| gas-liquid chromatographic determination of kepone in field-collected avian tissues and eggs. | a procedure is described for determining kepone (decachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-2h-cyclobuta [cd] pentalene-2-one) residues in avian egg, liver, and tissue. samples were extracted with benzene-isopropanol, and the extract was cleaned up with fuming h2so4-concentrated h2so4. kepone was separated from organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls on a florisil column and analyzed by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography (glc). the average recovery from spiked tissues was 86%. the ... | 1978 | 74377 |
| cryptocotyle lingua infection in a bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus). | approximately 11,000 heterophyid trematodes, crytocotyle lingua, were recovered from the small intestine of a bald eagle, haliaeetus leucocephalus, in nova scotia. severe emaciation of the eagle was attributed to the heavy burden of trematodes. the wide distribution of this trematode in the maritime area and the fact that fish are a primary source of food for eagles in nova scotia might be predisposing factors in this case. | 1978 | 650779 |
| epidemiology of great lakes bald eagles. | historical data are provided to support the hypothesis that organochlorine chemicals introduced into the great lakes ecosystem following world war ii are the cause of reproductive loss among bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) in the basin. this is supported with data on concurrent population fluxes of extrabasin north american bald eagle populations and the european white-tailed sea eagle (haliaeetus albicillus) where the same chemicals were produced and released. organochlorine chemicals ap ... | 1991 | 1875429 |
| characterization of an avian cholera epizootic in wild birds in western nebraska. | avian cholera killed an estimated 2500 birds in western nebraska and eastern wyoming from 28 november 1985 to late january 1986. wild mallards (anas platyrhynchos) suffered the most losses. other wild waterfowl, wild turkeys (meleagris gallopavo), a few domestic fowl, and a bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus) also died. pasteurella multocida serotype 1 was the predominant isolate from these carcasses. cold, wet weather persisted throughout the outbreak, but daily losses in the flock of 50,000 ... | 1988 | 3382368 |
| case histories of bald eagles and other raptors killed by organophosphorus insecticides topically applied to livestock. | since 1982 when secondary poisoning of a red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis) was documented following the recommended use of famphur applied topically to cattle, the patuxent wildlife research center has tested dead birds of prey for poisoning by famphur and other pour-on organophosphorus (op) insecticides. brain cholinesterase (che) activity was first determined, then if che was depressed greater than or equal to 50%, stomach and/or crop contents were evaluated for anti-che compounds. this repo ... | 1987 | 3586207 |
| clinal genetic variation at enzyme loci in bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) from the western united states. | five polymorphic enzyme loci of about 50 sampled were discovered in blood extracts of bald eagles from alaska, washington, oregon, and arizona, representing the first biochemical genetic variation described for the species. all five loci exhibited trends of north-to-south clinal geographic variation in gene frequencies. gene frequencies at three loci culminated in fixation in the arizona population, which consists of 12 known breeding pairs. the arizona birds were maximally heterozygous at the o ... | 1985 | 4015622 |
| residues of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and mercury and autopsy data for bald eagles, 1969 and 1970. | | 1972 | 4634055 |
| isolation of a herpesvirus from a bald eagle nestling. | cloacal swabs collected from wild bald eagle nestlings (haliaeetus leucocephalus) were tested for viruses. a virus isolated from one of these samples had a lipid coat and contained dna. electron microscopy confirmed that it was a herpesvirus. this appears to be the first report of a herpesvirus isolation from a wild bald eagle. | 1983 | 6197056 |
| organochlorine pesticide, pcb, and pbb residues and necropsy data for bald eagles from 29 states--1975-77. | during 1975-77, 168 bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) found moribund or dead in 29 states were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs); 32 specimens from 13 states were analyzed for polybrominated biphenyls (pbbs). pcbs were present in 166 bald eagle carcasses and dde was found in 165. tde and dieldrin were identified in 137 samples, trans-nonachlor in 118, and oxychlordane in 90. brains of five eagles contained possible lethal levels of dieldrin, and two ... | 1980 | 6247694 |
| isolation of streptococcus zooepidemicus from a bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus). | | 1984 | 6743182 |
| plasmodium in a bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus) in florida. | | 1981 | 7338979 |
| lead poisoning of raptors in france and elsewhere. | although lead poisoning, through the ingestion of gunshot embedded in prey, is known to have been a significant mortality factor for several raptor species in the united states (haliaeetus leucocephalus and gymnogyps californianus), very little published information is available concerning raptors in europe. this paper presents the results of liver lead analysis from 222 raptors collected throughout france and reviews other published and unpublished european information. of the 11 diurnal and 6 ... | 1993 | 7682502 |
| serotypes and dna fingerprint profiles of pasteurella multocida isolated from raptors. | pasteurella multocida isolates from 21 raptors were examined by dna fingerprint profile and serotyping methods. isolates were obtained from noncaptive birds of prey found in 11 states from november 28, 1979, through february 10, 1993. nine isolates were from bald eagles, and the remaining isolates were from hawks, falcons, and owls. seven isolates were members of capsule group a, and 14 were nonencapsulated. one isolate was identified as somatic type 3, and another was type 3,4,7; both had uniqu ... | 1995 | 7794197 |
| observed abnormalities in mandibles of nestling bald eagles haliaeetus leucocephalus. | | 1994 | 7919724 |
| prevalence of encysted toxoplasma gondii in raptors from alabama. | little is known about the prevalence of encysted toxoplasma gondii in wild birds. we examined the hearts and breast muscles from 101 raptors for encysted t. gondii. all of the raptors had been submitted for necropsy to the state veterinary diagnostic laboratory, auburn, alabama. tissues were digested in acid-pepsin solution and inoculated into groups of 3-5 laboratory mice. toxoplasma gondii was isolated from 27 of 101 (26.7%) raptors: 8 of 12 (66.7%) red-shouldered hawks (buteo lineatus), 13 of ... | 1993 | 8277379 |
| winter poisoning of coyotes and raptors with furadan-laced carcass baits. | three bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus), a red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis), and two coyotes (canis latrans) found in a field in north-central kansas (usa) in december 1992 were poisoned by flowable carbofuran (furadan 4f) placed on sheep (ovis aries) carcasses to kill coyotes. the carbofuran was placed on the carcasses in october 1992, but the coyotes and raptors apparently were killed in late december. thus, flowable furadan can cause direct and secondary deaths of wildlife under some ... | 1996 | 8722286 |
| poisoning of bald eagles and red-tailed hawks by carbofuran and fensulfothion in the fraser delta of british columbia, canada. | during the winter of 1990 in the fraser delta of british columbia, canada, nine birds of prey were found with symptoms of anticholinesterase poisoning. immediate surgical removal of crop contents of three birds decreased mortality and recovery time. chemical analysis was conducted on crop contents, which contained mainly duck parts. a bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus) contained 200 micrograms/g and a red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis) 2.2 micrograms/g carbofuran, while the crop of another r ... | 1996 | 8827674 |
| food chain analysis of exposures and risks to wildlife at a metals-contaminated wetland. | a food chain analysis of risks to wetland receptors was performed in support of a baseline ecological risk assessment at the milltown reservoir sediments superfund site in montana. the study area consisted of over 450 acres of primarily palustrine wetland contaminated with metals from mining wastes transported from upstream sources (average of 465 mg/kg for cu in sediments, and 585 mg/kg in soils). the food chain analysis focused on several species of terrestrial and semiaquatic animals indigeno ... | 1996 | 8854965 |
| acanthocephala of the bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus) in north america. | examination of bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) collected from several locations in north america contributed new information concerning the acanthocephalan fauna of this host. representatives of arythmorhynchus brevis, representing a new host record, were collected from eagles in florida, new hampshire, and wisconsin. plagiorhynchus sp. was collected from an eagle in florida. corynosoma strumosum was collected from an eagle in alaska. andracantha phalacrocoracis, representing a new host r ... | 1997 | 9194845 |
| validation of the doubly labeled water method in bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and a comparison of two equations for the calculation of energy expenditure. | we validated the doubly labeled water (dlw) technique for measurement of energy expenditure in bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) in captivity by simultaneously measuring metabolizable energy intake in a feeding trial. we calculated co2 production using two equations, one typically used by animal ecologists (the "one-pool" equation) and the other typically used by human nutritionists (the "two-pool" equation). metabolizable energy intake, as determined by feeding trials, for two adult eagles ... | 1997 | 9231372 |
| plasmodium forresteri n. sp., from raptors in florida and southern georgia: its distinction from plasmodium elongatum morphologically within and among host species and by vector susceptibility. | plasmodium forresteri n. sp. naturally infects eastern screech-owls (otus asio), great horned owls (bubo virginianus), barred owls (strix varia), bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus), red-shouldered hawks (buteo lineatus), broad-winged hawks (buteo platypterus), and red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis) in florida and southern georgia. schizonts occur in mature or nearly mature erythrocytes, produce 2-6 merozoites arranged most commonly in fan or cruciform configuration, with mean dimensions am ... | 1997 | 9379302 |
| vector ability of mosquitoes for isolates of plasmodium elongatum from raptors in florida. | three isolates of plasmodium elongatum were obtained from 3 species of raptors (red-tailed hawk [buteo jamaicensis], bald eagle [haliaeetus leucocephalus], and eastern screech owl [otus asio]) from florida using isodiagnostic techniques in pekin ducks (anas platyrhynchos). six to 10 species of mosquitoes were tested for susceptibility to these 3 isolates. complete development of the sporogonic cycle of the 3 isolates of p. elongatum occurred in 3 species of mosquitoes, culex nigripalpus, culex r ... | 1998 | 9645854 |
| a retrospective study of morbidity and mortality of raptors in florida: 1988-1994. | a retrospective study was conducted on 390 raptors admitted to the university of florida veterinary medical teaching hospital (vmth) during 1988-1994. representatives of 20 species were admitted; the five most common species were the barred owl (strix varia, 72), eastern sreech owl (otus asio, 63), red-shouldered hawk (buteo lineatus, 49), bald eagle (haleaeetus leucocephalus, 43), and red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis, 38). a primary clinical diagnosis was determined in 340 (87%) of the 390 ra ... | 1998 | 9732030 |
| prevalence of encysted apicomplexans in muscles of raptors. | an acid-pepsin digestion technique was used to examine portions of breast muscle and heart from raptors for encysted protozoans. apicomplexan zoites were present in 52 (45.6%) of the 114 samples examined: 11 of 12 (91.7%) red-shouldered hawks (buteo lineatus), 20 of 34 (58.8%) red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis), two of seven (28.6%) cooper's hawks (accipiter cooperi), three of four (75%) sharp-shinned hawks (accipiter striatus), one (100%) mississippi kites (ictinia misisippiensis), one of two ... | 1999 | 9950339 |
| identification of duck plague virus by polymerase chain reaction. | a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was developed for detecting duck plague virus. a 765-bp ecori fragment cloned from the genome of the duck plague vaccine (dp-vac) virus was sequenced for pcr primer development. the fragment sequence was found by genbank alignment searches to be similar to the 3' ends of an undefined open reading frame and the gene for dna polymerase protein in other herpesviruses. three of four primers sets were found to be specific for the dp-vac virus and 100% (7/7) of ... | 1999 | 10216766 |
| organization of telomere sequences in birds: evidence for arrays of extreme length and for in vivo shortening. | telomeres are the specialized ends of chromosomes consisting of highly conserved repeat (5'-ttaggg-3')(n) sequences. lack of information regarding the existence of an in vivo telomere clock function in birds, conflicting data regarding telomere array length in the chicken model, and the paucity of molecular telomere information for other avian species led us to study telomere array organization within and among 18 species and subspecies of birds. most of the species contained between 2% and 4% t ... | 2000 | 11060464 |
| protein electrophoresis as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in raptor medicine. | plasma proteins of 139 healthy adult birds of prey from 10 species were separated by electrophoresis to characterize and document normal reference ranges and species-specific electrophoretic patternsand to evaluate the value of this technique for health screening, disease diagnosis, and prognostic indication. species studied included bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus), red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis), barn owl (tyto alba), great horned owl (bubo virginianus), turkey vulture (cathartes aur ... | 2000 | 11428396 |
| wildlife as sentinels of human health effects in the great lakes--st. lawrence basin. | there is no existing formal, long-term program for gathering evidence of the incidence and severity of the health effects of toxic substances in wildlife. however, research-based studies of bald eagles, herring gulls, night herons, tree swallows, snapping turtles, mink, and beluga over the past 30 years have revealed a broad spectrum of health effects in the great lakes-st. lawrence basin including thyroid and other endocrine disorders, metabolic diseases, altered immune function, reproductive i ... | 2001 | 11744503 |
| new fish-killing alga in coastal delaware produces neurotoxins. | ten fish mortality events, involving primarily atlantic menhaden, occurred from early july through september 2000 in several bays and creeks in delaware, usa. two events involved large mortalities estimated at 1-2.5 million fish in bald eagle creek, rehoboth bay. samples from indian inlet (bethany beach), open to the atlantic, as well as from an enclosed area of massive fish kills at nearby bald eagle creek and torque canal were collected and sent to our laboratory for analysis. microscopic exam ... | 2002 | 12003749 |
| herring gulls and great black-backed gulls as indicators of contaminants in bald eagles in lake ontario, canada. | in 2000, a pair of bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) nested successfully along the shorelines of lake ontario in north america for the first time since 1957. however, it is a continuing question whether bald eagles will be able to reproduce successfully as they return to nest on lake ontario. great black-backed gulls (larus marinus) and herring gulls (l. argentatus) were selected as surrogate species to predict contaminant levels in eggs of bald eagles nesting on lake ontario. because of th ... | 2002 | 12013123 |
| epizootiologic studies of avian vacuolar myelinopathy in waterbirds. | epizootic avian vacuolar myelinopathy (avm) was first recognized as a neurologic disease in bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and american coots (fulica americana) in arkansas, usa in 1994 and 1996, respectively, but attempts to identify the etiology of the disease have been unsuccessful to date. between 1998 and 2001, wing clipped sentinel birds (wild american coots and game farm mallards [anas platyrhynchos]) were released at lake surf, north carolina, a lake with recurrent outbreaks of a ... | 2002 | 12528432 |
| lead poisoning in upland-foraging birds of prey in canada. | we examined the degree of lead exposure, based on tissue-lead concentrations, in 184 raptors of 16 species found dead across canada. the most prevalent species available for examination were red-tailed hawks, great horned owls, and golden eagles (n = 131). the majority of individuals examined had very low lead accumulation, however 3-4% of total mortality in these 3 most commonly encountered species was attributed to lead poisoning. in addition, 1 of 9 bald eagles found dead far from aquatic env ... | 2003 | 12739854 |
| failure to transmit avian vacuolar myelinopathy to mallard ducks. | avian vacuolar myelinopathy (avm) is a neurologic disease that has been diagnosed in free-ranging birds in the southeastern united states. bald eagles (haliaeetus leuocephalus), american coots (fulica americana), and mallards (anas platyrhynchos) have been affected. previous investigations have not determined the etiology of this disease. in november and december 2002, we attempted to induce avm in game-farmed mallards through four, 7-day exposure trials. mallards were housed in six groups of ei ... | 2003 | 14567235 |
| congener-specific patterns and toxic assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls in resident and migratory birds from southern india and lake baikal in russia. | concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), including non-, mono-, and di-ortho congeners, were determined in migratory and resident birds collected from india and lake baikal in russia. in the 11 different species examined, total pcbs concentrations were in the range of 11-4500 ng/g (wet wt). iupac 105, 118, 138, 153, and 180 were the predominant congeners in almost all the birds. white-cheeked tern collected from india and common tern collected from lake baikal showed high pcbs concent ... | 2003 | 14708671 |
| mycobacteriosis in an american bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus). | avian mycobacteriosis is an important disease in companion, captive, exotic, and wild birds worldwide. mycobacterium avium is the most widely distributed and pathogenic organism causing tuberculous lesions in birds. multiple factors including age, stress, immune status, and preexisting disease determine the pathogenicity of m. avium, and the disease can manifest itself in a variety of forms. mycobacteriosis can cause severe losses in zoo aviaries, including the loss of rare and endangered bird s ... | 2004 | 15283434 |
| fatal toxoplasmosis in a bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus). | toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites were identified in the myocardium of a bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus) that died of necrotizing myocarditis. the diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining with t. gondii-specific polyclonal antibodies. this is a new host record for t. gondii. | 2004 | 15357102 |
| attempts to reproduce vacuolar myelinopathy in domestic swine and chickens. | avian vacuolar myelinopathy (avm) was first recognized as a cause of bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus) mortality in 1994 in arkansas (usa) and has since caused over 90 bald eagle and numerous american coot (fulica americana) mortalities in five southeastern states. the cause of avm remains undetermined but is suspected to be a biotoxin. naturally occurring avm has been limited to wild waterbirds, raptors, and one species of shorebird, and has been reproduced experimentally in red-tailed hawk ... | 2004 | 15465715 |
| establishing a food-chain link between aquatic plant material and avian vacuolar myelinopathy in mallards (anas platyrhynchos). | avian vacuolar myelinopathy (avm) is a neurologic disease primarily affecting bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and american coots (fulica americana). the disease was first characterized in bald eagles in arkansas in 1994 and then in american coots in 1996. to date, avm has been confirmed in six additional avian species. attempts to identify the etiology of avm have been unsuccessful to date. the objective of this study was to evaluate dermal and oral routes of exposure of birds to hydrilla ... | 2004 | 15465716 |
| perfluorinated compounds in aquatic organisms at various trophic levels in a great lakes food chain. | trophic transfer of perfluorooctanesulfonate (pfos) and other related perfluorinated compounds was examined in a great lakes benthic foodweb including water-algae-zebra mussel-round goby-smallmouth bass. in addition, perfluorinated compounds were measured in livers and eggs of chinook salmon and lake whitefish, in muscle tissue of carp, and in eggs of brown trout collected from michigan. similarly, green frog livers, snapping turtle plasma, mink livers, and bald eagle tissues were analyzed to de ... | 2005 | 15883668 |
| avian vacuolar myelinopathy linked to exotic aquatic plants and a novel cyanobacterial species. | invasions of exotic species have created environmental havoc through competition and displacement of native plants and animals. the introduction of hydrilla (hydrilla verticillata) into the united states in the 1960s has been detrimental to navigation, power generation, water intake, and water quality (mccann et al., 1996). our field surveys and feeding studies have now implicated exotic hydrilla and associated epiphytic cyanobacterial species as a link to avian vacuolar myelinopathy (avm), an e ... | 2005 | 15892059 |
| changes in productivity and contaminants in bald eagles nesting along the lower columbia river, usa. | previous studies documented poor productivity of bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) in the lower columbia river (lcr), usa, and elevated p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (dde), polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), dioxins, and furans in eagle eggs. from 1994 to 1995, we collected partially incubated eggs at 19 of 43 occupied territories along the lcr and compared productivity and egg contaminants to values obtained in the mid-1980s. we found higher productivity at new nesting sites along t ... | 2005 | 16050597 |
| decreasing prevalence and seasonal variation of gunshot trauma in raptors admitted to the wildlife center of virginia: 1993-2002. | a retrospective study was conducted to identify the epidemiologic factors associated with gunshot injuries in raptors presented to the wildlife center of virginia from 1993 to 2002. of the 3,156 raptors admitted, 118 raptors (3.7%), representing 15 species, were admitted with gunshot trauma as the primary cause of morbidity and mortality. the majority of cases consisted of four species: red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis; 47%), red-shouldered hawk (buteo lineatus; 14%), turkey vulture (cathartes ... | 2005 | 17312769 |
| morbidity and mortality of bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and peregrine falcons (falco peregrinus) admitted to the wildlife center of virginia, 1993-2003. | medical records from 111 threatened bald eagles (86%, haliaeetus leucocephalus) and peregrine falcons (14%, falco peregrinus) admitted to the wildlife center of virginia from 1993 to 2003 were reviewed to identify submitters, causes of morbidity and mortality, and final disposition. half of all patients admitted were submitted by the virginia department of game and inland fisheries personnel. trauma was the most common reason for presentation in bald eagles (70%) and peregrine falcons (81%). add ... | 2007 | 17469277 |
| investigation of the link between avian vacuolar myelinopathy and a novel species of cyanobacteria through laboratory feeding trials. | avian vacuolar myelinopathy (avm) is a neurologic disease affecting bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus), american coots (fulica americana), and other birds in the southeastern united states. the cause of the disease has not yet been determined, although it is generally thought to be a natural toxin. previous studies have linked avm to aquatic vegetation, and the current working hypothesis is that a species of cyanobacteria growing epiphytically on that vegetation is producing a toxin that cau ... | 2007 | 17699072 |
| sarcocystis sp.-associated meningoencephalitis in a bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus). | protozoal meningoencephalitis is uncommon in raptors. an adult female bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus) was euthanized after several months of treatment for progressive neurologic signs. the predominant histologic lesion was lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic meningoencephalitis involving the cerebrum and cerebellum. there was a marked segmental loss of granular cells and purkinje cells, as well as segmental atrophy of the molecular layer in the cerebellum. protozoal merozoites and schizonts ... | 2007 | 17823405 |
| disseminated mycobacteriosis in a bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus). | a mature bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus) was diagnosed with mycobacterial infection after being presented for an inability to fly, emaciation, and a swelling of the left tibiotarsal-tarso metatarsal joint. results of a complete blood cell count revealed a persistent, marked leukocytosis, with heterophilia, monocytosis, and anemia. radiographs revealed lysis of the left distal tibiotarsus and soft-tissue swelling around the left tibiotarsal-tarsometatarsal joint, multiple pulmonary opacitie ... | 2007 | 18087937 |
| fonofos poisons raptors and waterfowl several months after granular application. | from 1994 to 1999 in the lower fraser valley region of southwest canada, fonofos (dyfonate g) was recommended for control of introduced wireworm (agriotes spp.) pests on potato and other root crops. as part of a wildlife-monitoring program, we collected 15 raptors, including 12 bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus), found dead or debilitated on or near agricultural lands with severely inhibited brain and/or plasma cholinesterase activity and fonofos residues in ingesta. bird remains, in nine ca ... | 2008 | 18348626 |
| seroepidemiology of toxoplasma gondii in zoo animals in selected zoos in the midwestern united states. | toxoplasma gondii infections in zoo animals are of interest because many captive animals die of clinical toxoplasmosis and because of the potential risk of exposure of children and elderly to t. gondii oocysts excreted by cats in the zoos. seroprevalence of t. gondii antibodies in wild zoo felids, highly susceptible zoo species, and feral cats from 8 zoos of the midwestern united states was determined by using the modified agglutination test (mat). a titer of 1:25 was considered indicative of t. ... | 2008 | 18605803 |
| ecological risk of methylmercury in everglades national park, florida, usa. | dramatic declines in mercury levels have been reported in everglades biota in recent years. yet, methylmercury (mehg) hot spots remain. this paper summarizes a risk assessment of mehg exposure to three piscivorous wildlife species (bald eagle, haliaeetus leucocephalus; wood stork, mycteria americana; and great egret, ardea albus) foraging at a mehg hot spot in northern everglades national park (enp). available data consisted of literature-derived life history parameters and tissue concentrations ... | 2008 | 18679795 |
| an extract of hydrilla verticillata and associated epiphytes induces avian vacuolar myelinopathy in laboratory mallards. | avian vacuolar myelinopathy (avm) is a neurological disease affecting bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus), american coots (fulica americana), waterfowl, and other birds in the southeastern united states. the cause of the disease is unknown, but is thought to be a naturally produced toxin. avm is associated with aquatic macrophytes, most frequently hydrilla (hydrilla verticillata), and researchers have linked the disease to an epiphytic cyanobacterial species associated with the macrophytes. t ... | 2009 | 18825730 |
| long-term ecosystem monitoring and assessment of the detroit river and western lake erie. | over 35 years of us and canadian pollution prevention and control efforts have led to substantial improvements in environmental quality of the detroit river and western lake erie. however, the available information also shows that much remains to be done. improvements in environmental quality have resulted in significant ecological recovery, including increasing populations of bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus), peregrine falcons (falco columbarius), lake sturgeon (acipenser fulvescens), lak ... | 2009 | 18850284 |
| persistence of organochlorine chemical residues in fish from the tombigbee river (alabama, usa): continuing risk to wildlife from a former ddt manufacturing facility. | organochlorine pesticide and total polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) concentrations were measured in largemouth bass from the tombigbee river near a former ddt manufacturing facility at mcintosh, alabama. evaluation of mean p,p'- and o,p'-ddt isomer concentrations and o,p'- versus p,p'-isomer proportions in mcintosh bass indicated that ddt is moving off site from the facility and into the tombigbee river. concentrations of p,p'-ddt isomers in mcintosh bass remained unchanged from 1974 to 2004 and w ... | 2009 | 18851891 |
| osprey: worldwide sentinel species for assessing and monitoring environmental contamination in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and estuaries. | in the united states, many fish and wildlife species have been used nationwide to monitor environmental contaminant exposure and effects, including carcasses of the bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus), the only top avian predator regularly used in the past. unfortunately, bald eagles are sensitive to investigator intrusion at the nest. thus, the osprey (pandion haliaetus) is evaluated as a potential sentinel species for aquatic ecosystems. several characteristics support the choice of the ospr ... | 2009 | 19117208 |
| long-term survival despite low genetic diversity in the critically endangered madagascar fish-eagle. | the critically endangered madagascar fish-eagle (haliaeetus vociferoides) is considered to be one of the rarest birds of prey globally and at significant risk of extinction. in the most recent census, only 222 adult individuals were recorded with an estimated total breeding population of no more than 100-120 pairs. here, levels of madagascar fish-eagle population genetic diversity based on 47 microsatellite loci were compared with its sister species, the african fish-eagle (haliaeetus vocifer), ... | 2009 | 19140964 |
| spatiotemporal trends in fish mercury from a mine-dominated ecosystem: clear lake, california. | clear lake, california, usa, receives acid mine drainage and mercury (hg) from the sulphur bank mercury mine, a u.s. environmental protection agency (u.s. epa) superfund site that was active intermittently from 1873 to 1957 and partially remediated in 1992. mercury concentrations were analyzed primarily in four species of clear lake fishes: inland silversides (menidia beryllina, planktivore), common carp (cyprinus carpio, benthic scavenger/omnivore), channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus, benthic ... | 2008 | 19475924 |
| the feasibility of using high resolution genome sequencing of influenza a viruses to detect mixed infections and quasispecies. | the rapidly expanding availability of de novo sequencing technologies can greatly facilitate efforts to monitor the relatively high mutation rates of influenza a viruses and the detection of quasispecies. both the mutation rates and the lineages of influenza a viruses are likely to play an important role in the natural history of these viruses and the emergence of phenotypically and antigenically distinct strains. | 2009 | 19771155 |
| natural fatal sarcocystis falcatula infections in free-ranging eagles in north america. | three bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and 1 golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos) were admitted to rehabilitation facilities with emaciation, lethargy, and an inability to fly. intravascular schizonts and merozoites were present in 2 bald eagles, mainly in the lung tissue, whereas the third bald eagle and the golden eagle had lymphohistiocytic encephalitis with intralesional schizonts and merozoites. in all eagles, protozoal tissue cysts were present in skeletal musculature or heart. the proto ... | 2010 | 20224094 |
| mortality and morbidity associated with gunshot in raptorial birds from the province of quebec: 1986 to 2007. | although raptors have been protected for decades in quebec they are still regular victims of poaching. the objective of this study was to characterize cases of raptor shootings in quebec over the last 2 decades. we reviewed clinical files, radiographs, and pathology reports on 4805 free-flying birds of prey admitted to the faculté de médecine vétérinaire between 1986 and 2007. evidence of gunshots was detected in 6.4% of the birds. large species, such as ospreys, turkey vultures, snowy owls, and ... | 2010 | 20357944 |
| pleistocene to historic shifts in bald eagle diets on the channel islands, california. | studies of current interactions among species, their prey, and environmental factors are essential for mitigating immediate threats to population viability, but the true range of behavioral and ecological flexibility can be determined only through research on deeper timescales. ecological data spanning centuries to millennia provide important contextual information for long-term management strategies, especially for species that now are living in relict populations. here we use a variety of meth ... | 2010 | 20439737 |
| water quality trends in the delaware river basin (usa) from 1980 to 2005. | in 1940, the tidal delaware river was "one of the most grossly polluted areas in the united states." during the 1950s, water quality was so poor along the river at philadelphia that zero oxygen levels prevented migration of american shad leading to near extirpation of the species. since then, water quality in the delaware basin has improved with implementation of the 1961 delaware river basin compact and 1970s federal clean water act amendments. at 15 gages along the delaware river and major tri ... | 2011 | 20665109 |
| isolation of mixed subtypes of influenza a virus from a bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus). | from april 2007 to march 2008, cloacal swabs were obtained from 246 casualty raptors recovered by various wildlife rehabilitation centers in the united states. the swabs were placed in a virus transport medium and transported to the laboratory on ice packs. at the laboratory, the samples were pooled with each pool consisting of five samples. all pools (n = 50) were screened for the presence of avian influenza virus (aiv) using a real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) ... | 2010 | 20667110 |
| polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons and metabolites: relation to circulating thyroid hormone and retinol in nestling bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus). | polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons are global contaminants that are often considered to be endocrine disruptors and include 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p'-dde), polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes). the present study examined these compounds and their hydroxylated metabolites or analogues and relationships with circulating thyroid hormones and retinols in plasma from nestling and adult bald eagles in british columbia, canada, and cal ... | 2010 | 20821573 |
| isolation and molecular characterization of newcastle disease viruses from raptors. | the present study was undertaken to detect and characterize newcastle disease virus (ndv) in raptors. cloacal and oropharyngeal swab samples were collected from 60 casualty raptors during january to march 2009 in minnesota. inoculation of all these samples (n=120) in 9-day-old embryonated hens' eggs resulted in isolation of haemagglutinating viruses in three samples from two bald eagles and one great horned owl. these three haemagglutinating viruses were confirmed as ndv by reverse transcription ... | 2010 | 21154052 |
| lead poisoning of bald (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden (aquila chrysaetos) eagles in the u.s. inland pacific northwest region--an 18-year retrospective study: 1991-2008. | to determine risk factors and seasonal trends of lead poisoning in bald (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden (aquila chrysaetos) eagles, blood lead levels were evaluated in eagles admitted from the inland pacific northwest region of the united states to the raptor rehabilitation program, college of veterinary medicine at washington state university from 1991 to 2008. admissions were from washington (32 bald eagles, 27 golden eagles), northern idaho (21 bald eagles, 25 golden eagles), northeaste ... | 2010 | 21302758 |
| genetic characterisation of toxoplasma gondii in wildlife from north america revealed widespread and high prevalence of the fourth clonal type. | little is known of the genetic diversity of toxoplasma gondii circulating in wildlife. in the present study wild animals, including dolphins, from the usa were examined for t. gondii infection. tissues of naturally exposed animals were bioassayed in mice for isolation of viable parasites. viable t. gondii was isolated from 31 animals including, to our knowledge for the first time, from a bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus), five gray wolves (canis lupus), a woodrat (neotoma micropus), and five ... | 2011 | 21802422 |
| evaluation of organochlorine compounds (pcdds, pcdfs, pcbs and ddts) in two raptor species inhabiting a mediterranean island in spain (8 pp). | -: doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.015 | 2007 | 21959542 |
| organochlorine residues in potential food items of maine bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus), 1966 and 1974. | | 2004 | 415778 |
| west nile virus transmission in winter: the 2013 great salt lake bald eagle and eared grebes mortality event. | west nile virus (wnv) infection has been reported in over 300 species of birds and mammals. raptors such as eagles, hawks and falcons are remarkably susceptible, but reports of wnv infection in bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) are rare and reports of wnv infection in grebes (podicipediformes) even rarer. we report an unusually large wild bird mortality event involving between 15,000-20,000 eared grebes (podiceps nigricollis) and over 40 bald eagles around the great salt lake, utah, in nove ... | 2014 | 24761310 |
| geography and timing of cases of eastern equine encephalitis in new york state from 1992 to 2012. | in new york state (nys), eastern equine encephalitis (eee) was first reported in a human in 1971, in horses in 1970, and in pheasants in 1952. | 2016 | 26901637 |
| serologic evidence of exposure of raptors to influenza a virus. | serum or plasma samples from raptors that prey or scavenge upon aquatic birds were tested by a commercially available blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the evidence of antibodies to influenza a virus. samples were taken from birds (n = 616) admitted to two rehabilitation centers in the united states. in addition, samples from 472 migrating peregrine falcons (falco peregrinus) trapped on autumnal and vernal migrations for banding purposes were also tested. only bald eagles were notab ... | 2012 | 22856203 |
| leucocytozoonosis in nestling bald eagles in michigan and minnesota. | thirteen of 21 nestling bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) examined for blood parasites in michigan and minnesota (usa) during june and july 1997 had patent infections of leucocytozoon toddi. no other parasites were seen. the degree of parasitemia was light and varied from 1 to 2 on the ashford scale. several of the infected nestlings appeared to have elevated levels of heterophils in their peripheral circulating blood. one of the infected nestlings also showed signs of severe anemia. we bel ... | 1999 | 10479102 |
| mycobacterium avium subsp. avium found in raptors exposed to infected domestic fowl. | we report a case of a falcon breeding facility, where raptors (both diurnal and nocturnal) were raised in contact with domestic fowl (gallus gallus f. domesticus) infected by mycobacterium avium subsp. avium. fecal and environmental samples from 20 raptors and four common ravens (corvus corax) were collected. mycobacterium a. avium dna was detected in feces of four raptors (bald eagle [haliaeetus leucocephalus], eagle owl [bubo bubo], barn owl [tyto alba], and little owl [athene noctua]) using t ... | 2013 | 24283140 |
| antibody prevalence and isolation of viable toxoplasma gondii from raptors in the southeastern usa. | raptors are good indicators of the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii in the environment because they prey on small mammals and birds. these prey species are a major source of infection in domestic cats ( felis catus ), which shed the environmentally resistant oocysts. we assessed t. gondii infection in 281 opportunistically available raptors at a rehabilitation facility between 2012 and 2014. antibodies to t. gondii were assayed by a modified agglutination test (cutoff 1:25) and found in serum of ... | 2016 | 27243150 |
| genetic characterization of toxoplasma gondii in wildlife from alabama, usa. | the genetic diversity of toxoplasma gondii circulating in wildlife is of interest to understand the transmission of this parasite in the environment. in the present study, we genetically characterized five t. gondii isolates from different wild animals including two isolates from a bobcat (lynx rufus), one from a red-shouldered hawk (buteo lineatus), one from a white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and one from a bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus). genotyping of these samples using 11 p ... | 2013 | 23160892 |
| bald eagle nestling mortality associated with argas radiatus and argas ricei tick infestation and successful management with nest removal in arizona, usa. | eight bald eagle ( haliaeetus leucocephalus ) nestlings heavily infested with larval ticks were found in or under a nest near the confluence of the verde and salt rivers in arizona in 2009-11. the 8-12-wk-old nestlings were slow to respond to stimuli and exhibited generalized muscle weakness or paresis of the pelvic limbs. numerous cutaneous and subcutaneous hemorrhages were associated with sites of tick attachment. ticks were identified as argas radiatus and argas ricei. treatment with acaricid ... | 2016 | 27479902 |
| clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical findings in bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos) naturally infected with west nile virus. | fifteen bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and 3 golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos) were diagnosed with west nile disease based on 1) presence of lesions in brain, eyes, and heart, 2) viral antigen detection in brain, eyes, heart, kidney, and/or liver by immunohistochemical staining, 3) detection of viral rna in tissue samples and/or cerebrospinal fluid (csf) by polymerase chain reaction, and/or 4) detection of west nile virus (wnv)-specific antibodies in csf by serum neutralization assay. we ... | 2014 | 25085868 |
| hematologic parameters in raptor species in a rehabilitation setting before release. | to be considered for release, raptors undergoing rehabilitation must have recovered from their initial injury in addition to being clinically healthy. for that purpose, a good understanding of reference hematologic values is important in determining release criteria for raptors in a rehabilitation setting. in this study, retrospective data were tabulated from clinically normal birds within 10 days of release from a rehabilitation facility. hematologic values were compiled from 71 red-tailed hawk ... | 2011 | 22216719 |
| blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters as biomarker endpoints for organohalogen contaminant exposure in norwegian raptor nestlings. | raptors are exposed to biomagnifying and toxic organohalogenated compounds (ohcs) such as organochlorines, brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds. to investigate how ohc exposure may affect biochemical pathways we collected blood plasma from norwegian northern goshawk (n=56), golden eagle (n=12) and white-tailed eagle (n=36) nestlings during three consecutive breeding seasons. we found that blood plasma concentrations of calcium, sodium, creatinine, cholesterol, albumin, total ... | 2012 | 22445502 |
| the first whole genome and transcriptome of the cinereous vulture reveals adaptation in the gastric and immune defense systems and possible convergent evolution between the old and new world vultures. | the cinereous vulture, aegypius monachus, is the largest bird of prey and plays a key role in the ecosystem by removing carcasses, thus preventing the spread of diseases. its feeding habits force it to cope with constant exposure to pathogens, making this species an interesting target for discovering functionally selected genetic variants. furthermore, the presence of two independently evolved vulture groups, old world and new world vultures, provides a natural experiment in which to investigate ... | 2015 | 26486310 |
| high risk of lead contamination for scavengers in an area with high moose hunting success. | top predators and scavengers are vulnerable to pollutants, particularly those accumulated along the food chain. lead accumulation can induce severe disorders and alter survival both in mammals (including humans) and in birds. a potential source of lead poisoning in wild animals, and especially in scavengers, results from the consumption of ammunition residues in the tissues of big game killed by hunters. for two consecutive years we quantified the level lead exposure in individuals of a sentinel ... | 2014 | 25389754 |
| comparison of metabolic substrates in alligators and several birds of prey. | on average, avian blood glucose concentrations are 1.5-2 times those of mammals of similar mass and high concentrations of insulin are required to lower blood glucose. whereas considerable data exist for granivorous species, few data are available for plasma metabolic substrate and glucoregulatory hormone concentrations for carnivorous birds and alligators. birds and mammals with carnivorous diets have higher metabolic rates than animals consuming diets with less protein whereas alligators have ... | 2014 | 25043840 |
| lead and mercury in fall migrant golden eagles from western north america. | lead exposure from ingestion of bullet fragments is a serious environmental hazard to eagles. we determined blood lead levels (bll) in 178 golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos) captured during fall migration along a major north american flyway. these eagles spent the breeding season distributed over a large range and are the best currently available representation of free flying golden eagles on the continent. we found 58 % of these eagles containing increased bll > 0.1 mg/l; 10 % were clinically le ... | 2015 | 25686747 |
| polybrominated diphenyl ethers in bald (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden (aquila chrysaetos) eagles from washington and idaho, usa. | little is known about the exposure and accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) in the 2 species of eagles inhabiting north america. the authors analyzed the livers of 33 bald eagles and 7 golden eagles collected throughout washington and idaho, usa, for 51 pbde congeners. total pbdes ranged from 2.4 ng/g to 9920 ng/g wet weight. bald eagles and eagles associated with large urban areas had the highest pbde concentrations; golden eagles and eagles from more sparsely populated areas ... | 2014 | 25367115 |
| lead and eagles: demographic and pathological characteristics of poisoning, and exposure levels associated with other causes of mortality. | we conducted a retrospective analysis to evaluate demographic and pathologic characteristics in 484 bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and 68 golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos) diagnosed with lead poisoning at the u.s. geological survey national wildlife health center. as part of our analysis, we compared characteristics of lead poisoned eagles with those that died of other causes. odds of lead poisoning were greater for bald eagles versus golden eagles, females versus males, adults versus ju ... | 2014 | 25173769 |
| tonometry of normal eyes in raptors. | an applanation tonometer was used to estimate intraocular pressure in normal eyes of several species of raptors. no bird had active injury or illness, though some were nonreleasable to the wild because of previous injury. mean (+/- sd) intraocular pressure was 20.6 (+/- 3.4) mm of hg in red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis, n = 10), 20.8 (+/- 2.3) mm of hg in swainson's hawks (buteo swainsoni, n = 6), 21.5 (+/- 3.0) mm of hg in golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos, n = 7), 20.6 (+/- 2.0) mm of hg in ... | 1994 | 8017692 |
| reproductive success and chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination of resident great blue herons (ardea herodias) from coastal british columbia, canada, 1977 to 2000. | over the period 1977-2000, eggs of pacific great blue heron (ardea herodias fannini) were collected from 23 colonies along the southern coast of british columbia, canada, and analyzed for persistent organochlorine (oc) pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs). concentrations of oc pesticides in eggs declined sharply in the late 1970s, after which there were minimal changes. the sums of pcb congeners were not reduced appreciably during the 1980s and 1990s, but aroclor 1260 concentrations s ... | 2003 | 12521109 |
| multimedia environmental monitoring: 50 years at hanford. | environmental monitoring has been an ongoing activity on the u.s. department of energy's hanford site in southeastern washington for almost 50 years. objectives are to detect and assess potential impacts of site operations on air, surface and ground waters, foodstuffs, fish, wildlife, soil and vegetation. data from monitoring effects are used to calculate the overall radiological dose to humans working onsite or residing in nearby communities. in 1989, measured hanford site perimeter concentrati ... | 1993 | 24220840 |
| avian vacuolar myelinopathy outbreaks at a southeastern reservoir. | avian vacuolar myelinopathy (avm) is a neurologic disease of unknown etiology that affects bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus), american coots (fulica americana), and several species of waterfowl. an unidentified neurotoxin is suspected as the cause of avm, which has been documented at several reservoirs in the southeastern united states. we conducted diagnostic and epidemiologic studies annually during october-march from 1998-2004 at clarks hill/strom thurmond lake on the georgia/south carol ... | 2006 | 17092880 |
| predator functional response and prey survival: direct and indirect interactions affecting a marked prey population. | 1. predation plays an integral role in many community interactions, with the number of predators and the rate at which they consume prey (i.e. their functional response) determining interaction strengths. owing to the difficulty of directly observing predation events, attempts to determine the functional response of predators in natural systems are limited. determining the forms that predator functional responses take in complex systems is important in advancing understanding of community intera ... | 2006 | 16903047 |
| a technique for evisceration as an alternative to enucleation in birds of prey: 19 cases. | ocular trauma is common in birds of prey presented to wildlife clinics and rehabilitation centers. enucleation is the procedure most commonly described for treatment of end-stage ocular disease or chronically painful eyes in birds; however, there are several disadvantages and risks to this procedure. while evisceration has been suggested as an alternative, it has not been described for multiple cases or with long-term follow-up data in birds of prey. this report details an evisceration technique ... | 2013 | 23971220 |
| plasma to egg conversion factor for evaluating polychlorinated biphenyl and ddt exposures in great horned owls and bald eagles. | the benefits of nondestructive sampling techniques, such as plasma sampling, to directly measure contaminant exposure levels in at-risk or protected raptor populations are many. however, such assays are generally inconsistent with the most certain source of toxicity reference values, which are based on feeding studies and quantified as dietary or "in ovo" (egg-based) concentrations. an accurate conversion factor to translate nondestructive plasma-based contaminant concentrations to comparable eg ... | 2007 | 17665679 |
| poisoning of wildlife with anticoagulant rodenticides in new york. | from 1971 through 1997, we documented 51 cases (55 individual animals) of poisoning of non-target wildlife in new york (plus two cases in adjoining states) (usa) with anticoagulant rodenticides--all but two of these cases occurred in the last 8 yrs. brodifacoum was implicated in 80% of the incidents. diphacinone was identified in four cases, bromadiolone in three cases (once in combination with brodifacoum), and chlorophacinone and coumatetralyl were detected once each in the company of brodifac ... | 1999 | 10231745 |
| use of whole blood lymphocyte stimulation test for immunocompetency studies in bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, and great horned owls. | mitogen-induced whole blood lymphocyte stimulation tests for immunocompetency studies in bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus), red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis), and great horned owls (bubo virginianus) were developed. combinations of incubation times, blood dilutions, concentrations of [3h]thymidine and [125i]2-deoxyuridine, antibiotics, phytohemagglutinin-p, and concanavalin a were tested for their effects on the stimulation index (si). an antibiotic combination of gentamicin plus amphote ... | 1984 | 6524727 |
| experimental vacuolar myelinopathy in red-tailed hawks. | avian vacuolar myelinopathy (avm) was recognized in 1994 as a cause of wild bird mortality when 29 bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) succumbed to the disease at degray lake, arkansas (usa). the cause of avm and its source remain undetermined despite extensive diagnostic and research investigations. two years later, when avm killed 26 eagles in the same area in arkansas, it became apparent that american coots (fulica americana) had identical neurologic signs and lesions, and it was hypothesi ... | 2003 | 12910768 |
| secondary poisoning of eagles following intentional poisoning of coyotes with anticholinesterase pesticides in western canada. | records of eagles, coyotes (canis latrans), and red foxes (vulpes vulpes) necropsied at the western college of veterinary medicine, saskatoon, saskatchewan, canada, between 1967 and 2002 were reviewed for cases suggestive of anticholinesterase poisoning. from 1993 to 2002, 54 putative poisoning incidents involving 70 bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and 10 golden eagles (aquila chrysaetus) were identified. of these, 50 incidents occurred in saskatchewan, two were in manitoba, and one occur ... | 2004 | 15362815 |
| a capture to remember: monitoring the health of avian scavengers on the pacific coast. | because of concern over risks to the health of avian communities on the washington and oregon coasts, the nonprofit coastal raptors and other partners initiated a study where, to date, coastal raptors has live-captured and sampled 27 bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus), 27 turkey vultures (cathartes aura), and 6 common ravens (corvus corax) for contaminants and disease study. in this article, the author highlights the events of one of the nearly 100 days on which trapping has occurred. an adu ... | 2015 | 26378672 |
| comparison of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury and selenium in feathers in bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus), and comparison with common eider (somateria mollissima), glaucous-winged gull (larus glaucescens), pigeon guillemot (cepphus columba), and tufted puffin (fratercula cirrhata) from the aleutian chain of alaska. | there is an abundance of field data for levels of metals from a range of places, but relatively few from the north pacific ocean and bering sea. in this paper we examine the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury and selenium in feathers from common eiders (somateria mollissima), glaucous-winged gulls (larus glaucescens), pigeon guillemots (cepphus columba), tufted puffins (fratercula cirrhata) and bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) from the aleutian chain of alaska. ... | 2009 | 18521716 |
| metals and radionuclides in birds and eggs from amchitka and kiska islands in the bering sea/pacific ocean ecosystem. | metals and radionuclide levels in marine birds of the aleutians are of interest because they are part of subsistence diets of the aleut people, and can also serve as indicators of marine pollution. we examined geographic and species-specific variations in concentrations of radionuclides in birds and their eggs from amchitka, the site of underground nuclear tests from 1965 to 1971, and kiska islands (a reference site) in the aleutians, and the levels of lead, mercury and cadmium in eggs. in 2004 ... | 2007 | 17206460 |
| polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations, congener profiles, and ratios in the fat tissue, eggs, and plasma of snapping turtles (chelydra s. serpentina) from the ohio basin of lake erie, usa. | concentrations and profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) were determined in three tissues of adult snapping turtles (chelydra serpentina serpentina) from six locations in the ohio basin of lake erie to characterize tissue variation and geographic trends. the locations included the ohio areas of concern, i.e., the ashtabula, black, and maumee rivers; the ottawa river near toledo; and two reference sites. mean total pcbs were greatest in turtles from the ottawa river followed by the maumee, ... | 2006 | 16583258 |
| triploid grass carp susceptibility and potential for disease transfer when used to control aquatic vegetation in reservoirs with avian vacuolar myelinopathy. | avian vacuolar myelinopathy (avm) is an often-lethal neurologic disease that affects waterbirds and their avian predators (i.e., bald eagles haliaeetus leucocephalus) in the southern united states. feeding trials and field surveys provided evidence that avm is caused by a toxin-producing, undescribed cyanobacterium (ucb), which grows as an epiphyte on the leaves of submerged aquatic vegetation (sav). reservoirs with documented avm epornitics support dense growth of nonnative sav. waterbirds inge ... | 2013 | 24341766 |