| benzimidazole resistance of equine stronygles--critical tests of six compounds against population b. | critical tests were conducted on eight horses naturally infected with several species of large and small strongyles from population b. tested were six benzimidazoles, including thiabendazole (2 lots) (44 mg/kg of body weight); mebendazole (8.8 mg/kg); cambendazole (two formulations) (20 mg/kg); fenbendazole (10 mg/kg); oxibendazole (10 mg/kg); and oxfendazole (10 mg/kg). all compounds were administered by stomach tube except one of the two cambendazole formulations which was an intraoral paste. ... | 1979 | 517836 |
| the prevalence, relative abundance and site distribution of nematodes of the subfamily cyathostominae in horses killed in britain. | a total of 21 species of cyathostominae was found in the lumen of the large intestine of 86 mature horses of various ages and breeds killed in south-west england during 1972-1974. cylicostephanus longibursatus, c. goldi, c. calicatus, cyathostomum catinatum, c. coronatum and cylicocyclus nassatus were found in over 80% of the horses, while 12 of the remaining species were detected in less than 30%. quantitative studies on 55 horses showed the adult cyathostome burdens to rise to a sharp peak (av ... | 1976 | 993579 |
| [parasitic helminths of the cecum and colon of equidae in italy]. | intestinal helminths from coecum and colon were studied in 93 equidae including 40 horses, 36 donkeys and 17 mules. a total of 38 species, 36 nematodes and 2 cestodes, were identified as follows: 1) triodontophorus serratus, 2) triodontophorus brevicauda, 3) strongylus equinus, 4) strongylus edentatus, 5) strongylus vulgaris, 6) cyathostomum tetracanthum, 7) cyathostomum coronatum, 8) cyathostomum labiatum, 9) cyathostomum labratum, 10) cyathostomum alveatum, 11) cyathostomum pateratum, 12) cyat ... | 1992 | 1339978 |
| internal parasites of horses on mixed grassveld and bushveld in transvaal, republic of south africa. | between 1980 and 1982, the gastrointestinal tracts of 17 horses which had been grazing on mixed grassveld at potchefstroom and bushveld at onderstepoort in the province of transvaal, republic of south africa, were examined at necropsy and processed for parasite recovery. the large strongyles and their prevalences were as follows: strongylus vulgaris and associated lesions (88-94%), strongylus edentatus (24%), strongylus equinus (30%), triodontophorus nipponicus (35%) and craterostomum acuticauda ... | 1989 | 2588465 |
| small strongyle infections in donkeys from the highveld in zimbabwe. | in total, 14 male donkeys aged between 2 and 10 years were obtained in july and november 1986, and january and april 1987 from a communal area in the zimbabwean highveld, with the aim of studying their parasite populations. thirteen species of small strongyles were found, numbers ranging between 3900 and 222 767 worms. the small strongyle populations consisted predominantly of adult worms in all donkeys. these results suggest that rather stable, small strongyle populations, mainly consisting of ... | 1989 | 2728325 |
| possible resistance of small strongyles from female ponies in the netherlands against albendazole. | to determine resistance of small strongyles to albendazole, 3 female ponies (group 1) were grazed on a pasture from may to november 1985 and were treated with 7.5 mg of albendazole/kg of body weight, po, 2 days before turnout in may and again in june and in july. three other female ponies (group 2) grazed on a similar pasture from may to july, were treated with 7.5 mg of albendazole/kg, and were removed to another pasture until november. in december, ponies from both groups were treated with 7.5 ... | 1988 | 3421546 |
| overwintering of non-migrating strongyles in donkeys in the highveld of zimbabwe. | three two-year-old male donkeys from a communal area in the highveld of zimbabwe were necropsied in july, the middle of the dry season. the strongylid populations of the three animals were very similar. approximately 80 per cent of these populations consisted of adult worms and only just over 10 per cent were early third stage larvae. the most common species were cylicostephanus minutus, cyathostomum montgomeryi, cylicocyclus nassatus and cylicocyclus auriculatus. nine other species of non-migra ... | 1987 | 3589174 |
| observations on the population dynamics of five cyathostome nematode species of horses in northern usa. | monthly variations in the magnitude of adult and larval cyathostome burdens were observed in 55 horses necropsied over a 15-month period in the northern usa. peak numbers of adult cyathostomes occurred in late winter (march) and late summer (september). larval cyathostomes demonstrated peak numbers from february to april and again in october, beginning one month earlier than the spring adult peak and one month after the autumn adult peak, respectively. the reproductive status of individual femal ... | 1986 | 3698949 |
| control of strongylosis in horses by alternate grazing of horses and sheep and some other aspects of the epidemiology of strongylidae infections. | alternate grazing of horses and sheep as a control measure for gastrointestinal helminthiasis was studied in three grazing experiments in 1981, 1982 and 1983. each year a group of three mare yearling shetland ponies, which were kept on a small pasture from spring to autumn, were compared with a similar group which grazed a similar or the same pasture until july and were subsequently removed to a similar pasture which had been grazed by sheep from april to july. in addition both groups were treat ... | 1986 | 3962151 |
| the prevalence and intensity of internal parasites of horses in the u.s.a. | fifty-five adult horses were necropsied over a 15-month period, and their worm burdens counted and speciated. twenty-one species of cyathostominae were recovered. ten species: cyathostomum catinatum, cylicocyclus nassatus, cylicostephanus longibursatus, cyathostomum coronatum, cylicostephanus goldi, c. calicatus, c. minutus, cylicocyclus leptostomus, c. insigne and cyathostomum pateratum, comprised 98.9% of the total cyathostome burdens. these same 10 species also demonstrated high prevalences i ... | 1984 | 6237483 |
| transmission of equine cyathostomes (strongylidae) in central texas. | after foaling, 6 mares and their foals were placed on equine parasite-free pastures. observations of fecal nematode eggs and pasture larvae indicated peak cyathostome egg production occurred in late august and early september, with greatest numbers of larvae on the forage appearing during october. two foals were necropsied for parasitologic evaluations at approximately 155 days of age. both had approximately 100,000 adult cyathostomes, mostly cylicostephanus longibursatus, cylicocyclus nassatus ... | 1983 | 6638646 |
| critical tests in equids with fenbendazole alone or combined with piperazine: particular reference to activity on benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles. | seven critical tests in equids were conducted with single doses of fenbendazole (5 mg kg-1) alone (panacur--american hoechst, somerville, nj); (2 tests with paste and 1 with suspension formulation) or in combination with piperazine (american hoechst); (40 mg base kg-1); (4 tests with paste formulation). the main purpose of the tests was evaluation of activity against benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles (cyathostomum catinatum, cyathostomum coronatum, cylicocyclus nassatus, cylicostephanus g ... | 1983 | 6683041 |
| benzimidazole resistance of equine strongyles: critical tests of several classes of compounds against population b strongyles from 1977 to 1981. | from 1977 to 1981, critical tests were conducted on 10 horses naturally infected with population b strongyles. drugs tested were: oxibendazole (obz), 10 mg/kg of body weight (n = 1); albendazole, 10 mg/kg (n = 1); a mixture of thiabendazole (tbz), 44 mg/kg and trichlorfon, 40 mg/kg (n = 1); a mixture of tbz at 44 mg/kg with piperazine (ppz) at 55 mg of base/kg (n = 1); febantel (fbt), 6 mg/kg (n = 3), 12 mg/kg (n = 1), or 24 mg/kg (n = 1); and pyrantel (prt) pamoate, 6.6 mg of base/kg (n = 1). l ... | 1984 | 6731997 |
| cambendazole for strongyle control in a pony band: selection of a drug-resistant population of small strongyles and teratologic implications. | cambendazole (cbz) treatments (20 mg/kg) given at 8-week intervals were used for parasite control in a breeding band of ponies (n = 33 to 43) during the period july 1974 to august 1978. pre- and posttreatment worm egg counts on feces were used to evaluate efficacy of treatments after every 2nd treatment interval by monitoring changes in strongyle egg counts. initially, effective reductions (expressed as 92% to 96% fewer worm eggs) were lessened to 70% by the 9th treatment (18 months) and to 28% ... | 1983 | 6824213 |
| the prevalence and epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites of horses in victoria, australia. | a quantitative post mortem study of 150 horses from victoria was conducted to determine the prevalence and epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites. a total of 42 species of metazoan parasite was found. the following species of non-cyathostome parasite were found (% prevalence): trichostrongylus axei (51%); habronema muscae (13%); h. majus (2%); draschia megastoma (5%); gastreophilus intestinalis (81%); g. nasalis (29%); parascaris equorum (5%); anoplocephala perfoliata (29%); fasciola hepatic ... | 1995 | 7657457 |
| the prevalence and abundance of internal parasites in working horses autopsied in poland. | the digestive tracts of 50 working horses from private farms in poland were examined. thirty-seven nematode species, two tapeworm species and one species of botfly were recovered. the most prevalent small strongyle species were cyathostomum catinatum, cylicocyclus nassatus, cylicostephanus goldi, cylicostephanus longibursatus, cyathostomum coronatum, cylicostephanus calicatus, cylicocyclus leptostomus and cylicostephanus minutus. thirteen cyathostome species showed a site preference in the ventr ... | 1995 | 7676606 |
| critical tests of thiabendazole, oxibendazole, and oxfendazole for drug resistance of population-b equine small strongyles (1989 and 1990). | critical tests were conducted in horses (n = 11) with naturally acquired infections of benzimidazole (bz)-resistant population-b small strongyles in 1989 and 1990. anthelmintics administered were thiabendazole (44 mg/kg of body weight, n = 4), oxibendazole (10 mg/kg, n = 3), and oxfendazole (ofz, 10 mg/kg; n = 4). all compounds were paste formulations administered orally except for 1 of the ofz treatments, which was a suspension formulation given by stomach tube. aggregate mean efficacy was calc ... | 1993 | 8323061 |
| a study (1977-1992) of population dynamics of endoparasites featuring benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles (population s) in shetland ponies. | critical tests (91) were done between 1977 and 1992 in shetland ponies to evaluate drug susceptibility and population dynamics (present paper) of endoparasites. the test ponies, most less than 1 year old, were from a herd where older animals were treated every 8 weeks initially with cambendazole (cbz) (1974-1978) and then with oxibendazole (obz) (1978-1992). previous field test data (1974-1992) on older ponies in the breeding herd indicated the presence of benzimidazole (bz) resistant small stro ... | 1996 | 8988558 |
| molecular delineation of cylicocyclus nassatus and c. ashworthi (nematoda:strongylidae). | the nucleotide sequences of the first internal transcribed spacer (its-1), 5.8s gene and second internal transcribed spacer (its-2) of ribosomal dna have been determined for cylicocyclus nassatus, c. ashworthi and c. insignis. pairwise comparisons revealed sequence differences between the taxa ranging from 3.8 to 6.2% for the its-2 and 2.2-2.7% for the its-1. for the its-1, the level of the sequence difference between c. ashworthi and c. nassatus (2.2%) was equivalent to that between c. nassatus ... | 1997 | 9193955 |
| a comparison of the bioequivalence of 0.5% fenbendazole top dress pellets or 10% fenbendazole oral suspension against a spectrum of equine parasites. | a controlled test was conducted to assess the efficacy bioequivalence of a single dose of 0.5% fenbendazole (fbz) top dress pellets to a 10% fbz suspension formulation (panacur suspension 10%, hoechst roussel vet). thirty horses with naturally-acquired parasite infections, in replicates of three, were used. strongyle egg per gram counts were not significantly different (p>0.1) between groups pretreatment, but fbz treated groups were significantly different from the control group post-treatment. ... | 1999 | 10392771 |
| species-specific amplification by pcr of ribosomal dna from some equine strongyles. | the first and second internal transcribed spacer sequences of 28 morphologically-defined species of horse strongyle were characterized, and specific oligonucleotide primers were designed for some species based on the nucleotide differences. utilizing these primers, a pcr approach was developed for the specific amplification of ribosomal dna of strongylus vulgaris, cyathostomum catinatum, cylicocyclus nassatus, cylicostephanus longibursatus or cylicostephanus goldi. the method allowed the species ... | 1999 | 10446706 |
| cyathostominae (nematoda) parasites of equus caballus in some brazilian states. | thirty six horses from nine brazilian states (goiás, minas gerais, pará, maranhão, piauí, paraíba, pernambuco, rio grande do norte, and ceará) were examined for infections by small strongyles. the following species were identified: cylicocyclus nassatus, c. insigne, c. brevicapsulatus, c. leptostomum, c. radiatus, c. ultrajectinus, c. ashworthi, cylicostephanus goldi, c. calicatus, c. minutus, c. longibursatus, petrovinema poculatum, coronocyclus coronatus, c. labiatus, c. labratus, cyathostomum ... | 1999 | 10489198 |
| characterisation of the beta-tubulin gene of cylicocyclus nassatus? | mrna and genomic dna were isolated from adult cylicocyclus nassatus, and the mrna was reverse transcribed. the cdna was pcr amplified using degenerate primers designed according to the alignment of the beta-tubulin amino acid sequences of other species. to complete the coding sequence, the 3' end was amplified with the 3' race, and for amplification of the 5' end the sl1-primer was used. the cdna of the beta-tubulin gene of c. nassatus spans 1429 bp and encodes a protein of 448 amino acids. spec ... | 1999 | 10961850 |
| novel small strongyle (cyathostominae) beta-tubulin sequences. | several coding sequences of the benzimidazole (bz) target beta-tubulin have been described for different parasitic nematodes. however, until recently no tubulin sequences from cyathostome species were available, despite the importance of bz resistance in horses in the field. here, we describe several full-length beta-tubulin coding sequences of two major small strongyle species, namely cylicocyclus nassatus and cyathostomum coronatum. in the latter sequence, the putative bz resistant mutation in ... | 2001 | 11206108 |
| evaluation of the specificity of five oligoprobes for identification of cyathostomin species from horses. | here, we report evaluation of five oligoprobes designed from intergenic spacer (igs) region sequences for identification of cyathostomin species. oligoprobes were designed for identification of cylicocyclus ashworthi, cylicocyclus nassatus, cylicostephanus longibursatus, cylicostephanus goldi and a fifth probe designed to identify all members of this tribe. pcr amplification of igs dna from 16 cyathostomin species allowed sequence comparison and identification of four putative species-specific p ... | 2001 | 11239940 |
| allele-specific pcr for the beta-tubulin codon 200 ttc/tac polymorphism using single adult and larval small strongyle (cyathostominae) stages. | it has been shown that benzimidazole (bz) resistance in sheep gastrointestinal nematodes is linked with an increase in beta-tubulin codon 200 tyrosine-expressing alleles in the resistant parasite populations. here, an allele-specific pcr has been developed for the discrimination of the tac/ttc polymorphism in the beta-tubulin 200 codon of small strongyles. one reverse primer was used in 2 separate amplifications with 1 of 2 forward primers that differed only in their final 3' nucleotide. the pri ... | 2002 | 12053994 |
| investigation of diversity and isotypes of the beta-tubulin cdna in several small strongyle (cyathostominae) species. | the diversity of the beta-tubulin cdnas of the cyathostominae and the occurrence of further isotypes were examined in adult worms isolated from an anthelmintic-naïve horse. cdnas encoding beta-tubulin from cyathostomum catinatum, cylicocyclus nassatus, cylicocyclus insigne, cylicocyclus radiatus, cylicocyclus elongatus, cyathostomum coronatum, and cyathostomum pateratum were characterized using specific primers developed from the cdna sequence of cc. nassatus. the cdna sequences span 1,429 bp an ... | 2002 | 12197112 |
| prevalence, abundance and site distribution of equine small strongyles in normandy, france. | forty-two horses from normandy (france) were examined post-mortem for small strongyle infections from october to march. in the positive horses, total worm numbers ranged from 234 to 90,247 (mean 11,297). encysted larvae represented the major part of the total cyathostome burdens with a high percentage (83%) being early third stage larvae. they were mostly recovered from the caecum (48%) and ventral colon (40%) and were less present in the dorsal colon (12%). adult cyathostomes were mainly locate ... | 2002 | 12446091 |
| structure of the community of the strongylidae nematodes in the dorsal colon of equus caballus from rio de janeiro state--brazil. | the structure of the community of strongylidae nematodes in the dorsal colon of naturally infected horses from the metropolitan region of rio de janeiro state was evaluated in 33 samples. twenty-three species were found: cylicostephanus longibursatus, cylicostephanus goldi, cylicocyclus nassatus and cyathostomum tetracanthum were the central ones; cylicostephanus minutus, cylicostephanus calicatus, cylicocyclus leptostomus, cylicodontophorus bicoronatus and parapoteriostomum euproctus were secon ... | 2003 | 12581589 |
| expulsion of small strongyle nematodes (cyathostomin spp) following deworming of horses on a stud farm in sweden. | this study was conducted on a stud farm in sweden to investigate the species composition of cyathostomins expelled in the faeces of horses after deworming using three different anthelmintic preparations. twenty-seven horses excreting > or = 200 strongyle eggs per gram faeces (epg) were divided into three comparable groups and dewormed on day 0 with either of following compounds: 0.2 mg ivermectin per kg body weight (bw), 19 mg pyrantel pamoate per kg bw or 7.5 mg fenbendazole per kg bw. for each ... | 2003 | 12944042 |
| a pcr-elisa for the identification of cyathostomin fourth-stage larvae from clinical cases of larval cyathostominosis. | we report the use of six oligoprobes designed from intergenic spacer region sequences to identify fourth-stage larvae (l4) of the tribe cyathostominae. oligoprobes were designed for identification of the following species: cylicocyclus ashworthi, cylicocyclus nassatus, cylicocyclus insigne, cyathostomum catinatum, cylicostephanus goldi, and cylicostephanus longibursatus. a seventh probe was designed as a positive control to identify all these members of the cyathostominae. the intergenic spacer ... | 2003 | 14527525 |
| occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in horses in metropolitan perth, western australia. | to assess the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in horses in perth. to apply polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the identification of some species of encysted larval cyathostomes. | 2004 | 15088968 |
| beta-tubulin complementary dna sequence variations observed between cyathostomins from benzimidazole-susceptible and -resistant populations. | the molecular mechanism of benzimidazole (bz) resistance in cyathostomins of horses is still unclear. previous studies revealed that the ttc or tac polymorphism in codon 200 of the beta-tubulin isotype 1 gene is not as strictly correlated with bz resistance as in trichostrongyles in sheep. to identify further sites of polymorphism within the beta-tubulin gene related to bz resistance, complete complementary dnas (cdnas) encoding beta-tubulin of adult worms of cylicocyclus nassatus, cyathostomum ... | 2004 | 15357086 |
| evidence of p-glycoprotein sequence diversity in cyathostomins. | p-glycoproteins (pgps) are adenosine triphosphate-binding transporter proteins thought to be associated with multi-drug resistance in mammals and protozoans and have been suggested to be involved in the mechanism of ivermectin (ivm) resistance in haemonchus contortus. until now, resistance to ivm has not been reported in cyathostomins in horses in spite of its widespread and frequent use. reasons for this might be differences in the molecular mechanism of the development of resistance. based on ... | 2004 | 15562598 |
| identification of strongyle eggs from anthelmintic-treated horses using a pcr-elisa based on intergenic dna sequences. | the efficacy of five daily fenbendazole (fbz) treatments was tested against benzimidazole-resistant cyathostomins in naturally infected horses (n=13). horses were treated with pyrantel embonate (pyr) to remove adult strongyles followed, 7 days later, by a 5-day course of fbz. the pyr treatment produced an average faecal egg count reduction of 98%. all samples were negative by faecal egg count 7 days after the start of the fbz treatment. positive egg counts were observed from 28 days after the st ... | 2005 | 15682337 |
| isolation and characterisation of a beta tubulin isotype 2 gene from two species of cyathostomin. | this study describes the isolation and characterisation of beta tubulin isotype 2 cdna sequences from two common species of cyathostomin, cylicocyclus nassatus and cyathostomum catinatum. the full-length cdnas for these species were 1709 and 1753 bp in length, respectively, including 1350 bp of sequence inferred to encode 450 amino acids of peptide sequence. they had greatest identity with previously characterised isotype 2 sequences from trichostrongylus colubriformis, cooperia oncophora and ha ... | 2005 | 15777911 |
| effect of moxidectin selection on the genetic variation within cylicocyclus nassatus based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp). | cyathostomins are among the most important intestinal nematodes of horses, yet, the literature on the molecular genetics of these worms is scarce. in this study, the technique of amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) was applied to study the genetic diversity as well as to determine the effect of moxidectin selection on the population genetic diversity for cylicocyclus nassatus, one of the most common cyathostomin species. genomic dnas from 30 individual male worms were used from each of ... | 2005 | 15925599 |
| analysis of the strongylid nematodes (nematoda: strongylidae) community after deworming of brood horses in ukraine. | communities of intestinal helminths in horses are commonly studied post mortem. the study objectives were here to examine the species composition of the strongylid community in brood horses in ukraine after deworming with an aversectin drug univerm. the site distribution of the strongylid species was analysed according to dynamics of their expulsion in faeces. forty-four horses of different ages from poltavska oblast (22 horses), kyivska oblast (17 horses) and sumska oblast (5 horses) of ukraine ... | 2005 | 15979240 |
| diversity of the infracommunities of strongylid nematodes in the ventral colon of equus caballus from rio de janeiro state, brazil. | nematodes from the ventral colon of 31 adult horses, 24 males and 9 females, in the metropolitan region of the state of rio de janeiro were analysed. there were 53,444 (86.4%) adults of the total recovered strongylid nematodes. they belonged to 21 species of cyathostominae and seven of strongylinae. larval forms made up 13.6% (8407) of the total recovered, and 49% of the strongylid nematodes were observed in ventral colon. the most prevalent and abundant species were cyathostomum tetracanthum, c ... | 2006 | 16406328 |
| expression of recombinant beta-tubulin alleles from cylicocyclus nassatus (cyathostominae). | small strongyles (cyathostominae) are common nematode parasites of horses that have developed resistance to the benzimidazole anthelmintics used to control their populations. evidence suggests that the principal mechanism of resistance involves a phenylalanine-to-tyrosine mutation at codon 200 in the beta-tubulin proteins that are components of microtubules. other works, however, suggest that a phenylalanine-to-tyrosine mutation at codon 167, or alternative mechanisms, may be involved. as part o ... | 2006 | 16738892 |
| cloning and characterization of genes encoding alpha and beta subunits of glutamate-gated chloride channel protein in cylicocyclus nassatus. | the invertebrate glutamate-gated chloride channels (glucls) are receptor molecules and targets for the avermectin-milbemycin (am) group of anthelmintics. mutations in glucls are associated with ivermectin resistance in the soil dwelling nematode caenorhabditis elegans and the parasitic nematode cooperia oncophora. in this study, full-length cdnas encoding alpha and beta subunits of glucl were cloned and sequenced in cylicocyclus nassatus, a common and important cyathostomin nematode parasite of ... | 2006 | 16872692 |
| the gastro-intestinal parasites community of the przewalski's horse, equus przewalskii poljakov, 1881, and the domestic horse in the chernobyl exclusion zone. | a diagnostic deworming of 21 przewalski horses, free-living in the chernobyl exclusion zone ukraine, and of six stabled domestic horses, has been conducted eighteen years after the chernobyl nuclear disaster. this survey yielded 31 species (of 5 families and 3 classes, 28 species of nematodes, 1 species of cestodes, and 2 larvae of botflies). a total 29 and 19 helmith species has been recorded in the przewalski horse and domestic horse respectively. only six helmith species were common for the t ... | 2006 | 17007337 |
| [the communities of cyathostomes (cyathostominae) in year-old and two-year-old pure blood arabian mares]. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the strongyles species in 34 pure blood arabian horses: one-year-old mares (n = 12) and two-year old mares (n = 22) from the horse stud in 2005, kept under housed-pastured system and dewormed systematically, twice a year using the ivermectin compounds. | 2007 | 18441879 |
| anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomins of brood horses in ukraine and influence of anthelmintic treatments on strongylid community structure. | in 2004-2006, 322 brood horses from 11 horse farms were examined using the faecal egg count reduction test (fecrt) to determine the presence and distribution of anthelmintic resistance in strongylids in ukraine. the anthelmintic drugs "albendazole-7.5" (7.5mg of albenazole, ukraine) at a dose of 5mg per kg body weight and "univerm" (0.2% aversectin c, russia) at a dose of 0.5mg per kg body weight were used. seventy-one horses from six farms were examined in vivo to investigate the influence of a ... | 2008 | 18485600 |
| haplotypic variability within the mitochondrial gene encoding for the cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox1) of cylicocyclus nassatus (nematoda, strongylida): evidence for an affiliation between parasitic populations and domestic and wild equid hosts. | this study investigated the genetic variability within cylicocyclus nassatus (nematoda, strongylida, cyathostominae) collected from different domestic and wild hosts (i.e. horse, donkey, przewalskii horse, tarpan and turkmen kulan) and localities in europe and/or usa. the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene were pcr-amplified and sequences characterized from seventy individual parasitic specimens. while its2 displayed 0- ... | 2008 | 18619736 |
| species-specific identification of equine cyathostomes resistant to fenbendazole and susceptible to oxibendazole and moxidectin by macroarray probing. | cyathostome populations in horses on two farms located in central italy with a history of fenbendazole (fbz) resistance were investigated with the faecal egg count reduction test to evaluate the susceptibility to oxibendazole and moxidectin. faecal eggs were collected pre- and post-treatment on each farm and molecularly examined with a reverse line blot (rlb) assay able to unequivocally detect and identify 13 cyathostome species. resistance to fbz was confirmed on both farms, while oxibendazole ... | 2009 | 18950625 |
| morphometric identification of equid cyathostome (nematoda: cyathostominae) infective larvae. | the prevalence of infection with cyathosthomes of horses is high worldwide. identification of species on infective larvae based on available morphological keys is not fully accurate and the aim of the present study was to provide a reliable identification key of cyathostomes infective larvae. at the abattoir, horse large intestines were examined and the cyathostomes females extracted and identified. the eggs from uteruses of identified cyathostomes females were used for breeding the infective la ... | 2009 | 19359100 |
| in vitro development of cyathostomin larvae from the third stage larvae to the fourth stage: morphologic characterization, effects of refrigeration, and species-specific patterns. | a mixed population of equine cyathostomin (nematoda, strongyloidea) infective third stage larvae (l3) was cultured in vitro using a cell-free medium. some l3 were cultured immediately after baermann collection from fecal cultures, while others were kept in water at 4 degrees c for 7 days before initiating the in vitro cultures. cultures were examined daily for viability. at days 2, 7, 14 and 21 larvae were collected for identification of developmental stage and morphological changes, using both ... | 2009 | 19493623 |
| occurrence of strongyles (strongylidae) in horses from small farms on the basis of necropsy. | three parts of the large intestine, i.e. the dorsal and ventral colon, and caecum in 41 working horses from small farms in southern poland were examined. five species of large strongyles (3 migratory species from genus strongylus and 2 non-migratory from genus triodontophorus) and as well as 17 species of cyathostomes were revealed. the prevalence of large strongyles was observed, accordingly: strongylus vulgaris--80.5%, s. equinus--9.8%, s. edentatus--4.9%, triodontophorus serratus--19.5% and t ... | 2009 | 19645353 |
| determination of genomic dna sequences for beta-tubulin isotype 1 from multiple species of cyathostomin and detection of resistance alleles in third-stage larvae from horses with naturally acquired infections. | abstract : background : genetic resistance against benzimidazole (bz) anthelmintics is widespread in cyathostomins, the commonest group of intestinal parasitic nematodes of horses. studies of bz-resistant nematodes of sheep, particularly haemonchus contortus, have indicated that an anthelmintic resistance-conferring t/a polymorphism, encoding an f (phenylalanine) to y (tyrosine) substitution, in beta-tubulin isotype 1 is present at two loci, codons 167 and 200 (f167y, f200y). recent studies usin ... | 2009 | 19778467 |
| distribution and species-specific occurrence of cyathostomins (nematoda, strongylida) in naturally infected horses from italy, united kingdom and germany. | a broad scale study was carried out in 2008 to evaluate the distribution and species-specific occurrence of cyathostomin populations in horse yards from europe. in total 102 properties and 3123 horses were included in italy (60 yards and 1646 animals), united kingdom (22 yards and 737 animals) and germany (20 yards and 740 animals). individual faecal samples were examined with a mcmaster technique while pooled samples were subjected to the microscopic examination of in vitro cultured larvae and ... | 2010 | 19906489 |
| use of a reverse line blot assay to survey small strongyle (strongylida: cyathostominae) populations in horses before and after treatment with ivermectin. | a sensitive and specific pcr hybridization assay was applied for species-specific monitoring of the small strongyle (strongylida: cyathostominae) populations in horses in a herd before and after treatment with the anthelmintic drug ivermectin. fecal samples were collected pre- and post-treatment weekly from eight individual horses (four foals and four yearlings) for 6 weeks to determine counts of strongyle eggs per gram of feces (epgs). additionally, one foal and one yearling were nontreated con ... | 2010 | 20045254 |
| in vitro selection and differentiation of ivermectin resistant cyathostomin larvae. | cyathostomins are considered to be the primary helminth pathogen of horses and macrocyclic lactones (ml) are the most frequently used anthelmintics. therefore, ml resistance is a serious threat for the control of these parasites. in the present study ivermectin resistant cyathostomin l3 were in vitro selected, using a reiterative larval migration inhibition assay (rlmia) and differentiated by reverse line blot (rlb). larvae were obtained from two populations, one from a never treated, free-roami ... | 2010 | 20850222 |
| β-tubulin genotypes in six species of cyathostomins from anthelmintic-naive przewalski and benzimidazole-resistant brood horses in ukraine. | resistance to benzimidazoles (bz) in the gastrointestinal nematodes of livestock is characterised by the presence of specific polymorphisms in the β-tubulin isotype 1 protein, a component of microtubules. the most prevalent polymorphism associated with resistance in nematodes infecting cattle, sheep, and goats is found at codon 200, with minor occurrences of polymorphisms at codons 167 and 198. in the cyathostomins that infect horses, however, a polymorphism at codon 167 appears to be more commo ... | 2011 | 21553015 |
| observations on development of natural infection and species composition of small strongyles in young equids in kentucky. | early development and maturation of species of small strongyles have not been studied extensively. most information is on the first appearance of strongyle eggs in feces of foals. however, species cannot be determined in this manner because of similarity of the morphological features of the eggs. to determine more definitive knowledge on development and species composition of natural infections of small strongyles, eight equid foals were necropsied and examined at various ages (31 to 92 days of ... | 2011 | 21614543 |
| field study on the efficacy of an oral 2% ivermectin formulation in horses. | twenty horses naturally infected with nematodes were included in a blind, controlled field study on efficacy and safety of an oral 2% ivermectin formulation at a dose of 0.2 mg.kg(-1). horses were divided into treated and non-treated (control) groups with ten animals each based on preliminary counts of eggs per gram of feces (epg). stool samples were collected after treatment for identification of nematode species. clinical evaluations and epg counts were performed on days 0, +5, +14 and +19. ni ... | 2011 | 21722495 |
| the prevalence, abundance and distribution of cyathostomins (small stongyles) in horses from western romania. | forty seven working horses from romania were post-mortem examined for small strongyles (cyathostominae) infections. all horses were found infected. the overall cyathostomins intensity ranged from 390 to 13,010 and horses were infected by 8-24 species. the intensity was higher in ventral colon (1531) and dorsal colon (824), the lowest in the caecum (524). twenty four species were identified. cyathostomum catinatum, cylicocyclus insigne, and c. nassatus had 100% of prevalence. over 50% of horses w ... | 2016 | 27198801 |
| fecundity of various species of strongylids (nematoda: strongylidae)--parasites of domestic horses. | the aims of the study were to determine fecundity of several strongylid species parasitizing domestic horses and analyze possible relations between numbers of eggs in female uteri and size of both the eggs and the nematodes as well as the influence of fecundity on proportion of species in the strongylid community. twenty-five specimens from each of 15 strongylid species (strongylus vulgaris, strongylus edentatus, triodontophorus serratus, triodontophorus brevicauda, triodontophorus tenuicollis, ... | 2012 | 22903448 |
| complete mitochondrial genome of parasitic nematode cylicocyclus nassatus and comparative analyses with cylicocyclus insigne. | cylicocyclus nassatus is a common and important parasite in the large intestine of equine. in this study, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequence of c. nassatus was determined and comparatively analyzed with cylicocyclus insigne. the mt genome size of c. nassatus was 13,846 bp, 18 bp longer than that of c. insigne. the circular mt genome includes 12 protein-coding genes, two rrna genes, 22 trna genes and two non-coding regions. all the genes are transcribed in the same direction and gene ... | 2017 | 27915089 |
| species composition of larvae cultured after anthelmintic treatment indicates reduced moxidectin susceptibility of immature cylicocyclus species in horses. | for the control of cyathostomins in horses, the macrocyclic lactones (mls), moxidectin (mox) and ivermectin (ivm) are the most commonly used anthelmintics. however, reduced activity, observed as shortening of the egg reappearance period (erp) has been described. shortening of the erp may be caused by a decreased susceptibility of immature worms for mls. alternatively, immature worms may develop faster into egg producing adults as a result of repeated ml treatments. the species composition of the ... | 2016 | 27523942 |
| complete mitochondrial genomes of triodontophorus serratus and triodontophorus nipponicus, and their comparison with triodontophorus brevicauda. | triodontophorus serratus and triodontophorus nipponicus are two of the most common nematodes inhabiting in the large intestine of horse. in the present study, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequences of t. serratus and t. nipponicus have been determined. the mt genomes of t. serratus and t. nipponicus are circular molecules with 13,794 bp and 13,701 bp in size, respectively. these circular mt genomes encode 36 genes, including 12 protein-coding genes, two rrna genes and 22 trna genes. al ... | 2017 | 28803904 |