| characterization of two beta-tubulin genes from geotrichum candidum. | the beta-tubulin genes g beta 1 and g beta 2 from the phytopathogenic hemiascomycete geotrichum candidum were found to be highly diverged in amino acid sequence from those of other filamentous fungi. g beta 1 and g beta 2 were also divergent from each other, with the coding regions sharing only 66% nucleotide sequence homology and 64% amino acid identity. however, the proteins shared 82% similarity and only 25 of the 161 non-identical amino acid substitutions were non-conservative. the organizat ... | 1991 | 1836049 |
| antibiotic activity of an isocyanide metabolite of trichoderma hamatum against rumen bacteria. | a metabolite of trichoderma hamatum, 3-(3-isocyanocyclopent-2-enylidene)propionic acid, was tested for its effects on growth of and carbohydrate metabolism in 11 strains of functionally important rumen bacteria. to standardize the biological activity of this unstable metabolite, a rapid, aerobic disc diffusion assay was developed using escherichia coli atcc 11775. in an anaerobic broth dilution assay using a medium lacking rumen fluid and containing a soluble carbohydrate, the minimum inhibitory ... | 1985 | 4084861 |
| ovine ill-thrift in nova scotia. 9. production of experimental quantities of isocyanide metabolites of trichoderma hamatum. | laboratory cultures of trichoderma hamatum produce metabolites that are characterized by an isocyanide functionality. three such metabolites predominate. one is the known compound trichoviridin (i). the other two, described here for the first time, are 3-(3-isocyano-6-oxabicyclo[3,1,0]hex-2-en-5-yl)acrylic acid (ii) and a very unstable compound 3-(3-isocyanocyclopent-2-enylidene-)propionic acid (iii). production of these three metabolites by a random sample of wild isolates of the fungus has bee ... | 1982 | 6758924 |
| ovine ill-thrift in nova scotia. 7. trichoderma hamatum isolated from pasture soil. | trichoderma hamatum accounts for about 1.5% of the fungal propagules isolated from pasture soil at nappan, nova scotia. greater numbers of propagules of this fungus were isolated in june and september than in july, august and october, with the apparent optimum growth temperature in the field being about 18 degrees c. unlike the fungal flora collected, propagules of t. hamatum were not randomly distributed throughout the experimental plot. fifty three percent of isolates of t. hamatum (or 1% of t ... | 1981 | 7198717 |
| filamentous fungi and mycotoxin detected in coconut. | fifty-nine species and one variety belonging to 25 genera of fungi were isolated from 25 coconut samples on glucose-czapek's (25 genera and 55 species + 1 variety) and dichloran-glycerol (8 genera and 32 species + 1 variety) agar media at 28 degrees c. the common fungi on both media used were aspergillus flavus, a. niger, penicillium chrysogenum and cladosporium cladosporioides. on glucose-czapek's agar, a. flavus var. columnaris, p. oxalicum, alternaria alternata, rhizopus stolonifer and tricho ... | 1993 | 8212938 |
| prohevein is poorly processed but shows enhanced resistance to a chitin-binding fungus in transgenic tomato plants. | in latex of rubber tree (hevea brasiliensis), prohevein, homologous to potato win gene-encoded proteins, is processed to yield mature hevein. this mature hevein is composed of one chitin-binding domain and the c-terminal polypeptide homologous to pathogenesis-related proteins such as tobacco pr-4 and tomato p2 proteins. in contrast, prohevein was poorly cleaved to form the c-terminal polypeptide in transgenic tomato plants expressing hevein gene (hev1)-driven polypeptides. however, mature hevein ... | 1995 | 8580864 |
| assignment of a pcr-amplified chitinase sequence cloned from trichoderma hamatum to resolved chromosomes of potential biocontrol species of trichoderma. | a 1424 bp dna sequence containing the genetic determinants of the chitinase enzyme was identified in trichoderma humatum by pcr amplification. high levels of similarity were observed between this sequence, named th-ch (t. hamatum chitinase), and the 42 kda chitinase genes known from t. harzianum. chromosome-sized dnas of five potential biocontrol species of trichoderma were separated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. the total number of chromosomes was six in all the species, with sizes rangi ... | 1996 | 8978093 |
| toxicity of chlorate and chlorite to selected species of algae, bacteria, and fungi. | the present study confirms that chlorate is toxic only to brown algae and not to species of other ecologically relevant taxa. the brown alga ectocarpus variabilis exhibited a loec of 0.005 mm (0.4 mg clo3-/liter) and an lc50 of 0.012 mm, when cultured with nitrate as a sole source of nitrogen. the toxicity to species other than brown algae as measured in growth inhibition tests ranged from 0.75 mm (96-h noec) for selenastrum capricornutum to > or = 7.48 mm (48-h noec) for the fungus trichoderma ... | 1998 | 9679683 |
| homologous transformation of trichoderma hamatum with an endochitinase encoding gene, resulting in increased levels of chitinase activity. | a 42-kda endochitinase encoding gene, tham-ch, was cloned by screening the genomic library of trichoderma hamatum strain tam-61 with a pcr-amplified chitinase sequence from the same fungus. tham-ch with its own regulatory sequences was reintroduced into the host strain. the integration of the transforming construct was stable only in one copy. homologous integration occurred in nine transformants, while non-homologous integration was detected in one transformant. all but one transformant express ... | 1998 | 9742695 |
| novel cyclopentanone derivatives pentenocins a and b with interleukin-1beta converting enzyme inhibitory activity, produced by trichoderma hamatum fo-6903. | | 1999 | 10580389 |
| precise detection and tracing of trichoderma hamatum 382 in compost-amended potting mixes by using molecular markers. | randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis and the pcr assay were used in combination with dilution plating on a semiselective medium to detect and enumerate propagules of trichoderma hamatum 382, a biocontrol agent utilized in compost-amended mixes. distinct and reproducible fingerprints were obtained upon amplification of purified genomic dna of t. hamatum 382 with the random primers ope-16, oph-19, and oph-20. three amplified dna fragments of 0.35 (ope-16(0.35)), 0.6 (oph-19(0.6)), an ... | 1999 | 10583998 |
| a new inhibitor of 5'-hydroxyaverantin dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis, from trichoderma hamatum. | screening for inhibitors of 5'-hydroxyaverantin dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis, resulted in the isolation of a new metabolite (1) from trichoderma hamatum. on the basis of spectroscopic data, 1 was determined to be 4, 6-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-6a-methylcyclohexa[de]indano[7, 6-e]cyclopenta[c]2h-pyran-1,9-dione. | 2000 | 11141114 |
| primary structure and transcription patterns of rpl36, a ribosomal protein-encoding gene of the mycoparasitic fungus, trichoderma hamatum. | we report the isolation and expression profiles of a single-copy gene from the mycoparasitic fungus trichoderma hamatum encoding a 60 s cytoplasmic ribosomal protein. the gene, named rpl36, was cloned through its nutrient-mediated expression, using mrna differential screening. its predicted orf, interrupted by two introns, encoded a 105-aa polypeptide. the deduced rpl36 protein showed high overall homologies with other l36-type ribosomal proteins isolated from yeast, rat and human. analysis of t ... | 2001 | 11409180 |
| identification of trichoderma strains by image analysis of hplc chromatograms. | forty-four trichoderma strains from water-damaged building materials or indoor dust were classified with chromatographic image analysis on full chromatographic matrices obtained by high performance liquid chromatography with uv detection of culture extracts. the classes were compared with morphological identification and rdna sequence data, and for each class all strains were of the same identity. with all three techniques each strain--except one--was identified as the same species. these strain ... | 2001 | 11583856 |
| comparative degradation of oomycete, ascomycete, and basidiomycete cell walls by mycoparasitic and biocontrol fungi. | fourteen fungi (primarily representing mycoparasitic and biocontrol fungi) were tested for their ability to grow on and degrade cell walls (cws) of an oomycete (pythium ultimum), ascomycete (fusarium equisetii), and basidiomycete (rhizoctonia solani), and their hydrolytic enzymes were characterized. protein was detected in the cultural medium of eleven of the test isolates, and these fungi significantly degraded cws over the 14-day duration of the experiment. in general, a greater level of cw de ... | 2002 | 11888164 |
| genetic relatedness of trichoderma sect. pachybasium species based on molecular approaches. | molecular approaches including internal transcribed spacer (its) sequences of ribosomal dna, universal primer polymerase chain reaction (up-pcr) fingerprinting, and dna-dna hybridization were used to study the genetic relatedness of species within trichoderma sect. pachybasium. in the analysis of its and 5.8s sequences of ribosomal dna, parsimony analysis demonstrated that forty-one strains were distributed into five main groups supported by high bootstrap values. the species of trichoderma sect ... | 2002 | 12455615 |
| genetic and metabolic diversity of trichoderma: a case study on south-east asian isolates. | we have used isolates of trichoderma spp. collected in south-east asia, including taiwan and western indonesia, to assess the genetic and metabolic diversity of endemic species of trichoderma. ninety-six strains were isolated in total, and identified at the species level by analysis of morphological and biochemical characters (biolog system), and by sequence analysis of their internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 (its1 and 2) of the rdna cluster, using ex-type strains and taxonomically est ... | 2003 | 12684020 |
| structure reassignment of the fungal metabolite taemc161 as the phytotoxin viridiol. | two-dimensional nmr analyses including hmbc, noesy, and roesy as well as 1d noe experiments led to a reassignment of the structure of the recently identified trichoderma hamatum metabolite taemc161 (1) as the previously known viridiol (2). in addition, giao-calculated (13)c nmr chemical shifts of 1 and 2 provided strong support for the revised structure. | 2003 | 12762817 |
| ginsenosides stimulate the growth of soilborne pathogens of american ginseng. | ginseng saponins (ginsenosides) were isolated from soil associated with the roots of commercially grown american ginseng (panax quinquefolius l.), identified via lc-ms and quantified via analytical hplc. the ginsenosides, including f(11), rb(1), rb(2), rc, rd, re and rg(1), represented between 0.02 and 0.098% (average 0.06%) of the mass of the soil collected from roots annually between 1999 and 2002. the same ginsenosides were also isolated from run-off of undisturbed plants grown in pots in a g ... | 2003 | 12946424 |
| use of monoclonal antibodies to quantify the dynamics of alpha-galactosidase and endo-1,4-beta-glucanase production by trichoderma hamatum during saprotrophic growth and sporulation in peat. | trichoderma species are ubiquitous soil and peat-borne saprotrophs that have received enormous scientific interest as biocontrol agents of plant diseases caused by destructive root pathogens. mechanisms of biocontrol such as antibiosis and hyperparasitism are well documented and the biochemistry and molecular genetics of these processes defined. an aspect of biocontrol that has received little attention is the ability of trichoderma species to compete for nutrients in their natural environments. ... | 2005 | 15819855 |
| identification of novel trichoderma hamatum genes expressed during mycoparasitism using subtractive hybridisation. | subtractive hybridisation was used to target novel genes involved in the mycoparasitic interaction of the biocontrol agent trichoderma hamatum with the phytopathogen sclerotinia sclerotiorum. nineteen novel t. hamatum genes were identified that showed increased expression during mycoparasitism compared to a t. hamatum control. sequence analysis revealed some cdna fragments had similarity to known fungal or bacterial genes whereas others had no similarity to any genes previously described. only o ... | 2005 | 16143462 |
| in vitro metabolism of ginsenosides by the ginseng root pathogen pythium irregulare. | the role of ginseng saponins (ginsenosides) as modulators or inhibitors of disease is vague, but our earlier work supports the existence of an allelopathic relationship between ginsenosides and soilborne microbes. interestingly, this allelopathy appears to significantly promote the growth of the important ginseng pathogen, pythium irregulare while inhibiting that of an antagonistic non-pathogenic fungus, trichoderma hamatum. herein we report on the apparent selective metabolism of 20(s)-protopan ... | 2006 | 16242739 |
| suppression of fusarium wilt by combining green compost and trichoderma hamatum. | fusarium wilts, caused by the fungus fusarium oxysporum, are important diseases of horticultural and agricultural crops and lead to significant yield losses. the pathogen infects the roots and colonizes the vascular tissue, leading to wilting and finally death of the plant. the objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of amendment of green compost and a trichoderma hamatum strain against fusarium wilt of radish. the substrate effects and the effect of a trichoderma strain were tes ... | 2005 | 16637174 |
| [study of the effect of volatile metabolites of trichoderma hamatum on the growth of phytopathogenic soilborne fungi.]. | volatile compounds produced by trichoderma hamatum were tested for their capacity to suppress in vitro the growth of alternaria citri, bipolaris cynodontis, bipolaris sorokiniana, curvularia brachyspora, curvularia lunata, curvularia oryzae-sativae, drechslera tritici-repentis, rhizoctonia solani, sclerotinia minor and sclerotium rolfsii. the organisms were cultured in an apparatus made with two erlenmeyer flasks assembled by their top parts. with the aid of the gas chromatographic technique the ... | 1997 | 17655390 |
| characterisation of a trichoderma hamatum monooxygenase gene involved in antagonistic activity against fungal plant pathogens. | a monooxygenase gene was isolated from a biocontrol strain of trichoderma hamatum and its role in biocontrol was investigated. the gene had homologues in other fungal genomes, but was not closely related to any fully characterised gene. the t. hamatum monooxygenase gene was expressed specifically in response to the plant pathogens sclerotinia sclerotiorum, sclerotinia minor and sclerotium cepivorum, but not in response to botrytis cinerea or t. hamatum. expression of the gene did not occur until ... | 2008 | 18231791 |
| systemic modulation of gene expression in tomato by trichoderma hamatum 382. | abstract a light sphagnum peat mix inoculated with trichoderma hamatum 382 consistently provided a significant (p = 0.05) degree of protection against bacterial spot of tomato and its pathogen xanthomonas euvesicatoria 110c compared with the control peat mix, even though this biocontrol agent did not colonize aboveground plant parts. to gain insight into the mechanism by which t. hamatum 382 induced resistance in tomato, high-density oligonucleotide microarrays were used to determine its effect ... | 2007 | 18943283 |
| effect of potting mix microbial carrying capacity on biological control of rhizoctonia damping-off of radish and rhizoctonia crown and root rot of poinsettia. | abstract potting mixes prepared with dark, highly decomposed sphagnum peat, with light, less decomposed sphagnum peat, or with composted pine bark, all three of which were colonized by indigenous microorganisms, failed to consistently suppress rhizoctonia damping-off of radish or rhizoctonia crown and root rot of poinsettia. inoculation of these mixes with chryseobacterium gleum (c(299)r(2)) and trichoderma hamatum 382 (t(382)) significantly reduced the severity of both diseases in the composted ... | 2001 | 18943449 |
| isolation and characterization of rhizobacteria from composts that suppress the severity of bacterial leaf spot of radish. | abstract composts can induce systemic resistance in plants to disease. unfortunately, the degree of resistance induced seems highly variable and the basis for this effect is not understood. in this work, only 1 of 79 potting mixes prepared with different batches of mature, stabilized composts produced from several different types of solid wastes suppressed the severity of bacterial leaf spot of radish caused by xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae compared with disease on plants produced in a n ... | 2003 | 18944329 |
| a rapid bioassay for screening rhizosphere microorganisms for their ability to induce systemic resistance. | abstract we developed a rapid and miniaturized bioassay for screening large numbers of rhizosphere microorganisms for their ability to induce systemic resistance to bacterial leaf spot of radish caused by xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae. in this bioassay, pantoea agglomerans strain e278ar controlled symptoms of disease as effectively as 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid when applied to the roots of seedlings produced in growth pouches in a soilless system. e278ar essentially did not migrate fr ... | 2000 | 18944580 |
| identification and investigation on antagonistic effect of trichoderma spp. on tea seedlings white foot and root rot (sclerotium rolfsii sacc.) in vitro condition. | the aim of this two years research work is to recognize bio control agents and its antagonistic efficiency on sclerotium rolfsii in vitro condition. sclerotium rolfsii sacc. is a causal agent of white foot and root rot disease in many plants. this fungi causing damage in tea nurseries of tea cultivated countries especially in iran. due to importance this disease in tea nurseries of iran and impossibility using of chemical control against this damaging agent in this research, five species of tric ... | 2008 | 19137869 |
| biodiversity of trichoderma strains in tunisia. | trichoderma strains were sampled in 4 different bioclimatic zones of tunisia, a mediterranean north african country with strong climatic and edaphic variability from north to south, to assess the genetic diversity of endemic species of trichoderma and their relationship to the bioclimatic zones. in all, 53 strains were isolated and identified at the species level by analysis of their internal transcribed spacers regions 1 and 2 (its1 and its2) of the rdna cluster and (or) a fragment of the trans ... | 2009 | 19295648 |
| genetic and metabolic biodiversity of trichoderma from colombia and adjacent neotropic regions. | the genus trichoderma has been studied for production of enzymes and other metabolites, as well as for exploitation as effective biological control agents. the biodiversity of trichoderma has seen relatively limited study over much of the neotropical region. in the current study we assess the biodiversity of 183 isolates from mexico, guatemala, panama, ecuador, peru, brazil and colombia, using morphological, metabolic and genetic approaches. a comparatively high diversity of species was found, c ... | 2009 | 19439189 |
| the beneficial endophyte trichoderma hamatum isolate dis 219b promotes growth and delays the onset of the drought response in theobroma cacao. | theobroma cacao (cacao) is cultivated in tropical climates and is exposed to drought stress. the impact of the endophytic fungus trichoderma hamatum isolate dis 219b on cacao's response to drought was studied. colonization by dis 219b delayed drought-induced changes in stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis, and green fluorescence emissions. the altered expression of 19 expressed sequence tags (ests) (seven in leaves and 17 in roots with some overlap) by drought was detected using quantitative ... | 2009 | 19564160 |
| different drying technologies and alternation of mycobiots in the raw material of hyssopus officinalis l. | contamination of medicinal plant mass with mycobiots is one of the negative factors deteriorating the quality of raw material. in order to evaluate the impact of the yield processing technologies upon the changes of mycobiots in raw material, the mycobiotic conditions of herb hyssop (hyssopus officinalis l.) raw material were evaluated under various regimes of active ventilation and optimization of the drying parameters. the impact of ventilation intensity and temperature of drying agent upon th ... | 2009 | 19630202 |
| trichoderma species form endophytic associations within theobroma cacao trichomes. | trichoderma species are usually considered soil organisms that colonize plant roots, sometimes forming a symbiotic relationship. recent studies demonstrate that trichoderma species are also capable of colonizing the above ground tissues of theobroma cacao (cacao) in what has been characterized as an endophytic relationship. trichoderma species can be re-isolated from surface sterilized cacao stem tissue, including the bark and xylem, the apical meristem, and to a lesser degree from leaves. sem a ... | 2009 | 19765658 |
| ambient ph intrinsically influences trichoderma conidiation and colony morphology. | conidiation in trichoderma has been demonstrated to be favoured by a low ambient ph and more recently pacc (pac1) mediated ph-regulation has been implicated in the control of conidiation. in this study, ambient ph effects on conidiation were investigated in three isolates (trichoderma hamatum, trichoderma atroviride and trichoderma pleuroticola) exposed to a single blue-light burst or to mycelial injury. disks of conidiation were observed for t. atroviride in response to a single light exposure, ... | 2010 | 20943130 |
| co-expression of two genes, a chitinase (chit42) and proteinase (prb1), implicated in mycoparasitism by trichoderma hamatum. | mycoparasitism of fungal plant pathogens by trichoderma species is a complex process that involves the production and coordinated secretion of cell-wall degrading enzymes. genes implicated in mycoparasitism by trichoderma atroviride contain motifs in the promoter region, designated myre1-myre4, that are proposed to act as binding sites for a global inducer of the mycoparasitic response. the aim of our study was to establish whether these motifs also were present in trichoderma hamatum and whethe ... | 2004 | 21148948 |
| wood decomposing abilities of diverse lignicolous fungi on nondecayed and decayed beech wood. | we tested the decay abilities of 28 isolates from 28 lignicolous fungal species (basidiomycota, ascomycota and zygomycota) with the pure culture test. we used beech wood powder in varying moisture conditions and decay stages (nondecayed, intermediately decayed and well decayed) as substrates. the weight loss in wood powder was -0.2-17.8%. five isolates of basidiomycota (bjerkandera adusta, mycena haematopus, omphalotus guepiniformis, trametes hirsuta, trametes versicolor) caused high weight loss ... | 2011 | 21262989 |
| understanding trichoderma in the root system of pinus radiata: associations between rhizosphere colonisation and growth promotion for commercially grown seedlings. | two trichoderma isolates (t. hamatum lu592 and t. atroviride lu132) were tested for their ability to promote the growth and health of commercially grown pinus radiata seedlings. the colonisation behaviour of the two isolates was investigated to relate rhizosphere competence and root penetration to subsequent effects on plant performance. trichoderma hamatum lu592 was shown to enhance several plant health and growth parameters. the isolate significantly reduced seedling mortality by up to 29%, an ... | 2011 | 21802056 |
| saprotrophic competitiveness and biocontrol fitness of a genetically modified strain of the plant-growth-promoting fungus trichoderma hamatum gd12. | trichoderma species are ubiquitous soil fungi that hold enormous potential for the development of credible alternatives to agrochemicals and synthetic fertilizers in sustainable crop production. in this paper, we show that substantial improvements in plant productivity can be met by genetic modification of a plant-growth-promoting (p-g-p) and biocontrol strain of trichoderma hamatum, but that these improvements are obtained in the absence of disease pressure only. using a quantitative monoclonal ... | 2011 | 21835878 |
| comparative study of trichoderma gene expression in interactions with tomato plants using high-density oligonucleotide microarrays. | trichoderma spp. are widely used as biopesticides and biofertilizers to control diseases and to promote positive physiological responses in plants. in vitro and in vivo assays with trichoderma harzianum cect 2413 (t34), trichoderma virens gv29-8 (t87) and trichoderma hamatum imi 224801 (t7) revealed that these strains affected the growth and development of lateral roots in tomato plants in different ways. the early expression profiles of these trichoderma strains were studied after 20 h of incub ... | 2012 | 22075029 |