| neuropathological study of gazelle herpesvirus 1 (equine herpesvirus 9) infection in thomson's gazelles (gazella thomsoni). | gazelle herpesvirus (ghv-1), correctly designated as equine herpesvirus 9, is a new type of equine herpesvirus immunologically related to equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1). as a sequel to a virological study, the neuropathology of encephalitis caused by ghv-1 in thomson's gazelles (gazella thomsoni) was examined. seven gazelles died with or without neurological symptoms between early september and mid-october in 1993. no gross abnormalities were observed at necropsy, but all animals had non-suppurati ... | 1998 | 9749360 |
| equine herpesvirus 9 induced lethal encephalomyelitis in experimentally infected goats. | the pathogenicity of a new neurotropic equine herpesvirus 9 (ehv-9) formerly designated gazelle herpesvirus 1 was evaluated using the goat as a representative of domesticated ruminants. two goats inoculated intranasally with ehv-9 showed salivation, teeth grinding and other neurological disorders on day 8 post inoculation. one goat died 30 min after the onset of clinical signs and the other was sacrificed 3 h after the sudden onset of teeth grinding and foamy salivation. ehv-9 was recovered from ... | 2000 | 11205108 |
| invasion and spread of equine herpesvirus 9 in the olfactory pathway of pigs after intranasal inoculation. | the neuropathogenesis of equine herpesvirus 9 (ehv-9) in pigs was investigated by intranasal inoculation of the virus together with intramuscular administration of dexamethasone (dm). all infected pigs developed characteristic meningo-encephalitis, accompanied by basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the neuronal cells. one non-dm-treated and two dm-treated pigs had prominent malacic lesions in the rhinencephalon. associated with the encephalitic lesions, there was invariably an increase i ... | 2001 | 11437502 |
| experimental infection with equine herpesvirus 9 (ehv-9) in cats. | the pathogenicity for cats of ehv-9, a new neurotropic equine herpesvirus, was assessed by intranasal inoculation with 10(6) plaque-forming units. four cats killed 4, 5, 6 or 10 days after inoculation showed neurological signs consisting of hyper-excitability and aggressiveness, followed by tremors, occasional convulsions, and depression. histologically, the cats showed severe encephalitis characterized by neuronal degeneration and loss, intranuclear inclusions, perivascular cuffing and gliosis ... | 2003 | 12634087 |
| experimental infection of equine herpesvirus 9 in dogs. | equine herpesvirus 9 (ehv-9), a new neurotropic equine herpesvirus, was inoculated intranasally at 107 plaque-forming units in five dogs to assess its pathogenicity. dogs showed weight loss, pyrexia, anorexia, and neurologic signs on the fourth day. the ehv-9 virus was recovered from the examined brains. histologically, dogs had a fulminant nonsuppurative encephalitis characterized by severe neuronal degeneration and loss, with intranuclear inclusions, slight glial reactions, perivascular cuffin ... | 2003 | 12724566 |
| serologic surveillance for selected viral agents in captive and free-ranging populations of arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx) from saudi arabia and the united arab emirates. | a total of 294 sera collected between 1999 and 2001 from eight captive and one free-ranging herds of arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx) distributed in saudi arabia (sa) and the united arab emirates (uae) were assayed for antibodies against 13 selected viral agents. arabian oryx have been exposed to bluetongue virus (btv), epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv), rinderpest virus (rpv), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), bovine adenovirus 3 (bav-3), cervid herpesvirus-1, foot-and-mouth disea ... | 2005 | 15827212 |
| new hosts for equine herpesvirus 9. | equine herpesvirus 9 was detected in a polar bear with progressive encephalitis; the source was traced to 2 members of a potential equid reservoir species, grevy's zebras. the virus was also found in an aborted persian onager. thus, the natural host range is extended to 6 species in 3 mammalian orders. | 2008 | 18826828 |
| [emerging diseases and species barrier: the risk of equine herpesvirus 9]. | jumping the species barrier is responsible for a large part of emerging and re-emerging diseases around the world; however, the mechanisms involved in restricting an agent to a given host are currently not fully understood, nor what is necessary to leap the species barrier to invade a new host. these leaps to new species are usually manifest by high rates of morbidity and mortality in the new species, leading to severe economic losses and sometimes causing loss of human life. on the other hand, ... | 2008 | 19360232 |
| companion animals as a source of viruses for human beings and food production animals. | companion animals comprise a wide variety of species, including dogs, cats, horses, ferrets, guinea pigs, reptiles, birds and ornamental fish, as well as food production animal species, such as domestic pigs, kept as companion animals. despite their prominent place in human society, little is known about the role of companion animals as sources of viruses for people and food production animals. therefore, we reviewed the literature for accounts of infections of companion animals by zoonotic viru ... | 2016 | 27522300 |
| acute neuropathogenicity with experimental infection of equine herpesvirus 9 in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). | equine herpesvirus 9 (ehv-9) is a new neurotropic equine herpesvirus which induced encephalitis in a variety of animals. however, there was no information on the susceptibility of ehv-9 in primates. | 2007 | 17976037 |
| a hamster model of equine herpesvirus 9 induced encephalitis. | an acute and lethal infection of equine herpesvirus 9 (ehv-9), a new type of equine herpesvirus, was established in syrian hamsters by intranasal inoculation. clinical symptoms included the loss of body weight, nasal and ocular discharges and apparent neurological symptoms. both ld50 and id50 were equal at 33 plaque forming units. histological and immunohistochemical examination demonstrated that the virus replicated in the olfactory mucosal cells and in the neurons of the olfactory bulbs, cereb ... | 2000 | 10951555 |
| pathogenicity of a new neurotropic equine herpesvirus 9 (gazelle herpesvirus 1) in horses. | pathogenicity of equine herpesvirus 9 (ehv-9), a new type of equine herpesvirus isolated from gazella thomsoni, in horses was investigated by intranasal inoculation of ehv-9 (10(7) pfu) to two conventionally reared 8-months old half-bred weanling horses. fever higher than 39 degrees c was recorded. virus was recovered from nasal swabs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. both horses developed neutralizing antibody to ehv-9. perivascular infiltration of mononuclear cells and glial reaction wer ... | 2000 | 10720196 |
| gazelle herpesvirus 1: a new neurotropic herpesvirus immunologically related to equine herpesvirus 1. | a herpesvirus was isolated from thomson's gazelle (gazella thomsoni) kept at a zoological garden in japan during an outbreak of epizootic acute encephalitis. the virus, gazelle herpesvirus 1 (ghv-1), was serologically related to equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1). however, dna fingerprints of ghv-1 were different from those of ehv-1 and other equine herpesviruses. southern hybridization with probes of cloned bamhi fragments derived from ul and us segments of ehv-1 revealed differences in the dna restr ... | 1997 | 9015181 |
| equid alphaherpesvirus 9 outbreak associated with mortality in a group of grevy's zebra (equus grevyi) housed in a mixed-species exhibit. | a herd of seven captive-born grevy's zebras (equus grevyi) experienced an outbreak of nasal discharge and sneezing. clinical signs, including lethargy and anorexia, were severe and acute in three animals, including a 16-mo-old male that died within 48 h. treatment of two severely affected zebras included valacyclovir (40 mg/kg po), meloxicam (0.6 mg/kg im/po), and cefquinome (2.5 mg/kg im q48h). an adult female improved rapidly, and clinical signs resolved within 48 h of treatment. administratio ... | 2021 | 34130425 |
| effect of mouse strain on equine herpesvirus 9 infection. | the infectivity of equine herpesvirus (ehv)-9 has been studied in different animal models including immunocompromised animals. the current study focused on the infectivity of ehv-9 in different mouse strains (c3h, c57bl, dba, balb/c-nu/nu, balb/c and icr) by intranasal inoculation of 2 × 10(6) plaque forming units (pfu). various organs, including head and lungs, were collected 7 days post infection (dpi) to investigate microscopical lesions and the distribution of ehv-9 antigen. immunopositivity ... | 2017 | 28735674 |
| an ocular infection model using suckling hamsters inoculated with equine herpesvirus 9 (ehv-9): kinetics of the virus and time-course pathogenesis of ehv-9-induced encephalitis via the eyes. | by using a new member of the neurotropic equine herpesviruses, ehv-9, which induced encephalitis in various species via various routes, an ocular infection model was developed in suckling hamsters. the suckling hamsters were inoculated with ehv-9 via the conjunctival route and were sacrificed after 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hours (h) post inoculation (pi). three horizontal sections of the brains, including the eyes and cranial cavity, were examined histologically to assess the vira ... | 2013 | 22508701 |
| susceptibility of balb/c-nu/nu mice and balb/c mice to equine herpesvirus 9 infection. | this study aimed to clarify the timing and infectivity of equine herpesvirus 9 (ehv-9) infection in balb/c-nu/nu mice and their immunocompetent counterpart (balb/c). following intranasal inoculation with 10(5) pfu of ehv-9, specimens from 8 mice per group were collected at different times postinoculation (pi) and assessed using histopathology, immunohistochemistry for viral antigen, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for orf30 gene expression. in balb/c-nu/nu mice, ehv-9 antige ... | 2014 | 23804999 |
| pathological findings in equine herpesvirus 9-induced abortion in rats. | pregnant rats were infected experimentally with equine herpesvirus (ehv)-9, a new neurotropic equine herpesvirus serologically similar to ehv-1, during the first and third trimesters. the inoculated dams had mild to severe neurological signs and gave birth to dead fetuses or undersized pups. rats inoculated during the first and last trimesters had varying degrees of encephalitis as well as abnormalities of the placentas in the form of marked dilation of maternal blood sinusoids and varying degre ... | 2014 | 25304504 |
| equid herpesvirus 9 (ehv-9) isolates from zebras in ontario, canada, 1989 to 2007. | the objective of this study was to identify and partially characterize 3 equid herpesviruses that were isolated postmortem from zebras in ontario, canada in 1989, 2002, and 2007. these 3 virus isolates were characterized by plaque morphology, restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) of their genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (dna), real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay, and sequence analyses of the full length of the glycoprotein g (gg) gene (orf70) and a portion of the dna polymera ... | 2015 | 25852233 |
| kinetics and pathogenicity of oral infection by equine herpesvirus-9 in mice and suckling hamsters. | the pathogenesis and kinetics of oral infection by equine herpesvirus (ehv)-9 were studied in mice and hamsters. after oral inoculation of 10(5) plaque-forming units (pfu) of virus, 1-week-old suckling hamsters showed varying severity of neurological disease from 72hours post inoculation (hpi) and all of these animals had died by 96-áhpi. four-week-old icr mice inoculated orally with 4+ù10(4)pfu of virus showed no clinical signs, but they developed erosive and ulcerative gastritis from 36-áhpi. ... | 2011 | 21741053 |
| kinetics and pathogenicity of equine herpesvirus-9 infection following intraperitoneal inoculation in hamsters. | the kinetics of infection and pathogenicity of equine herpesvirus-9 (ehv-9) was studied in a hamster model. five-week-old syrian hamsters and 5-day-old suckling hamsters were inoculated intraperitoneally with 10(5) and 4×10(4) plaque-forming units of ehv-9, respectively. ehv-9 antigens were detected by immunocytochemistry in the peritoneal macrophages, which may be the primary site of virus attachment and propagation at 6h post inoculation (hpi). at 12 hpi, viral antigen was observed in the abdo ... | 2011 | 21459386 |
| effects of equine herpesvirus-9 infection in pregnant mice and hamsters. | the pathogenicity of equine herpesvirus (ehv)-9, a new neurotropic equine herpesvirus isolated from gazelles, was assessed in pregnant rodents (mice and hamsters) following intranasal inoculation. the pregnant female mice and hamsters were inoculated with ehv-9 in the early or late trimesters. the inoculated animals exhibited mild to severe neurological signs and gave birth to dead or undersized fetuses. all three mice and four hamsters inoculated in the first trimester had varying degrees of pl ... | 2011 | 20813378 |
| study on the infectivity of equine herpesvirus 9 (ehv-9) by different routes of inoculation in hamsters. | the infectivity and pathology of equine herpesvirus 9 (ehv-9), a new neurotropic equine herpesvirus isolated from gazelles, was studied in hamsters experimentally infected via nasal, ocular, oral, intravenous (iv), or peritoneal routes. clinically, all animals inoculated by the nasal route and ~25% inoculated by the oral and peritoneal routes showed neurological signs on days 3, 6, and 9 postinoculation (pi), respectively. neurological signs were not observed in animals administered ehv-9 by the ... | 2011 | 20574073 |
| cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis) may not become infected with equine herpesvirus 9. | it was suggested that equine herpesvirus 9 (ehv-9) could be transmitted to higher non-human primates. | 2011 | 20561149 |
| experimental intranasal infection of equine herpesvirus 9 (ehv-9) in suckling hamsters: kinetics of viral transmission and inflammation in the nasal cavity and brain. | equine herpesvirus 9 (ehv-9), the newest member of the equine herpesvirus family, is a highly neurotropic herpesvirus that induces encephalitis in a variety of animals. to access transmission of ehv-9 in the nasal cavity and brain, a suckling hamster model was developed so that precise sagittal sections of nasal and cranial cavities including the brain could be processed, which proved useful in detecting viral transmission as well as extension of pathological lesions. suckling hamsters were inoc ... | 2010 | 20500017 |
| meningoencephalitis in a polar bear caused by equine herpesvirus 9 (ehv-9). | a 12-year-old female polar bear (ursus maritimus) developed a sudden onset of muscle tremors, erratic circling, increased blinking, head shaking, and ptyalism, which progressed to partial and generalized seizures. ancillary diagnostic tests were inconclusive, and the only significant laboratory finding was nonsuppurative pleocytosis of cerebrospinal fluid. euthanasia was elected. microscopic evaluation demonstrated multifocal, random nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis involving most prominently ... | 2009 | 19605910 |
| detection of equid herpesvirus 9 dna in the trigeminal ganglia of a burchell's zebra from the serengeti ecosystem. | equid herpesvirus 9 (ehv-9) was isolated from a herd of thomson's gazelles affected by encephalitis. the natural host of ehv-9 is unknown, but zebras are suspected to be the source of infection in gazelles. to prove this hypothesis, we analyzed 43 sera from burchell's zebras (equus burchelli) and 21 thomson's gazelles (gazella thomsoni) from the serengeti ecosystem for neutralizing antibodies. seven zebra sera were positive for ehv-1, ehv-9 and ehv-1 from grevy's zebra strains t965 and t616. the ... | 2008 | 19122410 |