| the effects of pumiliotoxin-b on sodium currents in guinea pig hippocampal neurons. | the actions of pumiliotoxin-b, extracted from the skin of the frog dendrobates pumilio, were examined on hippocampal slices and on acutely dissociated hippocampal neurons from the adult guinea pig. application of 0.5-1 microm pumiliotoxin-b to hippocampal slices caused spontaneous, repetitive field discharges in the ca3 subfield. in whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of isolated ca1 and ca3 neurons, 1-2 microm pumiliotoxin-b shifted the midpoint of na+ current activation by -11.4 +/- 1.1 mv. this ... | 1991 | 1657306 |
| neuropeptide y release by pumiliotoxin-b in the electrically-stimulated mouse vas deferens: an immunohistochemical study. | morphologic and immunohistochemical studies were conducted to ascertain whether pumiliotoxin-b (ptx-b), an indolizine alkaloid from the skin of the neotropical dendrobatid frog, dendrobates pumilio, affects the anatomic and immunohistochemical features of the electrically stimulated mouse vas deferens preparations. ptx-b, at a concentration of 1 microm, consistently decreased the density pattern of neuropeptide y (npy)-immunoreactive nerve fibers contained within the circular muscular layer. the ... | 1999 | 10477080 |
| bioactive alkaloids of frog skin: combinatorial bioprospecting reveals that pumiliotoxins have an arthropod source. | nearly 500 alkaloids have been detected in skin extracts from frogs of the family dendrobatidae. all seem to have been sequestered unchanged into skin glands from alkaloid-containing arthropods. ants, beetles, and millipedes seem to be the source of decahydroquinolines, certain izidines, coccinellines, and spiropyrrolizidine oximes. but the dietary source for a major group of frog-skin alkaloids, namely the pumiliotoxins (ptxs), alloptxs, and homoptxs, remained a mystery. in hopes of revealing a ... | 2002 | 12381780 |
| formicine ants: an arthropod source for the pumiliotoxin alkaloids of dendrobatid poison frogs. | a remarkable diversity of bioactive lipophilic alkaloids is present in the skin of poison frogs and toads worldwide. originally discovered in neotropical dendrobatid frogs, these alkaloids are now known from mantellid frogs of madagascar, certain myobatrachid frogs of australia, and certain bufonid toads of south america. presumably serving as a passive chemical defense, these alkaloids appear to be sequestered from a variety of alkaloid-containing arthropods. the pumiliotoxins represent a major ... | 2004 | 15128938 |
| scheloribatid mites as the source of pumiliotoxins in dendrobatid frogs. | the strawberry poison frog dendrobates pumilio (anura: dendrobatidae) and related poison frogs contain a variety of dendrobatid alkaloids that are considered to be sequestered through the consumption of alkaloid-containing arthropods microsympatrically distributed in the habitat. in addition to ants, beetles, and millipedes, we found that adults of two species of oribatid mites belonging to the cohort brachypylina, trophically a lower level of animal than ants and beetles, contain dendrobatid al ... | 2005 | 16195851 |
| geographic and seasonal variation in alkaloid-based chemical defenses of dendrobates pumilio from bocas del toro, panama. | poison frogs contain an alkaloid-based chemical defense that is derived from a diet of certain alkaloid-containing arthropods, which include mites, ants, beetles, and millipedes. variation in population-level alkaloid profiles among species has been documented, and more than 800 different alkaloids have been identified. in the present study, we examine individual alkaloid variation in the dendrobatid poison frog dendrobates pumilio among seven populations and between two seasons on isla bastimen ... | 2006 | 16718571 |
| oribatid mites as a major dietary source for alkaloids in poison frogs. | alkaloids in the skin glands of poison frogs serve as a chemical defense against predation, and almost all of these alkaloids appear to be sequestered from dietary arthropods. certain alkaloid-containing ants have been considered the primary dietary source, but dietary sources for the majority of alkaloids remain unknown. herein we report the presence of approximately 80 alkaloids from extracts of oribatid mites collected throughout costa rica and panama, which represent 11 of the approximately ... | 2007 | 17502597 |
| spatial and temporal patterns of alkaloid variation in the poison frog oophaga pumilio in costa rica and panama over 30 years. | a total of 232 alkaloids, representing 21 structural classes were detected in skin extracts from the dendrobatid poison frog oophaga pumilio, collected from 53 different populations from over 30 years of research. the highly toxic pumiliotoxins and allopumiliotoxins, along with 5,8-disubstitiuted and 5,6,8-trisubstituted indolizidines, all of which are proposed to be of dietary mite origin, were common constituents in most extracts. one decahydroquinoline (dhq), previously shown be of ant origin ... | 2007 | 17706737 |
| non-gradual variation in colour morphs of the strawberry poison frog dendrobates pumilio: genetic and geographical isolation suggest a role for selection in maintaining polymorphism. | the relative roles that geographical isolation and selection play in driving population divergence remain one of the central questions in evolutionary biology. we approached this question by investigating genetic and morphological variation among populations of the strawberry poison frog, dendrobates pumilio, in the bocas del toro archipelago, panama. we found significant population genetic structure and isolation by distance based on amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. snout vent le ... | 2007 | 17868297 |
| female preferences for aposematic signal components in a polymorphic poison frog. | aposematic signals may be subject to conflicting selective pressures from predators and conspecifics. we studied female preferences for different components of aposematic coloration in the polymorphic poison frog oophaga pumilio across several phenotypically distinct populations. this frog shows striking diversity in color and pattern between geographically isolated populations in western panama. results indicate that male dorsal color is the most important determiner of female preferences. we d ... | 2008 | 18616568 |
| sex-related differences in alkaloid chemical defenses of the dendrobatid frog oophaga pumilio from cayo nancy, bocas del toro, panama. | poison frogs contain an alkaloid-based chemical defense that is sequestered directly from a diet of alkaloid-containing arthropods. geographic and temporal variation in alkaloid defense is common in poison frogs and is generally attributed to differences in the availability of alkaloid-containing arthropods. variable chemical defense in poison frogs may have important consequences for predator-prey interactions, requiring a full understanding of the factors involved in explaining such variation. ... | 2010 | 20030363 |
| poison frog colors are honest signals of toxicity, particularly for bird predators. | antipredator defenses and warning signals typically evolve in concert. however, the extensive variation across taxa in both these components of predator deterrence and the relationship between them are poorly understood. here we test whether there is a predictive relationship between visual conspicuousness and toxicity levels across 10 populations of the color-polymorphic strawberry poison frog, dendrobates pumilio. using a mouse-based toxicity assay, we find extreme variation in toxicity betwee ... | 2012 | 22173468 |
| variable alkaloid defenses in the dendrobatid poison frog oophaga pumilio are perceived as differences in palatability to arthropods. | conspicuously colored dendrobatid frogs sequester alkaloid defenses from dietary arthropods, resulting in considerable alkaloid variation among populations; however, little is known about how variation is perceived as a defense against predators. previous studies have found variable alkaloids in the dendrobatid oophaga pumilio to be associated with differences in toxicity to laboratory mice, suggesting variable defenses are important. arthropods are natural predators that use chemoreception to d ... | 2017 | 28289966 |
| a new species of andinobates (amphibia: anura: dendrobatidae) from west central panama. | dendrobatid frogs are among the best known anurans in the world, mainly due to their toxicity and associated bright colors. a recently described dendrobatid genus, andinobates, comprises frogs distributed among the colombian andes and panama. during field work in the distrito de donoso, colón province, panama, we found a poison frog that we here describe as a new species. the new species belongs to the a. minutus species group and is described herein as andinobates geminisae sp. nov. this new sp ... | 2014 | 25283663 |
| maternally derived chemical defences are an effective deterrent against some predators of poison frog tadpoles (oophaga pumilio). | parents defend their young in many ways, including provisioning chemical defences. recent work in a poison frog system offers the first example of an animal that provisions its young with alkaloids after hatching or birth rather than before. but it is not yet known whether maternally derived alkaloids are an effective defence against offspring predators. we identified the predators of oophaga pumilio tadpoles and conducted laboratory and field choice tests to determine whether predators are dete ... | 2014 | 24850895 |
| characterization of seven new polymorphic microsatellite loci in the brilliant-thighed poison frog allobates femoralis (dendrobatidae), and their cross-species utility in three other dendrobatid species. | here we document the development of seven novel polymorphic microsatellite markers for the brilliant-thighed poison frog allobates femoralis (dendrobatidae). we found between six and 27 alleles per locus in 100 individuals (50 males, 50 females) from the field site 'saut pararé', french guiana, with an average observed heterozygosity of 0.79. one locus (afem23) deviated significantly from hardy-weinberg equilibrium. we did not find any evidence for linkage disequilibrium among the new loci, or t ... | 2013 | 25110383 |
| arthropod predation in a dendrobatid poison frog: does frog life stage matter? | frogs in the family dendrobatidae are well known for their conspicuous colors and variable alkaloid-based chemical defenses. the aposematic coloration in dendrobatid frogs appears to deter predators with color vision, but relatively little is known about how these frogs are protected and their defenses are perceived by non-color vision dominated predators. the neotropical bullet ant paraponera clavata and the red-legged banana spider cupiennius coccineus are predators that avoid adults of the de ... | 2016 | 26831358 |
| patterns of second-to-fourth digit length ratios (2d:4d) in two species of frogs and two species of lizards at la selva, costa rica. | it is now well documented that androgen and estrogen signaling during early development cause a sexual dimorphism in second-to-fourth digit length ratio (2d:4d). it is also well documented that males of mammalian species have a smaller 2d:4d than females. although there are discrepancies among 2d:4d studies in birds, the consensus is that birds exhibit the opposite pattern with males having a larger 2d:4d than females. the literature currently lacks substantial information regarding the phylogen ... | 2012 | 22262453 |
| poor alkaloid sequestration by arrow poison frogs of the genus phyllobates from costa rica. | frogs of the genus phyllobates from colombia are known to contain the highly toxic alkaloid batrachotoxin, but species from central america exhibit only very low levels or are entirely free of this toxin. in the present study alcohol extracts from 101 specimens of phyllobates lugubris and phyllobates vittatus and 21 of three sympatric species (dendrobates pumilio, dendrobates auratus, dendrobates granuliferus) from costa rica were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. whereas the ext ... | 2014 | 24467995 |
| mating status correlates with dorsal brightness in some but not all poison frog populations. | sexual signals are important for intraspecific communication and mate selection, but their evolution may be driven by both natural and sexual selection, and stochastic processes. strawberry poison frogs (oophaga pumilio) show strong color divergence among populations, but coloration also varies among individuals of the same population. the importance of coloration for female mate choice has been studied intensely, and sexual selection seems to affect color divergence in strawberry poison frogs. ... | 2017 | 29299233 |
| complete genome sequence of frog virus 3, isolated from a strawberry poison frog (oophaga pumilio) imported from nicaragua into the netherlands. | frog virus 3 was isolated from a strawberry poison frog (oophaga pumilio) imported from nicaragua via germany to the netherlands, and its complete genome sequence was determined. frog virus 3 isolate op/2015/netherlands/uu3150324001 is 107,183 bp long and has a nucleotide similarity of 98.26% to the reference frog virus 3 isolate. | 2017 | 28860243 |
| tadpole begging reveals high quality. | parents can benefit from allocating limited resources nonrandomly among offspring, and offspring solicitation (i.e. begging) is often hypothesized to evolve because it contains information valuable to choosy parents. we tested the predictions of three 'honest begging' hypotheses - signal of need, signal of quality and signal of hunger - in the tadpoles of a terrestrial frog (oophaga pumilio). in this frog, mothers provision tadpoles with trophic eggs, and when mothers visit, tadpoles perform a p ... | 2017 | 28321941 |
| cryptic female strawberry poison frogs experience elevated predation risk when associating with an aposematic partner. | population divergence in sexual signals may lead to speciation through prezygotic isolation. sexual signals can change solely due to variation in the level of natural selection acting against conspicuousness. however, directional mate choice (i.e., favoring conspicuousness) across different environments may lead to gene flow between populations, thereby delaying or even preventing the evolution of reproductive barriers and speciation. in this study, we test whether natural selection through pred ... | 2017 | 28116068 |
| poison frog color morphs express assortative mate preferences in allopatry but not sympatry. | the concurrent divergence of mating traits and preferences is necessary for the evolution of reproductive isolation via sexual selection, and such coevolution has been demonstrated in diverse lineages. however, the extent to which assortative mate preferences are sufficient to drive reproductive isolation in nature is less clear. natural contact zones between lineages divergent in traits and preferences provide exceptional opportunities for testing the predicted evolutionary consequences of such ... | 2016 | 27704539 |
| the pay-offs of maternal care increase as offspring develop, favouring extended provisioning in an egg-feeding frog. | offspring quantity and quality are components of parental fitness that cannot be maximized simultaneously. when the benefits of investing in offspring quality decline, parents are expected to shift investment towards offspring quantity (other reproductive opportunities). even when mothers retain complete control of resource allocation, offspring control whether to allocate investment to growth or development towards independence, and this shared control may generate parent-offspring conflict ove ... | 2016 | 27316646 |
| an experimental test for age-related improvements in reproductive performance in a frog that cares for its young. | reproductive performance often increases with age in long-lived iteroparous organisms, a pattern that can result from within-individual increases in effort and/or competence. in free-living populations, it is typically difficult to distinguish these mechanisms or to isolate particular features of reproduction-influencing outcomes. in captive oophaga pumilio, a frog in which mothers provide extended offspring provisioning via trophic eggs, we experimentally manipulated the age at which females st ... | 2015 | 26286323 |
| an analysis of predator selection to affect aposematic coloration in a poison frog species. | natural selection is widely noted to drive divergence of phenotypic traits. predation pressure can facilitate morphological divergence, for example the evolution of both cryptic and conspicuous coloration in animals. in this context dendrobatid frogs have been used to study evolutionary forces inducing diversity in protective coloration. the polytypic strawberry poison frog (oophaga pumilio) shows strong divergence in aposematic coloration among populations. to investigate whether predation pres ... | 2015 | 26110826 |
| coarse dark patterning functionally constrains adaptive shifts from aposematism to crypsis in strawberry poison frogs. | ecological specialization often requires tight coevolution of several traits, which may constrain future evolutionary pathways and make species more prone to extinction. aposematism and crypsis represent two specialized adaptations to avoid predation. we tested whether the combined effects of color and pattern on prey conspicuousness functionally constrain or facilitate shifts between these two adaptations. we combined data from 17 natural populations of strawberry poison frogs, oophaga pumilio ... | 2014 | 24990085 |
| evidence of maternal provisioning of alkaloid-based chemical defenses in the strawberry poison frog oophaga pumilio. | many organisms use chemical defenses to reduce predation risk. aposematic dendrobatid frogs sequester alkaloid-based chemical defenses from a diet of arthropods, but research on these defenses has been limited to adults. herein, we investigate chemical defense across development in a dendrobatid frog, oophaga pumilio. this species displays complex parental care: at hatching, mothers transport tadpoles to phytotelmata, and then return to supply them with an obligate diet of nutritive eggs for abo ... | 2014 | 24804437 |
| carotenoid supplementation enhances reproductive success in captive strawberry poison frogs (oophaga pumilio). | amphibians are currently experiencing the most severe declines in biodiversity of any vertebrate, and their requirements for successful reproduction are poorly understood. here, we show that supplementing the diet of prey items (fruit flies) with carotenoids has strong positive effects on the reproduction of captive strawberry poison frogs (oophaga pumilio), substantially increasing the number of metamorphs produced by pairs. this improved reproduction most likely arose via increases in the qual ... | 2013 | 24151130 |
| only distance matters - non-choosy females in a poison frog population. | females have often been shown to exhibit preferences for certain male traits. however, little is known about behavioural rules females use when searching for mates in their natural habitat. we investigated mate sampling tactics and related costs in the territorial strawberry poison frog (oophaga pumilio) possessing a lek-like mating system, where both sequential and simultaneous sampling might occur. we continuously monitored the sampling pattern and behaviour of females during the complete peri ... | 2013 | 23688371 |
| warning signal brightness variation: sexual selection may work under the radar of natural selection in populations of a polytypic poison frog. | though theory predicts consistency of warning signals in aposematic species to facilitate predator learning, variation in these signals often occurs in nature. the strawberry poison frog dendrobates pumilio is an exceptionally polytypic (populations are phenotypically distinct) aposematic frog exhibiting variation in warning color and brightness. in the solarte population, males and females both respond differentially to male brightness variation. here, we demonstrate through spectrophotometry a ... | 2013 | 23594556 |
| ultraviolet radiation influences perch selection by a neotropical poison-dart frog. | ambient ultraviolet-b radiation can harm amphibian eggs, larvae and adults. however, some amphibians avoid uv-b radiation when given the opportunity. the strawberry poison dart frog, oophaga pumilio, is diurnal and males vocalize throughout the day in light gaps under forest canopies that expose them to solar radiation. previous studies have demonstrated that males calling from high perches are more successful at mating than those at lower perches. we investigated whether frogs at higher perches ... | 2012 | 23251505 |
| inferring predator behavior from attack rates on prey-replicas that differ in conspicuousness. | behavioral ecologists and evolutionary biologists have long studied how predators respond to prey items novel in color and pattern. because a predatory response is influenced by both the predator's ability to detect the prey and a post-detection behavioral response, variation among prey types in conspicuousness may confound inference about post-prey-detection predator behavior. that is, a relatively high attack rate on a given prey type may result primarily from enhanced conspicuousness and not ... | 2012 | 23119039 |
| mate choice and the genetic basis for colour variation in a polymorphic dart frog: inferences from a wild pedigree. | understanding how reproductive barriers evolve during speciation remains an important question in evolution. divergence in mating preferences may be a common first step in this process. the striking colour pattern diversity of strawberry dart frog (dendrobates pumilio) populations has likely been shaped by sexual selection. previous laboratory studies have shown that females attend to male coloration and prefer to court with males of their own colour, suggesting that divergent morphs may be repr ... | 2012 | 22650383 |
| rapid population divergence linked with co-variation between coloration and sexual display in strawberry poison frogs. | the likelihood of speciation is assumed to increase when sexually selected traits diverge together with ecologically important traits. according to sexual selection theory, the evolution of exaggerated display behavior is driven by increased mating success, but limited by natural selection, for example, through predation. however, the evolution of aposematic coloration (i.e., an ecologically important trait) could relieve the evolution of exaggerated display behavior from the bound of predation, ... | 2011 | 21166789 |
| intraspecific reproductive character displacement in a polymorphic poison dart frog, dendrobates pumilio. | divergence in male mating signals and associated female preferences is often an important step in the process of speciation. reproductive character displacement, the pattern of greater divergence of male signals and/or female preference in sympatry than in allopatry, has been observed in a variety of taxa with different degrees of postzygotic isolation. a number of selective processes, including reinforcement, have been proposed to cause such a pattern. cases in which reproductive character disp ... | 2011 | 20825478 |
| testing evolutionary hypotheses for phenotypic divergence using landscape genetics. | understanding the evolutionary causes of phenotypic variation among populations has long been a central theme in evolutionary biology. several factors can influence phenotypic divergence, including geographic isolation, genetic drift, divergent natural or sexual selection, and phenotypic plasticity. but the relative importance of these factors in generating phenotypic divergence in nature is still a tantalizing and unresolved problem in evolutionary biology. the origin and maintenance of phenoty ... | 2010 | 20331764 |
| genetic structure is correlated with phenotypic divergence rather than geographic isolation in the highly polymorphic strawberry poison-dart frog. | phenotypic and genetic divergence can be influenced by a variety of factors, including sexual and natural selection, genetic drift and geographic isolation. investigating the roles of these factors in natural systems can provide insight into the relative influences of allopatric and ecological modes of biological diversification in nature. the strawberry poison frog, dendrobates pumilio, presents an excellent opportunity for this kind of research, displaying a diverse array of colour morphs and ... | 2010 | 20025652 |
| sexual selection can increase the effect of random genetic drift--a quantitative genetic model of polymorphism in oophaga pumilio, the strawberry poison-dart frog. | the variation in color pattern between populations of the poison-dart frog oophaga pumilio across the bocas del toro archipelago in panama is suggested to be due to sexual selection, as two other nonsexually selecting dendrobatid species found in the same habitat and range do not exhibit this variation. we theoretically test this assertion using a quantitative genetic sexual selection model incorporating aposematic coloration and random drift. we find that sexual selection could cause the observ ... | 2010 | 20015236 |
| sexual dimorphism and directional sexual selection on aposematic signals in a poison frog. | it is commonly assumed that natural selection imposed by predators is the prevailing force driving the evolution of aposematic traits. here, we demonstrate that aposematic signals are shaped by sexual selection as well. we evaluated sexual selection for coloration brightness in populations of the poison frog oophaga [dendrobates] pumilio in panama's bocas del toro archipelago. we assessed female preferences for brighter males by manipulating the perceived brightness of spectrally matched males i ... | 2009 | 19858491 |
| heterospecific acoustic interference: effects on calling in oophaga pumilio. | call rate suppression is a common short-term solution for avoiding acoustic interference in animals. it has been widely documented between and within frog species, but the effects of non-anuran calling on frog vocalizations is less well known. heterospecific acoustic interference on the calling of oophaga pumilio (bauer, 1994) (formerly dendrobates pumilio) males was studied in a lowland, wet tropical forest in se nicaragua. acoustic playback experiments were conducted to characterize the respon ... | 2009 | 20953296 |
| rapid color evolution in an aposematic species: a phylogenetic analysis of color variation in the strikingly polymorphic strawberry poison-dart frog. | aposematism is one of the great mysteries of evolutionary biology. the evolution of aposematic coloration is poorly understood, but even less understood is the evolution of polymorphism in aposematic signals. here, we use a phylogeographic approach to investigate the evolution of color polymorphism in dendrobates pumilio, a well-known poison-dart frog (family dendrobatidae), which displays perhaps the most striking color variation of any aposematic species. with over a dozen color morphs, rangin ... | 2008 | 18764916 |
| assortative mating in poison-dart frogs based on an ecologically important trait. | the origin of new species can be influenced by both deterministic and stochastic factors. mate choice and natural selection may be important deterministic causes of speciation (as opposed to the essentially stochastic factors of geographic isolation and genetic drift). theoretical models predict that speciation is more likely when mate choice depends on an ecologically important trait that is subject to divergent natural selection, although many authors have considered such mating/ecology pleiot ... | 2007 | 17767594 |
| interspecific and intraspecific views of color signals in the strawberry poison frog dendrobates pumilio. | poison frogs in the anuran family dendrobatidae use bright colors on their bodies to advertise toxicity. the species dendrobates pumilio schmidt 1858, the strawberry poison frog, shows extreme polymorphism in color and pattern in panama. it is known that females of d. pumilio preferentially choose mates of their own color morph. nevertheless, potential predators must clearly see and recognize all color morphs if the aposematic signaling system is to function effectively. we examined the ability ... | 2004 | 15184519 |
| a siphonotid millipede (rhinotus) as the source of spiropyrrolizidine oximes of dendrobatid frogs. | poison frogs of the neotropical family dendrobatidae contain a wide variety of lipophilic alkaloids, which are accumulated from alkaloid-containing arthropods. a small millipede, rhinotus purpureus (siphonotidae), occurs microsympatrically with the dendrobatid frog dendrobates pumilio on isla bastimentos, bocas del toro province, panamá. methanol extracts of this millipede contain the spiropyrrolizidine o-methyloxime 236, an alkaloid previously known only from skin extracts of poison frogs, incl ... | 2003 | 14969363 |
| a flexible approach toward trisubstituted piperidines and indolizidines: synthesis of 6-epi-indolizidine 223a. | 2,5,6-trisubstituted piperidines are readily prepared by a combination of an aza-achmatowicz oxidation of a furyl-substituted benzenesulfonamide followed by a conjugate addition to the resulting 2h-pyridone and subsequent addition of various nucleophiles to a transient n-sulfonyliminium ion. the stereochemistry of the conjugate addition product is the result of axial attack from the face opposite the diaxial substituents at c(2) and c(6). this can be attributed to steric hindrance between the ps ... | 2003 | 12762739 |
| spatial distributions of male and female strawberry poison frogs and their relation to female reproductive resources. | in many species with a resource-based mating system, males defend resources to increase their attractiveness to females. in the strawberry poison frog, dendrobates pumilio, suitable tadpole-rearing sites appear to be a limited resource for females. territorial males have been suggested to defend tadpole-rearing sites to increase their access to females. in this study we investigate the spatial association between tadpole-rearing sites and the sexes as well as the spatial association of males and ... | 2001 | 24577693 |
| visual mate choice in poison frogs. | we investigated female mate choice on the basis of visual cues in two populations of dendrobates pumilio, the strawberry poison frog, from the bocas del toro archipelago in panama, central america. mate choice experiments were carried out by presenting subject females of each of two morphs of this species (orange and green) from two different island populations (nancy key and pope island) with object frogs (one of each morph) under glass at one end of a terrarium. recorded calls were played simu ... | 1999 | 10649631 |
| alkaloid 223a: the first trisubstituted indolizidine from dendrobatid frogs. | the structure of alkaloid 223a (1), the first member of a new class of amphibian alkaloids, purified by hplc from a skin extract of a panamanian population of the frog dendrobates pumilio schmidt (dendrobatidae) has been established as (5r,6s,8r,9s)- or (5s,6r,8s,9r)-6,8-diethyl-5-propylindolizidine, based on gc-ms, gc-ftir, and 1h-nmr spectral studies. three higher homologs of 223a, namely alkaloids 237l (2), 251m (3), and 267j (4), have been detected in other extracts, and tentative structures ... | 1997 | 9014346 |
| effects of reproductive resource supplementation on space-use patterns in dendrobates pumilio. | i increased the availability of tadpole-rearing sites (bromeliads) and oviposition sites (leaf litter) and examined the effects on space-use patterns in adult dendrobates pumilio at the la selva biological reserve in northeastern costa rica. i made 4158 observations of 986 marked adults during the seven-month study period. the addition of leaf litter did not result in increased density, but the addition of bromeliads did. the addition of leaf litter resulted in increased home-range size, but the ... | 1989 | 28312540 |
| alkaloids from a panamanian poison frog, dendrobates speciosus: identification of pumiliotoxin-a and allopumiliotoxin class alkaloids, 3,5-disubstituted indolizidines, 5-substituted 8-methylindolizidines, and a 2-methyl-6-nonyl-4-hydroxypiperidine. | dendrobates speciosus is a small red or orange frog that occupies a small geographic range in the highlands of western panama, where it occurs abundantly in some cloud forest habitats. gc-ms analysis indicated the presence of at least 30 alkaloids in meoh skin extracts from population samples at the extreme eastern end of the known geographic range. eleven alkaloids were isolated by cc in quantities sufficient for 2d-nmr spectral analysis, which in some cases confirmed their identity with alkalo ... | 2015 | 3236011 |
| pharmacology of the alkaloid pumiliotoxin-b. ii. possible involvement of calcium and sodium-dependent processes in nerve and skeletal muscle. | the mechanism of the twitch potentiating action of pumiliotoxin-b (ptx-b), an indolizidine alkaloid from the skin of the frog dendrobates pumilio, was studied on frog skeletal muscles. in the presence of ptx-b, a single stimulus to the muscle produced either a burst of repetitive action potentials superimposed on a depolarizing afterpotential or a single potential with a prolonged afterpotential at junctional as well as extrajunctional regions of the frog skeletal muscle fibers. the alkaloid did ... | 1987 | 3500302 |
| toxicity of panamanian poison frogs (dendrobates): some biological and chemical aspects. | a small neotropical frog, dendrobates pumilio, undergoes interpopulational variation in color, degree of toxicity, size, and habits. differences in body coloration encompass the visible spectrum from red to blue, as well as achromatic black and white. there are wide variations in the degree of toxicity, but these variations are not correlated with supposed warning colors. extracts of skin yield two toxic compounds characterized as steroidal alkaloids with molecular formulae c(19)h(33)no(2) and c ... | 1967 | 6023266 |
| genomic takeover by transposable elements in the strawberry poison frog. | we sequenced the genome of the strawberry poison frog, oophaga pumilio, at a depth of 127.5× using variable insert size libraries. the total genome size is estimated to be 6.76 gb, of which 4.76 gb are from high copy number repetitive elements with low differentiation across copies. these repeats encompass dna transposons, rna transposons, and ltr retrotransposons, including at least 0.4 and 1.0 gb of mariner/tc1 and gypsy elements, respectively. expression data indicate high levels of gypsy and ... | 2018 | 30517748 |
| quantifying the relationship between optical anatomy and retinal physiological sensitivity: a comparative approach. | light intensity varies 1 million-fold between night and day, driving the evolution of eye morphology and retinal physiology. despite extensive research across taxa showing anatomical adaptations to light niches, surprisingly few empirical studies have quantified the relationship between such traits and the physiological sensitivity to light. in this study, we employ a comparative approach in frogs to determine the physiological sensitivity of eyes in two nocturnal (rana pipiens, hyla cinerea) an ... | 2018 | 30198557 |
| being red, blue and green: the genetic basis of coloration differences in the strawberry poison frog (oophaga pumilio). | animal coloration is usually an adaptive attribute, under strong local selection pressures and often diversified among species or populations. the strawberry poison frog (oophaga pumilio) shows an impressive array of color morphs across its distribution in central america. here we quantify gene expression and genetic variation to identify candidate genes involved in generating divergence in coloration between populations of red, green and blue o. pumilio from the bocas del toro archipelago in pa ... | 2020 | 32293261 |
| links between prey assemblages and poison frog toxins: a landscape ecology approach to assess how biotic interactions affect species phenotypes. | ecological studies of species pairs showed that biotic interactions promote phenotypic change and eco-evolutionary feedbacks. however, it is unclear how phenotypes respond to synergistic interactions with multiple taxa. we investigate whether interactions with multiple prey species explain spatially structured variation in the skin toxins of the neotropical poison frog oophaga pumilio. specifically, we assess how dissimilarity (i.e., beta diversity) of alkaloid-bearing arthropod prey assemblages ... | 2019 | 31938521 |
| imprinting sets the stage for speciation. | sexual imprinting-a phenomenon in which offspring learn parental traits and later use them as a model for their own mate preferences-can generate reproductive barriers between species1. when the target of imprinting is a mating trait that differs among young lineages, imprinted preferences may contribute to behavioural isolation and facilitate speciation1,2. however, in most models of speciation by sexual selection, divergent natural selection is also required; the latter acts to generate and ma ... | 2019 | 31578486 |
| mate choice versus mate preference: inferences about color-assortative mating differ between field and lab assays of poison frog behavior. | codivergence of mating traits and mate preferences can lead to behavioral isolation among lineages in early stages of speciation. however, mate preferences limit gene flow only when expressed as mate choice, and numerous factors might be more important than preferences in nature. in the extremely color polytypic strawberry poison frog (oophaga pumilio), female mate preferences have codiverged with color in most allopatric populations tested. whether these lab-assayed preferences predict mating ( ... | 2019 | 30912970 |
| experimental evidence for maternal provisioning of alkaloid defenses in a dendrobatid frog. | dendrobatid frogs sequester alkaloid defenses from dietary arthropods. here, we provide experimental evidence that mother strawberry poison frogs (oophaga pumilio) provision alkaloids to tadpoles. captive-raised females were fed the synthetic alkaloid decahydroquinoline (dhq), which we subsequently quantified in their skin, eggs, and developing tadpoles. dhq quantity was positively associated with tadpole mass/development, suggesting high sequestration rates by tadpoles. these data confirm that ... | 2019 | 30790578 |
| sodium ion channel alkaloid resistance does not vary with toxicity in aposematic dendrobates poison frogs: an examination of correlated trait evolution. | spatial heterogeneity in the strength or agents of selection can lead to geographic variation in ecologically important phenotypes. many dendrobatid frogs sequester alkaloid toxins from their diets and often exhibit fixed mutations at nav1.4, a voltage-gated sodium ion channel associated with alkaloid toxin resistance. yet previous studies have noted an absence of resistance mutations in individuals from several species known to sequester alkaloid toxins, suggesting possible intraspecific variat ... | 2018 | 29534110 |
| spatial patterns of the frog oophaga pumilio in a plantation system are consistent with conspecific attraction. | the conspecific attraction hypothesis predicts that individuals are attracted to conspecifics because conspecifics may be cues to quality habitat and/or colonists may benefit from living in aggregations. poison frogs (dendrobatidae) are aposematic, territorial, and visually oriented-three characteristics which make dendrobatids an appropriate model to test for conspecific attraction. in this study, we tested this hypothesis using an extensive mark-recapture dataset of the strawberry poison frog ... | 2018 | 29531702 |
| sequestered alkaloid defenses in the dendrobatid poison frog oophaga pumilio provide variable protection from microbial pathogens. | most amphibians produce their own defensive chemicals; however, poison frogs sequester their alkaloid-based defenses from dietary arthropods. alkaloids function as a defense against predators, and certain types appear to inhibit microbial growth. alkaloid defenses vary considerably among populations of poison frogs, reflecting geographic differences in availability of dietary arthropods. consequently, environmentally driven differences in frog defenses may have significant implications regarding ... | 2018 | 29427191 |
| male-male aggression is unlikely to stabilize a poison frog polymorphism. | phenotypic polymorphism is common in animals, and the maintenance of multiple phenotypes in a population requires forces that act against homogenizing drift and selection. male-male competition can contribute to the stability of a polymorphism when males compete primarily with males of the same phenotype. in and around a contact zone between red and blue lineages of the poison frog oophaga pumilio, we used simulated territorial intrusions to test the nonexclusive predictions that males would dir ... | 2018 | 29345026 |