| [light and electron microscopic studies on the formation of the oocyst shell of eimeria necatrix]. | | 1977 | 74148 |
| pathogenic mechanisms not operating in eimeria necatrix infections. | having investigated certain aspects of eimeria necatrix coccidiosis in chickens, workers of the hannover veterinary school postulated "that death following a single inoculation of a large number of oocysts is due to an alarm reaction and not a specific pathogenic action of the parasites". because this hypothesis is somewhat revolutionary in its consept, several pieces of evidence on which it is based and several logical deductions which can be made from it have been examined. it has been confirm ... | 1975 | 165646 |
| efficacy and cross-resistance studies on n, n'-bis (3,4 ditrifluoromethylphenyl) methylmalonamide, a novel anticoccidial agent. | n,n'-bis (3,4 ditrifluoromethylphenyl) methylmalonamide (sch 18545) completely controlled a mild eimeria necatrix infection at 50, 40 or 30 p.p.m. in the diet, and controlled e. tenella infections at 50 and 40 p.p.m. slight oocyst passage was observed at each e. tenella treatment level with a marked increase at the 30 p.p.m. treatment level. fifty p.p.m. were necessary to control e. acervulina infections; levels of 40 p.p.m. reduced e. acervulina oocyst production while 30 p.p.m. were ineffectiv ... | 1979 | 419002 |
| induction of gel-phase lipid in plasma membrane of chick intestinal cells after coccidial infection. | when chickens are infected with the coccidial parasite eimeria necatrix, the plasma membrane of intestinal cells harbouring second-generation schizonts becomes refractory to mechanical shearing, hypotonic shock and ultrasonication. plasma membrane from these infected cells was isolated to high purity as judged by enriched levels of ouabain-sensitive (na+ + k+)-stimulated mg2-dependent atpase activity and sialic acid content, the lack of detectable cytochrome oxidase and glucose-6-phosphatase act ... | 1979 | 486463 |
| anticoccidial activity of narasin in battery raised broiler chickens. | the anticoccidial activity of the ionophorus antibiotic narasin was tested against six species of coccidia (eimeria acervulina, eimeria mivati, eimeria maxima, eimeria necatrix, eimeria brunetti, and eimeria tenella) in battery-raised broilers. feeding ration medicated with 60, 80, or 100 ppm narasin significantly improved weight gains during the periods of d 0 to d7 and d 0 to d 14 (d 0 = day of inoculation with sporulated oocysts), compared with the weight gains in corresponding inoculated gro ... | 1979 | 530901 |
| effect of coccidiosis on blood coagulation in broilers. | severe infection with eimeria acervulina, eimeria maxima, eimeria necatrix, and eimeria tenella increased the prothrombin times in broilers compared with the times in uninfected birds. recalcification time was not affected. the increase in prothrombin time was related to the severity of infection (as measured by lesion score), and was significant (p less than or equal to 0.05) only in the most severely infected birds. the increase was of short duration, lasting only 1 or 2 days, and first appear ... | 1978 | 627969 |
| isolation of chick intestinal cells infected with second-generation schizonts of eimeria necatrix. | after infection with eimeria necatrix, chick intestinal cells undergo a profound increase in size. herein, we describe methods for isolating and purifying infected cells containing second-genration schizonts at various times post-infection. our purification procedures depends upon three fundamental properties of infected cells: namely (1) large size, (2) resistance to shearing and (3) decreased susceptibility to osmotic shock in hypotonic solutions. the availability of simple techniques for isol ... | 1977 | 840495 |
| isolation of host-cell nuclei from chick intestinal cells infected with second-generation schizonts of eimeria necatrix. | a procedure is described for the preparation of purified nuclei of chick intestinal cells infected with eimeria necatrix. during second-generation schizogony the host-cell membrane becomes resistant to homogenization, hypotonic shock and ultrasonication. however, brief treatment with a low concentration of trypsin (0.001%) will disrupt the cell membrane. thereafter the nuclei can be selectively harvested from contaminating nuclear types and schizonts by a series of centrifugations. electron micr ... | 1977 | 840496 |
| prevalence of eimeria acervulina, eimeria necatrix, eimeria brunetti and eimeria tenella in georgia (usa) as demonstrated by immunity challenge techniques. | eimeria acervulina, e. necatrix, e. brunetti and e. tenella were found to be widely distributed in north-east georgia. 2. using immunity challenge techniques 17 flocks from 12 to 72 weeks of age showed significantly lower lesion scores for the first three species compared with susceptible control flocks similarly challenged. only one flock was found to be susceptible to e. tenella. no mortality occurred in the field flocks after challenge while 20 to 60% mortality occurred in the susceptible con ... | 1977 | 890528 |
| plasma steroid tendency, social environment and eimeria necatrix infection. | chickens from a line selected for high levels of plasma corticosterone when housed in an environment faciliating considerable social interaction were more resistant to eimeria necatrix infection than those from a line selected for low levels of plasma corticosterone housed in an environment that minimized social interaction. individuals in the high steroid group had a more active phagocytic defense and fewer schizonts than those in the low steroid group. | 1976 | 951376 |
| [epizootiological and parasitological status of the flocks at a poultry combine]. | a comprehensive epizootiologic study has been carried out at one of the large poultry dressing combines in this country. results have shown that the part played by infections as against the remaining diseases established in the various technologic categories is as follows: 9 to 23.8 per cent in growing parents; 16.0 to 24.6 per cent in adult parents; and 4.8 to 13.4 per cent in broilers. so far as parasitic diseases are concerned the respective figures are 3.2 to 9.9 per cent, 3.0 to 3.3. per ce ... | 1976 | 960544 |
| [light and electron microscopic studies on the development of eimeria necatrix in the chicken]. | | 1976 | 1007705 |
| [effectiveness of various coccidiostatics in the control of eimeria necatrix in poultry]. | | 1976 | 1017565 |
| [genesis of merozoites in the coccidia, eimeria necatrix. ultrastructural study]. | second generation schizonts of eimeria necatrix were studied with the aid of the electron microscope. differentiation of daughter merozoites is associated with the last mitosis, which is not significantly different from the earlier ones. the merozoites develop at the periphery of the schizont. the conoid and 22 subpellicular microtubules, probably induced by centrioles, and the inner membranes complex and the rhoptry anlagen which seem to be produced by the golgi apparatus, appear close to ea ... | 1975 | 1117438 |
| the development of the lesions caused by second generation schizonts of eimeria necatrix. | first generation merozoites of eimeria necatrix were found in epithelial cells of the crypts of lieberkühn of chicks cells appeared to migrate into the lamina propria, forming nests of second generation schizonts that extended from the external muscularis to the lamina propria of the mid-villus. on the fourth and fifth days the mature schizonts, usually still within the infected cells were dishcarged into adjacent crypts. the muscularis mucosa appeared to be repaired by the formation of new, smo ... | 1975 | 1166126 |
| effect of gamma-irradiation on oocysts of eimeria necatrix. | effect of gamma radiation on oocysts of eimeria necatrix was investigated. it was observed that oocysts exposed to 200 kr or above did not sporulate. irratiation at 10-150 kr caused a progressive decrease in sporulation. irradiation affected normal development of unsporulated oocysts as the zygote protoplasm divided into unequal masses or was shattered into granules. increase in the intensity of irradiation of sporulated oocysts resulted in the progressive decrease in severity of the resultant i ... | 1975 | 1178217 |
| electrophoretic and immunologic characterization of proteins of merozoites of eimeria acervulina, e. maxima, e. necatrix, and e. tenella. | merozoites of eimeria acervulina, eimeria maxima, eimeria necatrix, and eimeria tenella were compared by gel electrophoresis, western-blotting with chicken antiserum, indirect fluorescent antibody reactions, and antiserum neutralization. merozoites from the 4 species had dissimilar patterns of proteins and antigens in soluble and membrane fractions. coomassie blue staining of sds-page gels revealed 16-22 protein bands depending on the species of merozoite but only 3 bands per species in the memb ... | 1992 | 1738074 |
| an outbreak of eimeria necatrix coccidiosis in breeder pullets: analysis of immediate and possible long-term effects on performance. | coccidiosis caused by eimeria necatrix was diagnosed in a flock of 17,640 broiler breeder pullets at 18 weeks of age on a new farm. mortality and morbidity was excessive in both hens and males, resulting in 10.1% fewer hens capitalized and 15.56% fewer males. egg production was lower by 4.51% during weeks 30-40 of age in comparison with other flocks of about the same age. estimates of the cost of replacement of death losses and culls, the direct effect on the cost of the flock, and the increased ... | 1990 | 2369386 |
| anti-coccidial activity of 2-picoline, 6-amino-4-nitro-, 1-oxide. | an investigational drug (2-picoline, 6-amino-4-nitro-, 1-oxide) was evaluated to characterize the anti-coccidial spectrum of the compound. two concentrations of the drug (125 and 250 ppm) were evaluated for bioactivity; weight gain, survival, dropping, and lesion scores were the response variables utilized to ascertain activity. the activities of the picoline derivative were compared with monensin, maduramicin, and a narasin/nicarbazin (1:1) combination. the investigational drug had significant ... | 1989 | 2795373 |
| effects of severity and duration of infections on oocyst size of eimeria necatrix, a coccidium of chicken. | | 1988 | 3217563 |
| anticoccidial activity of alborixin. | alborixin, a polyether antibiotic with ionophore properties, was evaluated to determine the effect of the drug on weight gain of chickens and to define the anticoccidial spectrum of activity. the 50-ppm concentration in the diet was identified as the maximum level that did not significantly reduce weight gain beyond that of monensin (standard drug); consequently, the drug was evaluated for anticoccidial activity at this dilution. at the 50-ppm level, alborixin demonstrated broad-spectrum anticoc ... | 1987 | 3572663 |
| transport of eimeria necatrix sporozoites in the chicken: effects of irritants injected intraperitoneally. | light and electron microscopic observations confirmed that eimeria necatrix sporozoites first enter villous epithelial cells of the chicken small intestine and are transported to the crypts by mononuclear cells. ultrastructurally, these cells resemble granulated intraepithelial lymphocytes (iel) rather than macrophages, as suggested previously. the injection of chickens intraperitoneally (i.p.) with a variety of irritants, including proteose peptone, at the time of oocyst inoculation or up to 12 ... | 1987 | 3598799 |
| experimental development of resistance to decoquinate and robenidine in a multiple drug-resistant strain of eimeria necatrix. | | 1986 | 3959385 |
| some observations on the biology of five strains of eimeria necatrix. | five laboratory strains of eimeria necatrix were characterised with regard to the size of their oocysts, pathogenicity, reproduction, cross-immunity, ability to grow in embryonated eggs, and electrophoretic variation of enzymes. three strains were highly pathogenic whilst two caused only few deaths and milder changes to the mean body weight gains of infected chickens. cross-immunity was incomplete judged by scores of lesions after heterologous challenge, and electrophoretic variation of the enzy ... | 1985 | 4013466 |
| [oocystic wall formation in the coccidia eimeria necatrix johnson 1930 (sporozoa, coccidiomorpha). study with electronic microscope]. | | 1971 | 4259501 |
| [the role of eimeria tenella and eimeria necatrix in the epizootiology of enteritis in chicks induced by welchia agni var. paludis c]. | | 1966 | 4288064 |
| enzyme cytochemical observations on the tissue stages of the life cycle of eimeria acervulina and eimeria necatrix. | | 1973 | 4354961 |
| fine structure of the first and second generation merozoites of eimeria necatrix. | | 1974 | 4428877 |
| reduced transport of methionine in intestines of chickens infected with eimeria necatrix. | | 1974 | 4430952 |
| the pathogenic effects of eimeria necatrix: a comparison of single and repeated infections. | | 1972 | 4538770 |
| [ultrastructural study of schizogonic mitosis in the coccidian, eimeria necatrix (johnson 1930)]. | | 1973 | 4702924 |
| fine structural changes associated with schizogony in eimeria necatrix. | | 1974 | 4836672 |
| resistance of breeds and breed crosses of chickens to experimental eimeria necatrix infection. | | 1972 | 5033313 |
| [effect of radiation-protective agents on the survival rate and glutathione quotient in chicks following infection with eimeria necatrix]. | | 1971 | 5128086 |
| pathogenic effects of eimeria necatrix in young chickens. | | 1971 | 5167721 |
| eimeria necatrix and zinc absorption in the chick: effect of sulfaquinoxaline treatment of the infection. | | 1970 | 5440085 |
| effects of serial inoculations with eimeria acervulina or eimeria necatrix upon zinc and oleic acid absorption in chicks. | | 1970 | 5448675 |
| [glutathion quotient and concentration of certain metabolites of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver of chickens during infection with eimeria necatrix]. | | 1971 | 5565405 |
| some physiological effects of coccidiosis caused by eimeria necatrix in the chicken. | | 1965 | 5841330 |
| effect of intestinal damage produced by eimeria necatrix infection in chicks upon absorption of orally administered zinc-65. | | 1966 | 5910277 |
| immunity to eimeria tenella and eimeria necatrix infections in the fowl. i. influence of the site of infection and the stage of the parasite. ii. cross-protection. | | 1967 | 6048574 |
| role of coccidia in the occurrence of necrotic enteritis of chickens. | clostridium perfringens type a, eimeria acervulina, and eimeria necatrix were used to produce necrotic enteritis in chickens. the disease was produced in all groups of birds that received feed contaminated with c. perfringens. mortality due to necrotic enteritis was highest (53%) in birds infected with e. acervulina before infection with clostridia. there was a significant difference in mortality rates between birds infected with e. acervulina and birds infected with e. necatrix before infection ... | 1980 | 6254485 |
| preparation of second generation merozoites of eimeria necatrix free of host tissue. | | 1984 | 6330338 |
| [coccidiosis during the rearing of broiler breeding stock in limburg]. | increasing complaints concerning the rearing of broiler breeding stock in the province of limburg were the reason for collecting data and examining the possibilities of prevention more closely. the first batches of broiler breeders submitted to the animal health service in heythuysen were examined for the presence of coccidiosis throughout the year 1982. of 363 groups submitted, 1,484 birds about which there were complaints, were examined. of these, 153 flocks were found to be positive for cocci ... | 1984 | 6330928 |
| changes in moribund chickens as a result of eimeria necatrix infection. | chickens dying from eimeria necatrix infection had clinical signs indicative of hypothermia, depleted carbohydrate stores, acidosis and kidney dysfunction. blood lost into the intestine of infected chickens was great (15-22 ml). the body temperature of moribund chickens was 10 c lower than the control. chickens dying from e. necatrix infection displayed similar physiological defects to those of chickens dying from e. tenella infection. | 1984 | 6333503 |
| attenuation of eimeria necatrix and e. tenella of u.s. origin by serial embryo passage. | two lines of eimeria tenella (ps and fs65) and one line of e. necatrix (fs144) of u.s. origin were passaged in chicken embryos. the embryo-passaged line of e. tenella ps was significantly less pathogenic than the parent line when tested in chickens after 33 embryo passages. after 29 embryo passages, e. tenella fs65 was just as pathogenic to chickens as the parent line. a comparison of the immunogenicity of the embryo-adapted lines and the parent lines in chickens showed that embryo-passaged e. t ... | 1983 | 6639548 |
| eimeria tenella, eimeria necatrix, and eimeria adenoeides: peripheral blood leukocyte response of chickens and turkeys to strains adapted to the turkey embryo. | the peripheral blood leukocyte responses of chickens and turkeys inoculated with one of three strains of a chicken eimeria species adapted to the turkey embryo with their respective parent lines, or with e. adenoeides of the turkey were studied. the adapted lines tended to cause hematological changes in chickens and turkeys similar to those caused by e. adenoeides. these parasites caused the most significant increases in large mononuclear white blood cells = (monocytes) in both chickens and turk ... | 1984 | 6745387 |
| eimeria necatrix: induced proteolytic sensitivity of infected chick crypt cells. | while devising a protocol for the isolation of chick crypt cells infected with eimeria necatrix, it was observed that infected cells were readily lysed by 0.25% trypsin. time-course studies at 17 c with 5.5 x 10(5) cells at 96 hr postinfection revealed that 0.001% trypsin effectively lysed greater than 90% of infected cells within 10 min. uninfected crypt cells were not lysed under these conditions. to determine the site of action of trypsin, the plasma membrane proteins from trypsin-treated and ... | 1983 | 6873223 |
| invasion of chicken caecal and intestinal lamina propria by crypt epithelial cells infected with coccidia. | the development of second generation schizonts of eimeria necatrix and e. tenella was studied with the electron microscope. invasion of the crypt epithelial cells by merozoites of the first generation schizonts caused changes in the morphology of the infected cells and stimulated their migration into the lamina propria through breaks which appeared in the basement membrane of the crypts. second generation schizonts developed in the lamina propria within these crypt cells whose epithelial origin ... | 1983 | 6877865 |
| production and persistence of antibodies in chickens to sheep erythrocytes. 2. resistance to infectious diseases. | a line of chickens selected for ability to product high antibody titers to sheep red blood cells exhibited stronger antibody to newcastle disease, was more resistant to mycoplasma gallisepticum, eimeria necatrix, a splenomeglia virus, and feather mites and less resistant to escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus infection than a line selected for a lack of ability to produce antibody titers. a line of chickens selected for a nonpersistance of antibody titers to sheep red blood cells was rela ... | 1980 | 6997852 |
| an egg-adapted (attenuated) line of eimeria necatrix: further studies on its reproduction, pathogenicity and immunogenicity. | an egg-adapted line of eimeria necatrix has now been passaged 40 times in the chorio-allantoic membranes of embryonated eggs. between the 21st and 40th passage in eggs the parasite was subjected to a selection for precocious development, and its pre-patent period in this host is now 123-125 h. the parasite continued to adapt to the chorio-allantoic membrane throughout the period of the passages and its development in this tissue caused the growth of the host embryo to be markedly stunted. in chi ... | 1982 | 7070840 |
| eimeria necatrix: the development and characteristics of an egg-adapted (attenuated) line. | sporozoites of eimeria necatrix inoculated into the allantoic cavities of embryonating eggs completed their life-cycle in the chorio-allantoic membranes and produced fully viable oocysts. subsequently, as a result of repeated passage in this host, an egg-adapted line was developed and was found to be markedly less pathogenic for chickens than the nonpassaged parent strain. antigens capable of inducing protective immunity against challenge with low doses of the parent strain were retained, howeve ... | 1980 | 7232033 |
| chicken coccidiosis: correlation between resistance and delayed hypersensitivity. | broiler chickens were immunized with viable oocysts of eimeria necatrix, e. tenella, or with a commercially prepared vaccine (coccivac d) containing oocysts from eight chicken eimeria species. before challenge with oocysts of e. necatrix or e. tenella, delayed hypersensitivity (dh) reactions to particulate-oocyst antigen extracts of e. nectrix, e. maxima, and e. tenella were demonstrated in the previously immunized broilers. broilers immunized, tested for dh, and challenged showed good corrrelat ... | 1980 | 7413577 |
| effect of dietary raw soybeans on coccidiosis in chickens. | six battery experiments determined the effect of feeding raw soybeans (rsb) in corn-soybean diets on coccidiosis in broiler chickens. the experimental design represents a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with three dietary levels of incorporation of rsb (0, 50, and 100%), and chickens either infected or uninfected. the coccidial species tested singularly were eimeria acervulina, eimeria maxima, eimeria necatrix, eimeria brunetti, and eimeria tenella. with all species of eimeria a signif ... | 1995 | 7603956 |
| anticoccidial efficacy of semduramicin. 1. evaluation against field isolates by dose titration in battery tests. | semduramicin (aviax), a novel polyether ionophore, was titrated in a series of five battery tests at 20, 25, and 30 ppm in feed to determine the optimum level for use. twelve-day-old broiler chicks were medicated for 48 h prior to inoculation in each 9-day test. the inocula included monospecific field isolates of eimeria tenella, eimeria brunetti, eimeria necatrix, and eimeria maxima, and a mixture of these species with eimeria acervulina and eimeria mitis. the numbers of oocysts inoculated were ... | 1993 | 8265494 |
| anticoccidial efficacy of semduramicin. 2. evaluation against field isolates including comparisons with salinomycin, maduramicin, and monensin in battery tests. | the efficacy of semduramicin (aviax), a novel polyether ionophore, was profiled in a series of 57 battery tests conducted in the united states and the united kingdom. the studies employed mixed and monospecific infections of eimeria acervulina, eimeria mivati/eimeria mitis, eimeria brunetti, eimeria maxima, eimeria necatrix, and eimeria tenella derived from north american and european field isolates. ten-day-old broiler cockerels in pens of 8 to 10 birds were continuously medicated in feed begin ... | 1993 | 8265495 |
| clostridial population and the intestinal lesions in chickens infected with clostridium perfringens and eimeria necatrix. | chickens infected with clostridium perfringens and eimeria necatrix were examined bacteriologically and pathologically. when chickens were inoculated with 1.0 x 10(8) c. perfringens and/or 2 x 10(4) e. necatrix sporulated oocysts, populations of c. perfringens in the intestinal contents were examined on 3, 5 and 7 days after e. necatrix inoculation. in both groups infected with e. necatrix, the mean clostridial counts were significantly higher than those of uninfected controls. the concurrent in ... | 1997 | 9100330 |
| the hepatic and duodenal activities of some drug metabolizing enzymes in chickens: influence of infection with escherichia coli endotoxin and coccidiosis. | the activities of the drug metabolizing enzymes aminopyrine-n-demethylase, aniline hydroxylase and udp-glucuronyl transferase, together with protein concentration, were measured in liver microsomes and duodenal mucosa from healthy chickens and chickens experimentally infected with escherichia coli endotoxin, or naturally infected with eimeria necatrix and eimeria tenella (clinically classified as slight, moderate or severe infections). e. coli (2 mg/kg, 3 days) and severe coccidiosis significant ... | 1997 | 9358203 |
| a survey of coccidia on 43 poultry farms in argentina. | fecal samples from 43 broiler and breeder farms in the entre rios and buenos aires districts of argentina were examined for coccidia. thirty-eight samples were positive by microscopic examination after salt flotation, with counts of 138 to 415,800 oocysts per gram of feces. samples were aerated for 2 days and inoculated into 21-day-old chicks for determination of prepatent period. eimeria praecox was conclusively identified in 56% of the samples by producing typical oocysts (17 x 21 microns) in ... | 1997 | 9454927 |
| epidemiological aspects of the use of live anticoccidial vaccines for chickens. | this review address the epidemiology (epizootiology) of coccidiosis in commercial chickens with emphasis on the effects on the use of live vaccines. surveys suggest that all seven valid species of chicken coccidia (eimeria acervulina, eimeria brunetti, eimeria maxima, eimeria mitis, eimeria necatrix, eimeria praecox and eimeria tenella) are ubiquitous. all species are pathogenic to various extents. new results are presented on the pathogeneicities of e. acervulina, e. mitis and e. praecox. unles ... | 1998 | 9724880 |
| intracellular localization of viral rna in eimeria necatrix of the domestic fowl. | the intracellular localization of viral rna in three different stages of eimeria necatrix, namely, the first- and second-generation meronts and the macrogamonts, were examined at the light microscopy level by in situ hybridization. digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes generated from partial cdna clones from 5.6-kb and 4.5-kb dsrna (pzenv1 and pzenv2) were used in this study. viral rna was found to be confined to the cytoplasm of the eimerian host; no viral rna was detected in chicken tissue. the inten ... | 1998 | 9747931 |
| selection and development of a spanish precocious strain of eimeria necatrix. | a precocious line of eimeria necatrix (pen e-281/20) with an abbreviated life cycle was derived from a spanish field strain (e-281) by repeated passages of the first shed oocysts recovered from the caecal contents of previously infected chickens. after 20 passages, the 'useful' prepatent period (time from infection to obtaining sufficient oocysts to repassage) of the parasite was reduced by 30 h (from 148 to 118 h). the earliest oocysts found in the caecal content were 114 h postinfection (hpi), ... | 1998 | 9760059 |
| rna-dependent rna polymerase activity associated with eimeria necatrix virus particles containing either double-stranded or single-stranded rna. | single-stranded (ss) rna containing and double-stranded (ds) rna containing virus particles of eimeria necatrix were isolated by centrifugation through a cscl gradient. rna from the gradient fractions was identified as single-stranded or double-stranded by probing northern blots with digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes. these probes were generated with sp6 and t7 rna polymerases from a partial cdna clone derived from 5.6-kb viral dsrna of e. necatrix. rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) activity was ... | 1999 | 10219297 |
| eimeria brunetti and eimeria necatrix in chickens of argentina and confirmation of seven species of eimeria. | ten poultry farms (broiler breeder pullets, layer pullets, and broilers) in the provinces of entre rios and buenos aires in argentina were examined for presence of eimeria spp. litter samples obtained from flocks 7-11 wk old were taken to the laboratory for oocyst counting and sporulation, then concentrated for inoculation into coccidia-free chickens. species were identified by prepatent period, oocyst size, location and appearance of lesions in the intestine, microscopic examination of mucosal ... | 2000 | 11007025 |
| involvement of cd 8+ and cd 3+ lymphocytes in the transport of eimeria necatrix sporozoites within the intestinal mucosa of chickens. | the phenotype of cells transporting sporozoites of eimeria necatrix during a primary infection was determined using a panel of six monoclonal antibodies to various chicken lymphocyte surface markers. sporozoites and cells harboring them were examined at 8, 12 and 18 h postinfection using two-color immunoflorescence and confocal microscopy. the majority of parasites observed within lymphocytes were found in cd 8 + (15%) or cd 3+ (13-22%) cells at all time periods examined. smaller numbers were fo ... | 2001 | 11403384 |
| quantification of the crowding effect during infections with the seven eimeria species of the domesticated fowl: its importance for experimental designs and the production of oocyst stocks. | the 'crowding effect' in avian coccidia, following administration of graded numbers of sporulated oocysts to naïve hosts, is recognisable by two characteristics. first, increasing doses of oocysts give rise to progressively higher oocyst yields, until a level of infection is reached (the 'maximally producing dose') above which further dose increases result in progressive decreases in oocyst yields. second, the number of oocysts produced per oocyst administered (the 'reproductive potential') tend ... | 2001 | 11429169 |
| eimeria necatrix virus: intracellular localisation of viral particles and proteins. | the presence of the eimeria necatrix virus was investigated in the following life cycle stages: sporocysts, sporozoites, merozoites, and macrogametes. electron microscopy revealed virus-like particles (vlps) in sporozoites, which were purified from sporozoite extracts and used to raise polyclonal antibodies. viral proteins were identified as rna polymerase (95 kda) and the major capsid protein (80 kda). polyclonal antibody was used to detect the intracellular localisation of vlps and proteins. i ... | 2001 | 11513897 |
| an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with the recombinant merozoite protein as antigen for detection of antibodies to eimeria necatrix. | a cdna library was constructed with eimeria necatrix merozoite mrna and immunologically screened by chicken sera against this parasite. one of the positive clones containing an insert of 879 nucleotides, pnp19, showed similarity to part of a published gene expressed in e. tenella merozoite by the homology search system. the inserted dna was subcloned into baculovirus, and a 35-kd protein was expressed, purified, and used for the antigen in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). antibodies fr ... | 2003 | 12887190 |
| transport of sporozoites of eimeria necatrix in macrophages. | | 1957 | 13406665 |
| value of interrupted treatments and preventive medication in the control of intestinal coccidiosis caused by eimeria necatrix. | | 1958 | 13563688 |
| detection and assessment of sublethal infections of eimeria tenella and eimeria necatrix. | | 1960 | 14408036 |
| anticoccidial vaccination: the absence or reduction of numbers of endogenous parasites from gross lesions in immune chickens after virulent coccidial challenge. | male and female floor-reared chickens were immunized with a live, attenuated anticoccidial vaccine (paracox) and then, 28 days after vaccination, were challenged with virulent strains of eimeria acervulina, eimeria brunetti, eimeria maxima, eimeria necatrix or eimeria tenella. the relationship between the post-challenge growth rate and specific gross lesion grades, matched in individual birds, was examined. the numbers of endogenous parasites associated with graded lesions of each species were c ... | 2003 | 14522710 |
| walter t. johnson (1892 to 1937): pioneer of coccidiosis research in the fowl. | walter t. johnson (1892 to 1937), veterinarian at western washington agricultural experiment station (wwaes), puyallup, washington, usa, and subsequently poultry pathologist and professor of veterinary medicine at oregon state university agricultural experiment station (osaes), corvallis, oregon, usa, made many important contributions to our understanding of the disease coccidiosis. his pioneering work included the first description of eimeria necatrix and eimeria praecox from the chicken and id ... | 2004 | 15276976 |
| sulfaquinoxaline, nitrofurazone and nitrophenide in the prophylaxis of experimental eimeria necatrix infection. | | 1950 | 15425753 |
| expression of anti-apoptotic factors in cells parasitized by second-generation schizonts of eimeria tenella and eimeria necatrix. | intracellular infections by parasites require a functional anti-apoptotic mechanism for parasite survival within the host cell. the intracellular cycle of eimeria tenella and eimeria necatrix in chicken intestinal cells involves the maturation of schizonts within the epithelial cells lining the crypt lumen of the ceca (e. tenella) and jejunum (e. necatrix). after invasion, these cells detach from the epithelial layer and migrate into the underlying connective tissue, where maturation of second-g ... | 2004 | 15482885 |
| field basis evaluation of eimeria necatrix-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for its utility in detecting antibodies elicited by vaccination in chickens. | eimeria necatrix-specific elisa, using a recombinant antigen (the cdna-clone np19 expressing protein), was utilized to detect antibodies against e. necatrix in breeder pullet flocks that had previously received an attenuated live vaccine to e. necatrix. vaccinated flocks were discriminated significantly from non-vaccinated flocks by their antibody titers and antibody positive rates at 30-55 days post-vaccination. in addition, e. necatrix-oocysts were confirmed in fecal samples of vaccinated floc ... | 2005 | 16210810 |
| application of polymerase chain reaction based on its1 rdna to speciate eimeria. | a method was developed to recover eimeria spp. oocysts directly from poultry litter and determine which species of eimeria were present using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based on the its1 rdna sequence. the species composition of eimeria oocysts was also compared before and after propagation in susceptible chickens to determine if the relative proportion of each species changed after expansion. in samples from two broiler operations, its1-pcr was able to detect eimeria spp. oocysts recovered ... | 2006 | 16617992 |
| characteristics of a line of eimeria necatrix after 16 successive passages of oocysts collected after peak oocyst production. | a line of eimeria necatrix was selected by repeated passages of oocysts that were collected after peak oocyst production from feces or cecal contents of previously infected chickens. when compared with the parent strain, the new line of e. necatrix after 16 successive passages had the following characteristics: (1) the peak of oocyst production was delayed by 2 days; (2) the sizes of 9 endogenous development stages became larger; and (3) the reproductive capacity and the immunogenicity were both ... | 2006 | 17304799 |
| sulfaquinoxaline in the control of eimeria tenella and eimeria necatrix in chickens on a commercial broiler farm. | | 1948 | 17791764 |
| development and validation of real-time polymerase chain reaction assays specific to four species of eimeria. | the development of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays specific to eimeria acervulina, eimeria maxima, eimeria necatrix and eimeria tenella is described and validated. the pcr templates adopted include a fragment of a gene encoding a microneme protein and previously characterized species-specific random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) sequences. the sensitivity of each assay allowed the consistent detection of between one and 10 parasite genomes, equivalent to between ... | 2008 | 18202955 |
| coccidial infections in commercial broilers: epidemiological aspects and comparison of eimeria species identification by morphometric and polymerase chain reaction techniques. | the objective of this study was to add to existing knowledge of the epidemiology and the aetiology of coccidial infections in commercial broiler flocks. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and morphometric identification of the eimeria species were compared as means of differentiation in the field samples of faeces and litter. for morphometry, the eimeria species were categorized into three groups based on lengths of the oocysts. two random samples of commercial broilers were studied, one during 200 ... | 2008 | 18393094 |
| prevalence of parasites of the local scavenging chickens in a selected semi-arid zone of eastern kenya. | a study to identify and estimate the prevalence of parasites of local chickens in a semi arid area of kenya was conducted between march 2005 and august 2006. three hundred and sixty (360) local chickens purchased from yathui division of machakos were examined. of those, 93.3% had helminths. nematodes were recovered in 268 (74.4%) chickens whereas 245 (68.1%) had cestodes. tetrameres americana (37.7%), ascaridia galli (33.3%) and heterakis gallinarum (22.8%) were the most important nematode speci ... | 2008 | 18422252 |
| eimeria necatrix: selection and characteristics of a precocious (and attenuated) line. | a line of eimeria necatrix with an abbreviated life cycle (i.e. a "precocious" line) was derived from the houghton laboratory strain by repeated passage of the oocysts which were the first to be recovered from infections in chickens. the precocious line had a reproductive potential much lower than that of its parent strain and it was significantly less pathogenic. its immunogenicity was, however, substantially retained. selection for precocious development was accompanied by changes in the endog ... | 1984 | 18766877 |
| the optimal immunization procedure of dna vaccine pcdna-ta4-il-2 of eimeria tenella and its cross-immunity to eimeria necatrix and eimeria acervulina. | the immunization procedure of dna vaccine pcdna-ta4-il-2 of eimeria tenella, including route, dose, time of immunization and age of primary immunization of chicken, was optimized. the stability and the cross-species protection of the vaccine were also analyzed. efficacy of immunization was evaluated on the basis of oocyst decrease ratio, lesion score, body-weight gain and the anti-coccidial index (aci). chinese yellow chickens were randomly distributed into corresponding groups (30/group). the c ... | 2009 | 19019543 |
| a polymerase chain reaction-coupled high-resolution melting curve analytical approach for the monitoring of monospecificity of avian eimeria species. | coccidiosis is a significant disease of poultry caused by different species of eimeria. differentiation of eimeria species is important for the quality control of the live attenuated eimeria vaccines derived from monospecific lines of eimeria spp. in this study, high-resolution melting (hrm) curve analysis of the amplicons generated from the second internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal dna (its-2) was used to distinguish between seven pathogenic eimeria species of chickens, and the re ... | 2009 | 19156576 |
| sequence diversity of internal transcribed spacer-1 (its-1) region of eimeria infecting chicken and its relevance in species identification from indian field samples. | conventional method of species identification in eimeria employs phenotypic characters of the oocysts and the site of infection in the chicken intestine, which are subjective analyses. pcr-based identification of eimeria spp. is known to be specific and sensitive. we used internal transcribed spacer 1 (its-1)-based nested pcr to follow the distribution of eimeria spp. in the field, which may be of significant value in the management of coccidiosis in chickens. in the present study, intestinal sa ... | 2010 | 20012096 |
| molecular prevalence and preponderance of eimeria spp. among chickens in tamil nadu, india. | coccidosis is one of the most commonly prevalent and economically important parasitic diseases of poultry worldwide. chicken coccidia are protozoan parasites of the genus eimeria. this study aimed at analysing the molecular prevalence of seven species of eimeria infecting chickens in tamil nadu, india. tissue samples (caecum, rectum and upper and mid intestines) collected from chickens exhibiting symptoms of coccidiosis were used for dna extraction, followed by amplification of the internal tran ... | 2010 | 20607286 |
| molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of eimeria from turkeys and gamebirds: implications for evolutionary relationships in galliform birds. | in order to determine the evolutionary relationships among eimeria species that parasitize birds of the galliformes, the 18s rdna gene and a portion of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox-1) were amplified from eimeria species isolated from turkeys, chukars, and pheasants. the phylogenetic analysis of these sequences suggests that species infecting chickens are polyphyletic and, therefore, do not all share a direct common ancestor. both the 18s rdna and the cox-1 sequences indicate that eimeri ... | 2010 | 20950106 |
| characterization of the antibody response in birds following infection with wild-type and attenuated strains of eimeria tenella and eimeria necatrix. | live vaccines containing attenuated parasite strains are increasingly used to control chicken coccidiosis. in this paper antibody responses elicited by infections with wild-type and attenuated strains of eimeria tenella and eimeria necatrix were characterized by immunoblotting and elisa with homologous and heterologous antisera. few differences between antisera from birds infected with wild and attenuated strains of e. tenella were evident in immunoblots conducted with merozoite antigen preparat ... | 2010 | 21035267 |
| diagnosis of eimeria species using traditional and molecular methods in field studies. | the objective of this study was to identify and characterize species of eimeria in broiler chickens using traditional morphological and pathological plus molecular (dna amplification) diagnostic methodologies. using a combination of those techniques it was possible to identify the presence of multiple circulating species in the flock as well as higher frequencies for some of them, especially eimeria praecox and eimeria maxima, which were identified in 100% of the flocks. the frequencies of the o ... | 2010 | 21167646 |
| prevalence and risk factors for subclinical coccidiosis in broiler chicken farms in mazandaran province, iran. | coccidiosis is a disease of almost universal importance in poultry production. the subclinical form of coccidiosis has most significant economic impact due to impaired growth rate and feed conversion. some factors such as: age, size of flock, season, etc., may effect on severity of this disease. in this study, the relationships between some major risk factors and prevalence of subclinical coccidiosis were investigated. this study was done in 120 broiler farms in five different cities of mazandar ... | 2011 | 21626064 |
| Seasonal prevalence of coccidiosis in industrial broiler chickens in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. | The present paper reports the prevalence of coccidiosis in industrial broiler chickens in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan to determine the occurrence of different species of Eimeria in the area and to assess their correlation with the environmental conditions including temperature, humidity and rainfall. The study was conducted from January 2009 to December 2010. Examination of chicken guts revealed 43.89% (n?=?3,283/7,480) prevalence of coccidiosis. The highest prevalence (27.04%) was recorded of ... | 2012 | 22102015 |
| seasonal prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in desi fowl (gallus gallus domesticus) in and around gannavaram, andhra pradesh. | a study was carried out to know the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in desi fowl in and nearby villages of gannavaram, andhra pradesh for a period of 1 year. screening of 492 samples comprising faecal samples and gastrointestinal tracts from freshly slaughtered desi birds at local poultry shops and samples from post mortem examinations at ntr college of veterinary science, gannavaram revealed 63.21 % of gastrointestinal parasites. faecal samples were examined by floatation technique usi ... | 2016 | 27605762 |
| cryptic eimeria genotypes are common across the southern but not northern hemisphere. | the phylum apicomplexa includes parasites of medical, zoonotic and veterinary significance. understanding the global distribution and genetic diversity of these protozoa is of fundamental importance for efficient, robust and long-lasting methods of control. eimeria spp. cause intestinal coccidiosis in all major livestock animals and are the most important parasites of domestic chickens in terms of both economic impact and animal welfare. despite having significant negative impacts on the efficie ... | 2016 | 27368611 |
| prevalence of eimeria spp. in broilers by multiplex pcr in the southern region of brazil on two hundred and fifty farms. | parasitic infections caused by eimeria species are responsible for most economic losses in poultry production. prevalence studies can adequately assist the design of prophylaxis strategies for disease control. therefore, stool samples from 251 flocks of broilers from 28 to 48 days old were collected in 21 municipalities in the state of santa catarina, brazil, to detect and examine the prevalence of eimeria acervulina, eimeria maxima, eimeria tenella, eimeria mitis, eimeria praecox, eimeria necat ... | 2015 | 26473679 |
| induction of protective immunity against eimeria tenella, eimeria necatrix, eimeria maxima and eimeria acervulina infections using multivalent epitope dna vaccines. | avian coccidiosis is mostly caused by mixed infection of several eimeria species under natural conditions and immunity to avian coccidiosis is largely dependent on t-cell immune response. in this study, 14 t-cell epitope fragments from eight antigens of eimeria tenella (e. tenella), eimeria necatrix (e. necatrix), eimeria maxima (e. maxima) and eimeria acervulina (e. acervulina) were ligated with pvax1 producing 14 monovalent dna vaccines, respectively. protective immunity of the monovalent dna ... | 2015 | 25921712 |
| effects of artemisia annua extracts on sporulation of eimeria oocysts. | the present study aimed to compare the effect of different artemisia annua extracts on sporulation rate of mixed oocysts of eimeria acervulina, eimeria necatrix, and eimeria tenella. three types of a. annua extracts including petroleum ether (pe), ethanol 96° (e), and water (w) extracts were prepared. artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide derived from the a. annua analysis of each extract was done by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (hplc-uv). fresh f ... | 2015 | 25700644 |
| comparison of the anticoccidial effect of granulated extract of artemisia sieberi with monensin in experimental coccidiosis in broiler chickens. | coccidiosis is the most important parasitic disease of the poultry production industry. due to increasing resistance to conventional anticoccidial agents, it is necessary to find new anticoccidial compounds. herbal compounds such as those from artemisia species are promising weapons in this regard since preliminary studies have shown its anticoccidial effects. to compare the anticoccidial effect of a granulated extract of artemisia sieberi (geas) versus monensin in experimental broiler coccidios ... | 2014 | 24703975 |
| detection of four important eimeria species by multiplex pcr in a single assay. | the oocysts of some of the recognized species of chicken coccidiosis are difficult to distinguish morphologically. diagnostic laboratories are increasingly utilizing dna-based technologies for the specific identification of eimeria species. this study reports a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay based on internal transcribed spacer-1 (its-1) for the simultaneous diagnosis of the eimeria tenella, eimeria acervulina, eimeria maxima, and eimeria necatrix species, which infect domestic ... | 2014 | 24495953 |
| anticoccidial effects of a novel triazine nitromezuril in broiler chickens. | the anticoccidial efficacy of 2-(3-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenoxy)phenyl)-1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2h,4h)-dione (nitromezuril, nzl), a novel triazine compound, was evaluated in three different studies under experimental conditions. the anticoccidial efficacy was chiefly evaluated using the anticoccidial index (aci). the resistance level was determined by calculating aci, percentage optimum anticoccidial activity (poaa), reduction in lesion scores (rls) and relative oocyst production (rop). in the dose deter ... | 2013 | 24054948 |