flame retardants (opfrs) and plasticizers. shown to accumulate in abiotic and biotic environmental compartments, little is known about the risks they pose. captive adult male american kestrels (falco sparverius) were fed the same dose (22 ng opfr/g kestrel/d) daily (21 d) of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (tboep), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (tcep), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (tcipp), or tris(1,2-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate ( ... | 2015 | 25988605 |
| uptake, distribution, depletion, and in ovo transfer of isomers of hexabromocyclododecane flame retardant in diet-exposed american kestrels (falco sparverius). | hexabromocyclododecane (hbcdd) is a flame retardant and a global contaminant, yet the toxicokinetics of hbcdd diastereoisomers remains unknown in wildlife species. the present study examined in captive american kestrels (falco sparverius) (diastereo) isomer-specific hbcdd uptake, depletion, tissue distribution, and transfer to eggs in a dietary dosing study with an hbcdd technical mixture (hbcdd-tm). adult tissue and plasma collections were from separate cohorts of unpaired individual males (n = ... | 2015 | 25703155 |
| toxicity reference values for chlorophacinone and their application for assessing anticoagulant rodenticide risk to raptors. | despite widespread use and benefit, there are growing concerns regarding hazards of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides to non-target wildlife which may result in expanded use of first-generation compounds, including chlorophacinone (cpn). the toxicity of cpn over a 7-day exposure period was investigated in american kestrels (falco sparverius) fed either rat tissue mechanically-amended with cpn, tissue from rats fed rozol(®) bait (biologically-incorporated cpn), or control diets (tissue ... | 2015 | 25600128 |
| stress response, biotransformation effort, and immunotoxicity in captive birds exposed to inhaled benzene, toluene, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. | in the oil sands of alberta, canada, toxicology research has largely neglected the effects of air contaminants on biota. captive japanese quail (coturnix c. japonica) and american kestrels (falco sparverius) were exposed to mixtures of volatile organic compounds and oxidizing agents (benzene, toluene, no2 and so2) in a whole-body inhalation chamber, to test for toxicological responses. hepatic biotransformation measured through 7-ethoxyresorufin-o-dealkylase (erod) tended to be increased in expo ... | 2015 | 25463874 |
| assessment of regrowth of flight feathers after manual removal in american kestrels (falco sparverius). | the objective of this study was to evaluate if extraction of broken feathers outside the molting period was an efficient method to induce growth of new flight feathers as part of the rehabilitation process of raptors with damaged plumage. primaries, secondaries, and rectrices (four of each) were removed under general anesthesia from 10 american kestrels (falco sparverius) using two different protocols: with and without filling the follicle with bismuth subnitrate (orbeseal) to prevent it from se ... | 2014 | 25314828 |
| pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine hydrochloride following intramuscular and intravenous administration to american kestrels (falco sparverius). | to determine the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine hydrochloride after im and iv administration to american kestrels (falco sparverius). | 2014 | 25061701 |
| evaluation of thermal antinociceptive effects after intramuscular administration of buprenorphine hydrochloride to american kestrels (falco sparverius). | to evaluate the thermal antinociceptive effects and duration of action of buprenorphine hydrochloride after im administration to american kestrels (falco sparverius). | 2014 | 25061700 |
| pharmacokinetics of hydromorphone hydrochloride after intravenous and intramuscular administration of a single dose to american kestrels (falco sparverius). | to determine the pharmacokinetics of hydromorphone hydrochloride after iv and im administration in american kestrels (falco sparverius). | 2014 | 24866507 |