| aceii, a novel transcriptional activator involved in regulation of cellulase and xylanase genes of trichoderma reesei. | a novel yeast-based method to isolate transcriptional activators was applied to clone regulators binding to the cellulase promoter cbh1 of the filamentous fungus trichoderma reesei (hypocrea jecorina). this led to the isolation of the cellulase activator ace2 encoding for a protein belonging to the class of zinc binuclear cluster proteins found exclusively in fungi. the dna-binding domain of aceii was expressed as a glutathione s-transferase fusion protein in escherichia coli, and aceii was show ... | 2001 | 11304525 |
| lactose metabolism and cellulase production in hypocrea jecorina: the gal7 gene, encoding galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, is essential for growth on galactose but not for cellulase induction. | lactose is at present the only soluble carbon source which can be used economically for the production by hypocrea jecorina (= trichoderma reesei) of cellulases or heterologous proteins under the control of cellulase expression signals. however, the mechanism by which lactose triggers the formation of cellulases is unknown. to enhance our understanding of lactose metabolism and its relationship to cellulase formation, we have cloned and characterized the gal7 gene (for galactose-1-phosphate urid ... | 2002 | 11919723 |
| transcriptional regulation of xyn2 in hypocrea jecorina. | the xylanase system of the filamentous fungus hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei) consists of two specific xylanases, xyn1 and xyn2, which are simultaneously expressed during growth on xylan but respond differentially to low-molecular-weight inducers. using in vivo footprinting analysis of xylan-induced and noninduced mycelia, we detected two adjacent nucleotide sequences (5'-agaa-3' on the noncoding strand and 5'-gggtaaattgg-3', referred to as the xylanase-activating element [xae], on the co ... | 2003 | 12582132 |
| cloning and sequence analysis of a mitochondrial gene cluster encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit iii from trichoderma pseudokoningii. | a mitochondrial gene cluster encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit iii (cox3), an orf (called orf250) similar to nadh dehydrogenase subunit vi (nd6), ten trna molecules, partial rrna small subunit and rrna large subunit from trichoderma pseudokoningii s38 was cloned and sequenced. these genes are tandemly clustered on the mitochondrial genome of trichoderma pseudokoningii s38. phylogenetic analysis showed that cytochrome c oxidase subunits iii exhibited high degree of similarity to sequences fro ... | 2002 | 12592707 |
| regulation of trichoderma cellulase formation: lessons in molecular biology from an industrial fungus. a review. | the present article reviews the current understanding of regulation of cellulase gene transcription in hypocrea jecorina (= trichoderma reesei). special emphasis is put on the mechanism of action of low molecular weight inducers of cellulase formation, the presence and role of recently identified transactivating proteins (ace1, ace2, hap2/3/5), and the role of the carbon catabolite repressor cre1. we also report on some recent genomic approaches towards understanding how cellulase inducers signa ... | 2003 | 12894484 |
| the snf1 kinase of the filamentous fungus hypocrea jecorina phosphorylates regulation-relevant serine residues in the yeast carbon catabolite repressor mig1 but not in the filamentous fungal counterpart cre1. | in saccharomyces cerevisiae, the snf1 gene product phosphorylates the carbon catabolite repressor protein mig1 under conditions when glucose is limiting, thereby relieving the fungus from catabolite repression. we have investigated whether the corresponding counterpart of filamentous fungi-the cre1 protein-is also phosphorylated by snf1. to this end, snf1, an ortholog of snf1, was isolated from the ascomycete hypocrea jecorina. the gene encodes a protein with high similarity to snf1 kinases from ... | 2003 | 14516769 |
| the galactokinase of hypocrea jecorina is essential for cellulase induction by lactose but dispensable for growth on d-galactose. | lactose is the only soluble carbon source which can be used economically for the production of cellulases or heterologous proteins under cellulase expression signals by hypocrea jecorina (=trichoderma reesei). towards an understanding of lactose metabolism and its role in cellulase formation, we have cloned and characterized the gal1 (galactokinase) gene of h. jecorina, which catalyses the first step in d-galactose catabolism. it exhibits a calculated mr of 57 kda, and shows moderate identity (a ... | 2004 | 14763977 |
| cloning of genes expressed early during cellulase induction in hypocrea jecorina by a rapid subtraction hybridization approach. | the cellulase system of the filamentous fungus hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei) is encoded by several cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase and beta-glucosidase genes, which are co-ordinately expressed upon induction by cellulose or the disaccharide sophorose. to identify genes, which are specifically expressed under these inducing conditions and possibly related to the induction process, we applied rapid subtraction hybridization (rash) to sophorose induced mrnas from the wild-type strain h. j ... | 2004 | 15288024 |
| ooc1, a unique gene expressed only during growth of hypocrea jecorina (anamorph: trichoderma reesei) on cellulose. | to grow on cellulose as a carbon source, hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei) expresses and secretes a number of cellulases. this mechanism of induction by an insoluble carbon source has been controversially explained, but is most frequently attributed to the formation of the beta-1,2-diglucoside sophorose, a powerful soluble inducer of cellulases, by means of transglycosylation by constitutive or conidia-bound beta-glycoside hydrolases. some recent results, however, have put the role of sopho ... | 2005 | 15959723 |
| the metabolic role and evolution of l-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase of hypocrea jecorina. | l-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase (lad1) of the cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic fungus hypocrea jecorina (anamorph: trichoderma reesei) has been implicated in the catabolism of l-arabinose, and genetic evidence also shows that it is involved in the catabolism of d-xylose in xylitol dehydrogenase (xdh1) mutants and of d-galactose in galactokinase (gal1) mutants of h. jecorina. in order to identify the substrate specificity of lad1, we have recombinantly produced the enzyme in escherichia coli and pu ... | 2004 | 15128296 |
| force calculations in automated docking: enzyme-substrate interactions in fusarium oxysporum cel7b. | autodock is a small-molecule docking program that uses an energy function to score docked ligands. here autodock's grid-based method for energy evaluation was exploited to evaluate the force exerted by fusarium oxysporum cel7b on the atoms of docked cellooligosaccharides and a thiooligosaccharide substrate analog. coupled with the interaction energies evaluated for each docked ligand, these forces give insight into the dynamics of the ligand in the active site, and help to elucidate the relative ... | 2005 | 16138313 |
| heterogeneity of homologously expressed hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei) cel7b catalytic module. | the catalytic module of hypocrea jecorina (previously trichoderma reesei) cel7b was homologously expressed by transformation of strain qm9414. post-translational modifications in purified cel7b preparations were analysed by enzymatic digestions, high performance chromatography, mass spectrometry and site-directed mutagenesis. of the five potential sites found in the wild-type enzyme, only asn56 and asn182 were found to be n-glycosylated. glcnac(2)man(5) was identified as the predominant n-glycan ... | 2004 | 15030476 |
| d-xylose metabolism in hypocrea jecorina: loss of the xylitol dehydrogenase step can be partially compensated for by lad1-encoded l-arabinitol-4-dehydrogenase. | with the goal of the genetic characterization of the d-xylose pathway in hypocrea jecorina (anamorph: trichoderma reesei), we cloned the xdh1 gene, encoding nad-xylitol dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the second step of fungal d-xylose catabolism. this gene encodes a 363-amino-acid protein which has a mass of 38 kda, belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family, exhibits high sequence identity to the published sequences of xylitol dehydrogenases from yeast origins, but contains a s ... | 2003 | 14555469 |
| cloning and expression of nad+-dependent l-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase gene (lada) of aspergillus oryzae. | a gene of aspergillus oryzae, lada, which encodes l-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase (ec 1.1.1.12), and its cdna were cloned in escherichia coli. the gene consisted of a 1209-bp coding region, interrupted by a 59-bp intron, which encoded a 382-amino-acid polypeptide (40,812 da). the protein showed 67% identity to a well-studied l-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase (lad1) of hypocrea jecorina. the cell-free extract of e. coli, which expressed lada cdna, showed l-arabinitol dehydrogenase activity with nad+. it ... | 2005 | 16310740 |
| envoy, a pas/lov domain protein of hypocrea jecorina (anamorph trichoderma reesei), modulates cellulase gene transcription in response to light. | envoy, a pas/lov domain protein with similarity to the neurospora light regulator vivid, which has been cloned due to its lack of expression in a cellulase-negative mutant, links cellulase induction by cellulose to light signaling in hypocrea jecorina. despite their similarity, env1 could not compensate for the lack of vvd function. besides the effect of light on sporulation, we observed a reduced growth rate in constant light. an env1(pas-) mutant of h. jecorina grows significantly slower in th ... | 2005 | 16339718 |
| nucleosome transactions on the hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei) cellulase promoter cbh2 associated with cellulase induction. | the 5' regulatory region of the cbh2 gene of hypocrea jecorina contains the cbh2 activating element (cae) which is essential for induction of cbh2 gene expression by sophorose and cellulose. the cae consists of two motifs, a ccaat box on the template strand and a gtaata box on the coding strand, which cooperate during induction. northern analyses of cbh2 gene expression has revealed an absolute dependence on induction, but no direct effect of cre1-mediated carbon catabolite repression. investiga ... | 2003 | 12905071 |
| overexpression of the gene encoding gtp:mannose-1-phosphate guanyltransferase, mpg1, increases cellular gdp-mannose levels and protein mannosylation in trichoderma reesei. | to elucidate the regulation and limiting factors in the glycosylation of secreted proteins, the mpg1 and dpm1 genes from trichoderma reesei (hypocrea jecorina) encoding gtp:alpha-d-mannose-1-phosphate guanyltransferase and dolichyl phosphate mannose synthase (dpms), respectively, were overexpressed in t. reesei. no significant increases were observed in dpms activity or protein secretion in dpm1-overexpressing transformants, whereas overexpression of mpg1 led to a twofold increase in gdp-mannose ... | 2003 | 12902219 |
| genetic and metabolic diversity of trichoderma: a case study on south-east asian isolates. | we have used isolates of trichoderma spp. collected in south-east asia, including taiwan and western indonesia, to assess the genetic and metabolic diversity of endemic species of trichoderma. ninety-six strains were isolated in total, and identified at the species level by analysis of morphological and biochemical characters (biolog system), and by sequence analysis of their internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 (its1 and 2) of the rdna cluster, using ex-type strains and taxonomically est ... | 2003 | 12684020 |
| acei of trichoderma reesei is a repressor of cellulase and xylanase expression. | we characterized the effect of deletion of the trichoderma reesei (hypocrea jecorina) ace1 gene encoding the novel cellulase regulator acei that was isolated based on its ability to bind to and activate in vivo in saccharomyces cerevisiae the promoter of the main cellulase gene, cbh1. deletion of ace1 resulted in an increase in the expression of all the main cellulase genes and two xylanase genes in sophorose- and cellulose-induced cultures, indicating that acei acts as a repressor of cellulase ... | 2003 | 12513977 |
| d-galactose induces cellulase gene expression in hypocrea jecorina at low growth rates. | lactose (1,4-o-beta-d-galactopyranosyl-d-glucose) is a soluble and economic carbon source for the industrial production of cellulases or recombinant proteins by hypocrea jecorina (anamorph trichoderma reesei). the mechanism by which lactose induces cellulase formation is not understood. recent data showed that the galactokinase step is essential for cellulase induction by lactose, but growth on d-galactose alone does not induce cellulases. consequently, the hypothesis was tested that d-galactose ... | 2006 | 16622067 |
| l-galactonate dehydratase is part of the fungal path for d-galacturonic acid catabolism. | an l-galactonate dehydratase and the corresponding gene were identified from the mould hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei). this novel enzyme converts l-galactonate to l-threo-3-deoxy-hexulosonate (2-keto-3-deoxy-l-galactonate). the enzyme is part of the fungal pathway for d-galacturonic acid catabolism, a pathway which is only partly known. it is the second enzyme of this pathway after the d-galacturonic acid reductase. l-galactonate dehydratase activity is present in h. jecorina cells grown ... | 2006 | 16879654 |
| the hypocrea jecorina gal10 (uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucose 4-epimerase-encoding) gene differs from yeast homologues in structure, genomic organization and expression. | as part of a comprehensive study on lactose metabolism in hypocrea jecorina (anamorph: trichoderma reesei), a genomic clone of the gal10 gene encoding h. jecorina uridine 5'-diphosphate (udp)-glucose 4-epimerase has been cloned and sequenced. it contains an open reading frame of 1548-base pair, interrupted by three introns, and encoding a 370-amino acids protein with similarity to pro- and eukaryotic udp-glucose-4-epimerases. h. jecorina gal10 does not contain the c-terminal mutarotase domain wh ... | 2002 | 12242021 |
| glycoprotein hypersecretion alters the cell wall in trichoderma reesei strains expressing the saccharomyces cerevisiae dolichylphosphate mannose synthase gene. | expression of the saccharomyces cerevisiae dpm1 gene (coding for dolichylphosphate mannose synthase) in trichoderma reesei (hypocrea jecorina) increases the intensity of protein glycosylation and secretion and causes ultrastructural changes in the fungal cell wall. in the present work, we undertook further biochemical and morphological characterization of the dpm1-expressing t. reesei strains. we established that the carbohydrate composition of the fungal cell wall was altered with an increased ... | 2006 | 17056680 |
| xyr1 (xylanase regulator 1) regulates both the hydrolytic enzyme system and d-xylose metabolism in hypocrea jecorina. | xyr1 (xylanase regulator 1) of the ascomycete hypocrea jecorina (anamorph trichoderma reesei) was recently demonstrated to play an essential role in the transcriptional regulation of the xyn1 (xylanase 1-encoding) gene expression. consequently, this study reports on the deletion of the xyr1 gene from the h. jecorina genome. comparative studies of the growth behavior of the different mutant strains (deleted and retransformed xyr1) grown on various carbon sources pointed to the strongly reduced ab ... | 2006 | 17056741 |
| enzymatic properties and intracellular localization of the novel trichoderma reesei beta-glucosidase bglii (cel1a). | this paper describes the characterization of an intracellular beta-glucosidase enzyme bglii (cel1a) and its gene (bgl2) from the cellulolytic fungus trichoderma reesei (hypocrea jecorina). the expression pattern of bgl2 is similar to that of other cellulase genes known from this fungus, and the gene would appear to be under the control of carbon catabolite repression mediated by the cre1 gene. the bglii protein was produced in escherichia coli, and its enzymatic properties were analyzed. it was ... | 2002 | 12200312 |
| the missing link in the fungal l-arabinose catabolic pathway, identification of the l-xylulose reductase gene. | the fungal l-arabinose pathway consists of five enzymes, aldose reductase, l-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase, l-xylulose reductase, xylitol dehydrogenase, and xylulokinase. all the genes encoding the enzymes of this pathway are known except for that of l-xylulose reductase (ec 1.1.1.10). we identified a gene encoding this enzyme from the filamentous fungus trichoderma reesei (hypocrea jecorina). the gene was named lxr1. it was overexpressed in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the enzyme activi ... | 2002 | 12009906 |
| an investigation of the substrate specificity of the xyloglucanase cel74a from hypocrea jecorina. | the substrate specificity of the xyloglucanase cel74a from hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei) was examined using several polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. our results revealed that xyloglucan chains are hydrolyzed at substituted glc residues, in contrast to the action of all known xyloglucan endoglucanases (ec 3.2.1.151). the building block of xyloglucan, xxxg (where x is a substituted glc residue, and g is an unsubstituted glc residue), was rapidly degraded to xx and xg (k(cat) = 7.2 s( ... | 2007 | 17229143 |
| interactions of the trichoderma reesei rho3 with the secretory pathway in yeast and t. reesei. | we recently isolated from the filamentous fungus trichoderma reesei (hypocrea jecorina) a gene encoding rhoiii as a multicopy suppressor of the yeast temperature-sensitive secretory mutation, sec15-1. to characterize this gene further, we tested its ability to suppress other late-acting secretory mutations. the growth defect of yeast strains with sec1-1, sec1-11, sec3-2, sec6-4 and sec8-9 mutations was suppressed. expression of rho3 also improved the impaired actin organization of sec15-1 cells ... | 2001 | 11886564 |
| direct identification of hydrophobins and their processing in trichoderma using intact-cell maldi-tof ms. | intact-cell ms (icms) was applied for the direct detection of hydrophobins in various species and strains of hypocrea/trichoderma. in both mycelia and spores, dominating peaks were identified as hydrophobins by detecting mass shifts of 8 da of reduced and unreduced forms, the analysis of knockout mutants, and comparison with protein databases. strain-specific processing was observed in the case of hypocrea jecorina (anamorph trichoderma reesei). an analysis of 32 strains comprising 29 different ... | 2007 | 17288563 |
| phosphorylation positively regulates dna binding of the carbon catabolite repressor cre1 of hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei). | cre1 of the ascomycete hypocrea jecorina is a cys(2)his(2) zinc finger dna-binding protein functioning as regulator for carbon catabolite repression. it represents the functional equivalent of yeast mig1, known to be negatively regulated by the snf1-kinase at the nuclear import level. we demonstrate that cre1 is also a phosphoprotein, and identify ser(241) within an acidic protein region as phosphorylation target. in contrast to mig1 phosphorylation is required for dna binding of cre1. a s241e m ... | 2002 | 11850429 |
| elucidation of the metabolic fate of glucose in the filamentous fungus trichoderma reesei using expressed sequence tag (est) analysis and cdna microarrays. | despite the intense interest in the metabolic regulation and evolution of the atp-producing pathways, the long standing question of why most multicellular microorganisms metabolize glucose by respiration rather than fermentation remains unanswered. one such microorganism is the cellulolytic fungus trichoderma reesei (hypocrea jecorina). using est analysis and cdna microarrays, we find that in t. reesei expression of the genes encoding the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the proteins ... | 2002 | 11825887 |
| the hypocrea jecorina hap 2/3/5 protein complex binds to the inverted ccaat-box (attgg) within the cbh2 (cellobiohydrolase ii-gene) activating element. | the 5' regulatory region of the chh2 gene, encoding cellobiohydrolase ii, of the filamentous fungus hypocrea jecorina contains the cbh2 activating element (cae) which is essential for cbh2 expression. the cae consists of two separate, adjacent motifs, a ccaat box on the template strand (attgg) and a gtaata box on the coding strand, which co-operate in the induction of the gene by cellulose or sophorose. emsa supershift experiments using an antibody against aspergillus nidulans hapc suggested tha ... | 2001 | 11589578 |
| cloning and expression of a fungal l-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase gene. | l-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase (ec ) was purified from the filamentous fungus trichoderma reesei (hypocrea jecorina). it is an enzyme in the l-arabinose catabolic pathway of fungi catalyzing the reaction from l-arabinitol to l-xylulose. the amino acid sequence of peptide fragments was determined and used to identify the corresponding gene. we named the gene lad1. it is not constitutively expressed. in a northern analysis we found it only after growth on l-arabinose. the gene was cloned and overexp ... | 2001 | 11514550 |
| identification of genes encoding microbial glucuronoyl esterases. | one type of covalent linkages connecting lignin and hemicellulose in plant cell walls is the ester linkage between 4-o-methyl-d-glucuronic acid of glucuronoxylan and lignin alcohols. an enzyme that could hydrolyze such linkages, named glucuronoyl esterase, occurs in the cellulolytic system of the wood-rotting fungus schizophyllum commune. here we report partial amino acid sequences of the enzyme and the results of subsequent search for homologous genes in sequenced genomes. the homologous genes ... | 2007 | 17678650 |
| molecular characterization of a cellulase-negative mutant of hypocrea jecorina. | the "cbh2 activating element," cae, consisting of two separate boxes (attgg = ccaat and gtaata, respectively) is essential for cellobiohydrolase ii gene expression in the filamentous fungus hypcrea jecorina. here we report that cell-free extracts from a cellulase-negative mutant form cae-protein complexes with higher mobility and lower binding-strength compared to the wild type. emsa analysis demonstrated an increased mobility of the gtaata-binding protein complex and, supported by in vivo footp ... | 2000 | 11061997 |
| isolation of the ace1 gene encoding a cys(2)-his(2) transcription factor involved in regulation of activity of the cellulase promoter cbh1 of trichoderma reesei. | a genetic selection method was developed for the cloning of positive-acting transcriptional regulatory genes in saccharomyces cerevisiae. the method was applied for the isolation of activators of trichoderma reesei (hypocrea jecorina) cellulase genes. activator genes were isolated from a t. reesei expression cdna library on the basis of the ability of their translation products to activate transcription from the full-length t. reesei cbh1 promoter coupled to the s. cerevisiae his3 gene and to su ... | 2000 | 10681571 |
| two adjacent protein binding motifs in the cbh2 (cellobiohydrolase ii-encoding) promoter of the fungus hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei) cooperate in the induction by cellulose. | the cellulase system of the filamentous fungus hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei) consists of several cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases, and beta-glucosidases, encoded by separate genes, which are coordinately expressed in the presence of cellulose or the disaccharide sophorose. using cell-free extracts from sophorose-induced and noninduced mycelia and various fragments of the cbh2 promoter of h. jecorina in electrophoretic mobility shift assay (emsa) analysis and performing in vitro and in ... | 1998 | 9852114 |
| molecular evidence that the asexual industrial fungus trichoderma reesei is a clonal derivative of the ascomycete hypocrea jecorina. | the relationship of the important cellulase producing asexual fungus trichoderma reesei to its putative teleomorphic (sexual) ancestor hypocrea jecorina and other species of the trichoderma sect. longibrachiatum was studied by pcr-fingerprinting and sequence analyses of the nuclear ribosomal dna region containing the internal transcribed spacers (its-1 and its-2) and the 5.8s rrna gene. the differences in the corresponding its sequences allowed a grouping of anamorphic (asexual) species of trich ... | 1996 | 8755548 |
| identification in the mold hypocrea jecorina of the first fungal d-galacturonic acid reductase. | a d-galacturonic acid reductase and the corresponding gene were identified from the mold hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei). we hypothesize that the enzyme is part of a fungal d-galacturonic acid catabolic pathway which has not been described previously and which is distinctly different from the bacterial pathway. h. jecorina grown on d-galacturonic acid exhibits an nadph-dependent d-galacturonic acid reductase activity. this activity is absent when the mold is grown on other carbon sources. ... | 2005 | 16101307 |
| sequential gene deletions in hypocrea jecorina using a single blaster cassette. | in hypocrea jecorina (anamorph: trichoderma reesei) multiple gene deletions are limited by the number of readily available selection markers. we have therefore constructed a blaster cassette which enables successive gene knock-outs in h. jecorina. this 3.5 kb pyr4 blaster cassette contains the h. jecorina pyr4 marker gene encoding orotidine-5'-monophosphate (omp) decarboxylase flanked by two direct repeats of the streptoalloteichus hindustanus bleomycin gene (sh ble), which facilitate the excisi ... | 2005 | 16091959 |
| regulation of transcription of cellulases- and hemicellulases-encoding genes in aspergillus niger and hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei). | the filamentous fungi aspergillus niger and hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei) have been the subject of many studies investigating the mechanism of transcriptional regulation of hemicellulase- and cellulase-encoding genes. the transcriptional regulator xlnr that was initially identified in a. niger as the transcriptional regulator of xylanase-encoding genes controls the transcription of about 20-30 genes encoding hemicellulases and cellulases. the orthologous xyr1 (xylanase regulator 1-encod ... | 2008 | 18197406 |
| crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of the glucuronoyl esterase catalytic domain from hypocrea jecorina. | the catalytic domain of the glucuronoyl esterase from hypocrea jecorina (anamorph trichoderma reesei) was overexpresssed, purified and crystallized by the sitting-drop vapor-diffusion method using 1.4 m sodium/potassium phosphate ph 6.9. the crystals belonged to space group p2(1)2(1)2(1) and x-ray diffraction data were collected to 1.9 a resolution. this is the first enzyme with glucoronoyl esterase activity to be crystallized; its structure will be valuable in lignocellulose-degradation researc ... | 2008 | 18391420 |
| evaluation of a hypocrea jecorina enzyme preparation for hydrolysis of tifton 85 bermudagrass. | tifton 85 bermudagrass, developed at the ars-usda in tifton, ga, is grown on over ten million acres in the usa for hay and forage. of the bermudagrass cultivars, tifton 85 exhibits improved digestibility because the ratio of ether- to ester-linked phenolic acids has been lowered using traditional plant breeding techniques. a previously developed pressurized batch hot water (pbhw) method was used to treat tifton 85 bermudagrass for enzymatic hydrolysis. native grass (untreated) and pbhw-pretreate ... | 2008 | 18421590 |
| hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei) cel7a as a molecular machine: a docking study. | hypocrea jecorina (formerly trichoderma reesei) cel7a has a catalytic domain (cd) and a cellulose-binding domain (cbd) separated by a highly glycosylated linker. very little is known of how the 2 domains interact to degrade crystalline cellulose. based on the interaction energies and forces on cello-oligosaccharides computationally docked to the cd and cbd, we propose a molecular machine model, where the cbd wedges itself under a free chain end on the crystalline cellulose surface and feeds it t ... | 2005 | 16001418 |
| structural and biochemical studies of gh family 12 cellulases: improved thermal stability, and ligand complexes. | in this review we will describe how we have gathered structural and biochemical information from several homologous cellulases from one class of glycoside hydrolases (gh family 12), and used this information within the framework of a protein-engineering program for the design of new variants of these enzymes. these variants have been characterized to identify some of the positions and the types of mutations in the enzymes that are responsible for some of the biochemical differences in thermal st ... | 2004 | 15950056 |
| implications of cellobiohydrolase glycosylation for use in biomass conversion. | the cellulase producing ascomycete, trichoderma reesei (hypocrea jecorina), is known to secrete a range of enzymes important for ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. it is also widely used for the commercial scale production of industrial enzymes because of its ability to produce high titers of heterologous proteins. during the secretion process, a number of post-translational events can occur, however, that impact protein function and stability. another ascomycete, aspergillus niger ... | 2008 | 18471276 |
| role of the bga1-encoded extracellular {beta}-galactosidase of hypocrea jecorina in cellulase induction by lactose. | lactose is the only soluble and economically feasible carbon source for the production of cellulases or heterologous proteins regulated by cellulase expression signals by hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei). we investigated the role of the major beta-galactosidase of h. jecorina in lactose metabolism and cellulase induction. a genomic copy of the bga1 gene was cloned, and this copy encodes a 1,023-amino-acid protein with a 20-amino-acid signal sequence. this protein has a molecular mass of 10 ... | 2005 | 15691940 |
| the hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei) hypercellulolytic mutant rut c30 lacks a 85 kb (29 gene-encoding) region of the wild-type genome. | the hypercellulolytic mutant hypocrea jecorina (anamorph trichoderma reesei) rut c30 is the h. jecorina strain most frequently used for cellulase fermentations and has also often been employed for basic research on cellulase regulation. this strain has been reported to contain a truncated carbon catabolite repressor gene cre1 and is consequently carbon catabolite derepressed. to date this and an additional frame-shift mutation in the glycoprotein-processing beta-glucosidase ii encoding gene are ... | 2008 | 18620557 |
| the ire1 and ptc2 genes involved in the unfolded protein response pathway in the filamentous fungus trichoderma reesei. | a signal transduction pathway called the unfolded protein response is activated when increased levels of misfolded proteins or incorrectly assembled subunits accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (er). the expression of several genes for er-resident foldases and chaperones, as well as genes encoding proteins that are involved in functions associated with the secretory process, are induced by this pathway. this paper describes the cloning and characterisation of genes for two components of the ... | 2004 | 15480788 |
| the first structure of a glycoside hydrolase family 61 member, cel61b from hypocrea jecorina, at 1.6 a resolution. | the glycoside hydrolase (gh) family 61 is a long-recognized, but still recondite, class of proteins, with little known about the activity, mechanism or function of its more than 70 members. the best-studied gh family 61 member, cel61a of the filamentous fungus hypocrea jecorina, is known to be an endoglucanase, but it is not clear if this represents the main activity or function of this family in vivo. we present here the first structure for this family, that of cel61b from h. jecorina. the best ... | 2008 | 18723026 |
| transcriptional regulation of xyr1, encoding the main regulator of the xylanolytic and cellulolytic enzyme system in hypocrea jecorina. | in hypocrea jecorina, xyr1 (xylanase regulator 1) is the main transcription activator of hydrolase-encoding genes, such as xyn1, xyn2, bxl1, cbh1, cbh2, egl1, and bgl1. even though xyr1 mediates the induction signal for all these genes derived from various inducing carbon sources and compounds, xyr1 transcription itself is not inducible by any of these substances. however, cultivation on glucose as the carbon source provokes carbon catabolite repression of xyr1 transcription mediated by cre1. in ... | 2008 | 18791032 |
| the information highways of a biotechnological workhorse--signal transduction in hypocrea jecorina. | the ascomycete hypocrea jecorina (anamorph trichoderma reesei) is one of the most prolific producers of biomass-degrading enzymes and frequently termed an industrial workhorse. to compete for nutrients in its habitat despite its shortcoming in certain degradative enzymes, efficient perception and interpretation of environmental signals is indispensable. a better understanding of these signals as well as their transmission machinery can provide sources for improvement of biotechnological processe ... | 2008 | 18803869 |
| sulphur metabolism and cellulase gene expression are connected processes in the filamentous fungus hypocrea jecorina (anamorph trichoderma reesei). | sulphur compounds like cysteine, methionine and s-adenosylmethionine are essential for the viability of most cells. thus many organisms have developed a complex regulatory circuit that governs the expression of enzymes involved in sulphur assimilation and metabolism. in the filamentous fungus hypocrea jecorina (anamorph trichoderma reesei) little is known about the participants in this circuit. | 2008 | 18842142 |
| novel family of carbohydrate esterases, based on identification of the hypocrea jecorina acetyl esterase gene. | plant cell walls have been shown to contain acetyl groups in hemicelluloses and pectin. the gene aes1, encoding the acetyl esterase (aes1) of hypocrea jecorina, was identified by amino-terminal sequencing, peptide mass spectrometry, and genomic sequence analyses. the coded polypeptide had 348 amino acid residues with the first 19 serving as a secretion signal peptide. the calculated molecular mass and isoelectric point of the secreted enzyme were 37,088 da and ph 5.89, respectively. no significa ... | 2008 | 18978092 |
| induction and catabolite repression mechanisms of cellulase in fungi. | cellulases are induced in most of fungi only when cellulose or an inducer exists. in hypocrea jecorina and penicillium purpurogenum, the respective inducers are sophorose and gentiobiose, which do not have beta-1,4 linkages though cellobiose, which has this linkage, is an inducer in other fungi. beta-glucosidase, which catalyzes transglucosylation, is the key enzyme in converting cello-oligosaccharides to the inducers for cellulase induction in h. jecorina and p. purpurogenum. there are three st ... | 2001 | 16233102 |
| involvement of g-alpha protein gna3 in production of cell wall-degrading enzymes by trichoderma reesei (hypocrea jecorina) during mycoparasitism against pythium ultimum. | the involvement of the g-alpha protein gna3 in the production of cell wall-degrading enzymes (cwdes) by trichoderma reesei during antagonism against pythium ultimum was investigated. camp content was 2.8-fold higher in the t. reesei mutant gna3ql than in the parental tu-6. the gna3ql, like tu-6, inhibited the growth of p. ultimum in dual culture assays. scanning electron microscopy showed that the gna3ql promoted more morphological alterations of p. ultimum cell wall than tu-6. in general, gna3q ... | 2009 | 19116694 |
| a complete survey of trichoderma chitinases reveals three distinct subgroups of family 18 chitinases. | genome-wide analysis of chitinase genes in the hypocrea jecorina (anamorph: trichoderma reesei) genome database revealed the presence of 18 orfs encoding putative chitinases, all of them belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 18. eleven of these encode yet undescribed chitinases. a systematic nomenclature for the h. jecorina chitinases is proposed, which designates the chitinases corresponding to their glycoside hydrolase family and numbers the isoenzymes according to their pi from chi18-1 to c ... | 2005 | 16279955 |
| comparative evolutionary histories of the fungal chitinase gene family reveal non-random size expansions and contractions due to adaptive natural selection. | gene duplication and loss play an important role in the evolution of novel functions and for shaping an organism's gene content. recently, it was suggested that stress-related genes frequently are exposed to duplications and losses, while growth-related genes show selection against change in copy number. the fungal chitinase gene family constitutes an interesting case study of gene duplication and loss, as their biological roles include growth and development as well as more stress-responsive fu ... | 2008 | 19204807 |
| cellulase production from spent lignocellulose hydrolysates by recombinant aspergillus niger. | a recombinant aspergillus niger strain expressing the hypocrea jecorina endoglucanase cel7b was grown on spent hydrolysates (stillage) from sugarcane bagasse and spruce wood. the spent hydrolysates served as excellent growth media for the cel7b-producing strain, a. niger d15[egi], which displayed higher endoglucanase activities in the spent hydrolysates than in standard medium with a comparable monosaccharide content (e.g., 2,100 nkat/ml in spent bagasse hydrolysate compared to 480 nkat/ml in st ... | 2009 | 19251882 |
| a novel protease-resistant alpha-galactosidase with high hydrolytic activity from gibberella sp. f75: gene cloning, expression, and enzymatic characterization. | a novel alpha-galactosidase gene (aga-f75) from gibberella sp. f75 was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. the gene codes for a protein of 744 amino acids with a 24-residue putative signal peptide and a calculated molecular mass of 82.94 kda. the native structure of the recombinant aga-f75 was estimated to be a trimer or tetramer. the deduced amino acid sequence showed highest identity (69%) with an alpha-galactosidase from hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei), a member of the glycoside ... | 2009 | 19288093 |
| the hypocrea jecorina (syn. trichoderma reesei) lxr1 gene encodes a d-mannitol dehydrogenase and is not involved in l-arabinose catabolism. | the hypocrea jecorina lxr1 was described as the first fungal l-xylulose reductase responsible for nadph dependent reduction of l-xylulose to xylitol in l-arabinose catabolism. phylogenetic analysis now reveals that lxr1 forms a clade with fungal d-mannitol 2-dehydrogenases. lxr1 and the orthologous aspergillus niger mtda are not induced by l-arabinose but expressed at low levels during growth on different carbon sources. deletion of lxr1 does not affect growth on l-arabinose and l-xylulose reduc ... | 2009 | 19303876 |
| global carbon utilization profiles of wild-type, mutant, and transformant strains of hypocrea jecorina. | the ascomycete hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei), an industrial producer of cellulases and hemicellulases, can efficiently degrade plant polysaccharides. however, the catabolic pathways for the resulting monomers and their relationship to enzyme induction are not well known. here we used the biolog phenotype microarrays technique to evaluate the growth of h. jecorina on 95 carbon sources. for this purpose, we compared several wild-type isolates, mutants producing different amounts of cellul ... | 2006 | 16517662 |
| cloning, functional expression and promoter analysis of xylanase iii gene from trichoderma reesei. | in this study, the xyn3 gene from the filamentous mesophilic fungus trichoderma reesei (hypocrea jecorina) pc-3-7 was cloned and sequenced. analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of xyn iii revealed considerable homology with xylanases belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 10. these results show that xyn iii is distinguishable from xyn i and xyn ii, two other t. reesei xylanases that belong to the glycosidase family 11. when xyn3 was expressed in escherichia coli, significant activity was ... | 2006 | 16520923 |
| transcriptional regulation of xyn1, encoding xylanase i, in hypocrea jecorina. | two major xylanases (xyn i and xyn ii) of the filamentous fungus hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei) are simultaneously expressed during growth on xylan but respond differently to low-molecular-weight inducers. in vivo footprinting analysis of the xylanase1 (xyn1) promoter revealed three different nucleotide sequences (5'-ggctaaatgcgacatcttagcc-3' [an inverted repeat of ggctaa spaced by 10 bp], 5'-ccaat-3', and 5'-ggggtctagacccc-3' [equivalent to a double cre1 site]) used to bind proteins. bi ... | 2006 | 16524900 |
| antagonism of pythium blight of zucchini by hypocrea jecorina does not require cellulase gene expression but is improved by carbon catabolite derepression. | toward a better understanding of the biochemical events that lead to biocontrol of plant pathogenic fungi by hypocrea/trichoderma spp., we investigated the importance of carbon catabolite (de)repression and cellulase formation in the antagonization of pythium ultimum by hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei) on agar plates and in planta. hypocrea jecorina qm9414 could antagonize and overgrow p. ultimum but not rhizoctonia solani in plate confrontation tests, and provided significant protection o ... | 2006 | 16553845 |
| sexual development in the industrial workhorse trichoderma reesei. | filamentous fungi are indispensable biotechnological tools for the production of organic chemicals, enzymes, and antibiotics. most of the strains used for industrial applications have been--and still are--screened and improved by classical mutagenesis. sexual crossing approaches would yield considerable advantages for research and industrial strain improvement, but interestingly, industrially applied filamentous fungal species have so far been considered to be largely asexual. this is also true ... | 2009 | 19667182 |
| heterotrimeric g-protein signaling and light response: two signaling pathways coordinated for optimal adjustment to nature. | almost all creatures have invented sophisticated mechanisms to adjust their developmental and metabolic processes to the changing light intensities in day and night. recent findings suggest that one such mechanism is signaling via heterotrimeric g-proteins.1 the trichoderma reesei (anamorph of hypocrea jecorina) g-alpha subunit gene gna3 was found to be responsive to light and influenced by the light regulatory protein envoy.2 gna3 significantly impacts regulation of cellulase gene expression on ... | 2009 | 19721873 |
| metabolic engineering strategies for the improvement of cellulase production by hypocrea jecorina. | hypocrea jecorina (= trichoderma reesei) is the main industrial source of cellulases and hemicellulases used to depolymerise plant biomass to simple sugars that are converted to chemical intermediates and biofuels, such as ethanol. cellulases are formed adaptively, and several positive (xyr1, ace2, hap2/3/5) and negative (ace1, cre1) components involved in this regulation are now known. in addition, its complete genome sequence has been recently published, thus making the organism susceptible to ... | 2009 | 19723296 |
| light-dependent roles of the g-protein alpha subunit gna1 of hypocrea jecorina (anamorph trichoderma reesei). | the filamentous ascomycete hypocrea jecorina (anamorph trichoderma reesei) is primarily known for its efficient enzymatic machinery that it utilizes to decompose cellulosic substrates. nevertheless, the nature and transmission of the signals initiating and modulating this machinery are largely unknown. heterotrimeric g-protein signaling represents one of the best studied signal transduction pathways in fungi. | 2009 | 19728862 |
| purification and biochemical characterization of a novel alpha-glucosidase from aspergillus niveus. | an extracellular a-glucosidase produced by aspergillus niveus was purified using deae-fractogel ion-exchange chromatography and sephacryl s-200 gel filtration. the purified protein migrated as a single band in 5% page and 10% sds-page. the enzyme presented 29% of glycosylation, an isoelectric point of 6.8 and a molecular weight of 56 and 52 kda as estimated by sds-page and bio-sil-sec-400 gel filtration column, respectively. the enzyme showed typical alpha-glucosidase activity, hydrolyzing p-nit ... | 2009 | 19757138 |
| molecular regulation of arabinan and l-arabinose metabolism in hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei). | hypocrea jecorina (anamorph: trichoderma reesei) can grow on plant arabinans by the aid of secreted arabinan-degrading enzymes. this growth on arabinan and its degradation product l-arabinose requires the operation of the aldose reductase xyl1 and the l-arabinitol dehydrogenase lad1. growth on arabinan and l-arabinose is also severely affected in a strain deficient in the general cellulase and hemicellulase regulator xyr1, but this impairment can be overcome by constitutive expression of the xyl ... | 2009 | 19801419 |
| enzymes for the nadph-dependent reduction of dihydroxyacetone and d-glyceraldehyde and l-glyceraldehyde in the mould hypocrea jecorina. | the mould hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei) has two genes coding for enzymes with high similarity to the nadp-dependent glycerol dehydrogenase. these genes, called gld1 and gld2, were cloned and expressed in a heterologous host. the encoded proteins were purified and their kinetic properties characterized. gld1 catalyses the conversion of d-glyceraldehyde and l-glyceraldehyde to glycerol, whereas gld2 catalyses the conversion of dihydroxyacetone to glycerol. both enzymes are specific for na ... | 2006 | 16930134 |
| endoglucanase activities and growth of marine-derived fungi isolated from the sponge haliclona simulans. | the conversion of cheap cellulosic biomass to more easily fermentable sugars requires the use of costly cellulases. we have isolated a series of marine sponge-derived fungi and screened these for cellulolytic activity to determine the potential of this unique environmental niche as a source of novel cellulase activities. | 2010 | 19840179 |
| an accurate normalization strategy for rt-qpcr in hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei). | hypocrea jecorina is an important, filamentous fungus due to its effective production of hydrolytic enzymes. gene expression studies provide deeper insight into environment sensing and cellular response mechanisms. reverse transcription-quantitative pcr is a gene-specific and powerful tool to measure even minor changes in mrna composition. an accurate normalization strategy is absolutely necessary for appropriate interpretation of reverse transcription-quantitative pcr results. one frequently ap ... | 2010 | 19861137 |
| metabolic engineering of fungal strains for conversion of d-galacturonate to meso-galactarate. | d-galacturonic acid can be obtained by hydrolyzing pectin, which is an abundant and low value raw material. by means of metabolic engineering, we constructed fungal strains for the conversion of d-galacturonate to meso-galactarate (mucate). galactarate has applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals and as a platform chemical. in fungi d-galacturonate is catabolized through a reductive pathway with a d-galacturonate reductase as the first enzyme. deleting the corresponding gene in the f ... | 2010 | 19897761 |
| a novel carbon source-dependent genetic transformation system for the versatile cell factory hypocrea jecorina (anamorph trichoderma reesei). | genetic transformation is an indispensable tool for basic fungal research, as well as a useful technique for directed improvement of industrial strains. here we describe a simple and reproducible transformation system for the filamentous fungus hypocrea jecorina. the system is based on hxk1 (encoding hexokinase) as selectable marker, a hexokinase-negative strain and d-mannitol, which is used as selective carbon source and osmotic stabilizer. following transformation with the hxk1 gene, the obtai ... | 2010 | 20002748 |
| xylose transport studies with xylose-utilizing saccharomyces cerevisiae strains expressing heterologous and homologous permeases. | in the present study, we modified xylose uptake properties of a recombinant xylose-utilizing yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae by expression of heterologous and homologous permease-encoding genes. in a mutant yeast strain with the main seven hexose transporter genes deleted, and engineered for xylose utilization, we screened an expression cdna library of the filamentous fungus trichoderma reesei (hypocrea jecorina) for enhanced growth on xylose plates. one cdna clone with significant homology to fu ... | 2007 | 17180689 |
| d-xylose as a repressor or inducer of xylanase expression in hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei). | for hypocrea jecorina (anamorph trichoderma reesei), a filamentous fungus used for hydrolase production in different industries, it has been a long-term practice to use d-xylose as an inducing substance. we demonstrate in this study that the degree of xylanase-encoding gene induction strictly depends on the concentration of d-xylose, which was found to be optimal from 0.5 to 1 mm for 3 h of cultivation. at higher concentrations of d-xylose, a reduced level of xylanase gene expression was observe ... | 2010 | 20097821 |
| expression of an at-rich xylanase gene from the anaerobic fungus orpinomyces sp. strain pc-2 in and secretion of the heterologous enzyme by hypocrea jecorina. | the catalytic domain encoded by an adenine-thymine (at)-rich xylanase gene (xyna) of the anaerobic fungus orpinomyces was expressed in hypocrea jecorina under the control of the cel7a promoter and terminator. no xyna protein was detected in h. jecorina culture supernatants when the original sequence was fused to the h. jecorina cel5a region coding for its signal peptide, carbohydrate-binding module, and hinge. replacing the xyna (56% at content) with a synthetic sequence containing lower at cont ... | 2007 | 17225100 |
| induction of extracellular beta-galactosidase (bga1) formation by d-galactose in hypocrea jecorina is mediated by galactitol. | the ability of hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei) to grow on lactose strongly depends on the formation of an extracellular glycoside hydrolase (gh) family 35 beta-galactosidase, encoded by the bga1 gene. previous studies, using batch or transfer cultures of pregrown cells, had shown that bga1 is induced by lactose and d-galactose, but to a lesser extent by galactitol. to test whether the induction level is influenced by the different growth rates attainable on these carbon sources, bga1 expr ... | 2007 | 17259622 |
| molecular modeling studies of l-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase of hypocrea jecorina: its binding interactions with substrate and cofactor. | l-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase (lad1; ec 1.1.1.12) is an enzyme in the l-arabinose catabolic pathway of fungi that catalyzes the conversion of l-arabinitol into l-xylulose. the primary objective of this work is to identify the catalytic and coenzyme binding domains of lad1 from hypocrea jecorina in order to provide better insight into the possible catalytic events in these domains. the 3d structure of nad(+)-dependent lad1 was developed based on the crystal structure of human sorbitol dehydrogenas ... | 2010 | 20171913 |
| biology and biotechnology of trichoderma. | fungi of the genus trichoderma are soilborne, green-spored ascomycetes that can be found all over the world. they have been studied with respect to various characteristics and applications and are known as successful colonizers of their habitats, efficiently fighting their competitors. once established, they launch their potent degradative machinery for decomposition of the often heterogeneous substrate at hand. therefore, distribution and phylogeny, defense mechanisms, beneficial as well as del ... | 2010 | 20461510 |
| cellulase production on glucose-based media by the uv-irradiated mutants of trichoderma reesei. | from 22,791 mutants of a cellulase hyper-producing strain of trichoderma reesei (hypocrea jecorina), atcc66589, as the parent, we selected two mutants, m2-1 and m3-1, that produce cellulases in media containing both cellulose and glucose. the mutation enabled the mutants to produce cellulases, which were measured as p-nitrophenyl beta-d: -lactopyranoside-hydrolyzing activities, in media with glucose as a sole carbon source, although m2-1 exhibited different sensitivities to glucose from m3-1. wh ... | 2010 | 20549203 |
| characterization of the bga1-encoded glycoside hydrolase family 35 beta-galactosidase of hypocrea jecorina with galacto-beta-d-galactanase activity. | the extracellular bga1-encoded beta-galactosidase of hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei) was overexpressed under the pyruvat kinase (pki1) promoter region and purified to apparent homogeneity. the monomeric enzyme is a glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 118.8 +/- 0.5 kda (maldi-ms) and an isoelectric point of 6.6. bga1 is active with several disaccharides, e.g. lactose, lactulose and galactobiose, as well as with aryl- and alkyl-beta-d-galactosides. based on the catalytic efficiencies, lac ... | 2007 | 17381511 |
| the 'true' l-xylulose reductase of filamentous fungi identified in aspergillus niger. | l-xylulose reductase is part of the eukaryotic pathway for l-arabinose catabolism. a previously identified l-xylulose reductase in hypocrea jecorina turned out to be not the 'true' one since it was not upregulated during growth on l-arabinose and the deletion strain showed no reduced l-xylulose reductase activity but instead lost the d-mannitol dehydrogenase activity. in this communication we identified the 'true'l-xylulose reductase in aspergillus niger. the gene, lxra (jgi177736), is upregulat ... | 2010 | 20654618 |
| a novel class of peptide pheromone precursors in ascomycetous fungi. | recently, sexual development in the heterothallic ascomycete trichoderma reesei (anamorph of hypocrea jecorina) has been achieved and thus initiated attempts to elucidate regulation and determinants of this process. while the α-type pheromone of this fungus fits the consensus known from other fungi, the assumed a-type peptide pheromone precursor shows remarkably unusual characteristics: it comprises three copies of the motif (li)gc(ts)vm thus constituting a caax domain at the c-terminus and two ... | 2010 | 20735770 |
| induction of the gal pathway and cellulase genes involves no transcriptional inducer function of the galactokinase in hypocrea jecorina. | the saccharomyces cerevisiae galactokinase scgal1, a key enzyme for d-galactose metabolism, catalyzes the conversion of d-galactose to d-galactose 1-phosphate, whereas its catalytically inactive paralogue, scgal3, activates the transcription of the gal pathway genes. in kluyveromyces lactis the transcriptional inducer function and the galactokinase activity are encoded by a single bifunctional klgal1. here, we investigated the cellular function of the single galactokinase gal1 in the multicellul ... | 2007 | 17452322 |
| hypocrea jecorina cel6a protein engineering. | abstract: the complex technology of converting lignocellulose to fuels such as ethanol has advanced rapidly over the past few years, and enzymes are a critical component of this technology. the production of effective enzyme systems at cost structures that facilitate commercial processes has been the focus of research for many years. towards this end, the h. jecorina cellobiohydrolases, cel7a and cel6a, have been the subject of protein engineering at genencor. our first rounds of cellobiohydrola ... | 2010 | 20822549 |
| biorefining of wood: combined production of ethanol and xylanase from waste fiber sludge. | the possibility to utilize fiber sludge, waste fibers from pulp mills and lignocellulose-based biorefineries, for combined production of liquid biofuel and biocatalysts was investigated. without pretreatment, fiber sludge was hydrolyzed enzymatically to monosaccharides, mainly glucose and xylose. in the first of two sequential fermentation steps, the fiber sludge hydrolysate was fermented to cellulosic ethanol with the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. although the final ethanol yields were simila ... | 2010 | 20824487 |
| the missing link in the fungal d-galacturonate pathway: identification of the l-threo-3-deoxy-hexulosonate aldolase. | the fungal path for the catabolism of d-galacturonate is only partially known. it is however distinctly different to the well-known bacterial path. the known elements of the fungal path are d-galacturonate reductase converting d-galacturonate to l-galactonate and l-galactonate dehydratase converting l-galactonate to l-threo-3-deoxy-hexulosonate (2-keto-3-deoxy-l-galactonate). here we describe the missing link in this pathway, an aldolase converting l-threo-3-deoxy-hexulosonate to pyruvate and l- ... | 2007 | 17609199 |
| xyr1 receives the lactose induction signal and regulates lactose metabolism in hypocrea jecorina. | this study reports the vital regulatory influence of xyr1 (xylanase regulator 1) on the transcription of hydrolytic enzyme-encoding genes and hydrolase formation on lactose in hypocrea jecorina. while the transcription of the xyr1 gene itself is achieved by release of carbon catabolite repression, the transcript formation of xyn1 (xylanase 1) is regulated by an additional induction mechanism mediated by lactose. xyr1 has an important impact on lactose metabolism by directly activating xyl1 (xylo ... | 2007 | 17662982 |
| automated docking to explore subsite binding by glycoside hydrolase family 6 cellobiohydrolases and endoglucanases. | cellooligosaccharides were computationally docked using autodock into the active sites of the glycoside hydrolase family 6 enzymes hypocrea jecorina (formerly trichoderma reesei) cellobiohydrolase and thermobifida fusca endoglucanase. subsite -2 exerts the greatest intermolecular energy in binding beta-glucosyl residues, with energies progressively decreasing to either side. cumulative forces imparting processivity exerted by these two enzymes are significantly less than by the equivalent glycos ... | 2007 | 17724729 |
| transformation system for hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei) that favors homologous integration and employs reusable bidirectionally selectable markers. | hypocrea jecorina is an industrially important filamentous fungus due to its effective production of hydrolytic enzymes. it has received increasing interest because of its ability to convert lignocellulosic biomass to monomeric sugars, which can be converted into biofuels or platform chemicals. genetic engineering of strains is a highly important means of meeting the requirements of tailor-made applications. therefore, we report the development of a transformation system that allows highly effic ... | 2010 | 21075888 |
| from an electrophoretic mobility shift assay to isolated transcription factors: a fast genomic-proteomic approach. | hypocrea jecorina (anamorph trichoderma reesei) is a filamentous ascomycete of industrial importance due to its hydrolases (e.g., xylanases and cellulases). the regulation of gene expression can influence the composition of the hydrolase cocktail, and thus, transcription factors are a major target of current research. here, we design an approach for identifying a repressor of a xylanase-encoding gene. | 2010 | 21087492 |
| intact-cell maldi-tof mass spectrometry analysis of peptaibol formation by the genus trichoderma/hypocrea: can molecular phylogeny of species predict peptaibol structures? | peptaibols are characteristic linear alpha-aminoisobutyrate-containing peptides produced by certain ascomycetes, especially of the genus hypocrea/trichoderma [hypocrea and trichoderma are the names for the teleo- and anamorph forms of the same taxon; where known to occur in nature, the teleomorph is used to name the species. to aid the inexperienced reader, both names (the less well known one in parentheses) are given at the first mention of each species.] here we have investigated whether phylo ... | 2007 | 17906141 |
| impact of light on hypocrea jecorina and the multiple cellular roles of envoy in this process. | in fungi, light is primarily known to influence general morphogenesis and both sexual and asexual sporulation. in order to expand the knowledge on the effect of light in fungi and to determine the role of the light regulatory protein envoy in the implementation of this effect, we performed a global screen for genes, which are specifically effected by light in the fungus hypocrea jecorina (anamorph trichoderma reesei) using rapid subtraction hybridization (rash). based on these data, we analyzed ... | 2007 | 18053205 |
| genome sequencing and analysis of the biomass-degrading fungus trichoderma reesei (syn. hypocrea jecorina). | trichoderma reesei is the main industrial source of cellulases and hemicellulases used to depolymerize biomass to simple sugars that are converted to chemical intermediates and biofuels, such as ethanol. we assembled 89 scaffolds (sets of ordered and oriented contigs) to generate 34 mbp of nearly contiguous t. reesei genome sequence comprising 9,129 predicted gene models. unexpectedly, considering the industrial utility and effectiveness of the carbohydrate-active enzymes of t. reesei, its genom ... | 2008 | 18454138 |
| [transcriptional regulation of cellulases and hemicellulases gene in hypocrea jecorina--a review]. | hypocrea jecorina (anamorph: trichoderma reesei) is the main industrial fungi that can produce large amounts of extracellular cellulases and hemicellulases. it also represents a model system to study the mechanism of transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes. the expression of these hydrolases genes in hypocrea jecorina can be triggered rapidly in the presence of inducers, but differences in the inducing mode of various soluble inducers have been reported. at present, three models have been offer ... | 2010 | 21268886 |
| three-dimensional structure of an intact glycoside hydrolase family 15 glucoamylase from hypocrea jecorina. | the three-dimensional structure of a complete hypocrea jecorina glucoamylase has been determined at 1.8 a resolution. the presented structure model includes the catalytic and starch binding domains and traces the course of the 37-residue linker segment. while the structures of other fungal and yeast glucoamylase catalytic and starch binding domains have been determined separately, this is the first intact structure that allows visualization of the juxtaposition of the starch binding domain relat ... | 2008 | 18457422 |
| lack of aldose 1-epimerase in hypocrea jecorina (anamorph trichoderma reesei): a key to cellulase gene expression on lactose. | the heterodisaccharide lactose (1,4-o-beta-d-galactopyranosyl-d-glucose) induces cellulase formation in the ascomycete hypocrea jecorina (= trichoderma reesei). lactose assimilation is slow, and the assimilation of its beta-d-galactose moiety depends mainly on the operation of a recently described reductive pathway and depends less on the leloir pathway, which accepts only alpha-d-galactose. we therefore reasoned whether galactomutarotase [aldose 1-epimerase (aep)] activity might limit lactose a ... | 2008 | 18480250 |