| distribution of phototrophic microbes in the flat laminated microbial mat at laguna figueroa, baja california, mexico. | the microbial mat community in the saltmarsh/evaporate flat interface at laguna figueroa involved in the deposition of laminated sediments was investigated. pigment analysis, light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to determine the relative abundance and distribution of phototrophic species. the community is vertically stratified into four distinct phototrophic populations. the layering could be distinguished by pigment and species composition. the two layers closest to t ... | 1990 | 2108737 |
| a method for dna extraction from the desert cyanobacterium chroococcidiopsis and its application to identification of ftsz | a method was developed for extraction of dna from chroococcidiopsis that overcomes obstacles posed by bacterial contamination and the presence of a thick envelope surrounding the cyanobacterial cells. the method is based on the resistance of chroococcidiopsis to lysozyme and consists of a lysozyme treatment followed by osmotic shock that reduces the bacterial contamination by 3 orders of magnitude. then dnase treatment is performed to eliminate dna from the bacterial lysate. lysis of chroococcid ... | 1998 | 9758840 |
| ionizing-radiation resistance in the desiccation-tolerant cyanobacterium chroococcidiopsis. | the effect of x-ray irradiation on cell survival, induction, and repair of dna damage was studied by using 10 chroococcidiopsis strains isolated from desert and hypersaline environments. after exposure to 2.5 kgy, the percentages of survival for the strains ranged from 80 to 35%. in the four most resistant strains, the levels of survival were reduced by 1 or 2 orders of magnitude after irradiation with 5 kgy; viable cells were recovered after exposure to 15 kgy but not after exposure to 20 kgy. ... | 2000 | 10742231 |
| phosphatase activities of endolithic communities in rocks of the antarctic dry valleys. | phosphorus is scarce in beacon sandstone of the mcmurdo dry valleys, antarctica, and any input from precipitation is minimal. in endolithic microbial communities recycling of p by the action of phosphatases may therefore be important. the phosphatase activities of three different types of endolithic communities in the mcmurdo dry valley, antarctica, were studied in the laboratory. the dominant phototrophs were chroococcidiopsis, mixed gloeocapsa and trebouxia, and trebouxia. bacteria were also v ... | 2000 | 10790521 |
| cellular fatty acid composition of cyanobacteria assigned to subsection ii, order pleurocapsales. | the cellular fatty acid composition of five of the six genera of unicellular cyanobacteria in subsection ii, pleurocapsales (dermocarpa, xenococcus, dermocarpella, myxosarcina and the pleurocapsa assemblage) contained high proportions of saturated straight-chain fatty acids (26-41% of the total) and unsaturated straight chains (40-67%). isomers of 16:1 were the main monounsaturated acid component (11-59%). polyunsaturated acids were present at trace levels (0-1% or less) in xenococcus and myxosa ... | 2000 | 10843042 |
| gene transfer to the desiccation-tolerant cyanobacterium chroococcidiopsis. | the coccoid cyanobacterium chroococcidiopsis dominates microbial communities in the most extreme arid hot and cold deserts. these communities withstand constraints that result from multiple cycles of drying and wetting and/or prolonged desiccation, through mechanisms which remain poorly understood. here we describe the first system for genetic manipulation of chroococcidiopsis. plasmids pduca7 and prl489, based on the pdu1 replicon of nostoc sp. strain pcc 7524, were transferred to different iso ... | 2001 | 11244070 |
| temperature response of antarctic cryptoendolithic photosynthetic microorganisms. | growth responses to temperatures between 12.5 [degrees] c and 25 degrees c were determined for five photosynthetic microorganisms isolated from the ross desert cryptoendolithic community. among eukaryotic algae, two strains of trebouxia sp. have an upper temperature limit of 20 degrees c, and two strains of hemichloris antarctica of 25 degrees c. the cyanobacterium chroococcidiopsis sp., in contrast, grows at temperatures above 25 degrees c. these and earlier studies suggest that the eukaryot ... | 1988 | 11538353 |
| cryptoendolithic lichen and cyanobacterial communities of the ross desert, antarctica. | cryptoendolithic microbial communities in the ross desert (mcmurdo dry valleys) are characterized on the basis of photosynthetic microorganisms and fungi. two eukaryotic communities (the lichen-dominated and hemichloris communities) and three cyanobacterial communities (the red gloeocapsa, hormathonema-gloeocapsa, and chroococcidiopsis communities) are described. eleven coccoid, one pleurocapsoid, and five filamentous cyanobacteria occurring in these communities are characterized and illustra ... | 1988 | 11538357 |
| a primitive cyanobacterium as pioneer microorganism for terraforming mars. | the primitive characteristics of the cyanobacterium chroococcidiopsis suggest that it represents a very ancient type of the group. its morphology is simple but shows a wide range of variability, and it resembles certain proterozoic microfossils. chroococcidiopsis is probably the most desiccation-resistant cyanobacterium, the sole photosynthetic organism in extreme arid habitats. it is also present in a wide range of other extreme environments, from antarctic rocks to thermal springs and hyper ... | 1995 | 11539232 |
| cytology of long-term desiccation in the desert cyanobacterium chroococcidiopsis (chroococcales). | young and old cultures (up to 66 months) of two chroococcidiopsis sp. strains isolated from the negev desert, israel, were examined by epifluorescence and electron microscopy. in old cultures, cell viability and autofluorescence were lower than in young cultures. an increase was seen with age in the polysaccharide content of the sheaths of nanocytes and nanocyte mother cells, and a decrease of phycobiliproteins was also seen. in the oldest cultures most of the cells were dead and in various s ... | 1993 | 11539431 |
| effect of environmental factors on the synthesis of scytonemin, a uv-screening pigment, in a cyanobacterium (chroococcidiopsis sp.). | abstract. the uv-screening pigment scytonemin is found in many species of ensheathed cyanobacteria. past work has shown that the pigment is synthesized in response to exposure to uv-a irradiance. this study investigated the effect of other correlated stress factors including heat, osmotic and oxidative stress on the synthesis of scytonemin in a clonal cyanobacterial isolate ( chroococcidiopsis sp.) from an epilithic desert crust. stress experiments were carried out both in conjunction with uv-a ... | 2002 | 11889486 |
| chroococcidiopsis and heterocyst-differentiating cyanobacteria are each other's closest living relatives. | many filamentous cyanobacteria reduce atmospheric nitrogen in specialized differentiated cells called heterocysts. here we present evidence that shows that members of the unicellular non-heterocyst-differentiating genus chroococcidiopsis and the filamentous heterocyst-differentiating cyanobacteria are each other's closest living relatives. distance, maximum-parsimony, and maximum-likelihood analyses of complete small subunit ribosomal rna gene sequences yielded highly congruent support for the m ... | 2002 | 12182405 |
| [the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the cyanobacterial phycobilins of cryptoendolithic lichens in the high-polar region of antarctica]. | the algologically pure cultures of the green-brown cyanobacterium chroococcidiopsis sp. and three cyanobacteria of the genus gloeocapsa, the blue-green gloeocapsa sp.1, the brown gloeocapsa sp.2, and the red-orange gloeocapsa sp.3, were isolated from sandstones and rock fissures in the high-polar regions of antarctica. these cyanobacteria are the most widespread phycobionts of cryptoendolithic lichens in these regions. the comparative analysis of the absorption and the second-derivative absorpti ... | 2002 | 12449638 |
| molecular characterization of endolithic cyanobacteria inhabiting exposed dolomite in central switzerland. | the phototrophic microbial community inhabiting exposed dolomite in the alpine piora valley (switzerland) forms a distinct endolithic bilayer that features adjacent red dolomite (exterior) and green dolomite (interior) layers that are c. 0.5-1 mm below the rock surface. characterization of the community, with an emphasis on cyanobacteria, was conducted with culture-dependent and -independent approaches. direct microscopy of green dolomite revealed four distinct morphotypes consistent with chloro ... | 2003 | 12823194 |
| raman spectroscopic detection of biomolecular markers from antarctic materials: evaluation for putative martian habitats. | the vital uv-protective and photosynthetic pigments of cyanobacteria and lichens (microbial symbioses) that dominate primary production in antarctic desert ecosystems auto-fluoresce at short-wavelengths. a long wavelength (1064 nm) near infra-red laser has been used for non-intrusive raman spectroscopic analysis of their ecologically significant compounds. there is now much interest in the construction of portable raman systems for the analysis of cyanobacterial and lichen communities in the fie ... | 2003 | 12909141 |
| polar lipids and fatty acids of three wild cyanobacterial strains of the genus chroococcidiopsis. | the occurrence of n-saturated, branched, and unsaturated fatty acids of 3 wild terrestrial strains of the genus chroococcidiopsis (order chroococcales): c. supralittoralis, c. umbratilis, and c. versatilis collected from lake kinneret, dead sea, and ein kerem (jerusalem) was investigated and individual compounds identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. polar lipids also were examined. among polar lipids (studied using two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography) were as major glycolipid ... | 2003 | 15058192 |
| bacterial life and dinitrogen fixation at a gypsum rock. | the organisms of a bluish-green layer beneath the shards of a gypsum rock were characterized by molecular techniques. the cyanobacterial consortium consisted almost exclusively of chroococcidiopsis spp. the organisms of the shards expressed nitrogenase activity (c2h2 reduction) aerobically and in light. after a prolonged period of drought at the rock, the cells were inactive, but they resumed nitrogenase activity 2 to 3 days after the addition of water. in a suspension culture of chroococcidiops ... | 2004 | 15574902 |
| effects of a simulated martian uv flux on the cyanobacterium, chroococcidiopsis sp. 029. | dried monolayers of chroococcidiopsis sp. 029, a desiccation-tolerant, endolithic cyanobacterium, were exposed to a simulated martian-surface uv and visible light flux, which may also approximate to the worst-case scenario for the archean earth. after 5 min, there was a 99% loss of cell viability, and there were no survivors after 30 min. however, this survival was approximately 10 times higher than that previously reported for bacillus subtilis. we show that under 1 mm of rock, chroococcidiopsi ... | 2005 | 15815164 |
| bioactive polar lipids from chroococcidiopsis sp. (cyanobacteria). | many studies indicate that various bioactive metabolites subsist in cyanobacteria. glycolipids of cyanobacteria are reported as molecules that exert specific bioactivities. in this study, total lipids of chroococcidiopsissp., a coccoid cyanobacterium isolated from a greek cave, were separated into neutral and polar-lipids and the latter were further fractionated by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc). each polar lipid fraction was tested in vitro for its ability to inhibit platelet-act ... | 2005 | 16198133 |
| accumulation of trehalose and sucrose in cyanobacteria exposed to matric water stress. | the drought-resistant cyanobacteria phormidium autumnale, strain lpp(4), and a chroococcidiopsis sp. accumulated trehalose, sucrose, and both trehalose and sucrose, respectively, in response to matric water stress. accumulated sugar concentrations reached values of up to 6.2 mug of trehalose per mug of chlorophyll in p. autumnale, 6.9 mug of sucrose per mug of chlorophyll in lpp(4), and 4.1 mug of sucrose and 3.2 mug of trehalose per mug of chlorophyll in the chroococcidiopsis sp. the same sugar ... | 1991 | 16348431 |
| endolithic cyanobacteria in halite rocks from the hyperarid core of the atacama desert. | in the driest parts of the atacama desert there are no visible life forms on soil or rock surfaces. the soil in this region contains only minute traces of bacteria distributed in patches, and conditions are too dry for cyanobacteria that live under translucent stones. here we show that halite evaporite rocks from the driest part of the atacama desert are colonized by cyanobacteria. this colonization takes place just a few millimeters beneath the rock surface, occupying spaces among salt crystals ... | 2006 | 16805697 |
| hypolithic cyanobacteria, dry limit of photosynthesis, and microbial ecology in the hyperarid atacama desert. | the occurrence of hypolithic cyanobacteria colonizing translucent stones was quantified along the aridity gradient in the atacama desert in chile, from less arid areas to the hyperarid core where photosynthetic life and thus primary production reach their limits. as mean rainfall declines from 21 to <or=2 mm year(-1), the abundance of hypolithic cyanobacteria drops from 28 to <0.1%, molecular diversity declines threefold, and organic carbon residence times increase by three orders of magnitude. ... | 2006 | 16865610 |
| hypolithic community shifts occur as a result of liquid water availability along environmental gradients in china's hot and cold hyperarid deserts. | hypolithic cyanobacterial communities occur in hot and cold hyperarid environments but the physical factors determining their diversity are not well understood. here we report hypolithic diversity and colonization of a common quartz substrate at several hyperarid locations in the ancient deserts of north-western china, that experience varying mean annual temperature, rainfall and concomitant availability of liquid water in soil. microscopy and enrichment culture resulted only in chroococcidiopsi ... | 2007 | 17222139 |
| interplanetary transfer of photosynthesis: an experimental demonstration of a selective dispersal filter in planetary island biogeography. | we launched a cryptoendolithic habitat, made of a gneissic impactite inoculated with chroococcidiopsis sp., into earth orbit. after orbiting the earth for 16 days, the rock entered the earth's atmosphere and was recovered in kazakhstan. the heat of entry ablated and heated the rock to a temperature well above the upper temperature limit for life to below the depth at which light levels are insufficient for photosynthetic organisms ( approximately 5 mm), thus killing all of its photosynthetic inh ... | 2007 | 17407400 |
| epilithic cyanobacterial communities of a marine tropical beach rock (heron island, great barrier reef): diversity and diazotrophy. | the diversity and nitrogenase activity of epilithic marine microbes in a holocene beach rock (heron island, great barrier reef, australia) with a proposed biological calcification "microbialite" origin were examined. partial 16s rrna gene sequences from the dominant mat (a coherent and layered pink-pigmented community spread over the beach rock) and biofilms (nonstratified, differently pigmented microbial communities of small shallow depressions) were retrieved using denaturing gradient gel elec ... | 2007 | 17416688 |
| effects of periodic desiccation on the synthesis of the uv-screening compound, scytonemin, in cyanobacteria. | scytonemin is an ultraviolet radiation (uvr)-screening compound synthesized by some sheathed cyanobacteria exposed to high solar and sky radiation. it is primarily produced in response to uva radiation, but certain environmental stresses can enhance synthesis. this study focuses on the effects of periodic desiccation on scytonemin synthesis in three desiccation-tolerant cyanobacterial strains, nostoc punctiforme pcc 73102, chroococcidiopsis ccmee 5056 and chroococcidiopsis ccmee 246. nostoc punc ... | 2007 | 17504482 |
| ultraviolet radiation-induced limitation to epilithic microbial growth in arid deserts--dosimetric experiments in the hyperarid core of the atacama desert. | experiments were conducted during november 2003 in the dry core of the atacama desert, yungay, chile to test the hypothesis that uv radiation, in environments where liquid water is not available, and thus enzymatic repair of uv-induced damage is inhibited, can prevent epilithic colonization. novel dosimeters made from the cryptoendolithic, desiccation and radiation-resistant cyanobacterium chroococcidiopsis sp. isolated from the dry negev desert, israel, showed that monolayers of this organism w ... | 2008 | 18191576 |
| microbial rock inhabitants survive hypervelocity impacts on mars-like host planets: first phase of lithopanspermia experimentally tested. | the scenario of lithopanspermia describes the viable transport of microorganisms via meteorites. to test the first step of lithopanspermia, i.e., the impact ejection from a planet, systematic shock recovery experiments within a pressure range observed in martian meteorites (5-50 gpa) were performed with dry layers of microorganisms (spores of bacillus subtilis, cells of the endolithic cyanobacterium chroococcidiopsis, and thalli and ascocarps of the lichen xanthoria elegans) sandwiched between g ... | 2008 | 18237257 |
| effect of exogenous extracellular polysaccharides on the desiccation and freezing tolerance of rock-inhabiting phototrophic microorganisms. | two major stresses that threaten rock-inhabiting microbial communities are desiccation and freezing; both result in a loss of liquid water in the cells. the mechanisms necessary to tolerate these extremes may be similar, but are not well understood. in both cases extracellular polysaccharides (eps) seem to play an important role. this study examines whether the eps released by a rock-inhabiting phototroph can have a protective effect on other members of similar and neighboring microbial communit ... | 2008 | 18710394 |
| subcellular integrities in chroococcidiopsis sp. ccmee 029 survivors after prolonged desiccation revealed by molecular probes and genome stability assays. | desiccation-tolerant cells must either protect their cellular components from desiccation-induced damage and/or repair it upon rewetting. subcellular damage to the anhydrobiotic cyanobacterium chroococcidiopsis sp. ccmee 029 stored in the desiccated state for 4 years was evaluated at the single-cell level using fluorescent dna strand breakage labelling, membrane integrity and potential related molecular probes, oxidant-sensing fluorochrome and redox dye. covalent modifications of dried genomes w ... | 2009 | 18931823 |
| determining the specific microbial populations and their spatial distribution within the stromatolite ecosystem of shark bay. | the stromatolites at shark bay, western australia, are analogues of some of the oldest evidence of life on earth. the aim of this study was to identify and spatially characterize the specific microbial communities associated with shark bay intertidal columnar stromatolites. conventional culturing methods and construction of 16s rdna clone libraries from community genomic dna with both universal and specific pcr primers were employed. the estimated coverage, richness and diversity of stromatolite ... | 2009 | 19092864 |
| molecular detection of uncultured cyanobacteria and aminotransferase domains for cyanotoxin production in sediments of different kenyan lakes. | pcr-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) analysis of 16s rrna gene fragments was used to identify the cyanobacterial phylotypes in sediments and plankton of saline-alkaline and freshwater lakes of kenya. the detection of the aminotransferase domain located on modules mcye and ndaf using specific molecular markers confirmed the presence of potential toxin-producing cyanobacteria. the eight nucleotide sequences obtained from dgge bands were placed in three divergent cyanobacterial ... | 2009 | 19416349 |
| microclimate and limits to photosynthesis in a diverse community of hypolithic cyanobacteria in northern australia. | hypolithic microbes, primarily cyanobacteria, inhabit the highly specialized microhabitats under translucent rocks in extreme environments. here we report findings from hypolithic cyanobacteria found under three types of translucent rocks (quartz, prehnite, agate) in a semiarid region of tropical australia. we investigated the photosynthetic responses of the cyanobacterial communities to light, temperature and moisture in the laboratory, and we measured the microclimatic variables of temperature ... | 2010 | 19919538 |
| endolithic microbial colonization of limestone in a high-altitude arid environment. | the morphology of endolithic colonization in a limestone escarpment and surrounding rocky debris (termed float) at a high-altitude arid site in central tibet was documented using scanning electron microscopy. putative lichenized structures and extensive coccoid bacterial colonization were observed. absolute and relative abundance of rrna gene signatures using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and phylogenetic analysis of environmental phylotypes were used to characterize community ... | 2010 | 19937324 |
| rapid determination of cytokinins and auxin in cyanobacteria. | five cyanobacterial strains, anabaena sp. ck1, oscillatoria sp. ck2, phormidium sp. ck3, chroococcidiopsis sp. ck4, and synechosystis sp. ck5 were selected for their positive cytokinins-like activity using cucumber cotyledon bioassay and gus assay in arabidopsis arr5::gus. classical cucumber cotyledon bioassay was modified for direct screening of cyanobacteria avoiding need for extraction and purification. cytokinins from cyanobacteria were absorbed onto filter paper which was then assayed for c ... | 2010 | 20339849 |
| the microbe-mineral environment and gypsum neogenesis in a weathered polar evaporite. | evaporitic deposits are a globally widespread habitat for micro-organisms. the microbe-mineral environment in weathered and remobilized gypsum from exposed mid-ordovician marine evaporite beds in the polar desert of devon island, nunavut, canadian high arctic was examined. the gypsum is characterized by internal green zones of cyanobacterial colonization (dominated by gloeocapsa/aphanothece and chroococcidiopsis spp. morphotypes) and abundant black zones, visible from the surface, that contain p ... | 2010 | 20456500 |
| phytostimulation and biofertilization in wheat by cyanobacteria. | cyanobacteria are commonly used for the phytostimulation and biofertilization of agriculture crops due to their nitrogen-fixing ability. however, the contribution by their phytohormones has been neglected. this study focuses on the screening of rhizospheric and free-living cyanobacteria for in vitro phytohormones production and growth stimulation in wheat. selected isolates were shown to release cytokinin and indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) by using uplc coupled with ms/ms via an electrospray interfa ... | 2011 | 20820860 |
| unusual radioresistance of nitrogen-fixing cultures of anabaena strains. | nitrogen-fixing cultures of two species of the filamentous, heterocystous cyanobacterium anabaena, namely anabaena sp. strain l-31 and anabaena torulosa were found to be highly tolerant to 60co gamma radiation. no adverse effect on diazotrophic growth and metabolism were observed up to a dose of 5 kgy. at higher doses, radiation tolerance showed a correspondence with the inherent osmotolerance, with anabaena l-31 being the more radiation tolerant as well as osmotolerant strain. in anabaena l-31, ... | 2010 | 20826952 |
| comparative analysis of the microbial communities inhabiting halite evaporites of the atacama desert. | summary: molecular biology and microscopy techniques were used to characterize the microbial communities inside halite evaporites from different parts of the atacama desert. denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) analysis revealed that the evaporite rocks harbor communities predominantly made up of cyanobacteria, along with heterotrophic bacteria and archaea. different dgge profiles were obtained for the different sites, with the exception of the cyanobacterial profile, in which only one ... | 2010 | 20890842 |
| cyanobacteria and chloroflexi-dominated hypolithic colonization of quartz at the hyper-arid core of the atacama desert, chile. | quartz stones are ubiquitous in deserts and are a substrate for hypoliths, microbial colonists of the underside of such stones. these hypoliths thrive where extreme temperature and moisture stress limit the occurrence of higher plant and animal life. several studies have reported the occurrence of green hypolithic colonization dominated by cyanobacteria. here, we describe a novel red hypolithic colonization from yungay, at the hyper-arid core of the atacama desert in chile. comparative analysis ... | 2010 | 21069402 |
| ancient origins determine global biogeography of hot and cold desert cyanobacteria. | factors governing large-scale spatio-temporal distribution of microorganisms remain unresolved, yet are pivotal to understanding ecosystem value and function. molecular genetic analyses have focused on the influence of niche and neutral processes in determining spatial patterns without considering the temporal scale. here, we use temporal phylogenetic analysis calibrated using microfossil data for a globally sampled desert cyanobacterium, chroococcidiopsis, to investigate spatio-temporal pattern ... | 2011 | 21266963 |
| damage escape and repair in dried chroococcidiopsis spp. from hot and cold deserts exposed to simulated space and martian conditions. | the cyanobacterium chroococcidiopsis, overlain by 3?mm of antarctic sandstone, was exposed as dried multilayers to simulated space and martian conditions. ground-based experiments were conducted in the context of lichens and fungi experiments (expose-e mission, european space agency), which were performed to evaluate, after 1.5 years on the international space station, the survival of cyanobacteria (chroococcidiopsis), lichens, and fungi colonized on antarctic rock. the survival potential and th ... | 2011 | 21294638 |
| exposure of phototrophs to 548 days in low earth orbit: microbial selection pressures in outer space and on early earth. | an epilithic microbial community was launched into low earth orbit, and exposed to conditions in outer space for 548 days on the european space agency expose-e facility outside the international space station. the natural phototroph biofilm was augmented with akinetes of anabaena cylindrica and vegetative cells of nostoc commune and chroococcidiopsis. in space-exposed dark controls, two algae (chlorella and rosenvingiella spp.), a cyanobacterium (gloeocapsa sp.) and two bacteria associated with ... | 2011 | 21593797 |
| a cyanolichen from the lower devonian rhynie chert. | the 400 million-year-old rhynie chert has provided a wealth of information about various types of fungal interactions that existed in this early devonian paleoecosystem. in this paper we report the first unequivocal evidence of a lichen symbiosis from the rhynie chert. specimens of a new genus, winfrenatia, consist of a thallus of superimposed layers of aseptate hyphae and, on the upper surface, numerous uniform depressions. extending into the base of each depression are hyphae that form a three ... | 1997 | 21708654 |
| microbial biofilms on the sandstone monuments of the angkor wat complex, cambodia. | discoloring biofilms from cambodian temples angkor wat, preah khan, and the bayon and west prasat in angkor thom contained a microbial community dominated by coccoid cyanobacteria. molecular analysis identified chroococcidiopsis as major colonizer, but low similarity values (<95%) suggested a similar genus or species not present in the databases. in only two of the six sites sampled were filamentous cyanobacteria, microcoleus, leptolyngbya, and scytonema, found; the first two detected by sequenc ... | 2011 | 22006074 |
| resistance of cyanobacterial fouling on architectural paint films to cleaning by water jet. | mortar panels painted with three different white acrylic coatings were exposed to the environment in urban (são paulo) and rural (pirassununga) sites in brazil for 7 years. after this time, all panels were almost equally discoloured, and paint detachment was observed to only a small degree. the biofilms were composed mainly of cyanobacteria and filamentous fungi, principal genera being gloeocapsa and chroococcidiopsis of the cyanobacteria, and cladosporium and alternaria of the fungi. two of the ... | 2012 | 22215483 |