| identification of a serratia entomophila genetic locus encoding amber disease in new zealand grass grub (costelytra zealandica). | serratia entomophila uc9 (a1mo2), which causes amber disease in the new zealand grass grub costelytra zealandica, was subjected to transposon (tnphoa)-induced mutagenesis. a mutant (uc21) was found to be nonpathogenic (path-) to grass grub larvae in bioassays and was shown, by southern hybridization, to contain a single tnphoa insertion. this mutant failed to adhere to the gut wall (adn-) of the larvae and also failed to produce pili (pil-). a comparative study of the total protein profiles of w ... | 1992 | 1346262 |
| a comparison of the structural polypeptides of three iridescent viruses (types 6, 9, and 16) and the mapping of the dna region coding for their major capsid polypeptides. | the iridoviruses from wiseana cervinata (wiv, type 9), costelytra zealandica (cziv, type 16) and chilo suppressalis (civ, type 6) were compared by sds-page and western protein blotting for antigenic determinants. the major capsid proteins were isolated and oligonucleotide probes were synthesized from the partial amino acid sequences. the dna regions coding for the major capsid proteins of wiv (vp52), cziv (vp53) and civ (vp50) were located by hybridization of the oligonucleotide probes to blots ... | 1992 | 1550496 |
| comparison of the genomes of two sympatric iridescent viruses (types 9 and 16). | a map of the sites in the genome of costelytra zealandica iridescent virus (cziv), using the restriction enzymes bamhi, kpni, and psti, showed the genome size to be 170.2 kbp in length. it was found that the genome was cyclically permuted and that 39% of the genome of cziv contained repetitive sequence elements. the genome was found to hybridize with the genome of another iridescent virus, type 9 (wiv), in dna-dna hybridization experiments. a region of the wiv dna genome (23.4 kbp) did not hybri ... | 1990 | 2241577 |
| the metabolism of 3,5-di-tert.-butylphenyl n-methylcarbamate in insects and by mouse liver enzymes. | the oxidation of 3,5-di-tert.-butylphenyl n-methylcarbamate (butacarb) has been studied in the flies musca domestica and lucilia sericata, grass grubs costelytra zealandica and the mouse. in all species eleven oxidation products, which were formed by hydroxylation of the tert.-butyl groups and the n-methyl group, were detected. | 1971 | 5144737 |
| species differences in the inhibition of glutathione s-aryltransferase by phthaleins and dicarboxylic acids. | 1. glutathione-s-aryltransferase activity from grass grubs (costelytra zealandica) was inhibited by phthaleins, sulphonphthaleins and some dicarboxylic acids. 2. these compounds had no detectable action on the enzyme from sheep liver. 3. in insect enzyme the inhibition was competitive with respect to glutathione and non-competitive with respect to the aromatic substrate. 4. michaelis constants and inhibitor constants were measured for sheep-liver or grass-grub enzyme between ph5 and ph10 and evi ... | 1967 | 6033774 |
| investigation of a phage resistant serratia entomophila strain (bc4b), establishment of generalised transduction and construction of s. entomophila reca mutants. | a reca clone was isolated from a cosmid library of serratia entomophila constructed in the escherichia coli strain hb101. subcloning and transposon mutagenesis were used to identify a 1.36 kb fragment containing the reca gene. a cloned reca mutation, generated by transposon mutagenesis and the replacement of a portion of the reca gene with an antibiotic resistance cassette, was introduced into the chromosome via a marker exchange technique. the reca strains created were deficient in dna repair, ... | 1996 | 8602147 |
| the amb2 locus from serratia entomophila confers anti-feeding effect on larvae of costelytra zealandica (coleoptera: scarabaeidae). | serratia entomophila (se) causes amber disease in the soil-dwelling pest, costelytra zealandica (cz). the disease presents two main signs: anti-feeding effect (afe) and development of amber coloration (ac). to identify the genetic loci involved in pathogenicity, non-pathogenic (path-) se mutants were created by transposon (tnphoa) mutagenesis [upadhyaya et al., j. bacteriol. 174 (1992) 1020-1028]. the mutant uc24 lost the ability to produce amber disease signs and it was shown to contain a singl ... | 1996 | 8654995 |
| serratia entomophila bacteriophages: host range determination and preliminary characterization. | eight bacteriophages specific to serratia entomophila, a commercially available bacterial pathogen of the new zealand grass grub (costelytra zealandica), were characterized by host range determination, morphology and restriction endonuclease patterns of dna. phages were originally isolated from grass grub larvae and fermenter broth where phages had disrupted large-scale production of s. entomophila. seven of the phages (cw1-cw5, bc, and bt) had heads similar in size (approximately 60 x 60 nm) an ... | 1997 | 9436308 |
| comparison of the major capsid protein genes, terminal redundancies, and dna-dna homologies of two new zealand iridoviruses. | molecular comparisons were carried out on two iridoviruses isolated from endemic sympatric new zealand pasture pests. these viruses, costelytra zealandica iridescent virus (cziv/iv16) and wiseana iridescent virus (wiv/iv9), belong to the same virus genus but it is not known how related they are. the major capsid protein (mcp) gene from each virus was located, sequenced, and compared to the homologous gene from other iridoviruses. the mcp genes of wiv and cziv were similar to each other (87.9% am ... | 1999 | 10082389 |
| expression of the antifeeding gene anfa1 in serratia entomophila requires rpos. | the rpos gene of serratia entomophila bc4b was cloned and used to create rpos-mutant strain bc4brs. larvae of the new zealand grass grub costelytra zealandica infected with bc4brs became amber colored but continued to feed, albeit to a lesser extent than infected larvae. subsequently, we found that expression of the antifeeding gene anfa1 in trans was substantially reduced in bc4brs relative to that in the parental strain bc4b. our data show that a functional rpos gene is vital for full expressi ... | 2000 | 10742266 |
| plasmid-located pathogenicity determinants of serratia entomophila, the causal agent of amber disease of grass grub, show similarity to the insecticidal toxins of photorhabdus luminescens. | serratia entomophila and serratia proteamaculans cause amber disease in the grass grub costelytra zealandica (coleoptera: scarabaeidae), an important pasture pest in new zealand. larval disease symptoms include cessation of feeding, clearance of the gut, amber coloration, and eventual death. a 115-kb plasmid, padap, identified in s. entomophila is required for disease causation and, when introduced into escherichia coli, enables that organism to cause amber disease. a 23-kb fragment of padap tha ... | 2000 | 10960097 |
| restriction map of the serratia entomophila plasmid padap carrying virulence factors for costelytra zealandica. | some strains of the enterobacteriaceae serratia entomophila and s. proteamaculans cause amber disease in the grass grub costelytra zealandica (coleoptera: scarabaeidae), an important pasture pest in new zealand. the virulence determinants of the disease reside on a large plasmid designated padap (amber disease-associated plasmid). a bamhi, ecori, and hindiii restriction cleavage map of padap was constructed by means of cloning restriction fragments. each fragment was mapped, and neighboring frag ... | 2002 | 11798285 |
| use of the green fluorescent protein to monitor the fate of serratia entomophila causing amber disease in the new zealand grass grub, costelytra zealandica. | a series of constitutive green fluorescent protein (pgfpuv) derivatives of the bacterium serratia entomophila (enterobacteriaceae) were constructed, allowing the fate of cells causing amber disease ingested by the new zealand grass grub (costelytra zealandica, coleoptera: scarabaeidae) to be monitored. examination of tissue and contents of the alimentary tract over time from ingestion, under fluorescence microscopy, revealed that the major site of s. entomophila colonisation in the grass grub is ... | 2002 | 11943353 |
| pathobiology of amber disease, caused by serratia spp., in the new zealand grass grub, costelytra zealandica. | amber disease in the new zealand grass grub (costelytra zealandica) is caused by some strains of serratia entomophila or serratia proteamaculans (enterobacteriaceae). when treated with pathogenic isolates, larvae ceased feeding within 48 h, developed an amber coloration after 72 h, and entered a long chronic phase without feeding. an acute dose of 2-4 x 10(4) pathogenic bacteria was sufficient to produce disease in 50% of treated larvae. time to death was directly related to temperature. at 15 d ... | 2001 | 12009805 |
| peripheral sequences of the serratia entomophila padap virulence-associated region. | some strains of the enterobacteriaceae serratia entomophila and serratia proteamaculans cause amber disease in the grass grub, costelytra zealandica (coleoptera: scarabaeidae), an important pasture pest in new zealand. the genes responsible for this disease reside on a large, 155-kb plasmid designated amber disease-associated plasmid (padap). herein, we report the dna sequencing of approximately 50 kb upstream and 10 kb downstream of the virulence-encoding region. based on similarity with protei ... | 2003 | 14597010 |
| quantification and kinetics of the decline in grass grub endopeptidase activity during initiation of amber disease. | amber disease in the grass grub (costelytra zealandica white) (coleoptera: scarabaeidae), caused by strains of the bacteria serratia entomophila or s. proteamaculans, is characterised by cessation of feeding and clearance of the midgut. analysis of the midgut enzyme activity in diseased grass grub larvae showed that proteolytic activity was reduced to low levels. the endopeptidases, trypsin, elastase, and chymotrypsin, were all markedly reduced in activity whereas the exopeptidases (leucine-amin ... | 2004 | 15261770 |
| cloning serratia entomophila antifeeding genes--a putative defective prophage active against the grass grub costelytra zealandica. | serratia entomophila and serratia proteamaculans (enterobacteriaceae) cause amber disease in the grass grub costelytra zealandica (coleoptera: scarabaeidae), an important pasture pest in new zealand. larval disease symptoms include cessation of feeding, clearance of the gut, amber coloration, and eventual death. a 155-kb plasmid, padap, carries the genes sepa, sepb, and sepc, which are essential for production of amber disease symptoms. transposon insertions in any of the sep genes in padap abol ... | 2004 | 15262948 |
| genes essential for amber disease in grass grubs are located on the large plasmid found in serratia entomophila and serratia proteamaculans. | the bacteria serratia entomophila and s. proteamaculans cause amber disease in the grass grub, costelytra zealandica (coleoptera: scarabaeidae), an important pasture pest in new zealand. disease symptoms include rapid cessation of feeding and amber coloration of larvae. a 105-kb plasmid (designated padap) has consistently been found only in pathogenic isolates of both species. investigations into the involvement of padap in amber disease have been hindered by the lack of both a selectable marker ... | 1995 | 16535045 |
| characterization of serratia entomophila bacteriophages and the phage-resistant mutant strain bc4b. | successful large-scale fermentations of the bacterium serratia entomophila for use in biological control of the soil-dwelling insect costelytra zealandica has required the development of a phage-resistant mutant, bc4b. we report our investigations into s. entomophila phages and the nature of the phage resistance mechanism of strain bc4b. the parental strain of bc4b, a1mo2, was found to contain two previously unidentified prophages, (phi)9a and (phi)9b, which were uv inducible and also released s ... | 1995 | 16535176 |
| virulence of serratia strains against costelytra zealandica. | strains of serratia spp. showed a high level of virulence when injected into the hemocoel of larvae costelytra zealandica, with serratia entomophila, s. plymuthica, and s. marcescens showing significantly higher virulence than s. proteamaculans. toxicity was independent of the amber disease-causing plasmid padap, suggesting a generalized serratia toxin. | 2006 | 16957275 |
| occurrence of sep insecticidal toxin complex genes in serratia spp. and yersinia frederiksenii. | some strains of serratia entomophila and s. proteamaculans cause amber disease of the grass grub costelytra zealandica (coleoptera: scarabaeidae). three genes required for virulence, sepabc, are located on a large plasmid, padap. sequence analysis suggests that the sepabc gene cluster may be part of a horizontally mobile region. this study presents evidence for the putative mobility of the sep genes of padap. southern blot analysis showed that orthologues of the sep genes reside on plasmids with ... | 2006 | 17021209 |
| isolation and characterization of the serratia entomophila antifeeding prophage. | the serratia entomophila antifeeding prophage (afp) is thought to form a virus-like structure that has activity towards the new zealand grass grub, costelytra zealandica. through the trans based expression of anfa1, an rfah - like transcriptional antiterminator, the afp, was able to be induced. the expressed afp was purified and visualized by electron microscopy. the afp resembled a phage tail-like bacteriocin, exhibiting two distinct morphologies: an extended and a contracted form. the purified ... | 2007 | 17263838 |
| replication of flock house virus in three genera of medically important insects. | flock house virus (family nodaviridae, genus alphanodavirus, fhv) was originally isolated from grass grubs costelytra zealandica (white) (coleoptera: scarabaeidae) in new zealand and belongs to a family of divided genome, plus-sense rna insect viruses. fhv replicates in insects, a nematode, plants, and yeast. we previously reported replication of fhv in four genera of mosquitoes and expression of green fluorescent protein in aedes aegypti (l.) produced by an fhv-based vector. we report here that ... | 2007 | 17294927 |
| induced expression of the serratia entomophila sep proteins shows activity towards the larvae of the new zealand grass grub costelytra zealandica. | serratia entomophila and serratia proteamaculans cause amber disease of the grass grub costelytra zealandica (coleoptera: scarabaeidae). three genes required for virulence, sepabc, are located on a large plasmid, padap. the translated products of the sep genes are members of the toxin complex (tc) family of insecticidal toxins that reside in the genomes of some enterobacteriaceae. each of the sep genes was placed either singly or as various combinations under the control of an inducible arabinos ... | 2007 | 17714480 |
| an assessment of the potential of herbivorous insect gut bacteria to develop competence for natural transformation. | whereas the capability of dna uptake has been well established for numerous species and strains of bacteria grown in vitro, the broader distribution of natural transformability within bacterial communities remains largely unexplored. here, we investigate the ability of bacterial isolates from the gut of grass grub larvae (costelytra zealandica (white); coleoptera: scarabaeidae) to develop natural genetic competence in vitro. a total of 37 mostly species-divergent strains isolated from the gut of ... | 2007 | 17961487 |
| serratia entomophila inoculation causes a defect in exocytosis in costelytra zealandica larvae. | rapid elimination of midgut luminal proteinase activity and gut clearance are the two major symptoms of amber disease in costelytra zealandica larvae because of the three-subunit protein toxin complex produced in serratia entomophila and serratia proteamaculans. quantitative pcr analysis of mrna from the major serine proteinase gene families showed that loss of proteinase activity did not result from transcriptional downregulation. unexpectedly, protein levels and rates of protein synthesis incr ... | 2008 | 18651919 |
| autochthonous bacterial flora indicated by pcr-dgge of 16s rrna gene fragments from the alimentary tract of costelytra zealandica (coleoptera: scarabaeidae). | to locate and identify putative autochthonous bacteria within the grass grub gut that may have a role in symbiosis. | 2008 | 18713286 |
| phenotypic changes and the fate of digestive enzymes during induction of amber disease in larvae of the new zealand grass grub (costelytra zealandica). | amber disease of the new zealand grass grub costelytra zealandica (coleoptera: scarabaeidae) is caused by ingestion of padap plasmid carrying isolates of serratia entomophila or serratia proteamaculans (enterobacteriaceae) and causes infected larvae to cease feeding and clear their midgut to a pale amber colour where midgut serine protease activities are virtually eliminated. using bacterial strains and mutants expressing combinations of the anti-feeding (afp) and gut clearance (sep) gene cluste ... | 2009 | 19465026 |
| yersinia entomophaga sp. nov., isolated from the new zealand grass grub costelytra zealandica. | a gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium (mh96(t)) was isolated from diseased larvae of the new zealand grass grub, costelytra zealandica (coleoptera: scarabaeidae). on the basis of 16s rrna gene sequence similarity, strain mh96(t) is a member of the genus yersinia, which is a member of the class gammaproteobacteria. the most similar 16s rrna gene sequence to that of mh96(t) is that of the type strain of yersinia mollaretii (98.5 % similarity) followed by those of the type strain ... | 2011 | 20495033 |
| structural study of the serratia entomophila antifeeding prophage: three-dimensional structure of the helical sheath. | the sheath of the serratia entomophila antifeeding prophage, which is pathogenic to the new zealand grass grub costelytra zealandica, is a 3-fold helix formed by a 4-fold symmetric repeating motif disposed around a helical inner tube. this structure, determined by electron microscopy and image processing, is distinct from that of the other known morphologically similar bacteriophage sheaths. | 2010 | 20601477 |
| nucleotide sequence of the serratia entomophila plasmid padap and the serratia proteamaculans pu143 plasmid virulence associated region. | some strains of serratia entomophila and s. proteamaculans cause amber disease of the new zealand grass grub costelytra zealandica (coleoptera: scarabaeidae), an important pasture pest in new zealand. the disease determinants of s. entomophila, are encoded on a 153,404-bp plasmid, termed padap for amber disease associated plasmid. the s. proteamaculans strain 143 (sp143) exhibits an unusual pathotype, where only 60-70% of c. zealandica larvae infected with the bacterium succumb to disease. dna s ... | 2010 | 20950642 |
| the main virulence determinant of yersinia entomophaga mh96 is a broad-host-range toxin complex active against insects. | through transposon mutagenesis and dna sequence analysis, the main disease determinant of the entomopathogenic bacterium yersinia entomophaga mh96 was localized to an ~32-kb pathogenicity island (pai) designated pai(ye96). residing within pai(ye96) are seven open reading frames that encode an insecticidal toxin complex (tc), comprising not only the readily recognized toxin complex a (tca), tcb, and tcc components but also two chitinase proteins that form a composite tc molecule. the central tc g ... | 2011 | 21278295 |
| afp14 is involved in regulating the length of anti-feeding prophage (afp). | the anti-feeding prophage (afp), a phage-tail-like particle that causes cessation of feeding in the new zealand grass grub, costelytra zealandica, is encoded by 18 open reading frames (afp1-18). c-terminal truncations of afp14 resulted in shortened afp particles, suggesting that afp14 is involved in afp length determination. we constructed an afp assembly system (afp1-18), wherein afp14 was truncated after the n-terminal 88 residues. this construct, when expressed in trans in escherichia coli ex ... | 2015 | 25689688 |
| detection of invertebrate suppressive soils, and identification of a possible biological control agent for meloidogyne nematodes using high resolution rhizosphere microbial community analysis. | white clover (trifolium repens) is the key legume component of new zealand pastoral agriculture due to the high quality feed and nitrogen inputs it provides. invertebrate pests constrain white clover growth and this study investigated rhizosphere-associated fungal controls for two of these pests and attempts to disentangle the underpinning mechanisms. the degree of suppressiveness of 10 soils, in a latitudinal gradient down new zealand, to added meloidogyne hapla and costelytra zealandica scarab ... | 2016 | 28082997 |
| morganella morganii bacteria produces phenol as the sex pheromone of the new zealand grass grub from tyrosine in the colleterial gland. | costelytra zealandica (coleoptera: scarabeidae) is a univoltine endemic species that has colonised and become a major pest of introduced clover and ryegrass pastures that form about half of the land area of new zealand. female beetles were previously shown to use phenol as their sex pheromone produced by symbiotic bacteria in the accessory or colleterial gland. in this study, production of phenol was confirmed from the female beetles, while bacteria were isolated from the gland and tested for at ... | 2016 | 27352077 |
| preference of a native beetle for "exoticism," characteristics that contribute to invasive success of costelytra zealandica (scarabaeidae: melolonthinae). | widespread replacement of native ecosystems by productive land sometimes results in the outbreak of a native species. in new zealand, the introduction of exotic pastoral plants has resulted in diet alteration of the native coleopteran species, costelytra zealandica (white) (scarabaeidae) such that this insect has reached the status of pest. in contrast, c. brunneum (broun), a congeneric species, has not developed such a relationship with these 'novel' host plants. this study investigated the fee ... | 2015 | 26644985 |
| the pgi enzyme system and fitness response to temperature as a measure of environmental tolerance in an invasive species. | in the field of invasion ecology, the determination of a species' environmental tolerance, is a key parameter in the prediction of its potential distribution, particularly in the context of global warming. in poikilothermic species such as insects, temperature is often considered the most important abiotic factor that affects numerous life-history and fitness traits through its effect on metabolic rate. therefore the response of an insect to challenging temperatures may provide key information a ... | 2014 | 25469320 |
| aboveground endophyte affects root volatile emission and host plant selection of a belowground insect. | plants emit specific blends of volatile organic compounds (vocs) that serve as multitrophic, multifunctional signals. fungi colonizing aboveground (ag) or belowground (bg) plant structures can modify voc patterns, thereby altering the information content for ag insects. whether ag microbes affect the emission of root volatiles and thus influence soil insect behaviour is unknown. the endophytic fungus neotyphodium uncinatum colonizes the aerial parts of the grass hybrid festuca pratensis × lolium ... | 2015 | 25284612 |
| invasion success of a scarab beetle within its native range: host range expansion versus host-shift. | only recently has it been formally acknowledged that native species can occasionally reach the status of 'pest' or 'invasive species' within their own native range. the study of such species has potential to help unravel fundamental aspects of biological invasions. a good model for such a study is the new zealand native scarab beetle, costelytra zealandica (white), which even in the presence of its natural enemies has become invasive in exotic pastures throughout the country. because c. zealandi ... | 2014 | 24795845 |
| pathology of yersinia entomophaga mh96 towards costelytra zealandica (coleoptera; scarabaeidae) larvae. | the bacterium yersinia entomophaga was isolated from larvae of the new zealand grass grub, costelytra zealandica (coleoptera: scarabaeidae), found in soil. following ingestion of a lethal dose of bacteria, larvae of c. zealandica reduced feeding activity and movement. after approximately 4h infected larvae convulsed and regurgitated dark digestive fluid and expelled frass pellets leaving the midgut empty and the larva amber in appearance. in the initial stages of infection, ingested bacteria wer ... | 2014 | 24291403 |
| role of antifeeding prophage (afp) protein afp16 in terminating the length of the afp tailocin and stabilizing its sheath. | the serratia entomophila antifeeding prophage afp, forms a phage-tail-like particle that acts on the new zealand grass grub, costelytra zealandica with a 3-day ld50 of approximately 500 afp particles per larva. genes (afp1-18) encoding components of afp were expressed and their products purified allowing morphological assessment of the products by transmission electron microscopy (tem). expression of afp1-15 resulted in the formation of a non-sheathed structure termed the tube-baseplate complex ... | 2013 | 23796263 |
| histopathological effects of the yen-tc toxin complex from yersinia entomophaga mh96 (enterobacteriaceae) on the costelytra zealandica (coleoptera: scarabaeidae) larval midgut. | yersinia entomophaga mh96, which was originally isolated from the new zealand grass grub, costelytra zealandica, produces an orally active proteinaceous toxin complex (yen-tc), and this toxin is responsible for mortality in a range of insect species, mainly within the coleoptera and lepidoptera. the genes encoding yen-tc are members of the toxin complex (tc) family, with orthologs identified in several other bacterial species. as the mechanism of yen-tc activity remains unknown, a histopathologi ... | 2012 | 22544254 |
| noninvasive molecular methods to identify live scarab larvae: an example of sympatric pest and nonpest species in new zealand. | despite the negative impact that many scarab larvae have on agro-ecosystems, very little attention has been paid to their taxonomy. their often extremely similar morphological characteristics have probably contributed to this impediment, which has also meant that they are very difficult to identify in the field. molecular methods can overcome this challenge and are particularly useful for the identification of larvae to enable management of pest species occurring sympatrically with nonpest speci ... | 2012 | 22189059 |
| serine proteases identified from a costelytra zealandica (white) (coleoptera: scarabaeidae) midgut est library and their expression through insect development. | costelytra zealandica larvae are pests of new zealand pastures causing damage by feeding on the roots of grasses and clovers. the major larval protein digestive enzymes are serine proteases (sps), which are targets for disruption in pest control. an expressed sequence tag (est) library from healthy, third instar larval midgut tissue was constructed and analysed to determine the composition and regulation of proteases in the c. zealandica larval midgut. gene mining identified three trypsin-like a ... | 2008 | 18477240 |
| manawatu virus: a nodavirus isolated from costelytra zealandica (white) (coleoptera: scarabaeidae). | an insect virus, called manawatu virus (mwv), was isolated from a larva of the new zealand grass grub costelytra zealandica (white) (coleoptera: scarabaeidae). mwv was serologically related, but not identical, to several insect nodaviruses. the single capsid protein of mwv was 40,000 mw, the same as black beetle virus (bbv), but virus particles had a different electrophoretic mobility from bbv. the bipartite rna genome, like other nodaviruses, consisted of two species of mw 1.1 and 0.46 million. ... | 1987 | 3120676 |
| toxicity of nitro compounds fromlotus pedunculatus to grass grub (costelytra zealandica) (coleoptera: scarabaeidae). | crude extracts of root of the forage legumeslotus pedunculatus andcoronilla varia (crownvetch) were toxic when administered orally to 3rd instarcostelytra zealandica larvae. a group of 3-nitropropanoyl-d-glucopyranoses was isolated from active fractions of the crude extracts. these toxins, some of which were already known fromc. varia, have not previously been reported froml. pedunculatus. the compounds were present in root tissue of this species at a concentration of about 1% dry weight. they i ... | 1984 | 24318230 |
| kinetic studies on a glutathione s-transferase from the larvae of costelytra zealandica. | of the glutathione s-transferases from the new zealand grass grub (costelytra zealandica) active in conjugating the model substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, the most active was isolated in a functionally homogeneous form. this had an isoelectric point of 8.7. preliminary evidence suggests that it is a homodimer with subunits of mr 23 500. the dependence of the enzyme-catalysed reaction on substrate concentration was analysed in terms of the rate equation characteristic of ordered bi bi or ra ... | 1984 | 6696730 |
| flock house virus: a nodavirus isolated from costelytra zealandica (white) (coleoptera: scarabaeidae). | the physico-chemical properties of flock house virus (fhv) were examined. fhv was shown to have a single-stranded rna genome divided between two species of mw 1.1 and 0.46 million; the genome was infectious. fhv has a single, coat protein of 43,000 mw. the virus sediments at 142s and has a density of 1.351 g/ml in cscl at ph 7. these properties indicate that fhv is a nodavirus but it is distinguishable from nodamura virus and black beetle virus by differences in electrophoretic mobility, the siz ... | 1983 | 6188442 |
| water balance across the cuticle of a soil insect. | 1. the water regime in soil commonly approaches equilibrium of water potential with the insects living there. 2. even under these conditions, non-equilibrium processes have a significant effect on water movement through the cuticle of soil insects. 3. measurements of water potential on either side of the cuticle of costelytra zealandica larvae showed that equilibrium is not reached while the insect is alive. there is an active outward flow of water by thermoosmosis associated with the flow of he ... | 1975 | 1151275 |
| sex attractant of the grass grub beetle. | the sex attractant produced by adult females of the grass grub beetle costelytra zealandica (white) has been isolated and identified as phenol. field tests with phenol-water mixtures were attractive to male beetles in particular. | 1970 | 5441021 |
| a chemical attractant for males of the grass grub beetle costelytra zealandica (white) (col., scarabaeidae). | | 1969 | 5809265 |