| spleen function in quartan malaria (due to plasmodium inui): evidence for both protective and suppressive roles in host defense. | for investigation of the role of the spleen in host defense and chronicity in quartan malaria, the course of plasmodium inui infection was studied in 39 intact rhesus monkeys, 16 monkeys splenectomized before infection, and 22 monkeys splenectomized after infection. splenectomized animals consistently had peak parasitemias greater than 10-fold higher than those of intact animals, but the mortality rate at peak parasitemia was only higher in monkeys splenectomized before infection. whereas intact ... | 1977 | 401854 |
| [induction of retarded exoerythrocytic schizonts by chloroguanide resulting in delayed parasitaemia of plasmodium inui in macaca mulatta]. | three rhesus monkeys inoculated with a large number of sporozoites of plasmodium inui dissected from the salivary glands of infected mosquitoes, anopheles dirus. two of the monkeys (inoculated with 8.06 x 10(5) and 1.3 x 10(7) sporozoites, respectively) were treated with chloroguanide base 6 mg/(kg.d) x 4 d starting from 24 h after the inoculations and the other one (inoculated with 5.93 x 10(6) sporozoites) was not treated with chloroguanide as control. the primary parasitaemia attacks occurred ... | 1990 | 2088005 |
| immunological relationship of plasmodium inui with two other quartan malaria parasites, p. malariae and p. brasilianum. | a series of monoclonal antibodies was produced against sporozoites of the os strain of plasmodium inui, a simian quartan malaria parasite, and used to characterize the circumsporozoite protein of this parasite. the results confirm that the immunodominant epitope of the circumsporozoite protein of p. inui is immunologically distinct from those of 2 other quartan parasites, the human p. malariae and simian p. brasilianum, which are identical. | 1988 | 2456382 |
| a nitrocellulose membrane-based elisa for the detection of plasmodium infections in mosquitos. | a nitrocellulose (nc) membrane was evaluated as a solid-phase support for the detection of malaria-infected mosquitos using monoclonal antibodies (mab) with a laboratory model based on plasmodium inui and anopheles dirus. mabs produced against sporozoites of the n34 strain of p. inui, and selected by immunofluorescence assay and the circumsporozoite precipitin test, were used. a one-site indirect nc-elisa that used unlabelled mab and enzyme-labelled anti-mouse igg was developed. its sensitivity ... | 1989 | 2575463 |
| transmission of the os strain of plasmodium inui to saimiri sciureus boliviensis and aotus azarae boliviensis monkeys by anopheles dirus mosquitoes. | eight saimiri and 7 aotus monkeys were exposed to infection with the os strain of plasmodium inui via the bites of from 2 to 7 anopheles dirus mosquitoes. all saimiri monkeys developed high-level infections of from 152,000 to 500,000/mm3 after prepatent periods of from 14 to 17 days. only 1 aotus monkey developed a patent infection after a period of 28 days. feeding on these animals failed to result in infection of an. dirus mosquitoes. | 1988 | 3379532 |
| qinghaosu-induced changes in the morphology of plasmodium inui. | the ultrastructural changes induced by the administration of the antimalarial drug, qinghaosu, were studied in monkeys (macaca assamensis) infected with plasmodium inui. significant changes, notably mitochondrial swelling within the parasites but not within host cells, were first observed 2.5 hr after exposure to qinghaosu. this suggests that the target of qinghaosu may be the parasite's mitochondria, as occurs with primaquine. this is in contrast to the most widely used antimalarial drug, chlor ... | 1985 | 3890573 |
| an outbreak of plasmodium inui malaria in a colony of diabetic rhesus monkeys. | plasmodium inui malaria is an infrequently reported disease of macaca mulatta. in this report a total of 21 of 48 monkeys in a closed colony of diabetic animals developed hematological evidence of p. inui infection with five showing overt clinical signs of the disease. diagnosis was confirmed morphologically, serologically and by transmission studies. since six of these animals were born in the colony, a means of transmission was sought and it was determined that multiple use of a syringe to adm ... | 1985 | 3999701 |
| plasmodium inui-like infection producing a presumably fatal illness in a leaf monkey presbytis johnii--a previously undescribed host. | | 1966 | 4224342 |
| comparative studies on the pathology and host physiology of malarias. vi. plasmodium inui. | | 1968 | 4973799 |
| plasmodium inui: serologic relationships of asian isolates. | | 1970 | 4986810 |
| some observations on the transmission of plasmodium inui. | | 1968 | 4990409 |
| studies of the exoerythrocytic stages of simian malaria. 3. plasmodium inui. | | 1968 | 5647104 |
| plasmodium inui, a quartan-type malaria parasite of old world monkeys transmissible to man. | | 1966 | 5969104 |
| studies on the transmission of simian malarias, i. transmission of two strains of plasmodium inui by anopheles maculatus and a. stephensi. | | 1966 | 5969105 |
| the course of untreated plasmodium inui infections in the rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta). | this report deals with the major features of untreated infections with plasmodium inui as exhibited in a group of 31 rhesus monkeys (27 inoculated with trophozoites, four with sporozoites). infections in nine monkeys were followed to self-cure. in 22 subjects they were interrupted prematurely; in 17 by chemotherapy 454 to 3,931 days after onset of patency; in 5 by death 491 to 1,025 days after onset of patency. substantial monkey-to-monkey variations were encountered in the intensity of the para ... | 1980 | 6768313 |
| cultivation in vitro of the quartan malaria parasite plasmodium inui. | the simian guartan malaria parasite plasmodium inui (os strain) was cultured in a continuous flow system with rhesus monkey erythrocytes and rpmi 1640nmedium supplemented with hepes buffer and rhesus serum. over a 10-week period, the growth of the parasite permitted a 61,000-fold cumulative dilution of the original inoculum. after 5 weeks in culture, the parasites were still infective to the monkey saimiri sciureus and to anopheles freeborni mosquitoes. | 1980 | 6773146 |
| acute clinical malaria (plasmodium inui) in a cynomolgus monkey (macaca fascicularis). | acute clinical malaria caused by plasmodium inui was diagnosed in an adult female cynomolgus monkey (macaca fascicularis) 4 years after importation into the united states. stress and immunosuppression associated with experimentation completed 2 weeks earlier may have contributed to the development of severe clinical disease. clinical findings included severe regenerative anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, weakness, lethargy, weight loss, and anorexia. the infection was treated and successfully eliminat ... | 1983 | 6834780 |
| hematologic characterization of naturally occurring malaria (plasmodium inui) in cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis). | twenty of 47 recently imported cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis) were found to have malarial infections. the agent identified was plasmodium inui. all infections were subclinical in nature. parasitemias ranged from 10 to 900 parasites/mm3 of whole blood. pre- and post-treatment hematologic values were evaluated following treatment with chloroquine. treatment was effective in clearing parasitemias from 13 of 14 infected monkeys. pretreatment values of hematocrit, hemoglobin, and mean corpu ... | 1983 | 6834781 |
| plasmodium inui and babesia microti infections in the squirrel monkey, saimiri sciureus. | the course of plasmodium inui and babesia microti infections was studied in seven splenectomized squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) of guyanan or bolivian origin. three of the monkeys were infected with p. inui either by the inoculations of parasitized blood or by the bite of infected mosquitoes. the remaining four monkeys were infected by the inoculation of parasitized blood, containing p. inui and b. microti in three and with b. microti only in one. the infection in all seven animals was seve ... | 1983 | 6881416 |
| development of plasmodium inui in the aotus trivirgatus monkey. | four splenectomized aotus trivirgatus griseimembra monkeys were affected with the os strain of plasmodium inui, a parasite of old world macaques. high parasite densities were obtained and two of the animals died. surviving animals maintained low to moderate level of chronic infections. three of the four animals produced parasitemias which infected anopheles dirus mosquitoes; oocyst densities were very low, however. | 1981 | 7241282 |
| [morphology and infectivity of gametocytes of plasmodium inui]. | the authors report biomorphological changes of plasmodium inui gametocytes during the natural infection of spleenless macaca fascicularis. the infection was controlled up to the 42th day by smears produced by pricks into their ears (p.o.) and on blood taken at the same time by a. stephensi (p.m.). the first oocystes appeared on the 8th day after the infection in mosquitoes fed on the monkey parasitised in the eight day after splenectomy, as gametocytaemia was not detectable yet in the p.o. smear ... | 1980 | 7469303 |
| immune complexes and nephropathies associated with plasmodium inui infection in the rhesus monkey. | the pathogenesis of renal diseases associated with plasmodium malariae infections is still not fully understood. the present work is concerned with the infection caused by p. inui in the rhesus monkey macaca mulatta as a potential model for human quartan malaria, which the monkey parasite resembles in morphology and schizogonic behavior. various aspects of the disease were studied. changes in the levels of serum complement components c3 and c4 indicate activation of complement through the classi ... | 1994 | 8074252 |
| plasmodium inui is not closely related to other quartan plasmodium species. | plasmodium inui (halberstaedter and von prowazek, 1907), a malarial parasite of old world monkeys that occurs in isolated pockets throughout the celebes, indonesia, malaysia, and the philippines, has traditionally been considered to be related more closely to plasmodium malariae of humans (and its primate counterpart plasmodium brasilianum), than to other primate plasmodium species. this inference was made in part because of the similarities in the periodicities or duration of the asexual cycle ... | 1998 | 9576499 |
| studies on infections with two strains of plasmodium inui from taiwan in rhesus monkeys and different anopheline mosquitoes. | rhesus monkeys infected with the taiwan strains of plasmodium inui could be appropriate models for understanding host-parasite relationships during long-term chronic infection. two strains of p. inui originally from taiwan were studied in rhesus monkeys and different anopheline mosquitoes. maximum parasite counts for 13 intact animals infected with the taiwan i strain ranged from 22,215 to 760,000/microl (median maximum parasite count = 242,800/microl). following splenectomy, the maximum parasit ... | 1998 | 9645855 |
| the development of exoerythrocytic stages of plasmodium inui shortti in new world monkeys. | attempts are being made to adapt old world monkey malarial parasites to new world monkeys for vaccine and molecular studies. several of these (plasmodium cynomolgi berok, plasmodium fragile, and plasmodium knowlesi) grow readily but have failed to produce infective gametocytes. plasmodium gonderi and plasmodium fieldi develop in the liver after sporozoite inoculation but have failed to establish infection in the erythrocyte. anopheles dirus mosquitoes infected with plasmodium inui shortti by fee ... | 2003 | 12880277 |
| notes on a new strain of plasmodium inui. | | 1957 | 13528719 |
| anopheles leucosphyrus identified as a vector of monkey malaria in malaya. | anopheles leucosphyrus, an important vector of human malaria in sarawak, borneo, was shown to be infected with plasmodium inui in malaya by the inoculation of sporozoites into an uninfected rhesus monkey. the mosquito was caught while biting a man, thus demonstrating that it would be possible for a monkey infection to be transmitted to man in nature. | 1962 | 14006429 |
| some observations on the effect of splenectomy upon the taiwan monkey (macaca cyclopis) infected with plasmodium inui. | | 1964 | 14198796 |
| morphology of the erythrocytic stage of plasmodium inui halberstadter and prowazek, 1907, in the toque monkey, macaca sinica from ceylon. | | 1963 | 14296162 |
| the mosquito transmission of plasmodium inui halberstaedter and prowazek, and its pre-erythrocytic development in the liver of the rhesus monkey. | | 1951 | 14876765 |
| isolates of plasmodium inui adapted to macaca mulatta monkeys and laboratory-reared anopheline mosquitoes for experimental study. | plasmodium inui is a parasite of macaques and other nonhuman primates in asia that is studied as a model for the human malaria parasite p. malariae. presented here are descriptions of the isolation, passage histories into macaca mulatta monkeys, and infectivity to different anopheles spp. mosquitoes of 18 different isolates of this parasite. | 2007 | 18163340 |
| malaria and hepatocystis species in wild macaques, southern thailand. | southeast asian macaques are natural hosts for a number of nonhuman primate malaria parasites; some of these can cause diseases in humans. we conducted a cross-sectional survey by collecting 99 blood samples from macaca fascicularis in southern thailand. giemsa-stained blood films showed five (5.1%) positive samples and six (6.1%) isolates had positive test results by polymerase chain reaction. a phylogenetic tree inferred from the a-type sequences of the small subunit ribosomal rna gene confirm ... | 2008 | 18385364 |
| plasmodium inui shortii: studies in old world and new world monkeys. | plasmodium inui shortti was studied in monkeys (66 macaca mulatta, 2 m. fascicularis, 12 saimiri boliviensis, 4 aotus lemurinus griseimembra, and 1 a. nancymaae). prepatent periods for 30 sporozoite transmissions by anopheles stephensi, an. dirus, and an. maculatus mosquitoes ranged from 10 to 48 days with a median of 15.5 days. in rhesus monkeys, mean maximum parasite counts for intact animals were 181,970/mul; for splenectomized animals, the mean maximum parasite count was 1,167,890/mul. | 2009 | 19141855 |
| prevalence and molecular characterization of plasmodium inui among formosan macaques (macaca cyclopis ) in taiwan. | since the 1970s, no information on simian malaria has been documented in taiwan, an area that is free from human malaria. to update the prevalence of simian malaria, a molecular-based survey was performed. blood samples from 286 formosan macaques ( macaca cyclopis ) were tested for plasmodium species by microscopy and nested polymerase chain reaction. furthermore, the field isolates were characterized by sequencing the 42-kda fragment of the merozoite surface protein 1 (msp-1(42)). of the 286 bl ... | 2010 | 19712012 |
| etiology of oroya fever : xii. influence of malarial infection (plasmodium inui?), splenectomy, or both, upon experimental carrion's disease in monkeys. | the experiments reported were designed to determine the influence of malarial infection (plasmodium inui?), splenectomy, or both combined, upon the course and character of experimental infection with bartonella bacilliformis in monkeys (macacus rhesus and m. cynomolgus). blood withdrawn from a monkey showing spontaneous malarial infection was inoculated intravenously into monkeys (a) 1 month prior to inoculation with virulent verruga material, (b) simultaneously with the verruga material, and (c ... | 1928 | 19869445 |
| demonstration of passive immunity in experimental monkey malaria. | a plasmodium knowlesi infection in rhesus monkeys is almost invariably fatal. this infection, however, may be made chronic by the early administration of antimalarial drugs. the animals then will harbor a chronic infection for an indefinite period. the serum taken from monkeys with chronic infection and injected into those suffering from an acute attack was found to have a definite depressing effect upon the course of the experimental disease. in some instances death was prevented and the acute ... | 1937 | 19870655 |
| the agglutination of plasmodium knowlesi by immune serum. | a specific agglutination of plasmodium knowlesi detectable both by macroscopic and by microscopic methods is described. agglutinins for plasmodium knowlesi appear in the sera of monkeys between 15 and 45 days after the onset of the infection and become progressively stronger as the malarial infection gradually subsides. agglutinins persist in the sera of chronically infected animals for a year or longer. the sera of animals which have been repeatedly superinfected agglutinate parasites at diluti ... | 1938 | 19870761 |
| what is your diagnosis? blood smear from a cynomolgus monkey (macaca fascicularis). malaria infection (plasmodium inui). | | 2010 | 20070644 |
| evidence for negative selection on the gene encoding rhoptry-associated protein 1 (rap-1) in plasmodium spp. | assessing how natural selection, negative or positive, operates on genes with low polymorphism is challenging. we investigated the genetic diversity of orthologous genes encoding the rhoptry-associated protein 1 (rap-1), a low polymorphic protein of malarial parasites that is involved in erythrocyte invasion. we applied evolutionary genetic methods to study the polymorphism in rap-1 from plasmodium falciparum (n=32) and plasmodium vivax (n=6), the two parasites responsible for most human malaria ... | 2010 | 20363375 |
| ecology of malaria parasites infecting southeast asian macaques: evidence from cytochrome b sequences. | although malaria parasites infecting non-human primates are important models for human malaria, little is known of the ecology of infection by these parasites in the wild. we extensively sequenced cytochrome b (cytb) of malaria parasites (apicomplexa: haemosporida) from free-living southeast asian monkeys macaca nemestrina and macaca fascicularis. the two most commonly observed taxa were plasmodium inui and hepatocystis sp., but certain other sequences did not cluster closely with any previously ... | 2010 | 20646216 |
| isolation and identification of a south china strain of plasmodium inui from macaca fascicularis. | southeast asian macaques are hosts of a number of plasmodium infections, some of which are transmittable to humans. during examination of blood films of five wild-caught long-tailed macaques macaca fascicularis from south china, malaria infection was detected in one of the monkeys. in order to isolate this parasite for identification and characterization, we experimentally passed this parasite through both assamese (m. assamensis) and rhesus (m. mulatta) monkeys by intravenous injection of infec ... | 2010 | 21093155 |
| a taqman real-time pcr assay for the detection and quantitation of plasmodium knowlesi. | the misdiagnosis of plasmodium knowlesi by microscopy has prompted a re-evaluation of the geographic distribution, prevalence and pathogenesis of this species using molecular diagnostic tools. in this report, a specific probe for p. knowlesi, that can be used in a previously described taqman real-time pcr assay for detection of plasmodium spp., and plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax, plasmodium malariae and plasmodium ovale, was designed and validated against clinical samples. | 2010 | 21114872 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of the circumsporozoite protein gene of plasmodium inui isolated from formosan macaques (macaca cyclopis) in taiwan. | we characterized the complete nucleic and amino acid sequences of the plasmodium inui circumsporozoite protein (pincsp) gene and analyzed nucleotide diversity across the entire pincsp gene by using 7 field isolates and strains taiwan i and ii obtained from formosan macaques (macaca cyclopis) in taiwan. the length of the circumsporozoite protein ( csp ) gene ranged from 1077 to 1125 bp. size polymorphisms were due to variations in the number of tandem repeat units. the non-repetitive (nr) region ... | 2010 | 21158626 |
| first case of a naturally acquired human infection with plasmodium cynomolgi. | since 1960, a total of seven species of monkey malaria have been reported as transmissible to man by mosquito bite: plasmodium cynomolgi, plasmodium brasilianum, plasmodium eylesi, plasmodium knowlesi, plasmodium inui, plasmodium schwetzi and plasmodium simium. with the exception of p. knowlesi, none of the other species has been found to infect humans in nature. in this report, it is described the first known case of a naturally acquired p. cynomolgi malaria in humans.the patient was a 39-year- ... | 2014 | 24564912 |
| plasmodium inui infection reduces the efficacy of a simian immunodeficiency virus dna vaccine in a rhesus macaque model through alteration of the vaccine-induced immune response. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and malaria are co-endemic in many areas. we evaluated the effects of plasmodium inui infection on the performance of a simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) dna vaccine. rhesus macaques were infected with p. inui by transfusion of whole blood from a persistently infected animal. animals with and animals without p. inui infection were then vaccinated 4 times with an siv dna vaccine encoding sivgag, sivpol, and sivenv. animals were subsequently challenged with th ... | 2012 | 22693228 |
| the evolution and diversity of a low complexity vaccine candidate, merozoite surface protein 9 (msp-9), in plasmodium vivax and closely related species. | the merozoite surface protein-9 (msp-9) has been considered a target for an anti-malarial vaccine since it is one of many proteins involved in the erythrocyte invasion, a critical step in the parasite life cycle. orthologs encoding this antigen have been found in all known species of plasmodium parasitic to primates. in order to characterize and investigate the extent and maintenance of msp-9 genetic diversity, we analyzed dna sequences of the following malaria parasite species: plasmodium falci ... | 2013 | 24044894 |
| distribution and prevalence of malaria parasites among long-tailed macaques (macaca fascicularis) in regional populations across southeast asia. | plasmodium knowlesi and plasmodium cynomolgi are two malaria parasites naturally transmissible between humans and wild macaque through mosquito vectors, while plasmodium inui can be experimentally transmitted from macaques to humans. one of their major natural hosts, the long-tailed macaque (macaca fascicularis), is host to two other species of plasmodium (plasmodium fieldi and plasmodium coatneyi) and is widely distributed in southeast asia. this study aims to determine the distribution of wild ... | 2016 | 27590474 |
| simian malaria in wild macaques: first report from hulu selangor district, selangor, malaysia. | malaria is a vector-borne parasitic disease which is prevalent in many developing countries. recently, it has been found that plasmodium knowlesi, a simian malaria parasite can be life-threatening to humans. long-tailed macaques, which are widely distributed in malaysia, are the natural hosts for simian malaria, including p. knowlesi. the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of simian malaria parasites in long-tailed macaques in the district of hulu selangor, selangor, malays ... | 2015 | 26437652 |
| non-human primate malaria parasites: out of the forest and into the laboratory. | the study of malaria in the laboratory relies on either the in vitro culture of human parasites, or the use of non-human malaria parasites in laboratory animals. in this review, we address the use of non-human primate malaria parasite species (nhpmps) in laboratory research. we describe the features of the most commonly used nhpmps, review their contribution to our understanding of malaria to date, and discuss their potential contribution to future studies. | 2016 | 27748213 |
| glomerulonephropathies in plasmodium inui-infected rhesus monkey: a primate model and possible applications for human quartan malaria. | summary none of the few animal models proposed for the study of human quartan malaria nephritic syndrome have shown complete pathological findings that are similar to those seen in humans. this study investigated the histopathological changes in kidneys in 10 plasmodium inui infected macaca mulatta monkeys by light and electron microscopy in order to develop a suitable animal model for human quartan malaria. ten healthy adult rhesus monkeys were infected with p. inui and clinical chemistry and h ... | 2014 | 25023338 |