| long lasting nitrate leaching after bark beetle attack in the highlands of the bavarian forest national park. | during the past decade bark beetle (ips typographus) attacks killed nearly all of the norway spruce [picea abies (l.) karst.] stands in the unmanaged zone in the highlands of the bavarian forest national park. this study was conducted to predict if and how long the catastrophic event might cause elevated nitrate no3(-) concentration in seepage water, and if the presence of ground vegetation may reduce no3(-) leaching. a chronosequence approach was used to investigate no3(-) leaching before and a ... | 2005 | 16151229 |
| fungal diversity of norway spruce litter: effects of site conditions and premature leaf fall caused by bark beetle outbreak. | fungi play an important role in leaf litter decomposition due to their ability to break down the lignocellulose matrix, which other organisms are unable to digest. however, little is known regarding the factors affecting components of fungal diversity. here, we quantified richness of internal fungi in relation to litter nutrient and phenolic concentrations, sampling season (spring or fall), and premature leaf shedding due to low precipitation and infestation of bark beetles (mainly ips typograph ... | 2008 | 18095016 |
| pathogenicity of four blue-stain fungi associated with aggressive and nonaggressive bark beetles. | abstract the pathogenicity of two isolates of each of four bark beetle-associated blue-stain fungi was evaluated after mass inoculation of about 40-year-old norway spruce trees (picea abies). trees were inoculated with a different isolate of each fungus in 1995 and 1996 at a density of 400 inoculations per m(2) in a 1.2-m-wide band on the lower bole (about 270 inoculations per tree). trees were felled 15 weeks after inoculation. in 1995, ceratocystis polonica was the only fungus that had stained ... | 1998 | 18944997 |
| the influence of ceratocystis polonica inoculation and methyl jasmonate application on terpene chemistry of norway spruce, picea abies. | constitutive and inducible terpene production is involved in conifer resistance against bark beetles and their associated fungi. in this study 72 norway spruce (picea abies) were randomly assigned to methyl jasmonate (mj) application, inoculation with the bluestain fungus ceratocystis polonica, or no-treatment control. we investigated terpene levels in the stem bark of the trees before treatment, 30 days and one year after treatment using gc-ms and two-dimensional gc (2d-gc) with a chiral column ... | 2010 | 20557909 |
| taxonomic re-evaluation of three related species of graphium, based on morphology, ecology and phylogeny. | two fungi associated with bark beetles, graphium pseudormiticum (described in 1994) and rhexographium fimbriisporum (described in 1995), have two micromorphological characters in common. both species produce conidia with conspicuous basal frills, and the conidia align in chains, despite being produced in slime. the association of g. pseudormiticum with the pine bark beetle, orthotomicus erosus, and the association of r. fimbriisporum with the spruce bark beetle, ips typographus, suggest ecologic ... | 2003 | 21148980 |
| methyl jasmonate treatment of mature norway spruce (picea abies) trees increases the accumulation of terpenoid resin components and protects against infection by ceratocystis polonica, a bark beetle-associated fungus. | when conifers such as picea abies karst. (norway spruce) are attacked by insects or pathogens, they often respond by producing increased quantities of terpenoid oleoresin. this response can be mimicked in young p. abies seedlings by treatment with methyl jasmonate (mj). in this study, we determined the effects of mj on terpenoids and other chemical defenses of mature p. abies, and investigated whether this treatment protected trees against attack by the blue-stain fungus ceratocystis polonica (s ... | 2006 | 16651247 |
| erwinia typographi sp. nov., isolated from bark beetle (ips typographus) gut. | a gram-negative bacterium was isolated from adult bark beetle ips typographus (coleoptera, scolytidae) gut as being the most resistant to monoterpene myrcene (7-methyl-3-methylene-1.6-octadiene, c10h16, concentration up to 10╬╝l/ml of tsb). the beetles were collected in the bark of norway spruce (picea abies) in lithuania. the bark beetles feed on conifers, which produce myrcene among many other defensive compounds. supposedly the microorganisms within the gut could be involved in beetle's resis ... | 2011 | 21669921 |
| Induced terpene accumulation in Norway spruce inhibits bark beetle colonization in a dose-dependent manner. | Tree-killing bark beetles (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) are among the most economically and ecologically important forest pests in the northern hemisphere. Induction of terpenoid-based oleoresin has long been considered important in conifer defense against bark beetles, but it has been difficult to demonstrate a direct correlation between terpene levels and resistance to bark beetle colonization. | 2011 | 22028932 |
| the bark-beetle-associated fungus, endoconidiophora polonica, utilizes the phenolic defense compounds of its host as a carbon source. | norway spruce (picea abies) is periodically attacked by the bark beetle ips typographus and its fungal associate, endoconidiophora polonica, whose infection is thought to be required for successful beetle attack. norway spruce produces terpenoid resins and phenolics in response to fungal and bark beetle invasion. however, how the fungal associate copes with these chemical defenses is still unclear. in this study, we investigated changes in the phenolic content of norway spruce bark upon e. polon ... | 2016 | 27208235 |
| phenotypic and dna sequence data comparisons reveal three discrete species in the ceratocystis polonica species complex. | ceratocystis polonica and c. laricicola are two morphologically similar species that occur on conifers and reside in the ceratocystis coerulescens species complex. they, however, represent two ecologically distinct entities. c. polonica causes blue stain on norway spruce (picea abies) and other spruce species (picea spp.) in eurasia and is associated with the bark beetles ips typographus, i. typographus japonicus, i. amitinus and i. duplicatus. in contrast, c. laricicola lives in a symbiotic rel ... | 2005 | 16279408 |
| effect of population density on fertility in ips typographus l. | | 1974 | 4279443 |
| population dynamics in changing environments: the case of an eruptive forest pest species. | in recent decades we have seen rapid and co-occurring changes in landscape structure, species distributions and even climate as consequences of human activity. such changes affect the dynamics of the interaction between major forest pest species, such as bark beetles (coleoptera: curculionidae, scolytinae), and their host trees. normally breeding mostly in broken or severely stressed spruce; at high population densities some bark beetle species can colonise and kill healthy trees on scales rangi ... | 2011 | 21557798 |
| localization of phenolics in phloem parenchyma cells of norway spruce (picea abies). | norway spruce (picea abies) bark contains specialized phloem parenchyma cells that swell and change their contents upon attack by the bark beetle ips typographus and its microbial associate, the blue stain fungus ceratocystis polonica. these cells exhibit bright autofluorescence after treatment with standard aldehyde fixatives, and so have been postulated to contain phenolic compounds. laser microdissection of spruce bark sections combined with cryogenic nmr spectroscopy demonstrated significant ... | 2012 | 23150460 |
| flavan-3-ols in norway spruce: biosynthesis, accumulation, and function in response to attack by the bark beetle-associated fungus ceratocystis polonica. | proanthocyanidins (pas) are common polyphenolic polymers of plants found in foliage, fruit, bark, roots, rhizomes, and seed coats that consist of flavan-3-ol units such as 2,3-trans-(+)-catechin and 2,3-cis-(-)-epicatechin. although the biosynthesis of flavan-3-ols has been studied in angiosperms, little is known about their biosynthesis and ecological roles in gymnosperms. in this study, the genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase, a branch point enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of 2,3-t ... | 2014 | 24550241 |
| conifer stored resources and resistance to a fungus associated with the spruce bark beetle ips typographus. | bark beetles and associated fungi are among the greatest natural threats to conifers worldwide. conifers have potent defenses, but resistance to beetles and fungal pathogens may be reduced if tree stored resources are consumed by fungi rather than used for tree defense. here, we assessed the relationship between tree stored resources and resistance to ceratocystis polonica, a phytopathogenic fungus vectored by the spruce bark beetle ips typographus. we measured phloem and sapwood nitrogen, non-s ... | 2013 | 23967298 |
| a common fungal associate of the spruce bark beetle metabolizes the stilbene defenses of norway spruce. | norway spruce (picea abies) forests suffer periodic fatal attacks by the bark beetle ips typographus and its fungal associate, ceratocystis polonica. norway spruce protects itself against fungal and bark beetle invasion by the production of terpenoid resins, but it is unclear whether resins or other defenses are effective against the fungus. we investigated stilbenes, a group of phenolic compounds found in norway spruce bark with a diaryl-ethene skeleton with known antifungal properties. during ... | 2013 | 23729780 |
| the first record of gregarina typographi fuchs (protista: apicomplexa: gregarinidae) from the european spruce bark beetle, ips typographus (linnaeus) (coleoptera: curculionidae, scolytinae) in turkey. | objective: aim of this study is determining pathogens of ips typographus from eastern black sea region in turkey. methods: samples collected from the field were taken to laboratuar as soon as possible. microscopic examination was completed by dissection with ringer's solution. results: 780 ips typographus beetles from giresun, rize and artvin were examined. gregarines were observed in the populations of i. typographus in the three regions. 27 of 780 beetles were found to be infected by the grega ... | 2010 | 21391188 |
| fungi vectored by the bark beetle ips typographus following hibernation under the bark of standing trees and in the forest litter. | the bark beetle ips typographus has different hibernation environments, under the bark of standing trees or in the forest litter, which is likely to affect the beetle-associated fungal flora. we isolated fungi from beetles, standing i. typographus-attacked trees, and forest litter below the attacked trees. fungal identification was done using cultural and molecular methods. the results of the two methods in detecting fungal species were compared. fungal communities associated with i. typographus ... | 2009 | 19444498 |
| effect of weather on ips typographus (coleoptera curculionidae) phenology, voltinism, and associated spruce mortality in the southeastern alps. | summer drought associated with high temperatures recorded in the last few years has given rise to outbreaks of bark beetles developing in weakened host trees. the aim of this study was to investigate the possible weather effect on the biology of and damage caused by ips typographus l. in the southeastern alps. the study was carried out recording temperature (1962-2007), precipitation (1922-2007), and the damage caused by i. typographus (1993-2007). in addition, data from pheromone-baited traps ( ... | 2009 | 19389278 |
| fungal symbionts of the spruce bark beetle synthesize the beetle aggregation pheromone 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol. | tree-killing bark beetles depend on aggregation pheromones to mass-attack their host trees and overwhelm their resistance. the beetles are always associated with phytopathogenic ophiostomatoid fungi that probably assist in breaking down tree resistance, but little is known about if or how much these fungal symbionts contribute to the beetles' aggregation behavior. in this study, we determined the ability of four major fungal symbionts of the spruce bark beetle ips typographus to produce beetle a ... | 2015 | 26302987 |
| defoliation levels of oriental spruce by ips typographus (l.) in relation to elevation and exposure. | a study concerning the effects of elevation and exposure of the spruce forests on defoliation levels of oriental spruce (picea orientalis (l.) link.) by ips typographus l. was carried out during 2005 and 2006 in artvin-hatila national park, turkey nine spruce stands were selected at 3 zones of elevations (1000-1350 m, 1350-1700 m and 1700-2000 m) and at different aspects to assess the role of elevation and exposure in the crown defoliation level and body length of beetles. influence of bark thic ... | 2008 | 18831379 |
| phloem parenchyma cells are involved in local and distant defense responses to fungal inoculation or bark-beetle attack in norway spruce (pinaceae). | the anatomical response of norway spruce bark polyphenolic parenchyma cells (pp cells) to inoculation with the phytopathogenic fungus ceratocystis polonica and attack by its bark-beetle vector ips typographus was examined. fungal inoculation on the periderm surface had no effect, while inoculation just below the periderm or halfway into the phloem (mid-phloem) generated detectable responses within 3 wk. the responses included increase in pp cell size and in periodic acid-schiff's staining of pp ... | 2000 | 10718992 |
| ttagg telomeric repeats in chromosomes of some insects and other arthropods. | we studied the occurrence of the ttagg telomere repeats by fluorescence in-situ hybridization (fish) and southern hybridization in ten insect species and two other arthropods. (ttagg)n-containing telomeres were found in three lepidoptera species, the silkworm bombyx mori (in which the telomeric sequence was recently discovered), the flour moth ephestia kuehniella, and the wax moth galleria mellonella, in one species of hymenoptera, the honey bee apis mellifera, in one species of coleoptera, the ... | 1999 | 10560968 |
| antennal transcriptome analysis of odorant reception genes in the red turpentine beetle (rtb), dendroctonus valens. | the red turpentine beetle (rtb), dendroctonus valens leconte (coleoptera: curculionidae, scolytinae), is a destructive invasive pest of conifers which has become the second most important forest pest nationwide in china. dendroctonus valens is known to use host odors and aggregation pheromones, as well as non-host volatiles, in host location and mass-attack modulation, and thus antennal olfaction is of the utmost importance for the beetles' survival and fitness. however, information on the genes ... | 2015 | 25938508 |
| specificity and redundancy in the olfactory system of the bark beetle ips typographus: single-cell responses to ecologically relevant odors. | we screened 150 olfactory sensilla in single-sensillum recordings to unravel the mechanisms underlying host selection in the spruce bark beetle, ips typographus (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae). odor stimuli comprised of pheromone (various bark beetle spp.), host, and non-host compounds elicited strong and selective responses from 106 olfactory receptor neurons (orns), 45 of which were tuned to pheromone compounds, 37 to host compounds, and 24 to non-host volatiles (nhv). in addition, 26 ... | 2009 | 19233334 |
| interconversion of verbenols and verbenone by identified yeasts isolated from the spruce bark beetleips typographus. | six yeast strains have been isolated and identified from the spruce bark beetle,ips typographus. we have studied the ability of the yeasts to interconvertcis-verbenol,trans-verbenol, and verbenone. (1s)-cis-verbenol is an active component in the aggregation pheromone ofips typographus. the isolatedcandida molischiana/ hansenula capsulata strain can convert both (1r)- and (1s)-cis-verbenol to verbenone. thecandida nitratophila strain converts (1r)-cis-verbenol totrans-verbenol and (1s)-cis-verben ... | 1984 | 24317586 |
| a genomic comparison of putative pathogenicity-related gene families in five members of the ophiostomatales with different lifestyles. | ophiostomatoid fungi are vectored by their bark-beetle associates and colonize different host tree species. to survive and proliferate in the host, they have evolved mechanisms for detoxification and elimination of host defence compounds, efficient nutrient sequestration, and, in pathogenic species, virulence towards plants. here, we assembled a draft genome of the spruce pathogen ophiostoma bicolor. for our comparative and phylogenetic analyses, we mined the genomes of closely related species ( ... | 2017 | 28215351 |
| field response of ips paraconfusus, dendroctonus brevicomis, and their predators to 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, a novel alcohol emitted by ponderosa pine. | methylbutenol (mbo) is a major component of the aggregation pheromone of the european spruce beetle ips typographus and also has been found to be emitted in large amounts by several species of pine native to western north america. this study investigates the influence this signal may have on the behavior of north american bark beetles and examines whether mbo functions as a defensive compound for emitting pines. the response of two north american bark beetles (ips paraconfusus and dendroctonus b ... | 2002 | 12371811 |
| quantification of different yeasts associated with the bark beetle,ips typographus, during its attack on a spruce tree. | there were different amounts and types of yeasts associated with individuals ofips typographus spruce bark beetles during different phases of their attack on a healthy spruce tree. the yeasts were isolated on sabouraud agar medium in order to identify them and estimate their numbers.hansenula holstii andcandida diddensii type yeasts were most frequently isolated. the increase in number of these two yeast types probably accounted for most of the total yeast increase found during the later attack ... | 1986 | 24212541 |
| infections with the ascomycete fungus metschnikowia typographi sp.nov. in the bark beetles ips typographus and ips amitinus (coleoptera, scolytidae). | the ascomycete fungus metschnikowia typographi sp.nov. is described. it infects the spruce bark beetles ips typographus l. and ips amitinus eichl. masses of vegetative cells and navicular asci (i. typographus 13-17 x 2 microns; i. amitinus 17-22 x 2 microns) were found in cells of the midgut epithelium and in the body cavity of infected beetles. each ascus contains two needle-shaped ascospores flattened in the central part, 0.5-1.5 x 0.3 x 13-15 microns and pointed at both ends. the parasitic sp ... | 2003 | 14976717 |
| antennal transcriptome analysis of the chemosensory gene families in the tree killing bark beetles, ips typographus and dendroctonus ponderosae (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae). | the european spruce bark beetle, ips typographus, and the north american mountain pine beetle, dendroctonus ponderosae (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae), are severe pests of coniferous forests. both bark beetle species utilize aggregation pheromones to coordinate mass-attacks on host trees, while odorants from host and non-host trees modulate the pheromone response. thus, the bark beetle olfactory sense is of utmost importance for fitness. however, information on the genes underlying olfac ... | 2013 | 23517120 |
| what reaches the antenna? how to calibrate odor flux and ligand-receptor affinities. | physiological studies on olfaction frequently ignore the airborne quantities of stimuli reaching the sensory organ. we used a gas chromatography-calibrated photoionization detector to estimate quantities released from standard pasteur pipette stimulus cartridges during repeated puffing of 27 compounds and verified how lack of quantification could obscure olfactory sensory neuron (osn) affinities. chemical structure of the stimulus, solvent, dose, storage condition, puff interval, and puff number ... | 2012 | 22362868 |