| [the etiology of foul brood]. | five hundred and thirty-six samples of honeycombs were examined in a laboratory in the years 1971-1974. in all the samples clinically determined as the foul brood, b. alvei was isolated as a pure culture, and enterococci, or both microorganisms were isolated in mixed form. twenty-five strains of the isolated streptococci were analyzed microbiologically and biochemically; on the basis of their culture and biochemical characteristics five strains were designated as streptococcus faecalis, 14 strai ... | 1978 | 102071 |
| [the association of a digestive carcinoma and subacute endocarditis. 4 cases (author's transl)]. | attention has recently been drawn to the association of digestive carcinoma and streptococcus bovis endocarditis. the authors studied 130 records of patients with endocarditis and an association with a digestive tumour (3 neoplasms, one villous tumour) was found in four. streptococcus bovis was demonstrated in one case, streptococcus faecalis in two and streptococcus durans in one. the association of carcinoma and subacute endocarditis would thus seem to not solely relate to digestive commensual ... | 1978 | 714665 |
| susceptibility of various serogroups of streptococci to clindamycin and lincomycin. | the minimal inhibitory concentration of lincomycin and clindamycin for a large number of strains from multiple serogroups of streptococci was determined. the median minimal inhibitory concentration for streptococci from groups a, b, c, f, g, h, l, and m and nongroupable organisms ranged from 0.02 to 0.39 mug of lincomycin per ml and from </=0.01 to 0.09 mug of clindamycin per ml. among the group d strains, streptococcus faecium and streptococcus faecalis were resistant to lincomycin and clindamy ... | 1975 | 1137367 |
| [bspls2i--a new site-specific endonuclease from the thermophilic bacteria bacillus species ls2]. | a new restriction endonuclease bspls2i was isolated from the thermophilic bacterium bacillus species ls2 and purified by blue sepharose and hydroxyapatite chromatographies. the enzyme is an isoschizomer of sdui from streptococcus durans. bspls2i recognizes the sequence 5' g(g/a/t)gc(c/t/a) decreases c 3' on double-stranded dna and cleaves it is indicated by the arrow to yield sticky-ended dna fragments. maximum catalytic activity of endonuclease was found in 10 mm tris-hcl (ph 7.9) in the presen ... | 1992 | 1300999 |
| vancomycin-resistant enterococcus durans. | | 1992 | 1357503 |
| diarrhea associated with enterococcus durans in calves. | | 1992 | 1457556 |
| the effect of resuscitation and the incubation-temperature on recovery of uninjured, heat injured and freeze injured enterococci. | five strains of enterococci were inoculated on the slanetz and bartley enterococcus agar (ea), and incubated at 37 degrees c and 44 degrees c following: no injury, heat-injury and freeze-injury. the experiments were repeated introducing a 2 h resuscitation step in tryptic soy agar (tsa) at 37 degrees c and subsequent overlay with ea (tsa/ea) followed by incubation at both 37 degrees c and 44 degrees c. the tsa/ea method gave a significantly better recovery (1% confidence level) than the ea metho ... | 1992 | 1622754 |
| adherent gram-positive cocci on the intestinal villi of two dogs with gastrointestinal disease. | two dogs were examined for clinical signs of chronic gastrointestinal disease. duodenal mucosal biopsy specimens, obtained endoscopically, revealed histologic lesions of adherent gram-positive cocci on the villus epithelium of both dogs. the positive gram stain and morphologic features of the adherent cocci were suggestive of streptococcus organisms. indirect tests for intestinal bacterial overgrowth were not diagnostic, suggesting that the adherent cocci were a primary lesion. rapid clinical re ... | 1991 | 1874673 |
| [group d streptococci and enterococci: identification, sensitivity to antibiotics and a study of the high level resistance to aminosides (charles nicolle hospital in tunis)]. | 197 strains of enterococcus and group d streptococcus were isolated from human material at charles nicolle hospital (tunis) and identified by biochemical tests: 174, enterococcus faecalis, 6 enterococcus faecium, 2 enterococcus durans and 15 streptococcus bovis. the sensitivity to antibiotics was studied: all enterococcus faecium were resistant at least to one antibiotic, 15% of enterococcus faecalis were sensitive for all antibiotics tested the other species were frequently sensitive. high leve ... | 1991 | 1910140 |
| enumeration by a miniaturized method of escherichia coli, streptococcus bovis and enterococci as indicators of the origin of faecal pollution of waters. | counts of escherichia coli, faecal streptococci and enterococci were made on faecal specimens from human and animal origin and urban raw sewage waters, with microtiter plates containing selective substances. escherichia coli was more numerous than faecal streptococci and enterococci in 80% of the samples regardless of the origin. consequently the use of the ratio e. coli/faecal streptococci to distinguish human from animal origin of faecal pollution is questionable. enterococcus faecalis was pre ... | 1991 | 1938678 |
| species identities of enterococci isolated from clinical specimens. | conventional tests and commercially available systems were used to determine the species identities of clinical isolates of enterococci. strict adherence to the conventional test scheme of facklam and collins (r. r. facklam and m. d. collins, j. clin. microbiol. 27:731-734, 1989) resulted in the misidentification of lactose-negative enterococcus faecalis isolates as enterococcus solitarius, but this problem was overcome by the application of additional tests. the commercially available systems t ... | 1990 | 2108992 |
| evaluation of microscan for identification of enterococcus species. | emerging drug resistance of the enterococci necessitates differentiation from group d streptococci and accurate species identification. microscan (baxter healthcare corp., west sacramento, calif.) has recently developed a microdilution system for identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing of gram-positive cocci. to evaluate the ability of this system to identify enterococcus species, 100 isolate identified as enterococci by microscan were tested by conventional media and 60 isolates of ... | 1990 | 2116449 |
| antimicrobial activity of ro 24-6778, a covalent bonding of desmethylfleroxacin and desacetylcefotaxime. | a new "dual action" cephalosporin (ro 24-6778), representing an ester-linked desacetylcefotaxime and desmethylfleroxacin was tested against 287 aerobic bacteria. ro 24-6778 was found to be very active (minimal inhibitory concentrations [mic90], less than or equal to 0.5 micrograms/ml) against enterobacteriaceae, streptococcus spp., and aeromonas hydrophila. moderate ro 24-6778 activity (mic90, 1-8 micrograms/ml) was demonstrated against bacillus spp., staphylococcus spp. (including oxacillin-res ... | 1990 | 2116952 |
| [production of non-volatile amines by strains of enterococci]. | during the last few years there has been great interest concerning the problems related with the presence of pressor amines in different kinds of cheese, specially since the "cheese syndrome" was made evident. since the capacity of the bacterial groups involved in cheese manufacture to produce these amines has not yet been clarified, it was decided to study the production capacity of tyramine, tryptamine and histamine of enterococci strains probably used in the starter cultures. forty-one entero ... | 1989 | 2486213 |
| the enterococci: evidence of species-specific clinical and microbiologic heterogeneity. | investigations of the clinical role of enterococci have been limited largely to enterococcal bacteremia and endocarditis and have not distinguished between the various species of enterococci. to characterize the full spectrum of enterococcal disease and to determine whether clinically important differences exist among infections and/or instances of colonization (infections/colonizations) by the various enterococcal species, cases of enterococcal infection/colonization diagnosed at the dallas vet ... | 1989 | 2705463 |
| studies on faecal streptococci in the river tigris. | six hundred water samples collected from the river tigris at mosul city were investigated for faecal streptococci. human faecal streptococci were predominant, and animal faecal streptococci were also detected. eight species and varieties were identified, viz streptococcus faecalis, atypical streptococcus faecalis, streptococcus bovis, streptococcus equinus, streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens, streptococcus faecalis var. zymogenes, streptococcus durans and streptococcus faecium. the inciden ... | 1989 | 2739584 |
| carriage rates of enterococci in the dental plaque of haemodialysis patients in dublin. | the incidence of carriage of enterococci in dental plaque was determined in haemodialysis patients attending three clinics in the dublin area either as outpatients or as hospitalised patients. their carriage rates were compared with a university group comprising normal healthy students, academic staff, technicians and ancillary personnel and with a cohort of otherwise healthy toothache patients. the carriage rates among the staffs of the dialysis units also were examined. the overall carriage ra ... | 1987 | 2948541 |
| enterococcus (streptococcus) durans adherence in the small intestine of a diarrheic pup. | | 1988 | 3232314 |
| nadh-peroxidase activity and h2o2 decomposition in a peroxidogenic strain of streptococcus durans. | streptococcus durans s-76 can accumulate hydrogen peroxide to high concentrations under aerobic conditions when it is previously grown anaerobically. an nadh-peroxidase enzyme protects this bacterium from the bactericidal effect of h2o2. the relationship between oxygen uptake and h2o2 excretion into the medium has been investigated in cultures containing or lacking glucose under various conditions of incubation. the results obtained suggest that neither oxygen nor h2o2 regulate the cellular leve ... | 1987 | 3574146 |
| improved procedure for identification of group d enterococci with two new media. | with the use of pfizer selective enterococcus medium as a screening process, tyrosine decarboxylase (td) medium and d-broth were devised for additional confirmation of the identification of group d enterococci. the semisolid td medium was used in a method similar to inoculating a motility tube. td activity was indicated by clarification of the medium near the line of inoculation because the insolubility of tyrosine provided an otherwise milky suspension. d-broth was used to show the tolerance of ... | 1972 | 4560471 |
| antibiotic susceptibility of streptococcus bovis and other group d streptococci causing endocarditis. | seventy-four strains of streptococcus bovis and 35 strains of enterococci (streptococcus faecalis and its varieties, streptococcus faecium and streptococcus durans), most of which were isolated from patients with endocarditis, were tested for their susceptibility to penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, cephalothin, vancomycin, methicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, and gentamicin. minimal inhibitory concentrations (mic) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (mbc) ... | 1974 | 4840433 |
| comparison of methods of extracting intracellular proteases from bacteria. | five commonly used methods of disintegrating bacterial cells were compared by use of bacillus subtilis, pseudomonas putrefaciens, and streptococcus durans as the test organisms. these methods were: (i) sonic treatment, (ii) grinding, (iii) freezing and thawing, (iv) acetone-powder, and (v) toluene. sonic treatment and grinding yielded more protein in the cell-free extracts than did the other methods. likewise, the protease activities (micrograms of tyrosine liberated per milliliter of extract) o ... | 1965 | 4956035 |
| [induced biosynthesis of hippurate hydrolase in streptococcus durans]. | | 1972 | 5068501 |
| characterization of streptococcus durans bacteriophages. | | 1968 | 5646839 |
| streptococci with dual antigen specificity for lancefield groups d and g. | streptococci have been isolated which may be identified in serological tests as belonging to lancefield group g, but in fact belong to group d. twenty-two cultures with this property were obtained from four countries; they included streptococcus bovis and streptococcus durans as well as streptococcus faecalis. selected strains were studied in serological tests and cross-absorption procedures, in which it was found that the group g reaction given by these isolates is due to an epitope with at lea ... | 1984 | 6084598 |
| a new sequence-specific endonuclease from streptococcus durans. | | 1981 | 6273230 |
| streptococcus durans: an unexpected enteropathogen of foals. | streptococcus durans was isolated from a foal with profuse watery diarrhea and caused a similar syndrome when inoculated into foals via the orogastric route. the most consistent and striking histological feature was the extensive colonization of the mucosal surface of the small intestine by s. durans. associated mucosal changes were mild to modeate, and brush border lactase and alkaline phosphatase production were depressed. s. durans also induced acute diarrhea in young gnotobiotic piglets. muc ... | 1984 | 6386998 |
| identification of a streptococcal penicillin-binding protein that reacts very slowly with penicillin. | penicillin-binding protein (pbp) 5 of streptococcus faecium atcc 9790 has an unusually low affinity for penicillin (50% binding occurred at a penicillin level of 8 micrograms/ml after 60 min of incubation, and the protein only became labeled after 20 min of incubation with high concentrations of radioactive penicillin). pbps with similar properties are carried by strains of streptococcus durans, streptococcus faecalis, and streptococcus lactis but not by strains of groups a, b, c, and g streptoc ... | 1983 | 6411688 |
| incubation temperature and faecal streptococci recovery from marine sediments. | a comparative work was carried out on two different incubation temperatures that may be used for faecal streptococci recovery. analyses were made on sediments samples collected in the bay of naples in a larger survey of environmental pollution detection. results showed a selective effect of 44 degrees c temperature on the isolation of the streptococcus faecalis, streptococcus faecium and streptococcus durans species that may be considered properly faecal streptococci. | 1984 | 6427553 |
| purification and characterization of an intracellular n-terminal exopeptidase from streptococcus durans. | an intracellular n-terminal exopeptidase isolated from cell extracts of streptococcus durans has been purified 470-fold to homogeneity (specific activity of 12.0 mumol/min per mg). in the absence of thiol compounds, the purified aminopeptidase undergoes a slow oxidation with a 70% loss of activity, which can be restored by the addition of 2 mm beta-mercaptoethanol. the purified aminopeptidase (mr 300000) preferred l-peptide and arylamide substrates with small nonpolar or basic side chains. sds e ... | 1984 | 6430350 |
| aryl-l-aminoacylamidase activities in extracts of streptococcus durans. | two distinct enzymes with aryl-l-aminoacylamidase activity were found in cellular extracts of streptococcus durans. one of these enzymes was strictly an arylamidase lacking any observable n-terminal exopeptidase activity. the other enzyme functioned as an aminopeptidase capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of a variety of l-peptide and arylamide substrates. the arylamidase (molecular weight, 80,000) purified 425-fold to homogeneity preferred arylamides containing large hydrophobic side chains, w ... | 1982 | 7068533 |
| use of cephalexin-aztreonam-arabinose agar for selective isolation of enterococcus faecium. | cephalexin-aztreonam-arabinose agar (caa), a new selective agar, was examined in comparison with nalidixic acid-colistin agar for the differentiation of enterococcus faecium from other enterococci and the ability to isolate the organism from feces. two hundred sixteen enterococcus isolates and a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative control strains were inoculated onto both media. all control strains of e. faecium were easily differentiated from enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus durans ... | 1994 | 7883889 |
| resistance of enterococcus faecium to neutrophil-mediated phagocytosis. | during a previous study of the opsonic requirements for neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte [pmn])-mediated killing of enterococci, we identified two strains of enterococcus faecium (tx0015 and tx0016) that were resistant to pmn-mediated killing. to better define the mechanism of this resistance, we examined phagocytosis with a fluorescence assay and found that tx0016 was completely resistant to phagocytosis by pmns; this finding was confirmed by electron microscopy. examination of multiple ... | 1994 | 7960141 |
| differential susceptibilities of enterococcal species to elfamycin antibiotics. | the elfamycins are a class of naturally occurring antibiotics not currently used in the therapy of human disease. enterococcus faecium and closely related species (enterococcus durans and enterococcus hirae) are susceptible to these antibiotics, while isolates of enterococcus faecalis and other enterococcal species are highly resistant. among enterococci, susceptibility or resistance to elfamycins appears to be determined by the bacterial protein synthesis elongation factor ef-tu. elfamycin susc ... | 1994 | 7989561 |
| vana-mediated vancomycin-resistant enterococcus spp. in sewage. | three high-level vancomycin-resistant enterococcus strains (two enterococcus faecium and one enterococcus durans) were recovered from three of eight sewage samples taken from the general sewage collector at logroño (northern spain). the strains were present in the sewage samples at estimated concentrations of ten resistant bacteria/ml, corresponding to about 0.4% of the enterococcal population. the vana protein was detected in each strain by immunoblotting of membrane extracts of the vancomycin- ... | 1994 | 8040119 |
| comparison of patients with enterococcal bacteremia due to strains with and without high-level resistance to gentamicin. | patients with enterococcal bacteremia due to strains with and without high-level gentamicin resistance (hlgr; mic, > 2,000 mg/l) were compared. between 1986 and 1991, there were 178 episodes of enterococcal bacteremia: 47 and 131 episodes, respectively, due to enterococcal strains with and without hlgr. sixty-two, 57, and 59 episodes, respectively, were in patients with transient bacteremia (a single positive blood culture), bacteremia (two or more positive blood cultures), and polymicrobial bac ... | 1993 | 8353250 |
| presumptive fecal streptococci in environmental samples characterized by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. | the use of fecal streptococci as fecal indicators requires better knowledge of the ecology of these bacteria. we isolated 371 presumptive fecal streptococci from environmental samples--domestic wastewater, forest industry wastewater, contaminated surface and seawater, well water, cow dung, bird droppings, and pristine waters--and clustered them according to their protein profiles in one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. some clusters could be tentati ... | 1993 | 8357252 |
| enterococcus durans infection in young chickens associated with bacteremia and encephalomalacia. | two unrelated flocks of chicks experienced elevated mortality from 4 to 10 days of age. clinical signs in affected birds included a full range of neurological disorders. livers and spleens were grossly enlarged at necropsy. enterococcus durans was isolated from multiple organs, including brains. histologically, there were multifocal coagulative necrosis in the liver, areas of malacia in brain stem, and cerebellar white matter. inoculation of 1-day-old chicks with a suspension of e. durans result ... | 1993 | 8452502 |
| characterization of vancomycin resistance in enterococcus durans. | during investigation of an outbreak of vancomycin resistant enterococcus faecium in a paediatric hospital, an isolate of enterococcus durans resistant to vancomycin, teicoplanin, ampicillin and highly resistant to gentamicin and streptomycin was found in the stools of a patient also colonized with a strain of e. faecium with the same resistance pattern. minimal inhibitory concentrations of vancomycin and teicoplanin were 512 and 64 mg/ml, respectively. resistance to vancomycin as well as high-le ... | 1995 | 8626263 |
| phenotypic and genotypic characterization of atypical lactococcus garvieae strains isolated from water buffalos with subclinical mastitis and confirmation of l. garvieae as a senior subjective synonym of enterococcus seriolicida. | during a survey of bacterial agents that cause subclinical mastitis in water buffalos, we isolated several strains of gram-positive cocci that appeared to be enterococci except that they grew very slowly at 45 degrees c and grew slowly in broth containing 6.5% nacl. on the basis of the results of conventional physiologic tests, these strains were identified as enterococcus durans. however, none of the strains reacted with the accuprobe enterococcus genetic probe. the whole-cell protein profiles ... | 1996 | 8782673 |
| isolation of enterococcus durans and pseudomonas aeruginosa in a scid mouse colony. | in a colony of severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mice conspicuously altered behavioural characteristics were observed: hunched position, apathy, dullness, short breath, bristled fur, emaciation, circling movements around their longitudinal axis and oblique head posture. this was most common in pregnant and lactating animals and also observed in 4 mice after experimental treatment. pseudomonas aeruginosa, serotype p1 and enterococcus durans, serotype d were isolated from various organs and ... | 1996 | 8783169 |
| pseudo-outbreak of enterococcus durans infections and colonization associated with introduction of an automated identification system software update. | enterococci are an important cause of hospital-acquired infections. since 1989, there has been an increase in the number of nosocomial enterococcal infections caused by strains resistant to vancomycin in the united states. although many enterococcal species can colonize humans, only enterococcus faecalis, e. faecium, e. raffinosus, and e. casseliflavus have been implicated in clusters of infection. in january 1996, the centers for disease control and prevention received a report of an outbreak o ... | 1996 | 8897165 |
| outbreak of diarrhea associated with enterococcus durans in piglets. | | 1996 | 9026070 |
| antibacterial activity of enterococci strains against vibrio cholerae. | thirty-seven strains of enterococci isolated from milk and milk products from santa fe (argentina) region were tested for antagonistic activity against vibrio cholerae 01 and non-01. seven of 17 strains of enterococcus faecalis, five of 10 strains of enterococcus faecium and four of 10 strains of enterococcus durans produced inhibition zones against the indicator species. the activity of the antibacterial compounds was completely destroyed by treatment with trypsin and pronase e in most cases (o ... | 1997 | 9081308 |
| primary and secondary structures of rrna spacer regions in enterococci. | the 16s-23s and 23s-5s rrna spacer dna regions (spacer regions 1 and 2, respectively) from enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium, enterococcus hirae, enterococcus durans and enterococcus mundtii were amplified by pcr. their nucleotide sequences were established and a secondary structure model showing the interaction between the two spacer regions was built. whereas lactococci and streptococcus sensu stricto are characterized by a single type of spacer region 1, the enterococci show a high ... | 1997 | 9084166 |
| species identification of enterococci via intergenic ribosomal pcr. | accurate species identification of enterococci has become important with the wide prevalence of acquired vancomycin resistance and the presence of less epidemiologically important, inherently vancomycin-resistant enterococci. using a collection of enterococcal strains, we found that pcr amplification of the intergenic spacer (its-pcr) between the 16s and 23s rrna genes can produce amplicon profiles characteristic of the enterococcus examined. the species examined were group i enterococci (entero ... | 1997 | 9114380 |
| necrotizing fasciitis and myonecrosis in early childhood: a report of three patients. | necrotizing fasciitis (nf) is a rare and life-threatening disease. it usually presents as a postoperative complication, but rarely appears following trauma or without apparent cause. over a period of 2 years we have treated three infants with nf, aged 15, 5, and 30 months, respectively. two patients developed this complication following minor trauma while the third was post-elective bilateral inguinal hernia repair. the micro-organisms isolated were staphylococcus aureus with enterococcus durans ... | 1997 | 9238127 |
| effect of vancomycin on intestinal flora of patients who previously received antimicrobial therapy. | to evaluate the ecological disturbances of peroral vancomycin administration following cephalosporin administration, 20 healthy volunteers received cefuroxime axetil tablets (250 mg) perorally twice a day for 1 week, and 10 of these volunteers subsequently received vancomycin capsules (125 mg) perorally four times daily for 7 days. the concentration of vancomycin in feces after 1 week of vancomycin administration was high (mean +/- sd, 520 +/- 197 mg/kg), which correlated with the ecological dis ... | 1997 | 9314469 |
| vancomycin-resistant enterococcus raffinosus: molecular epidemiology, species identification error, and frequency of occurrence in a national resistance surveillance program. | enterococcal blood stream infections are the third most common among all nosocomial blood stream infections in the united states and the occurrence of glycopeptide (vancomycin, teicoplanin) resistance in these isolates has markedly increased. control of hospital-acquired infections with vancomycin-resistant enterococci requires high quality antimicrobial susceptibility test methods and species identification procedures as a supplement to epidemiologic investigation and appropriate infection cont ... | 1997 | 9350415 |
| characterization of a bacteriophage for carnobacterium divergens ncfb 2763 by host specificity and electron microscopy. | carnobacterium divergens ncfb 2763 was used to isolate bacteriophage cd1 from minced beef using an enrichment isolation technique. host specificity testing showed that it exhibited lytic activity only against a limited number of c. divergens strains. no activity was observed against any of the c. gallinarum, c. mobile, c. piscicola, enterococcus durans, lactobacillus plantarum and lact. brevis strains tested. anaerobic incubation had no effect on the host specificity pattern. bacteriophage cd1 b ... | 1997 | 9449854 |
| identification and characterization of proteolytic activity of enterococcus spp. isolated from milk and roncal and idiazábal cheese. | roncal and idiazábal cheeses are manufactured from ewe's milk in the autonomous region of navarre in spain. levels of enterococci are high in these cheeses and in other types of ewe's-milk cheeses. the present study has identified enterococci present in the milk used and in the roncal and idiazábal cheeses after 120 days of ripening. a total of 282 strains were isolated and identified, and the cytoplasmic and extracellular enzymatic activities of some of the strains were assessed. the dominating ... | 1997 | 9498133 |
| apparent increased prevalence of high-level aminoglycoside-resistant enterococcus durans resulting from false identification by a semiautomated software system. | identification of enterococci by using a semiautomated system (pasco; difco laboratories, detroit, mich.) in the ahepa university hospital, thessaloniki, greece, revealed a high proportion of enterococcus durans, particularly among isolates highly resistant to gentamicin and streptomycin. when 14 isolates were further tested by a conventional biochemical scheme and by pcr, all were reidentified as enterococcus faecalis. antibiotic resistance and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns showed t ... | 1998 | 9574718 |
| asymptomatic bacteriuria in puppies with canine parvovirus infection: a cohort study. | this study aimed to investigate the possible association between canine parvoviral enteritis and asymptomatic bacteriuria. forty-three puppies that were admitted to the outpatient service of the animal medical clinic with clinical signs compatible with parvoviral enteritis formed the exposed group. the clinical diagnosis was subsequently confirmed by a positive fecal elisa test (cite test: iddex lab., westbrook, me). twenty-three (53.5%) of these puppies were males and 20 (46.5%) were females. t ... | 1998 | 9850991 |
| successful treatment with ampicillin and fluoroquinolones of human endocarditis due to high-level gentamicin-resistant enterococci. | two cases of endocarditis, one caused by high-level gentamicin-resistant enterococcus durans and the other by high-level gentamicin- and glycopeptide-resistant enterococcus faecalis. successfully treated with a combination of ampicillin and a fluoroquinolone are reported. both strains were susceptible to ampicillin. enterococcus faecalis was susceptible to ciprofloxacin and to ofloxacin, but enterococcus durans was moderately resistant to these agents. microbiological and clinical cure was obtai ... | 1998 | 9865990 |
| sequencing the gene encoding manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase for rapid species identification of enterococci. | simple pcr and sequencing assays that utilize a single pair of degenerate primers were used to characterize a 438-bp-long dna fragment internal (soda(int)) to the soda gene encoding the manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase in 19 enterococcal type strains (enterococcus avium, enterococcus casseliflavus, enterococcus cecorum, enterococcus columbae, enterococcus dispar, enterococcus durans, enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium, enterococcus flavescens, enterococcus gallinarum, enterococc ... | 2000 | 10618129 |
| vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated from animals and food. | one hundred and one chicken products, boiled ham and turkey cold meat were acquired from 18 different supermarkets in spain during october 1997 to june 1998 and were analyzed for vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre). in the same way, 50 intestinal chicken samples from a slaughterhouse were also studied. vre were detected in 25 of 92 samples of food of chicken origin (27.2%), but no vre were found in cooked pork or turkey products. vre were also detected in 8 of 50 intestinal chicken samples fr ... | 2000 | 10777070 |
| evaluation of a new system, vitek 2, for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of enterococci. | we evaluated the new automated vitek 2 system (biomérieux) for the identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of enterococci. the results obtained with the vitek 2 system were compared to those obtained by reference methods: standard identification by the scheme of facklam and sahm [r. r. facklam and d. f. sahm, p. 308-314, in p. r. murray et al., ed., manual of clinical microbiology, 6th ed., 1995] and with the api 20 strep system and, for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, brot ... | 2000 | 10834961 |
| enterococcus durans vanb. | | 2000 | 10980186 |
| a comparative study of the pathogenesis of malabsorption syndrome in broilers. | five malabsorption syndrome (mas) homogenates from the netherlands and germany were used to reproduce mas in broilers. we studied the histopathology after inoculation of 1-day-old broiler chicks and the agents that might be involved. generally, the mas homogenates induced signs that differed in severity and pathobiology. we could distinguish and classify the inoculated groups best by histopathology: proventriculitis, lesions in the small intestines in combination with proventriculitis, or lesion ... | 2000 | 11007003 |
| numerical phenetic study of the genus carnobacterium. | eighty-nine strains representing the genus carnobacterium, enterococcus durans, vagacoccus salmoninarum and atypical lactobacillus strains mt12 and mt13 were examined for 92 unit characters. computer analysis of the data resulted in the recovery of four major, five minor and thirteen single membered clusters. three cluster-groups contained seventy-four of the carnobacterium strains, enterococcus durans ncfb 596t and lactobacillus maltaromicus ncfb 2382t. cluster-group a was equated with carnobac ... | 2000 | 11016698 |
| control of foodborne pathogens during sufu fermentation and aging. | control of the foodborne pathogens escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, staphylococcus aureus, and listeria monocytogenes during sufu fermentation was evaluated. before fermentation, pathogens were inoculated onto tofu (substrate for sufu) at 5 log cfu/g or 3 log cfu/g, and starter culture (actinomucor elegans) was inoculated at 3 log cfu/g. after 2 days of fermentation at 30 degrees c, the four pathogens reached 7 to 9 log cfu/g, and the mold count reached 6 to 7 log cfu/g. after f ... | 2000 | 11029011 |
| identification of enterococcus species and phenotypically similar lactococcus and vagococcus species by reverse checkerboard hybridization to chaperonin 60 gene sequences. | data from four recent studies (s. h. goh et al., j. clin. microbiol. 36:2164-2166, 1998; s. h. goh et al., j. clin. microbiol. 34:818-823, 1996; s. h. goh et al., j. clin. microbiol. 35:3116-3121, 1997; a. y. c. kwok et al., int. j. syst. bacteriol. 49:1181-1192, 1999) suggest that an approximately 600-bp region of the chaperonin 60 (cpn60) gene, amplified by pcr with a single pair of degenerate primers, has utility as a potentially universal target for bacterial identification (id). this cpn60 ... | 2000 | 11060051 |
| diversity of domain v of 23s rrna gene sequence in different enterococcus species. | the highly conserved central loop of domain v of 23s rna (nucleotides 2042 to 2628; escherichia coli numbering) is implicated in peptidyltransferase activity and represents one of the target sites for macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin b antibiotics. dna encoding domain v (590 bp) of several species of enterococcus was amplified by pcr. twenty enterococcal isolates were tested, including enterococcus faecium (six isolates), enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus avium, enterococcus durans, e ... | 2000 | 11060057 |
| application of trna intergenic spacer pcr for identification of enterococcus species. | trna intergenic spacer pcr (tdna-pcr) was evaluated for its usefulness in the differentiation of enterococcal species of human and animal origin. this technique was carried out for 124 strains belonging to 17 enterococcal species and generated dna fragments, which were separated by capillary electrophoresis. tdna-pcr enabled us to discriminate for all species tested. enterococcus faecium showed minor but reproducible differences with enterococcus durans, while enterococcus hirae was easily disti ... | 2000 | 11060090 |
| evidence for horizontal gene transfer in evolution of elongation factor tu in enterococci. | the elongation factor tu, encoded by tuf genes, is a gtp binding protein that plays a central role in protein synthesis. one to three tuf genes per genome are present, depending on the bacterial species. most low-g+c-content gram-positive bacteria carry only one tuf gene. we have designed degenerate pcr primers derived from consensus sequences of the tuf gene to amplify partial tuf sequences from 17 enterococcal species and other phylogenetically related species. the amplified dna fragments were ... | 2000 | 11092850 |
| control of foodborne pathogens during sufu fermentation and aging. | control of the foodborne pathogens escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, staphylococcus aureus, and listeria monocytogenes during sufu fermentation was evaluated. before fermentation, pathogens were inoculated onto tofu (substrate for sufu) at 5 log cfu/g or 3 log cfu/g, and starter culture (actinomucor elegans) was inoculated at 3 log cfu/g. after 2 days of fermentation at 30 degrees c, the four pathogens reached 7 to 9 log cfu/g, and the mold count reached 6 to 7 log cfu/g. after f ... | 2000 | 11192025 |
| enterococcus villorum sp. nov., an enteroadherent bacterium associated with diarrhoea in piglets. | the taxonomic positions of five enteroadherent bacterial pig isolates, showing phenotypic characteristics most similar to those of enterococcus durans and enterococcus hirae, were investigated in a polyphasic study that included 16s rdna sequence analysis, dna-dna hybridizations, dna base-ratio determinations, whole-cell protein fingerprinting, d11344-primed pcr typing and an extensive examination of phenotypic properties. the results demonstrated that the organisms represent a new species in th ... | 2001 | 11321084 |
| bile salt hydrolase activity of enterococci isolated from food: screening and quantitative determination. | one hundred seventeen enterococcal strains isolated from food (47 enterococcus faecium, 48 enterococcus faecalis, 16 enterococcus durans, 2 enterococcus gallinarum, 3 enterococcus casseliflavus, and 1 enterococcus malodoratus) were screened for bile salt hydrolase (bsh) activity on de man, rogosa, and sharpe agar medium containing taurocholic acid and calcium chloride. the highest incidence of bsh-active strains was observed for e. faecalis (81%) followed by e. faecium (50%) and e. durans (44%). ... | 2001 | 11348009 |
| identification of enterococcal isolates by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis and partial sequence analysis of pcr-amplified 16s rdna variable v6 regions. | based on partial sequence analysis of pcr-amplified 16s rdna variable v6 regions of 14 enterococcal type strains, enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus mundtii, enterococcus gallinarum, enterococcus avium, enterococcus raffinosus and enterococcus saccharolyticus showed characteristic sequence motifs which made it possible to separate them into six individual species lines. furthermore, two species cluster groups could be identified, including (i) enterococcus faecium, enterococcus durans, enteroco ... | 2001 | 11430498 |
| comparison of static and dynamic disinfection models for bacteria and viruses in water of varying quality. | disinfection studies rarely use natural waters due to demands exerted on the applied disinfectants and lack of consistent disinfectant residuals. this study compared the degree of disinfection achieved in natural waters between conventional batch (static) models and a system of similar volume where disinfectant residuals were maintained at constant levels (dynamic). in the latter, disinfectant was delivered through a hollow fibre cartridge from a slipstream of a full-scale (chloramine) or pilot ... | 2001 | 11464744 |
| chitinolytic bacteria of the mammal digestive tract. | chitinolytic bacteria were isolated from the digestive tract of different mammals and characterized. all isolates were facultatively anaerobic, long gram-positive, straight rods resembling clostridium sp. only one isolate consisted of gram-positive ovoid cells. all cultures grew on glucose, n-acetylglucosamine, glucosamine, galactose, starch, hemicellulose and xylan. fermentation products were mainly formate, acetate, butyrate and lactate. the isolates were identified as clostridium sartagoforme ... | 2001 | 11501484 |
| rapid identification of enterococcus durans and enterococcus hirae by pcr with primers targeted to the ddl genes. | species-specific pcr assays with primers targeted to d-alanine:d-alanine ligase (ddl) encoding genes were developed for the identification of enterococcus durans and e. hirae. the specificity of the primers was validated in a multiplex pcr on well characterised e. durans (n=30) and e. hirae (n=16) strains, all of which were identified correctly. this pcr procedure offers a reliable and rapid alternative to conventional phenotypic methods for speciation of these enterococci of growing clinical im ... | 2001 | 11566225 |
| enterococcus porcinus sp. nov. and enterococcus ratti sp. nov., associated with enteric disorders in animals. | recent insights have been brought to the taxonomy of the genus enterococcus by studies applying whole-cell protein analysis and dna-dna reassociation experiments, in addition to conventional physiological tests. using these techniques, a group of 10 strains resembling the physiological group iii of enterococcal species was characterized. five strains were recovered from pigs and five from rats with enteric disorders. on the basis of the results of conventional physiological tests, the most likel ... | 2001 | 11594604 |
| molecular analysis of vana enterococci isolated from humans and animals in northeastern italy. | a total of 53 vancomycin-resistant vana-positive enterococci isolates from poultry farms (17 enterococcus faecium; 8 enterococcus durans) and from different hospitals (23 e. faecium; 5 enterococcus faecalis) in northeastern italy were compared on the basis of their antibiotic susceptibilities, their smai pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns, and the organization of their tn1546-related elements. ampicillin resistance was similar in both groups of isolates (52 and 60.7%, respectively) ... | 2001 | 11759086 |
| typing and subtyping of 83 clinical isolates purified from surgically implanted silicone feeding tubes by random amplified polymorphic dna amplification. | in this study, 83 clinical isolates purified from biofilms colonizing 18 silicone gastrostomy devices (12 "buttons" and six tubes converted to skin level devices) were selected for subtype characterization utilizing genetic analysis. the tubes, previously used for feeding, remained in place for 3 to 47 months (mean, 20.0 months) in children ranging in age from 6 months to 17 years. classification of specific microbes using random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis revealed genetic similar ... | 2002 | 11825951 |
| selection of bacteriocin producer strains of lactic acid bacteria from a dairy environment. | two strains showing bacteriocin production were selected from a total of 206 lactic acid bacteria isolated from samples of milk, milk serum, whey and homemade cheeses in southern cordoba, argentina. this property was detected by means of well diffusion assays. the strains were identified as enterococcus hirae and enterococcus durans. the protein nature of those substances was proved by showing their sensitivity to type iv and xxv proteases, papaine, trypsin, pepsin and k proteinase. the bacterio ... | 2002 | 11837389 |
| differentiation and identification of enterococcus durans, e. hirae and e. villorum. | to compare different tests in the identification of enterococcus durans, e. hirae and e. villorum strains. these bacteria belong to the e. faecium species group and are phylogenetically closely related, as evidenced by 16s rrna sequence homologies of over 98.8%. | 2002 | 11972684 |
| source of enterococci in a farmhouse raw-milk cheese. | enterococci are widely distributed in raw-milk cheeses and are generally thought to positively affect flavor development. their natural habitats are the human and animal intestinal tracts, but they are also found in soil, on plants, and in the intestines of insects and birds. the source of enterococci in raw-milk cheese is unknown. in the present study, an epidemiological approach with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) was used to type 646 enterococcus strains which were isolated from a ch ... | 2002 | 12089042 |
| cholesterol assimilation by lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria isolated from the human gut. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of human gut-derived lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria on cholesterol levels in vitro. continuous cultures inoculated with fecal material from healthy human volunteers with media supplemented with cholesterol and bile acids were used to enrich for potential cholesterol assimilators among the indigenous bacterial populations. seven potential probiotics were found: lactobacillus fermentum strains f53 and kc5b, bifidobacterium infantis at ... | 2002 | 12200334 |
| technological performance of several lactococcus and enterococcus strains of dairy origin in milk. | thirty-nine strains (29 lactococcus strains and 10 enterococcus strains) isolated from five different artisanal cheeses were subjected to technological characterization. several strains of lactococci and enterococci produced lactic acid at a rate and final concentration suitable for large-scale cheesemaking. however, extensive phenotypic differences between strains were encountered. proteolytic activity correlated quite well with acidification for all strains, with the more proteolytic strains b ... | 2002 | 12380744 |
| species prevalence and antibacterial resistance of enterococci isolated in kuwait hospitals. | this study investigated the species prevalence and antibacterial resistance among enterococci isolated in kuwait hospitals. they consisted of 415 isolates of enterococcus faecalis (85.3 %), enterococcus faecium (7.7 %), enterococcus casseliflavus (4.0 %), enterococcus avium (1.2 %), enterococcus durans (1.0 %), enterococcus gallinarium (0.5 %) and enterococcus bovis (0.2 %) isolated from urine (36.6 %), blood (10.4 %), wound swabs (11.0 %), stool samples (12.0 %), high vaginal swabs (9.0 %), end ... | 2003 | 12543923 |
| effect of various growth media upon survival during storage of freeze-dried enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus durans. | the effects of three different growth media (mrs, m17 and lee's) on survival during freeze-drying and subsequent storage of six strains of enterococcus faecalis and two strains of e. durans were investigated. | 2003 | 12752801 |
| antimicrobial properties of commercial annatto extracts against selected pathogenic, lactic acid, and spoilage microorganisms. | annatto preparations are used to impart distinctive flavor and color to foods and are a primary colorant in dairy foods such as cheese and butter. there are several reports indicating that certain fractions of the annatto plant have biological activities against microorganisms of significance in food fermentation, food preservation, and human health. however, little is reported describing the nature of the antimicrobial compound(s) or their potential presence in commercial annatto colorant prepa ... | 2003 | 12801012 |
| production and properties of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances from the swine pathogen streptococcus suis serotype 2. | streptococcus suis serotype 2 is a major pathogen found in the upper respiratory tract of swine. in this study, isolates of this bacterial species were tested for the production of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (blis). of the 38 strains tested, four inhibited the growth of other s. suis isolates according to a deferred-antagonism plate assay. interestingly, three of the strains were originally isolated from healthy carrier pigs and were considered nonvirulent. three isolates (94-623, 90 ... | 2003 | 12902232 |
| species distribution and antibiotic resistance patterns of enterococci isolated from food of animal origin in germany. | presently, enterococci take the third place of bacterial pathogens associated with nosocomial infections, after staphylococci and escherichia coli. especially, the resistances of enterococci to several available antibiotics are threatening. we attempted to determine which species of enterococci could be found in food of animal origin and their significance according to their antibiotic resistances for human beings. from november 2000 to may 2002 we investigated 155 samples of food of animal orig ... | 2003 | 14597003 |
| unusual c25 steroids produced by a sponge-derived penicillium citrinum. | [structure: see text] structurally unique steroids, isocyclocitrinol a (1) and 22-acetylisocyclocitrinol a (2), were isolated from the extract of a saltwater culture of sponge-derived penicilliun citrinum. the structures were established by analysis of 1d and 2d nmr data. the absolute structures were determined on the basis of x-ray structure analysis and application of modified mosher's method. furthermore, the structure of cyclocitrinol (3a) previously isolated from a terrestrial p. citrinum w ... | 2003 | 14602008 |
| in vitro activity of daptomycin against vancomycin-resistant enterococci of various van types and comparison of susceptibility testing methods. | the increasing prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal (vre) infections and the limited number of antimicrobial agents for their treatment emphasize a need for new, more effective agents. in this study, the in vitro activity of daptomycin was determined against a collection of 156 vre from seven different institutions. van types were characterized by pcr, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was performed to exclude isolates with >85% relatedness by dendrogram. included were 126 enteroco ... | 2003 | 14638478 |
| [molecular diagnosis of the specific dna patterns of 16s-23s rrna gene of bacteria]. | to establish the specific 16s-23s rrna gene spacer regions pattern in different bacteria using polymerase chain reaction (pcr), restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp), dna cloning and sequences analysis. | 2003 | 14733814 |
| phenotypic and genetic diversity of lactococcus lactis and enterococcus spp. strains isolated from northern spain starter-free farmhouse cheeses. | to evaluate a previous phenotypic classification of lactococci, 39 presumed lactococcal strains were classified by molecular techniques. the strains were also subjected to several typing techniques to estimate the phenotypic and genetic diversity present in original populations from starter-free farmhouse cheeses. partial amplified rdna restriction analysis (partial ardra) with either restriction enzyme mboii or hhai divided these isolates into four distinctive groups. sequencing of representati ... | 2004 | 14751686 |
| enterococcus durans endocarditis in a patient with transposition of the great vessels. | a case of native valve endocarditis caused by enterococcus durans in a patient with transposition of the great vessels is reported. the patient was treated initially with gentamicin and ceftriaxone; after isolation of enterococci, ceftriaxone was switched to ampicillin. the only virulence factors established in the strain were haemolytic activity and biofilm formation. | 2004 | 14970254 |
| whole-organism fingerprinting of the genus carnobacterium using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ft-ir). | sixty seven strains of carnobacterium, atypical lactobacillus, enterococcus durans, lactobacillus maltaromicus and vagacoccus salmoninarum were examined by fourier transform infrared (ft-ir) spectroscopy. the effects of culture age and reproducibility over a six month period were also investigated. the results were analysed by multivariate statistics and compared with those from a previous numerical phenetic study, a pyrolysis mass spectrometry (pyms) study and with investigations which used dna ... | 2004 | 15046307 |
| genetic relatedness of high-level aminoglycoside-resistant enterococci isolated from poultry carcasses. | approximately 46% (75/162) or poultry enterococci collected between 1999 and 2000 exhibited high-level resistance to gentamicin (minimum inhibitory concentration [mic] > or = 500 microg/ml), kanamycin (mic > or = 500 microg/ml), or streptomycin (mic > or = 1000 microg/ml). forty-one percent of the isolates were resistant to kanamycin (n = 67), whereas 23% and 19% were resistant to genramicin (n = 37) and streptomycin (n = 31), respectively. the predominant species identified was enterococcus fae ... | 2004 | 15077803 |
| control of listeria monocytogenes in a biofilm by competitive-exclusion microorganisms. | biofilms from drains in food processing facilities with a recent history of no detectable listeria monocytogenes in floor drains were cultured for microorganisms producing antilisterial metabolites. a total of 413 microbial isolates were obtained from 12 drain biofilm samples and were assayed at 15 and 37 degrees c for activities that were bactericidal or inhibitory to l. monocytogenes, by two agar plate assays. twenty-one of 257 bacterial isolates and 3 of 156 yeast isolates had antilisterial a ... | 2004 | 15240275 |
| bacteriology of a bear bite wound to a human: case report. | human contact with bears has become more frequent, as has the resultant bear maulings and bite injuries. we report the bacteriology of a patient bitten by a grizzly bear (ursus arctos) from the rocky mountains foothills area east of banff national park, alberta, canada. the patient received field care, including metronidazole and cefazolin. subsequent deep-wound cultures grew serratia fonticola, serratia marcescens, aeromonas hydrophila, bacillus cereus, and enterococcus durans but no anaerobes. | 2004 | 15243122 |
| microbial indicators for differentiation of human- and pig-sourced fecal pollution. | microbial indicators, the ratio of fecal coliforms (fc) to fecal streptococci (fs) and a newly defined enterococcus ratio, were used to differentiate pollution sources. fc fs values for municipal sewage were significantly higher than those values of the effluent from piggery wastewater. enterococcus ratio, the ratio of (enterococcus durans + e. hirae) to (enterococcus faecalis + e. faecium), of human-sourced wastewater (0.90) was much lower than for pig-sourced wastewater (5.55). when fc/fs and ... | 2004 | 15244325 |
| use of tuf sequences for genus-specific pcr detection and phylogenetic analysis of 28 streptococcal species. | a 761-bp portion of the tuf gene (encoding the elongation factor tu) from 28 clinically relevant streptococcal species was obtained by sequencing amplicons generated using broad-range pcr primers. these tuf sequences were used to select streptococcus-specific pcr primers and to perform phylogenetic analysis. the specificity of the pcr assay was verified using 102 different bacterial species, including the 28 streptococcal species. genomic dna purified from all streptococcal species was efficient ... | 2004 | 15297518 |
| persistence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in new zealand broilers after discontinuation of avoparcin use. | large amounts of tylosin, zinc-bacitracin, and avilamycin are currently used as prophylactics in new zealand broiler production. avoparcin was also used from 1977 to 2000. a total of 382 enterococci were isolated from 213 fecal samples (147 individual poultry farms) using enrichment broths plated on m-enterococcus agar lacking antimicrobials. these isolates were then examined to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance. of the 382 isolates, 5.8% (22 isolates) were resistant to vancom ... | 2004 | 15466512 |
| a new structural theme in the imidazole-containing alkaloids from a calcareous leucetta sponge. | further study of the fijian sponge leucetta sp., a source of (+)-calcaridine a (4) and (-)-spirocalcaridines a (5) and b (6), has yielded (-)-spiroleucettadine (8), the first natural product to contain a fused 2-aminoimidazole oxalane ring along with the known compounds n,n-dimethylnaamidine d (3) and isonaamine b (7). nmr analysis allowed the unambiguous 2d structural assignment of 8, and its relative stereochemistry was determined by roesy data. good antibacterial activity was observed for 8 a ... | 2004 | 15609934 |
| uptake of escherichia coli, vibrio cholerae non-o1 and enterococcus durans by, and depuration of mussels (mytilus galloprovincialis). | the uptakes of escherichia coli, vibrio cholerae non-o1 and enterococcus durans by mussels (mytilus galloprovincialis) and the times for depuration were investigated in order to determine the most useful indicator of vibrio contamination. the mussels were maintained in tanks of static seawater contaminated with bacteria at 5 log10 cfu/ml for bioaccumulation. depuration was carried out by circulating fresh seawater through the tanks. each organism was presented alone and with others to mussels, a ... | 2005 | 15808362 |
| microbiological quality of sous and tamarind, traditional drinks consumed in jordan. | this study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological quality of sous (a drink prepared by extracting dried roots of glycyrrhiza glabra) and tamarind (a drink prepared by infusing tamarindus indica dried pulp), traditional drinks consumed in jordan. twenty-one samples of sous and 44 samples of tamarind were collected from the local market in amman, jordan. water is the major component of the drinks. sous drink is characterized by having an alkaline ph (range, 6.6 to 9.9; mean, 8.6), whereas t ... | 2005 | 15830669 |