| seasonal study of the adrenal gland of some indian avian species. | adrenal glands of eight indian species of birds, namely columba livia, passer domesticus, corvus splendens, acridotheres tristis, acridotheres ginginianus, milvus migrans, francolinus pondicerianus and bubulcus ibis were examined during the sexually active and inactive phases of their annual reproductive cycles. excepting a ginginianus and m. migrans, among members of either sex of the remaining six species the weight of the adrenal gland increases during the period of sexual activity. histologi ... | 1976 | 135472 |
| experiments on direct and secondary poisoning by fluoroacetamide (1081) in wildlife and domestic carnivores. | fluoroacetamide (1081 or f.a.a) is used in israel for field rodent control. experiments on direct and secondary, short and long term poisoning caused by 1081 were carried out. mongoose (herpestes ichneumon), hyena (hyaena hyaena), cats and dogs were susceptible. barn owls (tyto alba), buzzards (buteo buteo) and black kites (milvus m. migrans) were markedly resistant. barn owls tolerated total direct poisoning ranging from 6.8 to 10.9, and a final dose ranging from 0.8 to 2.0 mg/kg. in secondary ... | 1979 | 480523 |
| a new species of echinochasmus (trematoda: echinostomatidae) from the kite, milvus migrans (boddaert), in india. | | 1970 | 5529542 |
| on a new avian nematode, habronema (aviabronema) hrishii sp. nov. from the intestine of milvus migrans (kite). | | 1965 | 5891793 |
| genetic properties of conjugative r plasmids in escherichia coli and salmonella isolated from feral and domestic pigeons, crows and kites. | a total of 62 conjugative r plasmids detected in 48 escherichia coli and 19 conjugative r plasmids in 16 salmonella strains from domestic (carrier and emerald) and feral pigeons, crows (japanese jungle crows and carrion crows) and black kite, were examined for genetic properties. out of the 62 e. coli r plasmids examined for fertility inhibition (fi), 29 (46.8%) were fi+, and the remainder were fi-. among the 62 r plasmids, 16 (25.8%) were classified into incompatibility (inc) group fii, 15 (24. ... | 1983 | 6359777 |
| [biological cycle of cyrnea (procyrnea) mansoni seurat, 1914, a habronemid nematode parasite of birds of prey in togo]. | a habronemid nematode in birds of prey, milvus migrans bonaparti and accipiter badius linné, in togo, is identified as cyrnea (procyrnea) mansioni (seurat, 1914). larval development is experimentally studied in the orthopteran acrididae tylotropidius patagiatus karsch. the first three larval stages are described and illustrated. the biology of this spiruroid nematode is distinguished by the unusual rapidity of larval development (infective larvae at 10 days). comparison of the life cycle of c. m ... | 1983 | 6625469 |
| animal toxoplasmosis in iran. | a latex agglutination slide test for toxoplasma antibodies was used on serum samples collected from various animals (111 cats, 113 dogs, three jackals, 393 sheep, 272 goats, 69 cows) in different parts of iran. the sero-positive rate in titres 1:2-1:256 in different animals ranged from 12.6 to 56.0%; the highest (56.0%) was found in the stray dogs. suspensions of the brains of 120 sero-positive animals (17 cats, 14 dogs, one jackal, 66 sheep, 22 goats) as well as 13 sero-negative animals (11 dog ... | 1983 | 6887318 |
| verreaux's eagles (aquila verreauxi) as potential predators of hamadryas baboons (papio hamadryas hamadryas) in eritrea. | in this paper we describe for the first time encounters of verreaux's eagle (aquila verreauxi) with hamadryas baboons (papio hamadryas hamadryas) in the central highlands of eritrea (15 degrees 22' n, 38 degrees 58' e, 2300 m). during 12 h of observation on 4 days, we observed four encounters of verreaux's eagles with baboons, of which three can be classified as possible attacks. the baboons always responded with alarm calls. in three cases some immatures rushed to adult group members and clung ... | 1999 | 9888722 |
| dna damage in birds after the mining waste spill in southwestern spain: a comet assay evaluation. | in april 1998, an ecological disaster resulting from a massive toxic spill of mining acid waste rich in heavy metals posed a serious threat to the doñana national park in southwestern spain. this especially important protected area is the nesting and breeding site for many endangered bird species; white storks (ciconia ciconia) and black kites (milvus migrans) are considered the more representative. the suitability of the comet assay as a biomarker for genotoxic analysis in environmental biomoni ... | 2001 | 11797841 |
| [occurrence of parasites in indigenous birds of prey and owls]. | in the present paper a general overview on parasites in birds of prey and owls is given. this part is followed by a study investigating the prevalences and species of parasites in free-ranging birds of prey and owls in berlin and brandenburg state, germany. over a one year period, 84 birds of prey and owls of the following species were examined for the presence of endo- and ectoparasites: common buzzard (buteo buteo) (n = 32), kestrel (falco tinnunculus) (n = 20), sparrowhawk (accipiter nisus) ( ... | 2002 | 11852683 |
| factors influencing variability and potential uptake routes of heavy metals in black kites exposed to emissions from a solid-waste incinerator. | exposure to heavy metals from emissions of the solid-waste incinerator (swi) of madrid (spain) was assessed by determining the relationships between the distance from black kite (milvus migrans) nests to the swi and metal concentrations in nestling blood and failed eggs. lead levels increased as the distance to the swi decreased, while no significant relationship was found for the remaining elements. analysis of frequency distributions showed that pb was normally distributed, suggesting a genera ... | 2003 | 14587912 |
| contamination with nonessential metals from a solid-waste incinerator correlates with nutritional and immunological stress in prefledgling black kites (milvus migrans). | we assessed whether levels of heavy metals in blood have detrimental effects on the health of prefledgling black kites (milvus migrans) exposed to emissions from a solid waste incinerator near madrid, central spain. as health indexes, we considered body mass corrected by structural size as a general indicator of nutritional condition and white blood cell counts (especially the heterophil:lymphocyte ratio) as an indirect measure of immune function. nutritional condition was positively related to ... | 2004 | 14643291 |
| a 4 year follow-up analysis of genotoxic damage in birds of the doñana area (south west spain) in the wake of the 1998 mining waste spill. | a total of 330 white storks (ciconia ciconia) and 138 black kites (milvus migrans) were blood sampled during four consecutive years in an area heavily contaminated as a consequence of a massive spillage of toxic acid mining waste rich in heavy metals that impacted on the doñana national park (south western spain), in april 1998. the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay was performed as a genotoxicity test, in order to assess whether the high level of dna damage first detected b ... | 2004 | 14681314 |
| helminth fauna of falconiform and strigiform birds of prey in galicia, northwest spain. | this is a survey of the helminth fauna of 285 individuals of 14 species of birds of prey (falconiformes and strigiformes) from galicia (northwest spain), namely buteo buteo, accipiter nisus, a. gentilis, milvus migrans, m. milvus, pernis apivorus, circus pygargus, falco tinnunculus, f. peregrinus, f. subbuteo, tyto alba, strix aluco, asio otus and athene noctua. a total of 15 helminth species were detected, namely 8 nematodes ( eucoleus dispar, capillaria tenuissima, synhimantus laticeps, microt ... | 2004 | 14714181 |
| congener-specific toxicokinetics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in black-eared kites (milvus migrans): cytochrome p4501a-dependent hepatic sequestration. | concentrations of dioxins and related compounds (drcs), such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (pcdds), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (pcdfs), and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-pcbs), were determined in black-eared kites (beks; milvus migrans) collected from the kanto district in japan. total 2,3,7,8-tetra-cdd toxic equivalents (teqs) were in the range of 99 to 3,800 pg/g lipid weight in the liver and 42 to 760 pg/g lipid weight in the pectoral muscle. three congeners, including pcb ... | 2006 | 16629139 |
| relationships between t-cell-mediated immune response and pb, zn, cu, cd, and as concentrations in blood of nestling white storks (ciconia ciconia) and black kites (milvus migrans) from doñana (southwestern spain) after the aznalcóllar toxic spill. | in the aznalcóllar mining accident (april 1998), nearly six million cubic meters of toxic wastes were spilled in the surroundings of the doñana national park (southwestern spain). the present study focused on the likely effects of metal pollution on the immune system of nestling white storks (ciconia ciconia) and black kites (milvus migrans) sampled in the nearby area. using the phytohaemagglutinin skin test, we examined cell-mediated immune response (cmi) in relation to pb, zn, cu, cd, and as c ... | 2006 | 16629156 |
| some studies on parasites affecting egyptian kite. | a total of 20 egyptian kites (milvus migrans aegypticus) were examined. sixteen (80%) had mallophagous lice; craspedorhynchus spathulatus and 2 of which had in addition colpocephalum heterosoma (10%). the blood protozoa were (7/20, 35%), plasmodium sp. (2/20, 10%) and haemoproteus sp. (5/20, 25%). the enteric protozoa were (4/20, 20%), isospra aegyptia (3/20, 15%) and eimeria maxima (1/20, 5%). | 2006 | 16927863 |
| evaluation of genotoxic effects of heavy metals and arsenic in wild nestling white storks (ciconia ciconia) and black kites (milvus migrans) from southwestern spain after a mining accident. | studies of birds from doñana (southwestern spain) after the aznalcóllar mining accident (april 1998) have reported high levels of genetic damage when compared to conspecifics from reference areas. however, potential relationships between dna damage and metal pollution have not yet been reported. the aim of the present study was to investigate the current levels of zn, pb, as, cu, and cd and to determine if they were associated with the genetic damage observed in free-living, nestling white stork ... | 2006 | 17022423 |
| plasma phenylacetate and 1-naphthyl acetate hydrolyzing activities of wild birds as possible non-invasive biomarkers of exposure to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. | organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides inhibit the carboxylesterases found in plasma. therefore, these carboxylesterases might be used as biomarkers of exposure to these insecticides. this work initiates the characterization of the phenylacetate (pa) and 1-nafthylacetate (na) hydrolyzing activities (paase and naase) in the plasma of 11 different wild bird species and aims to determine their suitability as biomarkers of exposure. paase activity values, expressed as mumol product/30min/ml pla ... | 2007 | 17174487 |
| high-throughput gender identification of accipitridae eagles with real-time pcr using taqman probes. | the objective was to develop high-throughput gender identification of eagles. based on blast and alignment analyses, the chd-z and chd-w sequences of nine species of eagles were highly homologous with spilornis cheela hoya (s. c. hoya); therefore, taqman probes were designed to target their chd-zw-common and chd-w-specific regions. in s. c. hoya, genders were identified using taqman-based, real-time pcr (amplified by p2/p8 primers); this method was validated with anatomically confirmed controls ... | 2008 | 18440628 |
| effect of hemolysis on plasma protein levels and plasma electrophoresis in birds. | protein electrophoresis is recognized as a reliable diagnostic tool for birds even though results are seldom pathognomonic. unfortunately, this technique is underused in avian medicine because many factors interfere with electrophoresis patterns; hemolysis is one of these factors and is often associated with improper specimen handling. in human laboratory medicine, hemolysis is a known interference factor that can lead to erroneous results. published data on the influence of hemolysis on protein ... | 2009 | 19204337 |
| short- and long-term consequences of individual and territory quality in a long-lived bird. | site-quality is a major determinant of fitness but its effect can be confounded by individual quality, a relationship that has been little studied in large, long-lived vertebrates. the fitness effects of quality estimates depend on the assumption of co-variation between individual and territory quality and can be framed as five working hypotheses: no effect on fitness, exclusive effect of individual quality, exclusive effect of site quality, and independent or interactive effects of the two. we ... | 2009 | 19288137 |
| identification of apolipoprotein a-i in the alpha-globulin fraction of avian plasma. | plasma protein electrophoresis is frequently used in birds as a tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of disease. identification of proteins in individual peaks can help improve our understanding of changes in protein concentration in physiologic and pathologic conditions. | 2009 | 19351330 |
| isolation and identification of a fowl adenovirus from wild black kites (milvus migrans). | a fowl adenovirus was isolated from wild black kites (milvus migrans) that died around kashipur, uttarakhand, india. this virus isolate produced cytopathic effects in chicken embryo liver (cel) cells and reacted with fowl adenovirus 4 (fadv-4) antiserum in agar gel immunodiffusion and immunofluorescence tests. the virus isolate was neutralized by fadv-4 antiserum with a neutralization titer of 800. electron microscopy of infected cel cells showed the presence of hexagonal virion particles measur ... | 2010 | 20090043 |
| isolation of a low pathogenic avian influenza virus (h7n7) from a black kite (milvus migrans) in egypt in 2005. | avian influenza is endemic in some species of wild birds and is generally believed to cause only an asymptomatic infection. these viruses are routinely transmitted from this wild bird reservoir to poultry in many areas all over the world. low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) was previously reported in egypt from different types of wild birds. this report describes the isolation and genetic characterization of h7n7 lpai virus from a black kite (milvus migrans), the first reported from this speci ... | 2010 | 20521679 |
| molecular investigation of the occurrence of coxiella burnetii in wildlife and ticks in an endemic area. | at present few studies have been carried out on the distribution and incidence of coxiella burnetii infection in wildlife. therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of c. burnetii in the main wild species in the basque country (northern spain), such as carnivores, cervids, wild boar, lagomorphs and several species of birds. tissues from a total of 601 animals and 340 adult ticks collected from them were analyzed by pcr. dna of c. burnetii was detected in 5.1% of roe de ... | 2011 | 20580169 |
| fungal airsacculitis associated with multiple helminth infestations in a black-eared kite (milvus migrans). | a young, female black-eared kite was rescued from a small reservoir adjacent to a rice paddy in nagano prefecture, japan. the bird was given a fluid diet through the esophagus and started to eat by herself from the fifth day. her fecal samples were examined for parasites on the seventh day and fluke eggs were detected. capillaria and ascarididae eggs were also detected from day 19 and day 32, respectively. the bird started to show loss of appetite from day 22 and finally showed no appetite on da ... | 2010 | 20608550 |
| high seroprevalence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in wild animals from portugal. | we report an investigation of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in 52 wild birds and 20 wild mammals from northern and central areas of portugal by using the modified agglutination test. the birds comprised 26 common buzzards (buteo buteo), five tawny owls (strix aluco), four white storks (ceconia ceconia), three eurasian eagle owls (bubo bubo), three northern goshawks (accipiter gentilis), two booted eagles (hieraaetus pennatus), two common barn owls (tyto alba), two eurasian sparrowhawks (accipi ... | 2010 | 21104273 |
| serosurvey of west nile virus and other flaviviruses of the japanese encephalitis antigenic complex in birds from andalusia, southern spain. | abstract flaviviruses of the japanese encephalitis virus (jev) antigenic complex, including west nile virus (wnv), are recognized as emerging and reemerging pathogens. circulation of flaviviruses has been recently detected in different mosquito and vertebrate species in several european countries. a serosurvey study was carried out to evaluate the circulation of wnv and other flaviviruses of the jev antigenic complex in different wild bird species in spain between 2006 and 2009. seropositiviy ag ... | 2010 | 21142954 |
| chewing lice (phthiraptera) species on wild birds in cappadocia region, turkey. | objective: this study was performed on 70 injured wild birds belonging to 7 different species in the cappadocia region between 2005 and 2009. all birds were inspected for ectoparasites and 29 of 70 (41.4%) birds were found to be infested by at least one chewing louse species. methods: all lice were cleared in 10% koh, mounted in canada balsam on slides and identified under a light microscope. results: the lice were identified as laemobothrion maximum, craspedorrhynchus platystomus, degeeriella f ... | 2010 | 21391187 |
| presence of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum dna in the brain of wild birds. | toxoplasma gondii infections are prevalent in many avian species and can cause mortality in some bird hosts. although t. gondii has been isolated from various species of birds, the role of many different species of wild birds in the epidemiology of t. gondii remains unknown. neospora caninum, a closely related parasite to t. gondii, has been recently confirmed to infect domestic chickens and wild birds such as house sparrows (passer domesticus). the present study reports the presence of t. gondi ... | 2011 | 21831525 |
| spatial heterogeneity in resource distribution promotes facultative sociality in two trans-saharan migratory birds. | migrant populations must cope not only with environmental changes in different biomes, but also with the continuous constraints imposed by human-induced changes through landscape transformation and resource patchiness. theoretical studies suggest that changes in food distribution can promote changes in the social arrangement of individuals without apparent adaptive value. empirical research on this subject has only been performed at reduced geographical scales and/or for single species. however, ... | 2011 | 21731640 |
| evaluation of organochlorine compounds (pcdds, pcdfs, pcbs and ddts) in two raptor species inhabiting a mediterranean island in spain (8 pp). | -: doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.015 | 2007 | 21959542 |
| inca/c plasmid carrying bla(ndm-1), bla(cmy-16), and fosa3 in a salmonella enterica serovar corvallis strain isolated from a migratory wild bird in germany. | a salmonella enterica serovar corvallis strain was isolated from a wild bird in germany. this strain carried the inca/c2 prh-1238 plasmid. complete sequencing of the plasmid was performed, identifying the blandm-1, blacmy-16, fosa3, sul1, sul2, stra, strb, aac(6')-ib, aada5, apha6, teta(a), mpha, flor, dfra7, and mera genes, which confer clinically relevant resistance to most of the antimicrobial classes, including β-lactams with carbapenems, fosfomycin, aminoglycosides, co-trimoxazole, tetracyc ... | 2015 | 26169417 |
| occurrence of giardia and cryptosporidium in wild birds in galicia (northwest spain). | faecal samples were obtained from 433 wild birds being treated in wildlife recovery centres in galicia (northwest spain), between february 2007 and september 2009. the birds belonged to 64 species representing 17 different orders. giardia cysts and cryptosporidium oocysts were detected by an immunofluorescence antibody test and identified at the molecular level by established pcr-sequencing methods. the overall prevalence of giardia was 2·1% and that of cryptosporidium, 8·3%. to our knowledge, t ... | 2015 | 25669618 |
| wild birds, frequent carriers of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl) producing escherichia coli of ctx-m and shv-12 types. | to get a better insight into the role of birds as reservoirs of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl) and plasmidic ampc β-lactamase (pampc) escherichia coli producers, 100 fecal samples belonging to 15 different wild avian species from northern spain were analyzed. cefotaxime-resistant (ctx(r)) e. coli isolates were identified in 16 of the 100 tested birds, which corresponded to 9 animal species (gyps fulvus-griffon vulture, larus michahellis-yellow-legged gull, milvus migrans-black kite, milvus ... | 2016 | 26687342 |
| ndm-1 carbapenemase-producing salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar corvallis isolated from a wild bird in germany. | | 2013 | 23818284 |
| genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance among coagulase-negative staphylococci recovered from birds of prey in portugal. | wild animal populations in contact with antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistant bacteria that are daily released into the environment are able to become unintentional hosts of these resistant microorganisms. to clarify this issue, our study evaluated the presence of antibiotic resistance determinants on coagulase-negative staphylococci recovered from birds of prey and studied their genetic relatedness by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). the unusual vga(a) and erm(t) genes, which confe ... | 2016 | 26990729 |
| molecular identification of traces from the white-tailed sea eagle. | over the preceeding decades, after periods of dramatic decline and extinction in many parts of europe, the white-tailed sea eagle (haliaeetus albicilla) has re-colonized traditional breeding areas. however, this large apex predator remains threatened, not only by the bioaccumulation of environmental pollutants, but also by targeted poisoning and poaching. in connection with a forensic case, a novel pcr assay was developed for the sensitive and specific detection of sea eagle dna traces in questi ... | 2013 | 22926772 |
| [sem studies on the connective tissue cores of the lingual papillae of the northern goshawk (accipiter gentilis)]. | the lingual papillae and their connective tissue cores (ctcs) of the northern goshawk were examined by scanning electron microscopy (sem). the length of the tongue was approximately 2.5 cm. the median groove divided the body of the tongue into symmetrical parts. at a point approximately 2/3 of the length, there were large conical papillae between the body and the root of the tongue, the apices of which were pointed towards the posterior part of the tongue. under the light microscopy, the filifor ... | 2008 | 18807946 |
| some species of centrorhynchus lühe, 1911 (acanthocephala: centrorhynchidae) from the collection of the natural history museum, london. | seven species of centrorhynchus lühe, 1911 are present in the parasitic worms collection of the natural history museum, london: c. aluconis (müller, 1780) lühe, 1911 from strix aluco linnaeus in great britain; c. buteonis (schrank, 1788) kostylev, 1914 from accipiter virgatus (temminck) (new host record) in sri lanka (new geographical record); c. clitorideus (meyer, 1931) golvan, 1956 from athene brama (temminck) (new host record) in india; c. crotophagicola schmidt and neiland, 1966 (encysted j ... | 2005 | 16167121 |
| biomonitoring of heavy metals in feathers of eleven common bird species in urban and rural environments of tiruchirappalli, india. | heavy metals continue to remain as a major environmental concern in spite of emission control measures. in this study, we analyzed the concentrations of heavy metals (fe, cr, mn, ni, cu, zn, and cd) in the feathers of 11 species of birds collected from urban and rural areas of tiruchirappalli, southern india. metal concentrations followed the order: fe > cu > zn > cr > mn > ni > cd. irrespective of sample locations, heavy metals such as fe, cr, ni, zn, and cu were detected in high concentrations ... | 2015 | 25893764 |
| hematocrit and blood chemistry values in captive raptors (gyps fulvus, buteo buteo, milvus migrans, aquila heliaca). | 1. eight hematological values were determined in blood samples from 88 raptors representing 10 species. 2. means, standard errors, ranges and coefficients of variations were obtained for each parameter and species investigated. 3. the griffon vulture (gyps fulvus) showed mean concentrations of glucose lower than those of most of the other species. 4. concentrations of urea in the buzzard (buteo buteo) were higher than those of the other raptors studied, and the black kite (milvus migrans) had ch ... | 1987 | 2887380 |
| oxidative stress responses in relationship to persistent organic pollutant levels in feathers and blood of two predatory bird species from pakistan. | to date, knowledge of persistent organic pollutant (pop) mediated oxidative stress responses in avian species is rather limited. we therefore investigated whether exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) and organochlorine pesticides (ocps) in two predatory bird species, namely black kite (milvus migrans) and spotted owlet (athene brama), was associated to activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase (gpx), glutathione s-transferase (gst), glutathione reductase (gr ... | 2017 | 27939994 |
| the first exposure assessment of legacy and unrestricted brominated flame retardants in predatory birds of pakistan. | the exposure to legacy polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes), hexabromocyclododecanes (hbcdds) and unrestricted 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (btbpe), bis (2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (beh-tebp) and 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-benzoate (eh-tbb) was examined in tail feathers of 76 birds belonging to ten predatory species inhabiting pakistan. in addition, different feather types of six individuals of black kite (milvus migrans) were compared for their brominated flame r ... | 2017 | 27884470 |
| the feather structure of oriental honey buzzards (pernis ptilorhynchus) and other hawk species in relation to their foraging behavior. | the basic structure of a bird feather may be adapted to suit a variety of functions on different parts of the body and in different species. in oriental honey buzzards (pernis ptilorhynchus), a species which often preys on the larvae of bees and wasps, it is thought that the bird's integument may provide protection against the stings of these insects. we investigated the structure of oriental honey buzzard feathers from the face, head, and neck using light and scanning electron microscopy. the s ... | 2016 | 27268984 |
| variation in predator species abundance can cause variable selection pressure on warning signaling prey. | predation pressure is expected to drive visual warning signals to evolve toward conspicuousness. however, coloration of defended species varies tremendously and can at certain instances be considered as more camouflaged rather than conspicuous. recent theoretical studies suggest that the variation in signal conspicuousness can be caused by variation (within or between species) in predators' willingness to attack defended prey or by the broadness of the predators' signal generalization. if some o ... | 2012 | 22957197 |
| [blood chemical parameters for wild raptor patients and their changes after liver biopsy]. | the present paper tried to find relations between specific anamnesis of wild raptors and blood chemistry values at their day of presentation. 60 (88%) of 68 presented birds of prey showed changes in their blood values. in most birds an increase of got, gpt and ap was seen. some birds showed increases of uric acid, urea and changes in the relation of ca and p as well. a comparison between eurasian buzzards with fractures and some without clinical signs showed a significant increase of uric acid, ... | 2006 | 9741187 |
| the life cycle of mesostephanus indicum mehra, 1947 (digenea: cyathocotylidae). | the life cycle of the cyathocotylid fluke, mesostephanus indicum mehra, 1947 infecting the pariah kite, milvus migrans govinda (accipitridae), is elucidated. the species, reported by mehra (proc nat acad sci india 17:1-52, 1947) from buteo rufinus rufinus (accipitridae), was transferred to the genus prohemistomum by dubois (rev suiss de zool 58:639-691, 1951). however, it is retained in the genus mesostephanus because of the presence of vaginal sphincter and caudal appendage, which are the chara ... | 2007 | 17514481 |
| plasma protein electrophoresis in birds: comparison of a semiautomated agarose gel system with an automated capillary system. | plasma agarose gel electrophoresis (age) is recognized as a very reliable diagnostic tool in avian medicine. within the last 10 years, new electrophoresis techniques such as capillary zone electrophoresis (cze) have emerged in human laboratory medicine but have never been investigated in birds. to investigate the use of cze in birds and to compare it with age, plasma samples from 30 roosters (gallus gallus), 20 black kites (milvus migrans), and 10 racing pigeons (columba livia) were analyzed by ... | 2013 | 23971218 |
| [parasitic helminths of wild animals in senegal (3rd note) spiruroidea (nematoda), parasites of gastric reservoirs of milvus migrans boddaert, microtetrameres guilhoni n. sp., dispharynx malvyae n. sp]. | | 2003 | 4640342 |
| temporal trends in classical and alternative flame retardants in bird eggs from doñana natural space and surrounding areas (south-western spain) between 1999 and 2013. | several halogenated flame retardants were detected in black kite, white stork and greater flamingo unborn eggs from doñana natural space (spain) collected in 1999, 2003, 2011 and 2013. the main components of penta-bde commercial mixture (bde-47, -99 and -100) showed a decrease in the studied time interval, concurring with the ban of this mixture in the european union (eu) in 2006. on the other hand, bde-209, the main component of deca-bde mixture showed a clear trend in black kites but further m ... | 2015 | 26111846 |
| sex determination in the wild: a field application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification successfully determines sex across three raptor species. | pcr-based methods are the most common technique for sex determination of birds. although these methods are fast, easy and accurate, they still require special facilities that preclude their application outdoors. consequently, there is a time lag between sampling and obtaining results that impedes researchers to take decisions in situ and in real time considering individuals' sex. we present an outdoor technique for sex determination of birds based on the amplification of the duplicated sex-chrom ... | 2017 | 27235333 |
| population characteristics of black kite lice. | a look on literature revealed that the population characteristics of phthiraptera infesting black kite, milvus migrans boddaert deserved investigation. thirty-two kites were sampled in district rampur (u.p.) india during january 2011-december 2012, for the presence of phthirapteran ectoparasites. two amblyceran species, laemobothrion maximum scopoli and colpocephalum turbinatum denny and one ischnoceran louse, degeeriella regalis giebel were recovered. the prevalence, intensity of infestation, s ... | 2017 | 28848259 |
| match between soaring modes of black kites and the fine-scale distribution of updrafts. | understanding how soaring birds use updrafts at small spatial scales is important to identify ecological constraints of movement, and may help to prevent conflicts between wind-energy development and the conservation of wildlife. we combined high-frequency gps animal tracking and fine-spatial-scale uplift modelling to establish a link between flight behaviour of soaring birds and the distribution of updrafts. we caught 21 black kites (milvus migrans) and gps-tracked them while flying over the ta ... | 2017 | 28743947 |
| larval infestation in a common pariah kite milvus migrans (boddaert). | this paper describes a case of larval infestation in a common pariah kite milvus migrans (boddaert). examination on the larvae revealed that the larvae were of the family sarcophagidae (diptera). | 2017 | 28316412 |
| lifetime variation in feather corticosterone levels in a long-lived raptor. | in long-lived animals, the challenges that threaten individual homeostasis, and the way they are dealt with, are expected to vary in an age-related manner, encompassing the progressive selection of superior phenotypes and the acquisition and improvement of key skills (e.g. foraging, breeding and fighting abilities). since exposure to homeostatic challenges typically elevates circulating glucocorticoid (gc) levels in vertebrates (modulating the behavioural and physiological responses that mediate ... | 2017 | 27568027 |
| conservation of the red kite milvus milvus (aves: accipitriformes) is not affected by the establishment of a broad hybrid zone with the black kite milvus migrans migrans in central europe. | among accipitriformes sensu stricto, only a few species have been reported to form hybrid zones; these include the red kite milvus milvus and black kite milvus migrans migrans. m. milvus is endemic to the western palearctic and has an estimated total population of 20-24,000 breeding pairs. the species was in decline until the 1970s due to persecution and has declined again since the 1990s due to ingestion of rodenticide-treated baits, illegal poisoning and changes in agricultural practices, part ... | 2016 | 27463515 |
| decoration increases the conspicuousness of raptor nests. | avian nests are frequently concealed or camouflaged, but a number of species builds noticeable nests or use conspicuous materials for nest decoration. in most cases, nest decoration has a role in mate choice or provides thermoregulatory or antiparasitic benefits. in territorial species however, decorations may serve additional or complementary functions, such as extended phenotypic signaling of nest-site occupancy and social status to potential intruders. the latter may benefit both signaler and ... | 2016 | 27455066 |
| use of feathers to assess polychlorinated biphenyl and organochlorine pesticide exposure in top predatory bird species of pakistan. | little is known about the levels of organochlorines (ocs) in predatory bird species from asia or the factors governing their concentrations. this study is the first report on concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and organochlorine pesticides (ocps) in predatory birds of pakistan. the concentrations of pcbs and ocps were investigated using tail feathers of ten different species of predatory birds. in addition, concentration differences among body, tail, primary and secondary feather ... | 2016 | 27425437 |
| visual abilities in two raptors with different ecology. | differences in visual capabilities are known to reflect differences in foraging behaviour even among closely related species. among birds, the foraging of diurnal raptors is assumed to be guided mainly by vision but their foraging tactics include both scavenging upon immobile prey and the aerial pursuit of highly mobile prey. we studied how visual capabilities differ between two diurnal raptor species of similar size: harris's hawks, parabuteo unicinctus, which take mobile prey, and black kites, ... | 2016 | 27317812 |
| effects of ontogeny, diel rhythms, and environmental variation on the adrenocortical physiology of semialtricial black kites (milvus migrans). | we examined whether hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in the nestlings of a semialtricial raptor, the black kite (milvus migrans), varied with advancing age, throughout the day, and in response to a number of socioecological factors presumed to affect allostatic load. both baseline corticosterone (cort) titers and maximum cort levels during 30 min of handling and restraint augmented across all sampled ages, suggesting that nestlings' energetic demands and capacity to respond to pertur ... | 2017 | 27153131 |
| cluster of atherosclerosis in a captive population of black kites (milvus migrans subsp.) in france and effect of nutrition on the plasma lipid profile. | from january 2010 to march 2013, a captive colony of 83 black kites (milvus migrans subsp.) in france experienced increased mortality related to atherosclerosis with an incidence of 4.4% per year. on histopathology, all kites had advanced atherosclerotic lesions, with several birds presenting abdominal hemorrhage and aortic rupture. in january 2012, a dietary change was instituted and consisted of introducing fish into the kites' diet. during the following 15 mo, the plasma lipid profile was mon ... | 2014 | 24758133 |
| molecular characterization of haemosporidian parasites from kites of the genus milvus (aves: accipitridae). | despite the ecological significance and appeal of birds of prey, many aspects of their biology remain poorly known, including the diversity of parasites infecting them in the wild. we studied the diversity and prevalence of haemosporidian parasites infecting the two species of kites of the genus milvus, aiming to describe the phylogenetic relationships among them and with other haemosporidians, as well as their distribution in the two host species. black kites, milvus migrans, harboured a more d ... | 2013 | 23376529 |
| predator versus prey: locust looming-detector neuron and behavioural responses to stimuli representing attacking bird predators. | many arthropods possess escape-triggering neural mechanisms that help them evade predators. these mechanisms are important neuroethological models, but they are rarely investigated using predator-like stimuli because there is often insufficient information on real predator attacks. locusts possess uniquely identifiable visual neurons (the descending contralateral movement detectors, dcmds) that are well-studied looming motion detectors. the dcmds trigger 'glides' in flying locusts, which are hyp ... | 2012 | 23209660 |
| different location sampling frequencies by satellite tags yield different estimates of migration performance: pooling data requires a common protocol. | migration research is in rapid expansion and increasingly based on sophisticated satellite-tracking devices subject to constant technological refinement, but is still ripe with descriptive studies and in need of meta-analyses looking for emergent generalisations. in particular, coexistence of studies and devices with different frequency of location sampling and spatial accuracy generates doubts of data compatibility, potentially preventing meta-analyses. we used satellite-tracking data on a migr ... | 2012 | 23166742 |
| experimental tests of endocrine function in breeding and nonbreeding raptors. | many long-lived avian species defer reproduction for several years, often displaying a "floating" behavior characterized by the lack of mates and exclusive territories. understanding the proximate mechanisms regulating floating behavior is a relevant topic of research for physiologists, behavioral ecologists, and population biologists because a prolonged period of nonbreeding can negatively affect lifetime fitness and change population dynamics. here we tested two hypotheses linking endocrine fu ... | 2013 | 21743254 |
| raptor nest decorations are a reliable threat against conspecifics. | individual quality is often signaled by phenotypic flags, such as bright plumage patches in birds. extended phenotype signals can similarly show quality, but in these cases the signals are external to the individual, often taking the form of objects scavenged from the environment. through multiple manipulative experiments, we showed that objects used for nest decoration by a territorial raptor, the black kite (milvus migrans), act as reliable threats to conspecifics, revealing the viability, ter ... | 2011 | 21252345 |
| coping with uncertainty: breeding adjustments to an unpredictable environment in an opportunistic raptor. | no environment is truly constant in time. as a result, animals have evolved multiple adjustments to cope with such fluctuations. however, the allocation of effort to costly activities that imply long-term commitments, such as breeding, may be extremely challenging when future resources change constantly and unpredictably, a context that has received little investigation. to fill this gap, we studied the breeding response by a wetland-dependent raptor, the black kite milvus migrans, to within and ... | 2011 | 20953963 |
| simultaneous analysis of multiple pcr amplicons enhances capillary sscp discrimination of mhc alleles. | major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genotyping still remains one of the most challenging issues for evolutionary ecologists. to date, none of the proposed methods have proven to be perfect, and all provide both important pros and cons. although denaturing capillary electrophoresis has become a popular alternative, allele identification commonly relies upon conformational polymorphisms of two single-stranded dna molecules at the most. using the mhc class ii (beta chain, exon 2) of the black ki ... | 2010 | 20358545 |
| reproductive endocrinology of wild, long-lived raptors. | the last decades have witnessed a surge of studies analyzing the role of sex hormones on the behavior and ecology of wild bird populations, allowing a more integrated view of the evolution of avian physiology and life histories. despite a marked progress, field studies show a considerable bias towards research on specific phylogenetic groups, neglecting a significant fraction of the class aves. here we analysed changes in the circulating levels of sex steroids in relation to reproductive behavio ... | 2010 | 20346946 |
| proximate and ultimate factors explaining floating behavior in long-lived birds. | avian populations are composed of reproductive individuals coexisting in space and time with young, non-breeding conspecifics or "floaters". despite the fact that first breeding can be delayed for years and can exert profound effects on fitness, many aspects of the behavior, ecology and physiology of young floaters remain poorly understood. by means of combining endocrine, behavioral and life history information from a population of black kites (milvus migrans) monitored long-term, we tested sev ... | 2010 | 19891967 |
| predictors of floater status in a long-lived bird: a cross-sectional and longitudinal test of hypotheses. | 1. few studies have been capable of monitoring the nonterritorial sector of a population because of the typically secretive behaviour of floating individuals, despite the existing consensus over the demographic importance of floating. furthermore, there is almost no information on floating behaviour for migratory species. 2. the factors that determine whether an individual will be a floater or a territory owner have been framed into five, non-mutually exclusive hypotheses: (i) territory holders ... | 2009 | 19120598 |
| tibiotarsal fracture and neurologic problems of a black-eared kite (milvus migrans). | a wild-caught black-eared kite (milvus migrans) was presented with a fracture of the right fibula and tibiotarsus that was repaired using combined crossed pins and a rigid cast technique. the fracture healed well; however, because the bird was not able to regain full use of its legs, radiographs were taken, which revealed a translucent structure involving the vertebral bodies of the notarium-synsacrum area. the condition of the bird deteriorated over the following days, and it was euthanized. po ... | 2006 | 16931370 |
| prioritizing species conservation: does the cape verde kite exist? | the cape verde kite (milvus milvus fasciicauda) is considered to be one of the rarest birds of prey in the world and at significant risk of extinction. for this reason there is great interest in both the taxonomic and the population status of this group. to help resolve its taxonomic status, we provide phylogenetic analyses based on three mitochondrial genes for a sampling of kites in the genus milvus, including a broad geographical sampling of black kites (milvus migrans), red kites (milvus mil ... | 2005 | 16006325 |
| a scanning electron microscope study of the luminal surface specializations in the blood vessels of the pecten oculi in a diurnal bird, the black kite (milvus migrans). | the luminal surface of the pecten oculi of the black kite (milvus migrans), a diurnally active bird of prey, was examined by scanning electron microscopy. in this species the blood vessels are generally of two types, the small-calibre capillaries and the large-calibre afferent and efferent vessels. the luminal surface of the efferent blood vessels possesses a few low microplicae. conversely, the luminal surface of the afferent blood vessels is characteristically smooth except at the cell junctio ... | 1998 | 9795697 |
| a scanning electron microscope study of the pecten oculi of the black kite (milvus migrans): possible involvement of melanosomes in protecting the pecten against damage by ultraviolet light. | the pecten oculi of the black kite (milvus migrans), a diurnally active bird of prey, has been examined by scanning electron microscopy. in this species the pecten consists of 12 highly vascularised pleats, held together apically by a heavily pigmented 'bridge' and projects freely into the vitreous body in the ventral part of the eye cup. ascending and descending blood vessels of varying calibre, together with a profuse network of capillaries, essentially constitute the vascular framework of the ... | 1994 | 7649799 |
| studies on tapeworms of the common indian kite, milvus migrans (boddaert). | | 2003 | 5532498 |
| some aspects of the histological and histochemical studies on the oviduct of the kite, milvus migrans govinda sykes. | | 1961 | 13877914 |
| a new species of centrorhynchus (acanthocephala) from the kite, milvus migrans, in egypt. | | 1956 | 13353882 |
| human-attacks by an urban raptor are tied to human subsidies and religious practices. | growing urbanization is increasing human-wildlife interactions, including attacks towards humans by vertebrate predators, an aspect that has received extremely scarce investigation. here, we examined the ecological, landscape and human factors that may promote human-aggression by raptorial black kites milvus migrans in the 16-millions inhabitants megacity of delhi (india). physical attacks depended on human activities such as unhygienic waste management, ritual-feeding of kites (mainly operated ... | 2019 | 30796235 |
| offspring defense by an urban raptor responds to human subsidies and ritual animal-feeding practices. | there is a growing interest in the behavioural and life history mechanisms that allow animal species to cope with rapidly expanding urban habitats, which impose frequent proximity to humans. a particular case of behavioral bottleneck (i.e. conflicting interests) faced by animals in urban environments is how they will modulate the defence of their offspring against the potential danger represented by humans, an aspect that has received scarce research attention. we examined the nest defense again ... | 2018 | 30372432 |
| carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae in wildlife, food-producing, and companion animals: a systematic review. | the spread of carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae (cre) in healthcare settings challenges clinicians worldwide. however, little is known about dissemination of cre in livestock, food, and companion animals and potential transmission to humans. | 2018 | 29654871 |
| monitoring 137cs concentrations in bird species occupying different ecological niches; game birds and raptors in fukushima prefecture. | this study was conducted to assess radiocesium accumulation in birds after the accident at tokyo electric power company's fukushima daiichi nuclear power station in 2011, with a particular focus on 137cs, which has a long physical half-life. results of 137cs monitoring in four game bird species including two pheasant species and two duck species (copper pheasant, green pheasant, spot-billed duck and mallard) were assessed in fukushima prefecture. we also obtained samples from rescued raptors tha ... | 2019 | 30544020 |
| frequent detection of anticoagulant rodenticides in raptors sampled in taiwan reflects government rodent control policy. | anticoagulant rodenticides (ars) are known to cause extensive secondary exposure in top predators in europe and north america, but there remains a paucity of data in asia. in this study, we collected 221 liver samples from 21 raptor species in taiwan between 2010 and 2018. most birds were recovered from rescue organizations, but some free-ranging individuals were obtained from bird-strike prevention measures at airports. ars were detected in 10 species and more than half of the total samples. co ... | 2019 | 31326797 |
| quantitative and qualitative characteristics of blood cells in black-shouldered, brahminy, and black kites. | black-shouldered kites (bsk, elanus caeruleus), brahminy kites (brk, haliastur indus), and black kites (bk, milvus migrans govinda) are medium-sized hawks found in thailand, and little is known about the hematology of these three kite species. | 2019 | 30667520 |
| dynamics of prevalence and distribution pattern of avian plasmodium species and its vectors in diverse zoogeographical areas - a review. | avian plasmodium is of special interest to health care scientists and veterinarians due to the potency of causing avian malaria in non-adapted birds and their evolutionary phylogenetic relationship with human malaria species. this article aimed to provide a comprehensive list of the common avian plasmodium parasites in the birds and mosquitoes, to specify the common plasmodium species and lineages in the selected regions of west of asia, east of europe, and north of africa/middle east, and to de ... | 2020 | 32087345 |
| a comparison of respiratory variables in a wild population of ventilated and nonventilated black kites (milvus migrans govinda). | black kites (milvus migrans govinda) often become injured due to kite-string injuries obtained during the international kite flying festival that takes place during the celebration of uttarayan, in ahmedabad, india. the purpose of this study was to compare respiratory variables in ventilated and nonventilated black kites, to facilitate an evidence-based decision on whether to ventilate injured birds. a total of 56 juvenile and adult black kites of unknown sex were anesthetized and divided into a ... | 2020 | 32702955 |
| sea crossing as a major determinant for the evolution of migratory strategies in soaring birds. | santos, c. d., silva, j. p., muñoz, a.-r., onrubia, a., & wikelski, m. (2020). the gateway to africa: what determines sea crossing performance of a migratory soaring bird at the strait of gibraltar? journal of animal ecology, 89, 1317-1328. migrating birds undertake long journeys which pose several challenges. water bodies are the most demanding ecological barriers for soaring birds, due to the increase in energy consumption and mortality risk. through high-resolution gps, santos et al. (2020), ... | 2020 | 32515048 |
| inter-individual differences in foveal shape in a scavenging raptor, the black kite milvus migrans. | birds, and especially raptors, are believed to forage mainly using visual cues. indeed, raptors (scavengers and predators) have the highest visual acuity known to date. however, scavengers and predators differ in their visual systems such as in their foveal configuration. while the function of the foveal shape remains unknown, individual variation has never been quantified in birds. in this study, we examined whether foveal shape differs among individuals in relation to eye size, sex, age, eye ( ... | 2020 | 32273526 |
| the gateway to africa: what determines sea crossing performance of a migratory soaring bird at the strait of gibraltar? | large bodies of water represent major obstacles for the migration of soaring birds because thermal updrafts are absent or weak over water. soaring birds are known to time their water crossings with favourable weather conditions and there are records of birds falling into the water and drowning in large numbers. however, it is still unclear how environmental factors, individual traits and trajectory choices affect their water crossing performance, this being important to understand the fitness co ... | 2020 | 32144757 |
| when and where mortality occurs throughout the annual cycle changes with age in a migratory bird: individual vs population implications. | the annual cycle of most animals is structured into discrete stages, such as breeding, migration and dispersal. while there is growing appreciation of the importance of different stages of an organism's annual cycle for its fitness and population dynamics, almost nothing is known about if and how such seasonal effects can change through a species lifespan. here, we take advantage of the opportunity offered by a long-term satellite/gps-tracking study and a reliable method of remote death-detectio ... | 2019 | 31758057 |
| plasmid-mediated mcr-1 colistin resistance in escherichia coli from a black kite in russia. | the gene mcr-1 conferring resistance to last-line antibiotic colistin has been reported globally. here, we describe the first detection of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in russian wildlife, an isolate of escherichia coli sequence type 2280 from a black kite (milvus migrans) scavenging raptor. whole-genome sequencing and plasmid transferability experiments revealed that mcr-1.1 was located on conjugative inci2 plasmid pdr164 (59891 bp). migratory black kites may contribute to the global sp ... | 2019 | 31307988 |
| the population density of an urban raptor is inextricably tied to human cultural practices. | human socio-cultural factors are recognized as fundamental drivers of urban ecological processes, but their effect on wildlife is still poorly known. in particular, human cultural aspects may differ substantially between the extensively studied urban settings of temperate regions and the poorly studied cities of the tropics, which may offer profoundly different niches for urban wildlife. here, we report how the population levels of a scavenging raptor which breeds in the megacity of delhi, the b ... | 2019 | 30940059 |
| wind turbines cause functional habitat loss for migratory soaring birds. | wind energy production has expanded to meet climate change mitigation goals, but negative impacts of wind turbines have been reported on wildlife. soaring birds are among the most affected groups with alarming fatality rates by collision with wind turbines and an escalating occupation of their migratory corridors. these birds have been described as changing their flight trajectories to avoid wind turbines, but this behaviour may lead to functional habitat loss, as suitable soaring areas in the p ... | 2020 | 30762229 |
| new haplotypes of the mitochondrial gene cytb in the nesting population of the siberian black kite milvus migrans lineatus gray, 1831 in the territory of the republic of tyva. | we analyzed a fragment of mitochondrial cytb locus obtained from young and adult black kites milvus migrans lineatus from 19 nests in the republic of tyva, russia. three previously known (cytb-6, cytb-14, cytb-19) and three new haplotypes identified as cytb-6.1, cytb-6.2, and cytb-19.1 were detected. we described a set of substitutions specific to m. migrans lineatus but not to m. migrans migrans, the european subspecies of black kite. | 2018 | 30397883 |
| integrating population connectivity into pollution assessment: overwintering mixing reveals flame retardant contamination in breeding areas in a migratory raptor. | determining the exposure and magnitude at which various pollutants are differentially assimilated at the breeding and non-breeding grounds of migratory wildlife is challenging. here, the possibility of applying the migratory connectivity framework to understanding contamination in birds is illustrated by considering flame retardants in inviable eggs of a migratory raptor, the black kite (milvus migrans). the occurrence and concentration of legacy and emerging compounds in eggs from the southeast ... | 2018 | 29960221 |
| complete genome sequence of an avian native ndm-1-producing salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar corvallis strain. | carbapenems are an important class of β-lactams and one of the last options for treating severe human infections. we present here the complete genome sequence of avian native carbapenemase-producing salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar corvallis strain 12-01738, harboring a blandm-1-carrying inca/c2 plasmid, isolated in 2012 from a wild bird (milvus migrans) in germany. | 2018 | 29954902 |
| assessment of the exposure to heavy metals and arsenic in captive and free-living black kites (milvus migrans) nesting in portugal. | due to their high trophic level, raptor species may serve as important indicators of environmental contamination by heavy metals. this study was conducted to determine if the habitat of the black kite (milvus migrans) is contaminated by heavy metals and arsenic and to assess the degree and type of exposure that may be present. for this purpose, this study was conducted on a group of captive birds (n = 12) and on a group of free-living birds admitted to two wildlife rehabilitation centers (n = 31 ... | 2018 | 29804016 |
| offal dumping sites influence the relative abundance and roosting site selection of black kites (milvus migrans govinda) in urban landscape: a study from kolkata metropolis, india. | although black kites (milvus migrans govinda) serve as major scavenging raptor in most of the urban areas, scientific studies on this important ecosystem service provider are almost non-existent in indian context. the present study was carried out in a metropolis in eastern india to find out the factors influencing relative abundance and roosting site selection of black kites. separate generalized linear models (glms) were performed considering encounter rate and roosting black kite abundance as ... | 2017 | 29238878 |