| occurrence of histoplasma capsulatum darling, 1906 in israel, with a review of the current status of histoplasmosis in the middle east. | the isolation of histoplasma capsulatum from a bat cave in the galilee region of israel is reported along with the discovery of a bat (myotis myotis) infected by h. capsulatum. soils collected in avian and chiropteran habitats throughout israel also yielded the following fungi of medical interest: arthroderma quadrifidum, a. tuberculatum, candida parapsilosis, chrysosporium indicum, c. keratinophilum, c. tropicum, cryptococcus neoformans, ctenomyces serratus, microsporum gypseum, and petriellidi ... | 1977 | 842775 |
| [how do mother and young of the bat myotis myotis recognize each other after mother's return from a hunting flight?]. | mouse-eared bats leave their young at their sleeping place during the nocturnal hunting flight. the young wait for their mothers' return crowded together in small groups. it is examined whether mother and offspring recognize each other upon the mother's return. it is experimentally shown that each recognizes the other by smell and ultrasonic sound. | 1977 | 930446 |
| [blood parasites of small wild mammals in czechoslovakia]. | the author investigated 4,853 specimens of wild living small mammals (43 species: insectivora, chiroptera, lagomorpha, rodentia, carnivora) from czechoslovakia for blood parasites. trypanosomes were found in talpa europaea, sorex alpinus, crocidura suaveolens, myotis myotis, apodemus sylvaticus, apodemus flavicollis, mus musculus, rattus norvegicus, clethrionomys glareolus and microtus agrestis. babesia was detected in myotis emarginatus, myotis myotis, clethrionomys glareolus, microtus arvalis ... | 1975 | 1158292 |
| [short-term memory of the mouse-eared bat, myotis myotis, and its biological value]. | myotis myotis can precisely locate and memorize sounds made by insects moving on the ground. its competent approach even after an interval indicates an accurate short-term memory, important in catching prey and greatly influencing its distribution and abundance. | 1975 | 1202850 |
| helminth parasites in some spanish bats. | nineteen bats of the species rhinolophus ferrumequinum, r. hipposideros, myotis myotis, m. nattereri, pipistrellus pipistrellus, barbastella barbastellus, eptesicus serotinus and plecotus auritus captured in n. w. spain in 1983-85 were found to contain the following helminth parasites: mesotretes peregrinus (found in 4 host species and making up 31% of all helminths); plagiorchis vespertilionis (10.5%, in 2 host species); strongylacantha glycirrhiza, molinostrongylus alatus, molineidae gen. sp., ... | 1991 | 1822047 |
| hematological data and hemoglobin components in bats (vespertilionidae). | 1. statistically significant variations were observed in the rbc counts and hb concentration in pregnant females of pipistrellus pipistrellus. 2. basic hematological values in 59 animals of five species of insectivorous bats were estimated. 3. electrophoretic separation of the hemoglobins of plecotus austriacus, myotis nattereri and myotis myotis showed two components, whereas in miniopterus schreibersi and pipistrellus pipistrellus appeared three and four components, respectively. | 1987 | 2892619 |
| different types of pinealocytes as revealed by immunoelectron microscopy of anti-s-antigen and antiopsin binding sites in the pineal organ of toad, frog, hedgehog and bat. | s-antigen- and opsin-immunoreactive sites were studied in the pineal organ of toad (bufo bufo), frog (rana tigrina), hedgehog (erinaceus roumanicus) and bat (myotis myotis) by light microscopic avidin-biotin-peroxidase and electron microscopic immunoglobulin-gold (immunogold), protein a-gold and avidin-biotin-ferritin techniques. the corresponding retinas served as reference tissues. a large number of photoreceptors of toad and frog pineal organ exhibited either strong or weak s-antigen immunore ... | 1986 | 2937652 |
| persistence of the nervus terminalis in adult bats: a morphological and phylogenetical approach. | the presence of the terminalis system in adult bats is demonstrated by light microscopical investigation of several species of microchiroptera. in late embryonic and fetal stages of the mouse-eared bat (myotis myotis) the compact central terminalis ganglion gradually differentiates into a three-dimensional network of cord-like ganglia and fiber bundles. rostrally the terminalis system is in immediate contact with the medial-most fila olfactoria; caudally terminalis rootlets attach near the borde ... | 1988 | 3228690 |
| quantitative differences in the terminal vascular bed of the myocardium in the brown bat (myotis myotis) and the laboratory mouse (mus musculus). | | 1970 | 4251380 |
| experimental infection of the bat myotis myotis borkhausen with the tahyna virus. | | 1967 | 6070328 |
| light- and electron-microscopic demonstration of immunoreactive opsin in the pinealocytes of various vertebrates. | an antibody to opsin isolated from rod outer segments of the frog retina was applied in light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemical studies to the pineal organ of various vertebrates (cyprinus carpio, carassius auratus, rana esculenta, emys orbicularis, pseudemys scripta elegans, lacerta agilis and viridis. gallus domesticus, columba livia, melopsittacus undulatus, serinus canaria, taeniopyga punctata, didelphis virginiana, erinaceus roumanicus, myotis myotis, rabbit, rat, cat). | 1981 | 6458362 |
| capillary supply of heart and skeletal muscle of small bats and non-flying mammals. | capillary density (cd), fiber cross-section area, capillary-to-fiber ratio and intercapillary distance of papillary and a calf muscle were evaluated in four species of bats (body weight 23-150 g) and six non-flying mammalian species (2.5-170 g). in bats the pectoralis muscle was studied additionally. in both groups cd increased in papillary as well as in calf muscle with decreasing body weight. the papillary muscles showed the highest cd in the 2.5 g shrew suncus etruscus (7287 cap./mm2) and the ... | 1982 | 7163654 |
| histopathology of the stomach lesion caused by physaloptera brevivaginata (nematoda:physalopteridae) in bats in spain. | physaloptera brevivaginata has been found parasitising the stomach of two species of bats of the family vespertilionidae, myotis myotis and myotis blythii, in spain. a comparative study of the prevalences and mean intensities of parasitism by this physalopterid revealed no statistically significant differences between the two hosts. likewise, no relationship was found between parasite intensity and host body weight. the histopathological study of the stomach lesion revealed destruction of the mu ... | 1995 | 8774770 |
| paternity assessment and population subdivision in a natural population of the larger mouse-eared bat myotis myotis. | a hypervariable simple sequence locus and mitochondrial d-loop sequences were used to analyse genetically a natural population of the larger mouse-eared bat myotis myotis in southern bavaria. tests for population subdivision and direct observations suggest that females return to their natal sites, while males disperse. the males present in female nursery colonies are not related to the females. paternity assessment for 46 offspring from a particular nursery colony showed that there are no males ... | 1997 | 9076978 |
| noctuid moths show neural and behavioural responses to sounds made by some bat-marking rings. | coloured rings are often used for marking bats so that specific individuals can be recognized. we noticed that the rings of mouse-eared bats, myotis myotis and myotis blythii, in a combination of one plastic-split and one metallic ring on the same forearm, emitted sounds that were largely ultrasonic each time the rings met in flight. we recorded the ring sounds and the echolocation calls produced by the bats, and played them back to neural preparations of lesser yellow underwing moths, noctua co ... | 1999 | 10202090 |
| molecular epidemiology of enzootic rabies in california. | molecular characterization of rabies virus has been used to trace spillover transmission from reservoir species to non-reservoir animals and humans (molecular epidemiology), and to monitor emergence of specific strains of the virus into new species and geographic areas (molecular surveillance). | 1999 | 10614858 |
| characterization of highly variable microsatellite loci in the bat myotis myotis (chiroptera: vespertilionidae). | | 2000 | 10886666 |
| is the gibraltar strait a barrier to gene flow for the bat myotis myotis (chiroptera: vespertilionidae)? | because of their role in limiting gene flow, geographical barriers like mountains or seas often coincide with intraspecific genetic discontinuities. although the strait of gibraltar represents such a potential barrier for both plants and animals, few studies have been conducted on its impact on gene flow. here we test this effect on a bat species (myotis myotis) which is apparently distributed on both sides of the strait. six colonies of 20 myotis myotis each were sampled in southern spain and n ... | 2000 | 11091312 |
| the energetic grooming costs imposed by a parasitic mite (spinturnix myoti) upon its bat host (myotis myotis). | parasites often exert severe negative effects upon their host's fitness. natural selection has therefore prompted the evolution of anti-parasite mechanisms such as grooming. grooming is efficient at reducing parasitic loads in both birds and mammals, but the energetic costs it entails have not been properly quantified. we measured both the energetic metabolism and behaviour of greater mouse-eared bats submitted to three different parasite loads (no, 20 and 40 mites) during whole daily cycles. mi ... | 2001 | 11571055 |
| european bat lyssavirus infection in spanish bat populations. | from 1992 to 2000, 976 sera, 27 blood pellets, and 91 brains were obtained from 14 bat species in 37 localities in spain. specific anti-european bat lyssavirus 1 (ebl1)-neutralizing antibodies have been detected in myotis myotis, miniopterus schreibersii, tadarida teniotis, and rhinolophus ferrumequinum in the region of aragon and the balearic islands. positive results were also obtained by nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction on brain, blood pellet, lung, heart, tongue, and es ... | 2002 | 11971777 |
| [experimental infection of bats species myotis myotis borkhausen with the czechoslovak tick-borne encephalitis virus]. | | 1960 | 13853432 |
| [the larynx of the bat (myotis myotis) and the human larynx]. | | 1961 | 13893135 |
| use of artificial roost structures by bats at the indianapolis international airport. | from 1992-1996, 3204 artificial roosts of 9 types were placed in woodlots near indianapolis international airport in an effort to provide habitat for the federally-endangered indiana myotis (myotis sodalis) and to determine the feasibility of using these structures to manage bats in a rapidly developing suburban area. we surveyed these structures at least annually during 1992-1999 and found only northern myotis (myotis septentrionalis) regularly using the structures. four other species were occa ... | 2006 | 16622759 |
| environmental conditions, rather than season, determine torpor use and temperature selection in large mouse-eared bats (myotis myotis). | we tested whether food availability, thermal environment and time of year affect torpor use and temperature selection in the large mouse-eared bat (myotis myotis) in summer and winter. food-deprived bats were torpid longer than bats offered food ad libitum. bats placed in a gradient of low (0 degrees c-25 degrees c) ambient temperatures (t(a)) spent more time in torpor than bats in a gradient of high (7 degrees c-43 degrees c) t(a)'s. however, we did not observe seasonal variations in the use of ... | 2007 | 16891137 |
| terminal nerve in the mouse-eared bat (myotis myotis): ontogenetic aspects. | as in other mammals, ontogenesis of the terminal nerve (tn) in the mouse-eared bat (myotis myotis) starts shortly after the formation of the olfactory placode, a derivative of the ectoderm. during development of the olfactory pit, proliferating neuroblasts thicken the placodal epithelium and one cell population migrates toward the rostroventral tip of the telencephalon. here they accumulate in a primordial terminal ganglion, which successively divides into smaller units. initial fibers of the tn ... | 2006 | 17031808 |
| karyotype relationships of six bat species (chiroptera, vespertilionidae) from china revealed by chromosome painting and g-banding comparison. | the vespertilionidae is the largest family in the order chiroptera and has a worldwide distribution in the temperate and tropical regions. in order to further clarify the karyotype relationships at the lower taxonomic level in vespertilionidae, genome-wide comparative maps have been constructed between myotis myotis (mmy, 2n = 44) and six vesper bats from china: myotis altarium (mal, 2n = 44), hypsugo pulveratus (hpu, 2n = 44), nyctalus velutinus (nve, 2n = 36), tylonycteris robustula (tro, 2n = ... | 2006 | 17065796 |
| echolocation and passive listening by foraging mouse-eared bats myotis myotis and m. blythii. | the two sibling mouse-eared bats, myotis myotis and m. blythii, cope with similar orientation tasks, but separate their trophic niche by hunting in species-specific foraging microhabitats. previous work has shown that both species rely largely on passive listening to detect and glean prey from substrates, and studies on other bat species have suggested that echolocation is ;switched off' during passive listening. we tested the hypothesis that mouse-eared bats continuously emit echolocation calls ... | 2007 | 17170159 |
| karyotypic evolution and phylogenetic relationships in the order chiroptera as revealed by g-banding comparison and chromosome painting. | bats are a unique but enigmatic group of mammals and have a world-wide distribution. the phylogenetic relationships of extant bats are far from being resolved. here, we investigated the karyotypic relationships of representative species from four families of the order chiroptera by comparative chromosome painting and banding. a complete set of painting probes derived from flow-sorted chromosomes of myotis myotis (family vespertilionidae) were hybridized onto metaphases of cynopterus sphinx (2n = ... | 2007 | 17310301 |
| host sex and ectoparasites choice: preference for, and higher survival on female hosts. | 1. sex differences in levels of parasite infection are a common rule in a wide range of mammals, with males usually more susceptible than females. sex-specific exposure to parasites, e.g. mediated through distinct modes of social aggregation between and within genders, as well as negative relationships between androgen levels and immune defences are thought to play a major role in this pattern. 2. reproductive female bats live in close association within clusters at maternity roosts, whereas non ... | 2007 | 17584376 |
| temporal dynamics of european bat lyssavirus type 1 and survival of myotis myotis bats in natural colonies. | many emerging rna viruses of public health concern have recently been detected in bats. however, the dynamics of these viruses in natural bat colonies is presently unknown. consequently, prediction of the spread of these viruses and the establishment of appropriate control measures are hindered by a lack of information. to this aim, we collected epidemiological, virological and ecological data during a twelve-year longitudinal study in two colonies of insectivorous bats (myotis myotis) located i ... | 2007 | 17593965 |
| italy as a major ice age refuge area for the bat myotis myotis (chiroptera: vespertilionidae) in europe. | the distribution of biota from the temperate regions changed considerably during the climatic fluctuations of the quaternary. this is especially true for many bat species that depend on warm roosts to install their nursery colonies. surveys of genetic variation among european bats have shown that the southern peninsulas (iberia and the balkans) harbour endemic diversity, but to date, no such surveys have been conducted in the third potential glacial refuge area, the apennine peninsula. we report ... | 2008 | 18331245 |
| active monitoring of eblv infection in natural colonies of the mouse-eared bat (myotis myotis). | bats are important reservoir hosts of rna viruses, including lyssaviruses, which can cross the species barrier to infect humans and other domestic and wild non-flying mammals. six of the seven lyssavirus genotypes described to date infect bats. in europe, two genotypes of lyssavirus, european bat lyssavirus types 1 and 2 (eblv-1 and eblv-2), circulate among several bat species and numerous bats are found infected every year. to provide epidemiologists and public health officials with data to eff ... | 2008 | 18634518 |
| how do ectoparasitic nycteribiids locate their bat hosts? | nycteribiids (diptera: nycteribiidae) are specific haematophagous ectoparasites of bats, which spend nearly all their adult lives on hosts. however, females have to leave bats to deposit their larva on the walls of the roosts, where they later emerge as adult flies. nycteribiids had thus to evolve efficient sensorial mechanisms to locate hosts from a distance. we studied the sensory cues involved in this process, experimentally testing the role of specific host odours, and general cues such as c ... | 2008 | 18664305 |
| foraging bats avoid noise. | ambient noise influences the availability and use of acoustic information in animals in many ways. while much research has focused on the effects of noise on acoustic communication, here, we present the first study concerned with anthropogenic noise and foraging behaviour. we chose the greater mouse-eared bat (myotis myotis) as a model species because it represents the especially vulnerable group of gleaning bats that rely on listening for prey rustling sounds to find food (i.e. 'passive listeni ... | 2008 | 18805817 |
| variability of the approach phase of landing echolocating greater mouse-eared bats. | the approach phase of landing vespertilionid bats ends with a group of calls, which either consists of buzz i alone or buzz i and buzz ii. to understand the possible role of buzz ii, we trained myotis myotis to land on a vertical grid, and compared the flight and echolocation behavior during approach in trials with and without buzz ii. during the approach, we did not find any differences in the echolocation behavior until the end of buzz i which indicated whether buzz ii was emitted or not. howe ... | 2009 | 18998148 |
| the voice of bats: how greater mouse-eared bats recognize individuals based on their echolocation calls. | echolocating bats use the echoes from their echolocation calls to perceive their surroundings. the ability to use these continuously emitted calls, whose main function is not communication, for recognition of individual conspecifics might facilitate many of the social behaviours observed in bats. several studies of individual-specific information in echolocation calls found some evidence for its existence but did not quantify or explain it. we used a direct paradigm to show that greater mouse-ea ... | 2009 | 19503606 |
| a nocturnal mammal, the greater mouse-eared bat, calibrates a magnetic compass by the sun. | recent evidence suggests that bats can detect the geomagnetic field, but the way in which this is used by them for navigation to a home roost remains unresolved. the geomagnetic field may be used by animals both to indicate direction and to locate position. in birds, directional information appears to be derived from an interaction of the magnetic field with either the sun or the stars, with some evidence suggesting that sunset/sunrise provides the primary directional reference by which a magnet ... | 2010 | 20351296 |
| cave-dwelling bats do not avoid tmt and 2-pt - components of predator odour that induce fear in other small mammals. | recognition and avoidance of predators is fundamental for the survival of prey animals. here we conducted the first study assessing chemosensory predator recognition in cave-dwelling bats. we used a y-maze approach to test the reaction of greater mouse-eared bats (myotis myotis) to two synthetically derived components of predator odour (2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thiazoline, tmt, a component of fox faeces scent; and 2-propylthietane, 2-pt, a component of mustelid scent) and to the natural scent of the le ... | 2010 | 20581275 |
| cross-species chromosome painting in bats from madagascar: the contribution of myzopodidae to revealing ancestral syntenies in chiroptera. | the chiropteran fauna of madagascar comprises eight of the 19 recognized families of bats, including the endemic myzopodidae. while recent systematic studies of malagasy bats have contributed to our understanding of the morphological and genetic diversity of the island's fauna, little is known about their cytosystematics. here we investigate karyotypic relationships among four species, representing four families of chiroptera endemic to the malagasy region using cross-species chromosome painting ... | 2010 | 20596765 |
| an emerging disease causes regional population collapse of a common north american bat species. | white-nose syndrome (wns) is an emerging disease affecting hibernating bats in eastern north america that causes mass mortality and precipitous population declines in winter hibernacula. first discovered in 2006 in new york state, wns is spreading rapidly across eastern north america and currently affects seven species. mortality associated with wns is causing a regional population collapse and is predicted to lead to regional extinction of the little brown myotis (myotis lucifugus), previously ... | 2010 | 20689016 |
| surveillance for european bat lyssavirus in swiss bats. | most countries in western europe are currently free of rabies in terrestrial mammals. nevertheless, rabies remains a residual risk to public health due to the natural circulation of bat-specific viruses, such as european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs). european bat lyssavirus types 1 and 2 (eblv-1 and eblv-2) are widely distributed throughout europe, but little is known of their true prevalence and epidemiology. we report that only three out of 837 brains taken from bats submitted to the swiss rabies ... | 2010 | 20803042 |
| thermal windows on brazilian free-tailed bats facilitate thermoregulation during prolonged flight. | the brazilian free-tailed bat (tadarida brasiliensis) experiences challenging thermal conditions while roosting in hot caves, flying during warm daylight conditions, and foraging at cool high altitudes. using thermal infrared cameras, we identified hot spots along the flanks of free-ranging brazilian free-tailed bats, ventral to the extended wings. these hot spots are absent in syntopic cave myotis (myotis velifer), a species that forages over relatively short distances, and does not engage in l ... | 2010 | 20811514 |
| heavy metals and metallothionein in vespertilionid bats foraging over aquatic habitats in the czech republic. | there has been growing interest in the study and conservation of bats throughout the world. declines in their absolute numbers in recent decades are due, in part, to the fact that insectivorous bats may bioaccumulate toxic pollutants. the purpose of the present study was to quantify heavy metal concentrations in kidney, liver, and pectoral muscle samples in relation to metallothionein (mt) levels. in total, 106 bats belonging to 11 european species (i.e., myotis myotis, myotis daubentonii, myoti ... | 2010 | 20821471 |
| the cercal organ may provide singing tettigoniids a backup sensory system for the detection of eavesdropping bats. | conspicuous signals, such as the calling songs of tettigoniids, are intended to attract mates but may also unintentionally attract predators. among them bats that listen to prey-generated sounds constitute a predation pressure for many acoustically communicating insects as well as frogs. as an adaptation to protect against bat predation many insect species evolved auditory sensitivity to bat-emitted echolocation signals. recently, the european mouse-eared bat species myotis myotis and m. blythii ... | 2010 | 20856887 |
| metagenomic analysis of the viromes of three north american bat species: viral diversity among different bat species that share a common habitat. | effective prediction of future viral zoonoses requires an in-depth understanding of the heterologous viral population in key animal species that will likely serve as reservoir hosts or intermediates during the next viral epidemic. the importance of bats as natural hosts for several important viral zoonoses, including ebola, marburg, nipah, hendra, and rabies viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (sars-cov), has been established; however, the large viral population diversity ( ... | 2010 | 20926577 |
| hunting at the highway: traffic noise reduces foraging efficiency in acoustic predators. | noise pollution from human traffic networks and industrial activity impacts vast areas of our planet. while anthropogenic noise effects on animal communication are well documented, we have very limited understanding of noise impact on more complex ecosystem processes, such as predator-prey interactions, albeit urgently needed to devise mitigation measures. here, we show that traffic noise decreases the foraging efficiency of an acoustic predator, the greater mouse-eared bat (myotis myotis). thes ... | 2010 | 21084347 |
| amplification of emerging viruses in a bat colony. | bats host noteworthy viral pathogens, including coronaviruses, astroviruses, and adenoviruses. knowledge on the ecology of reservoir-borne viruses is critical for preventive approaches against zoonotic epidemics. we studied a maternity colony of myotis myotis bats in the attic of a private house in a suburban neighborhood in rhineland-palatinate, germany, during 2008, 2009, and 2010. one coronavirus, 6 astroviruses, and 1 novel adenovirus were identified and monitored quantitatively. strong and ... | 2011 | 21392436 |
| high-resolution chromosome painting reveals the first genetic signature for the chiropteran suborder pteropodiformes (mammalia: chiroptera). | up to now, the composition of synteny-conserved segments in chiropteran karyotypes was studied by cross-species chromosome painting with probes derived from whole human (hsa) or chiropteran chromosomes only. here, painting probes from the vespertilionid bat myotis myotis were hybridized, for the first time, onto human metaphase chromosomes. the segmental composition of bat karyotypes was further refined by cross-species painting with probes derived from flow-sorted chromosomes of tupaia belanger ... | 2011 | 21394511 |
| active surveillance of bat rabies in france: a 5-year study (2004-2009). | active surveillance of bats in france started in 2004 with an analysis of 18 of the 45 bat species reported in europe. rabies antibodies were detected in six indigenous species, mainly in eptesicus serotinus and myotis myotis, suggesting previous contact with the eblv-1 rabies virus. nineteen of the 177 tested bats were shown serologically positive in seven sites, particularly in central and south-western france. neither infectious viral particles nor viral genomes were detected in 173 and 308 t ... | 2011 | 21570221 |
| no apparent ecological trend to the flight-initiating jump performance of five bat species. | the jump performance of five insectivorous bat species (miniopterus schreibersii, myotis blythii, myotis capaccinii, myotis myotis and rhinolophus blasii) was filmed using a high-speed camera. all study bats jumped using a similar technique, with the wing musculature providing the force. the bats jumped off the wrist joint of their wings, typically with their feet already off the ground. contrary to expectations, jump performance did not correlate with ecology and was instead strongly determined ... | 2011 | 21653812 |
| inferring extinction of mammals from sighting records, threats, and biological traits. | for species with five or more sightings, quantitative techniques exist to test whether a species is extinct on the basis of distribution of sightings. however, 70% of purportedly extinct mammals are known from fewer than five sightings, and such models do not include some important indicators of the likelihood of extinction such as threats, biological traits, search effort, and demography. previously, we developed a quantitative method that we based on species' traits in which we used cox propor ... | 2011 | 22136403 |
| specific alterations in complement protein activity of little brown myotis (myotis lucifugus) hibernating in white-nose syndrome affected sites. | white-nose syndrome (wns) is the most devastating condition ever reported for hibernating bats, causing widespread mortality in the northeastern united states. the syndrome is characterized by cutaneous lesions caused by a recently identified psychrophilic and keratinophylic fungus (geomyces destructans), depleted fat reserves, atypical behavior, and damage to wings; however, the proximate cause of mortality is still uncertain. to assess relative levels of immunocompetence in bats hibernating in ... | 2011 | 22140440 |
| genetic signature of reproductive manipulation in the phylogeography of the bat fly, trichobius major. | the bat fly (trichobius major) is a blood-feeding ectoparasite of the cave myotis (myotis velifer). a recent mitochondrial dna (mtdna) study examining population structure of t. major in the south central united states detected a single haplotype from all individuals examined (n = 48 from 12 different caves), representing one of only a few known examples of such widespread mtdna uniformity. we examined nuclear genetic diversity using amplified fragment length polymorphism and detected high level ... | 2011 | 21890840 |
| detection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and spotted fever group rickettsiae in hard ticks (acari, ixodidae) parasitizing bats in poland. | a total of 491 ixodes vespertilionis and 8 ixodes ricinus collected from bats and cave walls in southern poland between 2010 and 2012 were examined by the polymerase chain reaction for tick-transmitted pathogens. pcr analysis for borrelia burgdorferi s.l., rickettsia spp., and anaplasma phagocytophilum yielded negative results for all i. vespertilionis. dna of rickettsia helvetica was detected in three specimens of i. ricinus attached to rhinolophus hipposideros or myotis myotis, while borrelia ... | 2016 | 26833325 |
| the white-nose syndrome transcriptome: activation of anti-fungal host responses in wing tissue of hibernating little brown myotis. | white-nose syndrome (wns) in north american bats is caused by an invasive cutaneous infection by the psychrophilic fungus pseudogymnoascus destructans (pd). we compared transcriptome-wide changes in gene expression using rna-seq on wing skin tissue from hibernating little brown myotis (myotis lucifugus) with wns to bats without pd exposure. we found that wns caused significant changes in gene expression in hibernating bats including pathways involved in inflammation, wound healing, and metabolis ... | 2015 | 26426272 |
| bat and pig ifn-induced transmembrane protein 3 restrict cell entry by influenza virus and lyssaviruses. | ifn-induced transmembrane protein 3 (ifitm3) is a restriction factor that blocks cytosolic entry of numerous viruses that utilize acidic endosomal entry pathways. in humans and mice, ifitm3 limits influenza-induced morbidity and mortality. although many ifitm3-sensitive viruses are zoonotic, whether ifitms function as antiviral restriction factors in mammalian species other than humans and mice is unknown. here, ifitm3 orthologues in the microbat (myotis myotis) and pig (sus scrofa domesticus) w ... | 2015 | 25614588 |
| establishment of myotis myotis cell lines--model for investigation of host-pathogen interaction in a natural host for emerging viruses. | bats are found to be the natural reservoirs for many emerging viruses. in most cases, severe clinical signs caused by such virus infections are normally not seen in bats. this indicates differences in the virus-host interactions and underlines the necessity to develop natural host related models to study these phenomena. due to the strict protection of european bat species, immortalized cell lines are the only alternative to investigate the innate anti-virus immune mechanisms. here, we report ab ... | 2014 | 25295526 |
| parasite diversity of european myotis species with special emphasis on myotis myotis (microchiroptera, vespertilionidae) from a typical nursery roost. | bats belong to one of the most species-rich orders within the mammalia. they show a worldwide distribution, a high degree of ecological diversification as well as a high diversity of associated parasites and pathogens. despite their prominent and unique role, the knowledge of their parasite-host-relationships as well as the mechanisms of co-evolutionary processes are, partly due to strict conservation regulations, scarce. | 2015 | 25880235 |
| recurrent replacement of mtdna and cryptic hybridization between two sibling bat species myotis myotis and myotis blythii. | the two sibling bat species myotis myotis and myotis blythii occur in sympatry over wide areas of southern and central europe. morphological, ecological and previous genetic evidence supported the view that the two species constitute two well-differentiated groups, but recent phylogenetic analyses have shown that the two species share some mtdna haplotypes when they occur in sympatry. in order to see whether some genetic exchange has occurred between the two species, we sequenced a highly variab ... | 0 | 17018432 |
| blood mirnomes and transcriptomes reveal novel longevity mechanisms in the long-lived bat, myotis myotis. | chiroptera, the bats, are the only order of mammals capable of true self-powered flight. bats exhibit a number of other exceptional traits such as echolocation, viral tolerance and, perhaps most puzzlingly, extreme longevity given their body size. little is known about the molecular mechanisms driving their extended longevity particularly at the levels of gene expression and post-transcriptional regulation. to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that may underlie their unusual longevity, we have ... | 2016 | 27832764 |
| insights into persistence mechanisms of a zoonotic virus in bat colonies using a multispecies metapopulation model. | rabies is a worldwide zoonosis resulting from lyssavirus infection. in europe, eptesicus serotinus is the most frequently reported bat species infected with lyssavirus, and thus considered to be the reservoir of european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1). to date, the role of other bat species in eblv-1 epidemiology and persistence remains unknown. here, we built an eblv-1-transmission model based on local observations of a three-cave and four-bat species (myotis capaccinii, myotis myotis, miniopte ... | 2014 | 24755619 |
| immune responses in hibernating little brown myotis (myotis lucifugus) with white-nose syndrome. | white-nose syndrome (wns) is a fungal disease responsible for decimating many bat populations in north america. pseudogymnoascus destructans (pd), the psychrophilic fungus responsible for wns, prospers in the winter habitat of many hibernating bat species. the immune response that pd elicits in bats is not yet fully understood; antibodies are produced in response to infection by pd, but they may not be protective and indeed may be harmful. to understand how bats respond to infection during hiber ... | 2017 | 28179513 |
| pharmacokinetics of terbinafine in little brown myotis (myotis lucifugus) infected with pseudogymnoascus destructans. | objective to determine the pharmacokinetics of terbinafine in little brown myotis (myotis lucifugus) infected with pseudogymnoascus destructans. animals 123 bats from a p destructans-infected hibernation site in virginia. procedures 3 bats were euthanized and necropsied to confirm the presence of p destructans within the population. the remaining 120 bats were systematically assigned to 6 groups (20 bats/group). bats in each of 3 groups received 6, 20, or 60 mg of terbinafine/kg, sc, once daily ... | 2017 | 28029293 |
| environment, host, and fungal traits predict continental-scale white-nose syndrome in bats. | white-nose syndrome is a fungal disease killing bats in eastern north america, but disease is not seen in european bats and is less severe in some north american species. we show that how bats use energy during hibernation and fungal growth rates under different environmental conditions can explain how some bats are able to survive winter with infection and others are not. our study shows how simple but nonlinear interactions between fungal growth and bat energetics result in decreased survival ... | 2016 | 27152322 |
| bats increase the number of cultivable airborne fungi in the "nietoperek" bat reserve in western poland. | the "nietoperek" bat reserve located in western poland is one of the largest bat hibernation sites in the european union with nearly 38,000 bats from 12 species. nietoperek is part of a built underground fortification system from wwii. the aims of the study were (1) to determine the fungal species composition and changes during hibernation season in relation to bat number and microclimatic conditions and (2) evaluate the potential threat of fungi for bat assemblages and humans visiting the compl ... | 2016 | 27084554 |
| white-nose syndrome survivors do not exhibit frequent arousals associated with pseudogymnoascus destructans infection. | white-nose syndrome (wns) has devastated bat populations in north america, with millions of bats dead. wns is associated with physiological changes in hibernating bats, leading to increased arousals from hibernation and premature consumption of fat reserves. however, there is evidence of surviving populations of little brown myotis (myotis lucifugus) close to where the fungus was first detected nearly ten years ago. | 2016 | 26949407 |
| effects of white-nose syndrome on regional population patterns of 3 hibernating bat species. | hibernating bats have undergone severe recent declines across the eastern united states, but the cause of these regional-scale declines has not been systematically evaluated. we assessed the influence of white-nose syndrome (an emerging bat disease caused by the fungus pseudogymnoascus destructans, formerly geomyces destructans) on large-scale, long-term population patterns in the little brown myotis (myotis lucifugus), the northern myotis (myotis septentrionalis), and the tricolored bat (perimy ... | 2016 | 26872411 |
| antibodies to pseudogymnoascus destructans are not sufficient for protection against white-nose syndrome. | white-nose syndrome (wns) is a fungal disease caused by pseudogymnoascus destructans (pd) that affects bats during hibernation. although millions of bats have died from wns in north america, mass mortality has not been observed among european bats infected by the fungus, leading to the suggestion that bats in europe are immune. we tested the hypothesis that an antibody-mediated immune response can provide protection against wns by quantifying antibodies reactive to pd in blood samples from seven ... | 2015 | 26078857 |
| sex and hibernaculum temperature predict survivorship in white-nose syndrome affected little brown myotis (myotis lucifugus). | white-nose syndrome (wns), an emerging infectious disease caused by the novel fungus pseudogymnoascus destructans, has devastated north american bat populations since its discovery in 2006. the little brown myotis, myotis lucifugus, has been especially affected. the goal of this 2-year captive study was to determine the impact of hibernacula temperature and sex on wns survivorship in little brown myotis that displayed visible fungal infection when collected from affected hibernacula. in study 1, ... | 2015 | 26064604 |
| wax ester analysis of bats suffering from white nose syndrome in europe. | the composition of wax esters (we) in the fur of adult greater mouse-eared bats (myotis myotis), either healthy or suffering from white nose syndrome (wns) caused by the psychrophilic fungus pseudogymnoascus destructans, was investigated by high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis in the positive ion mode. profiling of lipid classes showed that we are the most abundant lipid class, followed by cholesterol esters, and other lipid classes, e.g., triacylglycerols and phospholipids. we abundance i ... | 2015 | 25975369 |
| host, pathogen, and environmental characteristics predict white-nose syndrome mortality in captive little brown myotis (myotis lucifugus). | an estimated 5.7 million or more bats died in north america between 2006 and 2012 due to infection with the fungus pseudogymnoascus destructans (pd) that causes white-nose syndrome (wns) during hibernation. the behavioral and physiological changes associated with hibernation leave bats vulnerable to wns, but the persistence of bats within the contaminated regions of north america suggests that survival might vary predictably among individuals or in relation to environmental conditions. to invest ... | 2014 | 25409028 |
| pseudogymnoascus destructans: evidence of virulent skin invasion for bats under natural conditions, europe. | while pseudogymnoascus destructans has been responsible for mass bat mortalities from white-nose syndrome (wns) in north america, its virulence in europe has been questioned. to shed the light on the issue of host-pathogen interaction between european bats and p. destructans, we examined seventeen bats emerging from the fungus-positive underground hibernacula in the czech republic during early spring 2013. dual wing-membrane biopsies were taken from barbastella barbastellus (1), myotis daubenton ... | 2015 | 25268034 |
| white-nose syndrome-affected little brown myotis (myotis lucifugus) increase grooming and other active behaviors during arousals from hibernation. | white-nose syndrome (wns) is an emerging infectious disease of hibernating bats linked to the death of an estimated 5.7 million or more bats in the northeastern united states and canada. white-nose syndrome is caused by the cold-loving fungus pseudogymnoascus destructans (pd), which invades the skin of the muzzles, ears, and wings of hibernating bats. previous work has shown that wns-affected bats arouse to euthermic or near euthermic temperatures during hibernation significantly more frequently ... | 2013 | 24502712 |
| prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to rabies virus in serum of seven species of insectivorous bats from colorado and new mexico, united states. | we determined the presence of rabies-virus-neutralizing antibodies (rvna) in serum of 721 insectivorous bats of seven species captured, sampled, and released in colorado and new mexico, united states in 2003-2005. a subsample of 160 bats was tested for rabies-virus rna in saliva. we sampled little brown bats (myotis lucifugus) at two maternity roosts in larimer county, colorado; big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) at three maternity roosts in morgan county, colorado; and big brown bats at five mat ... | 2013 | 23568912 |
| staphylococcus nepalensis in the guano of bats (mammalia). | thirty randomly selected mesophilic isolates from the six years old guano sample from mixed myotis myotis and m. blythii summer roosts colony were isolated and identified as staphylococcus nepalensis using maldi tof analysis. 16s rrna gene sequencing of selected five isolates and subsequent phylogenetic analysis confirmed that all sequences showed the highest similarity to s. nepalensis sequences. several virulence factors were produced by tested isolates, mainly capsule formation and resistance ... | 2013 | 23462520 |
| white-nose syndrome fungus: a generalist pathogen of hibernating bats. | host traits and phylogeny can determine infection risk by driving pathogen transmission and its ability to infect new hosts. predicting such risks is critical when designing disease mitigation strategies, and especially as regards wildlife, where intensive management is often advocated or prevented by economic and/or practical reasons. we investigated pseudogymnoascus [geomyces] destructans infection, the cause of white-nose syndrome (wns), in relation to chiropteran ecology, behaviour and phylo ... | 2014 | 24820101 |
| argasid and spinturnicid mite load on swarming bats in the tatra mountains, poland. | altogether 445 bats, representing nine species, caught during swarming in the lodowa cave in mount ciemniak, western tatra mountains, southern poland, were examined for ectoparasitic mites. in total, 259 spinturnicid (spinturnix mystacina, s. andegavinus, s. kolenatii, s. plecotinus and s. myoti) and 95 argasid (carios vespertilionis) mites were collected from seven bat species, myotis myotis, m. mystacinus, m. brandtii, m. daubentonii, eptesicus nilssonii, plecotus auritus, and vespertilio muri ... | 2011 | 22263314 |
| gene structure and evolution of transthyretin in the order chiroptera. | bats are mammals in the order chiroptera. although many extensive morphologic and molecular genetics analyses have been attempted, phylogenetic relationships of bats has not been completely resolved. the paraphyly of microbats is of particular controversy that needs to be confirmed. in this study, we attempted to use the nucleotide sequence of transthyretin (ttr) intron 1 to resolve the relationship among bats. to explore its utility, the complete sequences of ttr gene and intron 1 region of bat ... | 2016 | 26681450 |
| energy availability influences microclimate selection of hibernating bats. | many species hibernate to conserve energy during periods of low food and water availability. it has long been assumed that the optimal hibernation strategy involves long, deep bouts of torpor that minimize energy expenditure. however, hibernation has ecological (e.g. decreased predator avoidance) and physiological (e.g. sleep deprivation) costs that must be balanced with energy savings; therefore, individuals possessing sufficient energy reserves may reduce their use of deep torpor. we tested th ... | 2007 | 18055623 |
| karyotypic differences in two sibling species of scotophilus from south africa (vespertilionidae, chiroptera, mammalia). | karyotype descriptions are given for scotophilus dinganii (2n = 36, fna = 50) and a recently discovered sister-species, scotophilus sp. nov. (2n = 36, fna = 52). these two sibling species occur sympatrically and are distinguished by body size, echolocation frequency and cytochrome b sequence. cytogenetically, both species differ from other scotophilus species in the subtelocentric morphology of chromosome 2 and a terminal heterochromatic segment on the x chromosome. further, scotophilus sp. nov. ... | 2007 | 17901703 |
| description of a cryptic species, spinturnix bechsteini n. sp. (acari, mesostigmata, spinturnicidae), parasite of myotis bechsteinii (kuhl, 1817) (chiroptera, vespertilionidae) by using ecoethology of host bats and statistical methods. | using ecoethology of bats and statistical methods, we anticipate the evidence of specific species of spinturnicids associated with myotis myotis and myotis bechsteinii (chiroptera, vespertilionidae) mixed colonies are unknown. traditional description of this new crpytic species spinturnix bechsteini, parasite of m. bechsteinii, is done. statistical approach is based on analysis of variance and principal component analysis. the current knowledge on parasites of the genus myotis in the west palear ... | 2004 | 15535609 |
| energy conserving thermoregulatory patterns and lower disease severity in a bat resistant to the impacts of white-nose syndrome. | the devastating bat fungal disease, white-nose syndrome (wns), does not appear to affect all species equally. to experimentally determine susceptibility differences between species, we exposed hibernating naïve little brown myotis (myotis lucifugus) and big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) to the fungus that causes wns, pseudogymnoascus destructans (pd). after hibernating under identical conditions, pd lesions were significantly more prevalent and more severe in little brown myotis. this species di ... | 2017 | 28597237 |
| novel coronaviruses, astroviruses, adenoviruses and circoviruses in insectivorous bats from northern china. | bats are considered as the reservoirs of several emerging infectious disease, and novel viruses are continually found in bats all around the world. studies conducted in southern china found that bats carried a variety of viruses. however, few studies have been conducted on bats in northern china, which harbours a diversity of endemic insectivorous bats. it is important to understand the prevalence and diversity of viruses circulating in bats in northern china. in this study, a total of 145 insec ... | 2017 | 28371451 |
| species of eimeria (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) from bats (chiroptera: vespertilionidae) in central wyoming. | feces from 60 bats representing 5 species and 4 genera collected in central wyoming in 2001 were examined for the presence of coccidia. two species of eimeria were identified in 4 bats representing 2 species of myotis. all infected animals harbored a single species; there was no multispecies infection. eimeria catronensis was recovered from 3 little brown bats (myotis lucifugus), and eimeria californicensis was identified from a single long-legged myotis (myotis volans). both represent new geogr ... | 2004 | 15165058 |
| [dietary differences and niche partitioning in three sympatric myotis species]. | the morphology and diet characteristics of three myotis species roosting in the same cave were studied in anlong county, guizhou from september to november 2005. the three mouse-eared bats were the chinese water myotis (myotis laniger) "body mass: (4.46±0.53) g, forearm: (34.63±1.45 mm)", fringed long-footed myotis (myotis fimbriatus) "body mass: (5.15±1.76) g, forearm: (35.20±1.07) mm" and szechwan myotis (myotis altarium) "body mass: (10.94±0.87) g, forearm: (45.21±1.15) mm". there were signif ... | 2012 | 22467393 |
| the effect of host social system on parasite population genetic structure: comparative population genetics of two ectoparasitic mites and their bat hosts. | the population genetic structure of a parasite, and consequently its ability to adapt to a given host, is strongly linked to its own life history as well as the life history of its host. while the effects of parasite life history on their population genetic structure have received some attention, the effect of host social system has remained largely unstudied. in this study, we investigated the population genetic structure of two closely related parasitic mite species (spinturnix myoti and spint ... | 2014 | 24479530 |
| insectivorous bats digest chitin in the stomach using acidic mammalian chitinase. | the gastrointestinal tract of animals is adapted to their primary source of food to optimize resource use and energy intake. temperate bat species mainly feed on arthropods. these contain the energy-rich carbohydrate chitin, which is indigestible for the endogenous enzymes of a typical mammalian gastrointestinal tract. however, the gastrointestinal tract of bat species should be adapted to their diet and be able to digest chitin. we hypothesized that (i) european vespertilionid bat species have ... | 2013 | 24019876 |
| food availability as a major driver in the evolution of life-history strategies of sibling species. | life-history theory predicts trade-offs between reproductive and survival traits such that different strategies or environmental constraints may yield comparable lifetime reproductive success among conspecifics. food availability is one of the most important environmental factors shaping developmental processes. it notably affects key life-history components such as reproduction and survival prospect. we investigated whether food resource availability could also operate as an ultimate driver of ... | 2017 | 28649329 |
| variation of parasitism patterns in bats during hibernation: the effect of host species, resources, health status, and hibernation period. | during critical periods of food shortage or variable climatic conditions, the choice of an appropriate host can increase the survival and reproductive performance of parasites. in turn, one of the unique adaptations to periodical food shortages is hibernation, which is often found among insectivorous bat species in the temperate zone. while hibernating, bats are completely defenseless against both predators and ectoparasites, their immune and endocrine systems are diminished, and survival is dep ... | 2016 | 27240839 |
| white-nose syndrome pathology grading in nearctic and palearctic bats. | while white-nose syndrome (wns) has decimated hibernating bat populations in the nearctic, species from the palearctic appear to cope better with the fungal skin infection causing wns. this has encouraged multiple hypotheses on the mechanisms leading to differential survival of species exposed to the same pathogen. to facilitate intercontinental comparisons, we proposed a novel pathogenesis-based grading scheme consistent with wns diagnosis histopathology criteria. uv light-guided collection was ... | 2017 | 28767673 |
| host social organization and mating system shape parasite transmission opportunities in three european bat species. | for non-mobile parasites living on social hosts, infection dynamics are strongly influenced by host life history and social system. we explore the impact of host social systems on parasite population dynamics by comparing the infection intensity and transmission opportunities of three mite species of the genus spinturnix across their three european bat hosts (myotis daubentonii, myotis myotis, myotis nattereri) during the bats' autumn mating season. mites mainly reproduce in host maternity colon ... | 2017 | 27858154 |
| molecular detection of candidatus bartonella mayotimonensis in north american bats. | candidatus bartonella mayotimonensis was detected in 2010 from an aortic valve sample of a patient with endocarditis from iowa, the united states of america. the environmental source of the potentially new endocarditis-causing bartonella remained elusive. we set out to study the prevalence and diversity of bat-associated bartonella in north america. during 2015, mist nets and harp traps were used to capture 92 bats belonging to two species: little brown myotis (myotis lucifugus le conte 1831, n ... | 2017 | 28165925 |
| helminth (cestoda, nematoda) and coccidian (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) parasites of the eastern small-footed myotis, myotis leibii (chiroptera: vespertilionidae) from arkansas, with a description of a new species of eimeria. | during may and july 2016, 32 eastern small-footed myotis (myotis leibii) were collected from five counties of northwestern arkansas and their faeces examined for coccidian parasites. four of 32 (13%) m. leibii harboured an eimerian that we describe here as new. oocysts of eimeria sassei sp. n. were ovoidal to ellipsoidal with a bi-layered wall and measured (length × width, l × w) 18.3 × 15.2 µm, with an l/w ratio of 1.2. a micropyle and oocyst residuum were absent but 1-2 polar granules were pre ... | 2017 | 28426407 |
| population genetic structure of a common host predicts the spread of white-nose syndrome, an emerging infectious disease in bats. | landscape complexity influences patterns of animal dispersal, which in turn may affect both gene flow and the spread of pathogens. white-nose syndrome (wns) is an introduced fungal disease that has spread rapidly throughout eastern north america, causing massive mortality in bat populations. we tested for a relationship between the population genetic structure of the most common host, the little brown myotis (myotis lucifugus), and the geographic spread of wns to date by evaluating logistic regr ... | 2015 | 26407297 |
| improved analysis of long-term monitoring data demonstrates marked regional declines of bat populations in the eastern united states. | bats are diverse and ecologically important, but are also subject to a suite of severe threats. evidence for localized bat mortality from these threats is well-documented in some cases, but long-term changes in regional populations of bats remain poorly understood. bat hibernation surveys provide an opportunity to improve understanding, but analysis is complicated by bats' cryptic nature, non-conformity of count data to assumptions of traditional statistical methods, and observation heterogeneit ... | 2013 | 23805192 |
| hibernating little brown myotis (myotis lucifugus) show variable immunological responses to white-nose syndrome. | white-nose syndrome (wns) is an emerging infectious disease devastating hibernating north american bat populations that is caused by the psychrophilic fungus geomyces destructans. previous histopathological analysis demonstrated little evidence of inflammatory responses in infected bats, however few studies have compared other aspects of immune function between wns-affected and unaffected bats. we collected bats from confirmed wns-affected and unaffected sites during the winter of 2008-2009 and ... | 2013 | 23527062 |
| free-ranging little brown myotis (myotis lucifugus) heal from wing damage associated with white-nose syndrome. | white-nose syndrome (wns) is having an unprecedented impact on hibernating bat populations in the eastern united states. while most studies have focused on widespread mortality observed at winter hibernacula, few have examined the consequences of wing damage that has been observed among those bats that survive hibernation. given that wns-related wing damage may lead to life-threatening changes in wing function, we tested the hypothesis that reduced abundance of free-ranging little brown myotis ( ... | 2011 | 21922344 |
| influence of climate and reproductive timing on demography of little brown myotis myotis lucifugus. | 1. estimating variation in demographic rates, such as survival and fecundity, is important for testing life-history theory and identifying conservation and management goals. 2. we used 16 years (1993-2008) of mark-recapture data to estimate age-specific survival and breeding probabilities of the little brown myotis myotis lucifugus leconte in southern new hampshire, usa. using kendall & nichols' (1995) full-likelihood approach of the robust design to account for temporary emigration, we tested w ... | 2010 | 19747346 |
| changes in baseline and stress-induced glucocorticoid levels during the active period in free-ranging male and female little brown myotis, myotis lucifugus (chiroptera: vespertilionidae). | baseline and stress-responsive glucocorticoid (gc) levels were characterized during the active period in free-ranging male and reproductive female little brown myotis (myotis lucifugus). bats were trapped and blood was sampled within 3 min of capture at two maternity sites during the summer and at one swarming site prior to hibernation in new england. both gc hormones, cortisol and corticosterone, were detected, with cortisol accounting for an average of approximately 95% of total circulating gc ... | 2004 | 15028530 |
| situational and age-dependent decision making during life threatening distress in myotis macrodactylus. | echolocation and audiovocal communication have been studied extensively in bats. the manner in which these abilities are incorporated within escape behaviors during life-threatening distress is largely unknown. here we tested the hypothesis that behavioral response profiles expressed during distress are relatively stereotypic given their evolutionary adaptations to avoid predators. we subjected juvenile and adult big-footed myotis (myotis macrodactylus) to a sequence of three types of life threa ... | 2015 | 26181328 |