| helminth parasites of wolverine, gulo gulo, from the district of mackenzie, northwest territories. | | 1978 | 737600 |
| dirofilaria immitis infection in a wolverine. | | 1976 | 1255379 |
| survival of sylvatic trichinella spiralis isolates in frozen tissue and processed meat products. | the ability of trichinella spiralis larvae to survive at subfreezing temperatures encysted in the musculature of wild carnivorous mammals was assessed by evaluating motility and infectivity (to rodents) of trichinae at various intervals after storage in frozen skeletal muscle. fifty to 60% of the larvae in grizzly bear meat were alive after storage for 27 months at -6.5 to -20 c, and 30% to 50% were still alive at 34 months. however, none survived for 38 months, on the basis of infectivity in mi ... | 1986 | 3505925 |
| infectivity of isolates of trichinella and the ability of an arctic isolate to survive freezing temperatures in the raccoon, procyon lotor, under experimental conditions. | the objectives of this study were to determine if the raccoon was a useful experimental animal for infections of trichinella and to determine if the ability of trichinella to survive freezing conditions, known to occur in wild animals, could be duplicated under laboratory conditions. the isolates of trichinella used in this study were from pigs, polar bear, wolverine, arctic fox and t. spiralis var. pseudospiralis originally isolated from a raccoon in the ussr. the raccoon was found to be a usef ... | 1983 | 6644931 |
| sarcocystis and other coccidia in foxes and other wild carnivores from montana. | sarcocystis spp sporocysts were found in feces of 10.1% of 198 red foxes (vulpes vulpes), in 3.2% of 61 bobcats (lynx rufus), in 16.6% of 12 mountain lions (felis concolor), in 16.6% of 6 fisher (martes pennanti), and in none of 20 wolverines (gulo gulo), 4 mink (mustela vison), or 10 raccoons (procyon lotor). sarcocystis muris and toxoplasma gondii were not found in laboratory mice inoculated with feces of bobcats and mountain lions. | 1982 | 6816776 |
| interbreeding and gene flow in the genus trichinella. | breeding experiments between isolates of trichinella spiralis--trichinella (pig; 43 degrees 00'n, 81 degrees 00'w; 1952), trichinella (polar bear; 58 degrees 00'n, 95 degrees 00'w; 1976), and trichinella (wolverine; 55 degrees 00'n, 100 degrees 00'w; 1979)--and t. spiralis var. pseudospiralis were undertaken. results from breeding experiments differed, such as the inability of the strain isolated from pigs and t. spiralis var. pseudospiralis to breed. the pig isolate was capable of breeding with ... | 1983 | 6827435 |
| delayed implantation in mustelids, with special emphasis on the spotted skunk. | three distinct reproductive patterns are exhibited by mustelids. some species (ferret and least weasel) breed during spring and summer and do not exhibit delayed implantation. others (mink and striped skunk) exhibit variable gestation periods with brief periods of delayed implantation occurring only if the females are mated early in the season. most mustelids (western spotted skunk, badgers, marten, wolverine, etc.) always exhibit a prolonged period of delayed implantation lasting several months ... | 1981 | 7014860 |
| biological characteristics and host influence on a geographical isolate of trichinella (wolverine: 55 degrees 00'n, 100 degrees 00'w, 1979). | biological characteristics of trichinella isolate (wolverine: 55 degrees 00'n, 100 degrees 00'w, 1979) were established in crl: cobs cfw (sw) mice. comparison of the wolverine isolate's biological characteristics with another trichinella isolate (polar bear), both from closely related geographic areas, revealed there were stable and reproducible genetic differences between isolates. differences were most pronounced for degree of infections causing a 50% mortality of mice, larval production by fe ... | 1982 | 7097442 |
| designation and freezing resistance of isolates of trichinella spiralis from wild carnivores. | a system to designate and define isolates of trichinella spiralis is proposed. the designation gives the host from which the isolate was recovered, geographic origin, and year of recovery. isolates of t. spiralis recovered from frozen muscles from four species of wild carnivores had low and different infectivity to laboratory mice. viable larvae of t. spiralis were obtained from muscle samples of marten, wolverine, polar bear and arctic fox which had been frozen for 5, 6, 12 and 14 mo, respectiv ... | 1982 | 7097881 |
| concepts of veterinary practice in wild mammals. | at the beginning of this article, we described the challenge faced by wildlife veterinarians in extrapolating treatment regimens and finding data bases of physiologic variables with which to assess health or depth of anesthesia in wild mammals. for example, we might wish to administer injectable ivermectin to a 75-kg deer and a 75-g squirrel for treatment of intestinal nematodes. an effective dose of ivermectin for the 75-kg deer is 0.2 mg/kg sc, and for the 75 g (0.075 kg) squirrel is 1.3 mg/kg ... | 1994 | 8109073 |
| a beta-associated cerebral angiopathy and senile plaques with neurofibrillary tangles and cerebral hemorrhage in an aged wolverine (gulo gulo). | in this study of an aged wolverine (gulo gulo), we document neuropathologic lesions (cerebral amyloid angiopathy (caa), neuritic plaques (nps), neurofibrillary tangles (nfts), and granulovacuolar degeneration strikingly similar to those present in aging and alzheimer's disease (ad), with the additional finding of concurrent cerebral hemorrhage. a beta immunoreactive cerebral amyloid angiopathy and senile plaques (neuritic and diffuse) were present throughout the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. ... | 1996 | 8744405 |
| four polymorphic microsatellites in wolverine, gulo gulo. | | 1998 | 9682453 |
| antibodies against orthopoxviruses in wild carnivores from fennoscandia. | two hundred and three sera obtained in 1993-96 from red foxes (vulpes vulpes), lynx (lynx lynx), brown bears (ursus arctos) and wolverines (gulo gulo) in fennoscandia (norway, sweden, and finland) were examined for the presence of anti-orthopoxvirus antibodies by a competition enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). high prevalences were found for the red foxes in norway (7/62, 11%) and finland (7/14, 50%). while only one of 73 (1%) lynx from finland had anti-orthopoxvirus antibodies, a high ... | 1998 | 9706553 |
| variation in behavioural responses of ewes towards predator-related stimuli. | thirty-two groups of six sheep, classified into three breed categories according to their weight class (l: light, one breed (n=7); m: medium light, two breeds (n=10); h: heavy, three breeds (n=15)) were tested for antipredatory behaviour towards seven stimulus regimes. tests were performed on 2-5-years-old ewes with lambs inside standardised and fenced home pastures. stimulus regimes were: man in rain poncho, trolley, ball on trolley (blind stimuli), stuffed wolverine on trolley, stuffed lynx on ... | 2001 | 11118663 |
| genetic structure of north american wolverine (gulo gulo) populations. | wolverines (gulo gulo) are found in low densities throughout their circumpolar distribution. they are also potentially susceptible to human-caused population fragmentation (development, recreation and fur harvesting). the combination of these factors has contributed to this species being listed as having either vulnerable or endangered status across much of its current range. the effects of inherently low densities and anthropogenic pressures on the genetic structure and variation of wolverine p ... | 2001 | 11298949 |
| concentrations of selected essential and non-essential elements in arctic fox (alopex lagopus) and wolverines (gulo gulo) from the canadian arctic. | arctic fox (alopex lagopus) and wolverine (gulo gulo) tissues were collected in the canadian arctic from 1998 to 2001 and analyzed for various essential and non-essential elements. several elements (ag, al, as, b, ba, be, co, cr, mo, ni, sb, sn, sr, tl, u and v) were near or below the detection limits in >95% arctic fox and wolverine samples. concentrations of cd, cu, fe, total hg (thg), mn, pb, se and zn were quantifiable in >50% of the samples analyzed and reported herein. hepatic elemental co ... | 2003 | 12798094 |
| studies on the helminth fauna of alaska. xxxvi. parasites of the wolverine, gulo gulo l., with observations on the biology of taenia twitchelli schwartz, 1924. | | 1959 | 14436500 |
| assessing population structure and gene flow in montana wolverines (gulo gulo) using assignment-based approaches. | in north america, wolverines once occupied a continuous range from alaska southward to new mexico. in the lower 48 states, small remnant populations remain only in the northwestern united states. among these remnant populations, the montana population has the highest probability of long-term persistence given its size and proximity to healthy populations in canada. in this study, we evaluate population genetic structure and gene flow among montana wolverines using 10 polymorphic microsatellite l ... | 2003 | 14629372 |
| antibodies to selected pathogens in free-ranging terrestrial carnivores and marine mammals in canada. | antibody titres to selected pathogens (canine adenovirus [cav-2], feline herpesvirus [fhv], phocine herpesvirus [phv-1], canine distemper virus, dolphin morbillivirus [dmv], phocine distemper virus [pdv], parainfluenza virus type 3 [pi3], rabies virus, dolphin rhabdovirus [drv], canine coronavirus, feline coronavirus, feline leukaemia virus, borrelia burgdorferi and toxoplasma gondii) were determined in whole blood or serum samples from selected free-ranging terrestrial carnivores and marine mam ... | 2004 | 15338705 |
| menu of gravettian people from southern moravia. | there are a number of upper palaeolithic sites of gravettian people in the southern moravia. these people had eaten animals and their bones were used for creating artefacts. their food was based on several species that lived in the vicinity of their settlement unit. the sites dolní vĕstonice ii (under western slope--uws), iia and iii and pavlov (1952, 1953, 1957 and 1958) have been studied to obtain a picture of the menu of gravettian people in this region. hunted animals fall into two groups, t ... | 2000 | 15828198 |
| diseases and mortality in free-ranging brown bear (ursus arctos), gray wolf (canis lupus), and wolverine (gulo gulo) in sweden. | ninety-eight brown bears (ursus arctos), 20 gray wolves (canis lupus), and 27 wolverines (gulo gulo), all free-ranging, were submitted to the national veterinary institute, uppsala, sweden, during 1987-2001 for investigation of diseases and causes of mortality. the most common cause of natural death in brown bears was infanticide. infanticide also was observed in wolverines but not in wolves. traumatic injuries, originating from road or railway accidents, were the most common cause of death in w ... | 2005 | 16107663 |
| a serologic survey for antibodies to three canine viruses in wolverines (gulo gulo) from the brooks range, alaska. | canine distemper virus (cdv), canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2), and canine adenovirus type 1 (cav-1) are pathogens that are typically associated with canids but may cause serious disease in a wide range of other carnivores. from 1998 to 2002, serum samples from 64 wolverines (gulo gulo) from the brooks range, alaska, were tested for antibodies to cdv, cpv-2, and canine adenovirus (cav). four animals tested positive for antibodies to cdv (7%), one for antibodies to cpv-2 (2%), and none for antibo ... | 2005 | 16456170 |
| geographic and host range of the nematode soboliphyme baturini across beringia. | the nematode soboliphyme baturini petrov, 1930, was found to represent a single species with a relatively broad geographic range across beringia and northwestern north america on the basis of the assessment of molecular sequence data for adult and juvenile parasites. refuted are hypotheses suggesting that several cryptic species could be partitioned either among an array of mustelid definitive hosts or across the vast region that links north america and eurasia. host specificity for this species ... | 2007 | 18163341 |
| capture and medetomidine-ketamine anesthesia of free-ranging wolverines (gulo gulo). | capture and anesthesia with medetomidine-ketamine were evaluated in free-ranging wolverines (gulo gulo) immobilized for marking with radiocollars or intraperitoneal radiotransmitters in norrbotten, sweden, during early june 2004 and 2005. twelve juvenile wolverines were captured by hand and injected with 0.14 +/- 0.03 mg/kg (mean +/- sd) medetomidine and 7.5 +/- 2.0 mg/kg ketamine. twelve adult wolverines were darted from a helicopter or the ground, or captured by hand. adults received 0.37 +/- ... | 2008 | 18263828 |
| trichinella t6 and trichinella nativa in wolverines (gulo gulo) from nunavut, canada. | infection of trichinella spp. is common among animals in the canadian arctic. we determined the prevalence of trichinella spp. infection in wolverines (gulo gulo) from nunavut, canada. diaphragms from 41 wolverines were examined by artificial digestion. trichinella spp. larvae were detected in 36 (87.8%) examined animals. trichinella t6 was detected in 33 (91.7%), trichinella nativa in only one (2.8%), and a mixed trichinella t6 and t. nativa infections were detected in two (5.6%) wolverines. th ... | 2008 | 18516722 |
| prevalence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in wolverines from nunavut, canada. | the prevalence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii was determined in blood and tissue exudates recovered from the spleens of 41 wolverines (gulo gulo) collected in nunavut, canada, using a modified agglutination test (mat). antibodies to t. gondii were found in 17 (41.5%) of the 41 wolverines with mat titers of 1:25 in 1, 1:50 in 4, 1:100 in 5, 1:200 in 6, and 1:400 in 1. this is the first report of antibodies to t. gondii in wolverines, and the results indicate that exposure is common. | 2008 | 18605808 |
| diet shift of a facultative scavenger, the wolverine, following recolonization of wolves. | 1. wolves canis lupus l. recolonized the boreal forests in the southern part of the scandinavian peninsula during the late 1990s, but so far there has been little attention to its effect on ecosystem functioning. wolf predation increases the availability of carcasses of large prey, especially moose alces alces l., which may lead in turn to a diet switch in facultative scavengers such as the wolverine gulo gulo l. 2. using 459 wolverine scats collected during winter-spring 2001-04 for dna identit ... | 2008 | 18657209 |
| habitat differentiation within the large-carnivore community of norway's multiple-use landscapes. | the re-establishment of large carnivores in norway has led to increased conflicts and the adoption of regional zoning for these predators. when planning the future distribution of large carnivores, it is important to consider details of their potential habitat tolerances and strength of inter-specific differentiation. we studied differentiation in habitat and kill sites within the large-carnivore community of south-eastern norway.we compared habitat selection of the brown bear ursus arctos l., e ... | 2008 | 19330031 |
| two new species of sarcocystis (apicomplexa: sarcocystidae) infecting the wolverine (gulo gulo) from nunavut, canada. | infection with sarcocystis species is common in many species of animals, but it has not yet been reported in wolverines (gulo gulo). histological sections of tongues from 41 wolverines in the kitikmeot region, nunavut, canada, were examined for sarcocysts. sarcocysts were found in 33 (80.4%) wolverines. two structurally distinct types of sarcocysts were found. type a sarcocysts were thin (<1 µm thick) walled. ultrastructurally, the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (pvm) had minute undulations, ... | 2010 | 20950105 |
| beta amyloid deposition and neurofibrillary tangles spontaneously occur in the brains of captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus). | alzheimer disease is a dementing disorder characterized pathologically by a+¦ deposition, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal loss. although aged animals of many species spontaneously develop a+¦ deposits, only 2 species (chimpanzee and wolverine) have been reported to develop a+¦ deposits and neurofibrillary tangles in the same individual. here, the authors demonstrate the spontaneous occurrence of a+¦ deposits and neurofibrillary tangles in captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus). among 22 cheet ... | 2011 | 21712514 |
| discernible but limited introgression has occurred where trichinella nativa and the t6 genotype occur in sympatry. | the genetic diversity within and among parasite populations provides clues to their evolutionary history. here, we sought to determine whether mitochondrial and microsatellite dna variation could be used to evaluate the extent of differentiation, gene flow and historical reproductive isolation among the freeze resistant parasites trichinella nativa and the trichinella t6 genotype infecting wolverines (gulo gulo) in nunavut, canada. to this end, we genotyped trichinella isolates derived from the ... | 2012 | 22266240 |
| aleutian mink disease virus in free-ranging mustelids in finland - a cross-sectional epidemiological and phylogenetic study. | aleutian mink disease virus (amdv) can cause severe immune-complex-mediated disease in american mink. amdv has also been detected in several other mustelid species with potential negative impact on their health and population. a molecular and cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted to obtain data on the prevalence, distribution, transmission and diversity of amdv strains in finnish free-ranging mustelids and risk factors associated with infection. the presence of anti-amdv antibodies ... | 2015 | 25667324 |
| genetic predictions of prion disease susceptibility in carnivore species based on variability of the prion gene coding region. | mammalian species vary widely in their apparent susceptibility to prion diseases. for example, several felid species developed prion disease (feline spongiform encephalopathy or fse) during the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) epidemic in the united kingdom, whereas no canine bse cases were detected. whether either of these or other groups of carnivore species can contract other prion diseases (e.g. chronic wasting disease or cwd) remains an open question. variation in the host-encoded pri ... | 2012 | 23236380 |
| molecular characterisation of sarcocystis lutrae n. sp. and toxoplasma gondii from the musculature of two eurasian otters (lutra lutra) in norway. | sarcocysts were detected in routinely processed histological sections of skeletal muscle, but not cardiac muscle, of two adult male otters (lutra lutra; mustelidae) from northern norway following their post-mortem examination in 1999 and 2000. the sarcocysts were slender, spindle-shaped, up to 970 μm long and 35-70 μm in greatest diameter. the sarcocyst wall was thin (∼ 0.5 μm) and smooth with no visible protrusions. portions of unfixed diaphragm of both animals were collected at the autopsies a ... | 2015 | 25512210 |
| [wild mammals of the grand duchy of lithuania in the works of jean-emmanuel gilibert]. | among the many topics of lively scientific work that jean emmanuel gilibert (1741-1814) conducted in grodno and vilnius, an important place is occupied by his observations of wild mammals. royal patronage and care from antoni tyzenhauz, treasurer of the grand duchy of lithuania and the governor of grodno, allowed gilibert to keep and observe wild fauna captured by royal services in royal forests, including białowieża primeval forest. such was an origin of a female bison kept by gilibert in grodn ... | 2015 | 26445747 |
| poor construction, not time, takes its toll on subsidised fences designed to deter large carnivores. | large carnivore conservation may be considered as successful in sweden, as wolf (canis lupus), lynx (lynx lynx), brown bear (ursus arctos), golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos), and wolverine (gulo gulo) populations have recovered from extinction or near extinction to viable populations during the last three decades. particularly the wolf and lynx populations have returned at the cost of an increasing number of carnivore attacks on domestic livestock. to support coexistence between carnivores and l ... | 2017 | 28394912 |
| on the tragedy of the commons: when predation and livestock loss may improve the economic lot of herders. | this paper studies the practice of semi-domestic reindeer (rangifer t. tarandus) herding in finnmark county in northern norway. in this area, the saami reindeer herders compete for space and grazing areas and keep large herds, while at the same time, the reindeer population is heavily exposed to carnivore predation by the lynx (lynx lynx), the wolverine (gulo gulo), and the golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos). it is demonstrated that predation actually may improve the economic lot of livestock hold ... | 2017 | 28361495 |
| interference in the tundra predator guild studied using local ecological knowledge. | the decline or recolonization of apex predators such as wolves and lynx, often driven by management decisions, and the expansion of smaller generalist predators such as red foxes, can have important ecosystem impacts. the mesopredator release hypothesis proposes that apex predators control medium-sized predator populations through competition and/or intraguild predation. the decline of apex predators thus leads to an increase in mesopredators, possibly with a negative impact on prey populations. ... | 2016 | 26686344 |
| recovery of large carnivores in europe's modern human-dominated landscapes. | the conservation of large carnivores is a formidable challenge for biodiversity conservation. using a data set on the past and current status of brown bears (ursus arctos), eurasian lynx (lynx lynx), gray wolves (canis lupus), and wolverines (gulo gulo) in european countries, we show that roughly one-third of mainland europe hosts at least one large carnivore species, with stable or increasing abundance in most cases in 21st-century records. the reasons for this overall conservation success incl ... | 2014 | 25525247 |
| polonium-210 and caesium-137 in lynx (lynx lynx), wolverine (gulo gulo) and wolves (canis lupus). | wolves, lynx and wolverines are on the top of the food-chain in northern scandinavia and finland. (210)po and (137)cs have been analysed in samples of liver, kidney and muscle from 28 wolves from sweden. in addition blood samples were taken from 27 wolves. in 9 of the wolves, samples of muscle, liver and blood were analysed for (210)po. samples of liver and muscle were collected from 16 lynx and 16 wolverines from norway. the liver samples were analysed for (210)po and (137)cs. only (137)cs anal ... | 2014 | 24811891 |
| the relationship between wolverine and larger predators, lynx and wolf, in a historical ecosystem context. | apex predators play an important role in shaping ecosystem structure. they may suppress smaller predators (mesopredators) but also subsidize scavengers via carrion provisioning. however, the importance of these interactions can change with ecosystem context. the wolverine (gulo gulo) is a cold-adapted carnivore and facultative scavenger. it has a circumboreal distribution, where it could be either suppressed or subsidized by larger predators. in scandinavia, the wolverine might interact with two ... | 2014 | 24652527 |
| implementation uncertainty when using recreational hunting to manage carnivores. | 1. wildlife managers often rely on resource users, such as recreational or commercial hunters, to achieve management goals. the use of hunters to control wildlife populations is especially common for predators and ungulates, but managers cannot assume that hunters will always fill annual quotas set by the authorities. it has been advocated that resource management models should account for uncertainty in how harvest rules are realized, requiring that this implementation uncertainty be estimated. ... | 2012 | 23197878 |
| comparison and assessment of drugs used to immobilize alaskan gray wolves (canis lupus) and wolverines (gulo gulo) from a helicopter. | one hundred and three alaskan gray wolves and 12 wolverines were immobilized in the nelchina and upper susitna river basins of southcentral alaska between march 1977 and may 1981. sixty-five wolves were immobilized with a mixture of phencyclidine hcl and promazine hcl (pp/hcl); 38 wolves were immobilized with etorphine hcl (ehcl) and 12 wolverines were immobilized with ehcl or with a mixture of ehcl and xylazine hcl (xhcl). phencyclidine hcl is no longer commercially available and an assessment ... | 1982 | 7131656 |
| mitochondrial genomes reveal the pattern and timing of marten (martes), wolverine (gulo), and fisher (pekania) diversification. | despite recent advances in understanding the pattern and timescale of evolutionary diversification in the marten, wolverine, fisher, and tayra subfamily guloninae (mustelidae, carnivora), several important issues still remain contentious. among these are the phylogenetic position of gulo relative to the subgenera of martes (martes and charronia), the phylogenetic relationships within the subgenus martes, and the timing of gulonine divergences. to elucidate these issues we explored nucleotide var ... | 2014 | 25132128 |
| patterns of sequencing coverage bias revealed by ultra-deep sequencing of vertebrate mitochondria. | genome and transcriptome sequencing applications that rely on variation in sequence depth can be negatively affected if there are systematic biases in coverage. we have investigated patterns of local variation in sequencing coverage by utilising ultra-deep sequencing (>100,000x) of mtdna obtained during sequencing of two vertebrate genomes, wolverine (gulo gulo) and collared flycatcher (ficedula albicollis). with such extreme depth, stochastic variation in coverage should be negligible, which al ... | 2014 | 24923674 |
| to what extent do microsatellite markers reflect genome-wide genetic diversity in natural populations? | microsatellite variability is widely used to infer levels of genetic diversity in natural populations. however, the ascertainment bias caused by typically selecting only the most polymorphic markers in the genome may lead to reduced sensitivity for judging genome-wide levels of genetic diversity. to test this potential limitation of microsatellite-based approaches, we assessed the degree of nucleotide diversity in noncoding regions of eight different carnivore populations, including inbred as we ... | 2008 | 18647238 |
| use of predator odors as repellents to reduce feeding damage by herbivores : ii. black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus). | the effectiveness of predator odors (fecal and urine) in suppressing feeding damage by black-tailed deer was investigated in pen bioassays at the university of british columbia research forest, maple ridge, british columbia, canada. a total of eight bioassay trials tested the effects of these odors on deer consumption of salal leaves and coniferous seedlings. cougar, coyote,and wolf feces as well as coyote, wolf, fox, wolverine, lynx, and bobcat urines provided the most effective suppression of ... | 1985 | 24310276 |
| use of predator odors as repellents to reduce feeding damage by herbivores : i. snowshoe hares (lepus americanus). | the effectiveness of predator odors (fecal, urine, and anal scent gland) in suppressing feeding damage by snowshoe hares was investigated in pen bioassays at the university of british columbia research forest, maple ridge, british columbia, canada. a total of 28 bioassay trials tested the effects of these odors on hare consumption of willow browse and coniferous seedlings. lynx and bobcat feces, weasel anal gland secretion, and lynx, bobcat, wolf, coyote, fox, and wolverine urines resulted in th ... | 1985 | 24310275 |
| radioecological modelling of polonium-210 and caesium-137 in lichen-reindeer-man and top predators. | this work deals with analysis and modelling of the radionuclides (210)pb and(210)po in the food-chain lichen-reindeer-man in addition to (210)po and (137)cs in top predators. by using the methods of partial least square regression (plsr) the atmospheric deposition of (210)pb and (210)po is predicted at the sample locations. dynamic modelling of the activity concentration with differential equations is fitted to the sample data. reindeer lichen consumption, gastrointestinal absorption, organ dist ... | 2017 | 28870414 |
| pulse of inflammatory proteins in the pregnant uterus of european polecats (mustela putorius) leading to the time of implantation. | uterine secretory proteins protect the uterus and conceptuses against infection, facilitate implantation, control cellular damage resulting from implantation, and supply pre-implantation embryos with nutrients. unlike in humans, the early conceptus of the european polecat (mustela putorius; ferret) grows and develops free in the uterus until implanting at about 12 days after mating. we found that the proteins appearing in polecat uteri changed dramatically with time leading to implantation. seve ... | 2017 | 28405395 |
| a conceptual framework for understanding illegal killing of large carnivores. | the growing complexity and global nature of wildlife poaching threaten the survival of many species worldwide and are outpacing conservation efforts. here, we reviewed proximal and distal factors, both social and ecological, driving illegal killing or poaching of large carnivores at sites where it can potentially occur. through this review, we developed a conceptual social-ecological system framework that ties together many of the factors influencing large carnivore poaching. unlike most conserv ... | 2017 | 27854069 |
| trade-offs and efficiencies in optimal budget-constrained multispecies corridor networks. | conservation biologists recognize that a system of isolated protected areas will be necessary but insufficient to meet biodiversity objectives. current approaches to connecting core conservation areas through corridors consider optimal corridor placement based on a single optimization goal: commonly, maximizing the movement for a target species across a network of protected areas. we show that designing corridors for single species based on purely ecological criteria leads to extremely expensive ... | 2017 | 27677418 |
| noninvasive genetic sampling reveals intrasex territoriality in wolverines. | due to its conspicuous manifestations and its capacity to shape the configuration and dynamics of wild populations, territorial behavior has long intrigued ecologists. territoriality and other animal interactions in situ have traditionally been studied via direct observations and telemetry. here, we explore whether noninvasive genetic sampling, which is increasingly supplementing traditional field methods in ecological research, can reveal territorial behavior in an elusive carnivore, the wolver ... | 2016 | 27087927 |
| tracking neighbours promotes the coexistence of large carnivores. | the study of competition and coexistence among similar interacting species has long been considered a cornerstone in evolutionary and community ecology. however, understanding coexistence remains a challenge. using two similar and sympatric competing large carnivores, eurasian lynx and wolverines, we tested the hypotheses that tracking among heterospecifics and reactive responses to potential risk decreases the probability of an agonistic encounter when predators access shared food resources, th ... | 2016 | 26979573 |
| reproductive patterns result from age-related sensitivity to resources and reproductive costs in a mammalian carnivore. | although the effects of individual age, resource availability, and reproductive costs have been extensively studied to understand the causes of variation in reproductive output, there are almost no studies showing how these factors interact in explaining this variation. to examine this interaction, we used longitudinal demographic data from an 18-year study of 53 breeding female wolverines (gulo gulo), and corresponding environmental data from their individual home ranges. females showed a typic ... | 2015 | 26909422 |
| wolverine behavior varies spatially with anthropogenic footprint: implications for conservation and inferences about declines. | understanding a species' behavioral response to rapid environmental change is an ongoing challenge in modern conservation. anthropogenic landscape modification, or "human footprint," is well documented as a central cause of large mammal decline and range contractions where the proximal mechanisms of decline are often contentious. direct mortality is an obvious cause; alternatively, human-modified landscapes perceived as unsuitable by some species may contribute to shifts in space use through pre ... | 2016 | 26900450 |
| [mitochondrial genome variability in the wolverine (gulo gulo)]. | the nucleotide sequence of an extended mitochondrial genome segment (11473 base pairs in size) was determined in the wolverine (gulo gulo) from magadan oblast. phylogenetic and statistical analyses of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) sequences of mustelids showed that the separation of the gulo phylogenetic branch occurred at the miocene--early pliocene (about 5.6 million years ago (mya)), while the formation of the species g. gulo took place in the middle pleistocene (181 and 234 thousand years ago (k ... | 2015 | 26845858 |
| phylogenetic relationship of wolverine gulo gulo in mustelidae revealed by complete mitochondrial genome. | the wolverine gulo gulo is an endangered species in china. we first obtained blood sample, extracted the sample dna and sequenced the whole mtdna genome of wolverine in northeast china. we built the phylogenetic tree of wolverine and 10 other most closely related mustelidae species. the wolverine's complete mitogenome is 16 575 bp in length, includes 13 protein-coding genes, 22 trna genes, 2 rrna genes and one control region. the phylogenetic tree indicates that wolverine is mostly close to the ... | 2016 | 26702734 |
| lack of spatial immunogenetic structure among wolverine (gulo gulo) populations suggestive of broad scale balancing selection. | elucidating the adaptive genetic potential of wildlife populations to environmental selective pressures is fundamental for species conservation. genes of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) are highly polymorphic, and play a key role in the adaptive immune response against pathogens. mhc polymorphism has been linked to balancing selection or heterogeneous selection promoting local adaptation. however, spatial patterns of mhc polymorphism are also influenced by gene flow and drift. wolveri ... | 2015 | 26448462 |
| the risks of learning: confounding detection and demographic trend when using count-based indices for population monitoring. | theory recognizes that a treatment of the detection process is required to avoid producing biased estimates of population rate of change. still, one of three monitoring programmes on animal or plant populations is focused on simply counting individuals or other fixed visible structures, such as natal dens, nests, tree cavities. this type of monitoring design poses concerns about the possibility to respect the assumption of constant detection, as the information acquired in a given year about the ... | 2014 | 25558358 |
| the role of predation and food limitation on claims for compensation, reindeer demography and population dynamics. | a major challenge in biodiversity conservation is to facilitate viable populations of large apex predators in ecosystems where they were recently driven to ecological extinction due to resource conflict with humans.monetary compensation for losses of livestock due to predation is currently a key instrument to encourage human-carnivore coexistence. however, a lack of quantitative estimates of livestock losses due to predation leads to disagreement over the practice of compensation payments. this ... | 2014 | 25558085 |
| high female mortality resulting in herd collapse in free-ranging domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in sweden. | reindeer herding in sweden is a form of pastoralism practised by the indigenous sámi population. the economy is mainly based on meat production. herd size is generally regulated by harvest in order not to overuse grazing ranges and keep a productive herd. nonetheless, herd growth and room for harvest is currently small in many areas. negative herd growth and low harvest rate were observed in one of two herds in a reindeer herding community in central sweden. the herds (a and b) used the same ran ... | 2014 | 25356591 |
| incorporating cold-air pooling into downscaled climate models increases potential refugia for snow-dependent species within the sierra nevada ecoregion, ca. | we present a unique water-balance approach for modeling snowpack under historic, current and future climates throughout the sierra nevada ecoregion. our methodology uses a finer scale (270 m) than previous regional studies and incorporates cold-air pooling, an atmospheric process that sustains cooler temperatures in topographic depressions thereby mitigating snowmelt. our results are intended to support management and conservation of snow-dependent species, which requires characterization of sui ... | 2014 | 25188379 |
| l-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase expression and vitamin c synthesis in the brain and kidney of the african lungfish, protopterus annectens. | this study aimed to test the hypothesis that the brain of protopterus annectens expressed l-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase (gulo/gulo), the enzyme catalyzing the last step of ascorbate biosynthesis, and could maintain high concentrations of ascorbate during estivation. we cloned and sequenced gulo from the kidney of p. annectens and performed quantitative pcr to determine its mrna expression in kidney and brain. gulo activity was assayed and its protein abundance was determined by western blot using c ... | 2014 | 24769670 |
| phylogeography and post-glacial recolonization in wolverines (gulo gulo) from across their circumpolar distribution. | interglacial-glacial cycles of the quaternary are widely recognized in shaping phylogeographic structure. patterns from cold adapted species can be especially informative - in particular, uncovering additional glacial refugia, identifying likely recolonization patterns, and increasing our understanding of species' responses to climate change. we investigated phylogenetic structure of the wolverine, a wide-ranging cold adapted carnivore, using a 318 bp of the mitochondrial dna control region for ... | 2013 | 24386287 |
| spatially explicit power analyses for occupancy-based monitoring of wolverine in the u.s. rocky mountains. | conservation scientists and resource managers often have to design monitoring programs for species that are rare or patchily distributed across large landscapes. such programs are frequently expensive and seldom can be conducted by one entity. it is essential that a prospective power analysis be undertaken to ensure stated monitoring goals are feasible. we developed a spatially based simulation program that accounts for natural history, habitat use, and sampling scheme to investigate the power o ... | 2014 | 24001256 |
| geo-spatial aspects of acceptance of illegal hunting of large carnivores in scandinavia. | human-carnivore conflicts are complex and are influenced by: the spatial distribution of the conflict species; the organisation and intensity of management measures such as zoning; historical experience with wildlife; land use patterns; and local cultural traditions. we have used a geographically stratified sampling of social values and attitudes to provide a novel perspective to the human - wildlife conflict. we have focused on acceptance by and disagreements between residents (measured as pote ... | 2013 | 23894353 |
| when species' ranges meet: assessing differences in habitat selection between sympatric large carnivores. | differentiation in habitat selection among sympatric species may depend on niche partitioning, species interactions, selection mechanisms and scales considered. in a mountainous area in sweden, we explored hierarchical habitat selection in global positioning system-collared individuals of two sympatric large carnivore species; an obligate predator, the eurasian lynx (lynx lynx), and a generalist predator and scavenger, the wolverine (gulo gulo). although the species' fundamental niches differ wi ... | 2013 | 23242426 |
| comparison of 454 pyrosequencing methods for characterizing the major histocompatibility complex of nonmodel species and the advantages of ultra deep coverage. | characterization and population genetic analysis of multilocus genes, such as those found in the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) is challenging in nonmodel vertebrates. the traditional method of extensive cloning and sanger sequencing is costly and time-intensive and indirect methods of assessment often underestimate total variation. here, we explored the suitability of 454 pyrosequencing for characterizing multilocus genes for use in population genetic studies. we compared two sample tag ... | 2013 | 23095905 |
| respiratory and olfactory turbinal size in canid and arctoid carnivorans. | within the nasal cavity of mammals is a complex scaffold of paper-thin bones that function in respiration and olfaction. known as turbinals, the bones greatly enlarge the surface area available for conditioning inspired air, reducing water loss, and improving olfaction. given their functional significance, the relative development of turbinal bones might be expected to differ among species with distinct olfactory, thermoregulatory and/or water conservation requirements. here we explore the surfa ... | 2012 | 23035637 |
| native predators reduce harvest of reindeer by sámi pastoralists. | contemporary efforts to protect biological diversity recognize the importance of sustaining traditional human livelihoods, particularly uses of the land that are compatible with intact landscapes and ecologically complete food webs. however, these efforts often confront conflicting goals. for example, conserving native predators may harm pastoralist economies because predators consume domestic livestock that sustain people. this potential conflict must be reconciled by policy, but such reconcili ... | 2012 | 22908719 |
| a spatial dirichlet process mixture model for clustering population genetics data. | identifying homogeneous groups of individuals is an important problem in population genetics. recently, several methods have been proposed that exploit spatial information to improve clustering algorithms. in this article, we develop a bayesian clustering algorithm based on the dirichlet process prior that uses both genetic and spatial information to classify individuals into homogeneous clusters for further study. we study the performance of our method using a simulation study and use our model ... | 2011 | 20825394 |
| wolverine gene flow across a narrow climatic niche. | wolverines (gulo gulo) are one of the rarest carnivores in the contiguous united states. effective population sizes in montana, idaho, and wyoming, where most of the wolverines in the contiguous united states exist, were calculated to be 35 (credible limits, 28 52) suggesting low abundance. landscape features that influence wolverine population substructure and gene flow are largely unknown. recent work has identified strong associations between areas with persistent spring snow and wolverine pr ... | 2009 | 19967877 |
| inference of structure in subdivided populations at low levels of genetic differentiation--the correlated allele frequencies model revisited. | this article considers the problem of estimating population genetic subdivision from multilocus genotype data. a model is considered to make use of genotypes and possibly of spatial coordinates of sampled individuals. a particular attention is paid to the case of low genetic differentiation with the help of a previously described bayesian clustering model where allele frequencies are assumed to be a priori correlated. under this model, various problems of inference are considered, in particular ... | 2008 | 18710873 |
| independent nonframeshift deletions in the mc1r gene are not associated with melanistic coat coloration in three mustelid lineages. | sequence variation within the 5' flanking (about 240 bp) and exon regions (426 bp) of the melanocortin-1 receptor (mc1r) gene was examined to determine the potential role of this protein in the melanistic coat coloration of 17 mustelid species in four genera: gulo (wolverines), martes (martens), mustela (weasels), and meles (badgers). members of the genera mustela and meles, together with martes flavigula and martes pennanti, were shown to have intact gene sequences. however, several "in frame" ... | 2006 | 16135707 |
| volatile compounds from anal glands of the wolverine, gulo gulo. | dichloromethane extracts of wolverine (gulo gulo, mustelinae, mustelidae) anal gland secretion were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. the secretion composition was complex and variable for the six samples examined: 123 compounds were detected in total, with the number per animal ranging from 45 to 71 compounds. only six compounds were common to all extracts: 3-methylbutanoic acid, 2-methylbutanoic acid, phenylacetic acid, alpha-tocopherol, cholesterol, and a compound tentatively ... | 2005 | 16132215 |
| microsatellite genotyping of dna isolated from claws left on tanned carnivore hides. | tanned hides, a common form of preservation of mammalian specimens, are usually resistant to dna analysis. however, we show that dna isolated from the pulp of claws of tanned hides amplifies well for microsatellite markers. for eight wolverine and eight lynx hides tanned 5-20 years ago, 93-98% of replicate amplifications gave distinct pcr products. genotypes obtained in analysis of tissue samples of the same individuals were in all cases in agreement with those obtained by analysis of claws. we ... | 2005 | 15690184 |
| a spatial statistical model for landscape genetics. | landscape genetics is a new discipline that aims to provide information on how landscape and environmental features influence population genetic structure. the first key step of landscape genetics is the spatial detection and location of genetic discontinuities between populations. however, efficient methods for achieving this task are lacking. in this article, we first clarify what is conceptually involved in the spatial modeling of genetic data. then we describe a bayesian model implemented in ... | 2005 | 15520263 |
| environmental contaminants in wild martens (martes americana) and wolverines (gulo luscus). | | 2004 | 15386078 |
| providing notice to employees on leave: implications of ragsdale versus wolverine worldwide, inc. | occupational health nurses must develop a perspective on implementation of the family and medical leave act (fmla) that supports the provision of quality nursing care to employees and regulatory compliance by the employer. public policy related to the fmla continues to evolve with the states acting more rapidly than the federal government as laboratories for social change. occupational health nurses must identify resources for staying current about new legislation and proposals to advise employe ... | 2003 | 14651388 |
| profile of persistent chlorinated contaminants, including selected chiral compounds, in wolverine (gulo gulo) livers from the canadian arctic. | wolverines (gulo gulo) are circumpolar omnivores that live throughout the alpine and arctic tundra ecosystem. wolverine livers were collected at kugluktuk (coppermine), nu (n=12) in the western canadian arctic to report, for the first time, the residue patterns of persistent organochlorine contaminants (ocs) in this species. the enantiomer fractions (efs) of several chiral ocs, including pcb atropisomers, in wolverines were also determined. results were compared to oc concentrations and efs of c ... | 2003 | 12948539 |
| molecular evolution of holarctic martens (genus martes, mammalia: carnivora: mustelidae). | the bering land bridge has served as a major corridor of interchange between the northern continents for many organisms. we investigated the phylogeny of all extant species of martes (except for martes gwatkinsi from india) to infer evolutionary relationships and characterize the extent of trans-beringian movements. analyses of complete sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and partial sequences of the nuclear aldolase c gene (241bp) suggested that the genus martes may be paraphyletic ... | 2002 | 12144754 |
| genetic variation and structure of fisher (martes pennanti) populations across north america. | fishers are mid-sized forest carnivores indigenous to north america that experienced sharp population declines from the early 1800s through to the mid-1900s. to evaluate levels of genetic variation within and subdivision among northern fisher populations 459 individuals were genotyped using 13 microsatellite loci. genetic diversity was found to be slightly lower in re-introduced populations than in adjacent indigenous populations. furthermore, fisher populations revealed much more genetic struct ... | 2001 | 11555275 |
| genetic variation and population structure in scandinavian wolverine (gulo gulo) populations. | wolverine (gulo gulo) numbers in scandinavia were significantly reduced during the early part of the century as a result of predator removal programmes and hunting. protective legislation in both sweden and norway in the 1960s and 1970s has now resulted in increased wolverine densities in scandinavia. we report here the development of 15 polymorphic microsatellite markers in wolverine and their use to examine the population sub-structure and genetic variability in free-ranging scandinavian wolve ... | 2001 | 11251787 |
| evolutionary trends of the mitochondrial lineage differentiation in species of genera martes and mustela. | we compared partial sequences (402 bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in 68 individuals of martens (martes), weasels (mustela) and their relatives from the northern hemisphere to identify the modes of geographic differentiation in each species. we then compared complete sequences (1140 bp) of the gene in 17 species of the family mustelidae to know the spatial and temporal modes of speciation, constructing linearized trees with transversional substitutions for deeper lineage divergences a ... | 2000 | 11245219 |
| occurrence of the ear canker mite, otodectes cynotis (hering), on the wolverine, gulo gulo (l.). | | 1985 | 3999253 |
| animal welfare in predator control: lessons from land and sea. how the management of terrestrial and marine mammals impacts wild animal welfare in human-wildlife conflict scenarios in europe. | the control of predators, on land and in the sea, is a complex topic. both marine and terrestrial mammal predators come into conflict with humans in europe in many ways and yet their situations are rarely compared. areas of conflict include the predation of livestock and farmed fish, and the perceived competition for wild prey (for example wolves competing with hunters for deer and seals competing with fishermen for salmon). a lethal method (shooting) and non-lethal methods of conflict reduction ... | 2020 | 32013173 |
| trichinella pseudospiralis in a wolverine (gulo gulo) from the canadian north. | species of trichinella are a globally distributed assemblage of nematodes, often with distinct host ranges, which include people, domestic, and wild animals. trichinella spp. are important in northern canada, where dietary habits of people and methods of meat preparation (drying, smoking, fermenting as well as raw) increase the risk posed by these foodborne zoonotic parasites. outbreaks in the arctic and subarctic regions of canada and the united states are generally attributed to t. nativa (t2) ... | 2019 | 31289720 |
| francisella tularensis in swedish predators and scavengers. | tularaemia is a zoonotic disease, in europe caused by francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica. many lagomorphs and a variety of small rodents are wildlife species prone to develop clinical disease, while predators and scavengers are relatively resistant and may serve as sentinels. blood samples from 656 swedish wild predators and scavengers were serologically investigated using slide agglutination and microagglutination. in the slide agglutination test, 34 seropositive animals were detected, an ... | 2019 | 31637994 |
| discrimination factors of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes from diet to hair in captive large arctic carnivores of conservation concern. | stable isotope analysis is widely used to reconstruct diet, delineate trophic interactions, and determine energy pathways. such ecological inferences are based on the idea that animals are, isotopically, what they eat but with a predictable difference between the isotopic ratio of a consumer and that of its diet, coined as the discrimination factor. providing correct estimates of diet-consumer isotopic discrimination in controlled conditions is key for a robust application of the stable isotopes ... | 2018 | 30030922 |
| parasites of an arctic scavenger; the wolverine (gulogulo). | parasites are fundamental components within all ecosystems, shaping interaction webs, host population dynamics and behaviour. despite this, baseline data is lacking to understand the parasite ecology of many arctic species, including the wolverine (gulogulo), a top arctic predator and scavenger. here, we combined traditional count methods (i.e. adult helminth recovery, where taxonomy was confirmed by molecular identification) with 18s rrna high-throughput sequencing to document the wolverine par ... | 2020 | 33134077 |
| landscape genetics of wolverines (gulo gulo): scale-dependent effects of bioclimatic, topographic, and anthropogenic variables. | climate change can have particularly severe consequences for high-elevation species that are well-adapted to long-lasting snow conditions within their habitats. one such species is the wolverine, gulo gulo, with several studies showing a strong, year-round association of the species with the area defined by persistent spring snow cover. this bioclimatic niche also predicts successful dispersal paths for wolverines in the contiguous united states, where the species shows low levels of genetic exc ... | 2020 | 32665742 |
| beaver (castor canadensis) use of borrow pits in an industrial landscape in northwestern alberta. | borrow pits, dug by industry to provide substrate for infrastructure such as roads and well sites, are prevalent throughout the boreal forest of western canada yet little is known about their use by wildlife. during field surveys in rainbow lake, alberta, we found that beavers (castor canadensis) used inundated borrow pits extensively for foraging and over wintering, suggesting that borrow pits increase beaver populations above their natural carrying capacity in industrial landscapes. we visited ... | 2020 | 32561009 |
| assessing the effectiveness of a national protected area network for carnivore conservation. | protected areas (pas) are essential to prevent further biodiversity loss yet their effectiveness varies largely with governance and external threats. although methodological advances have permitted assessments of pa effectiveness in mitigating deforestation, we still lack similar studies for the impact of pas on wildlife populations. here we use an innovative combination of matching methods and hurdle-mixed models with a large-scale and long-term dataset for finland's large carnivore species. we ... | 2020 | 32528022 |
| new species of miroculis edmunds, 1963 (ephemeroptera: leptophlebiidae) based on nymphs and imagos from chapada diamantina's complex, northeast brazil. | miroculis edmunds represents one of the most species-rich genera amongst neotropical leptophlebiids comprising 25 valid species, with 18 of them reported from brazil. although several species have been described throughout the years, the taxonomy of miroculis has focused mainly on male imagos, with other semaphoronts often unknown. here, miroculis (miroculis) niltoi sp. nov. is described based on nymphs and imagos from chapada diamantina's complex, northeast brazil. male imagos of m. (m.) niltoi ... | 2020 | 32230369 |
| hiding in plain sight: discovery and phylogeography of a cryptic species of trichinella (nematoda: trichinellidae) in wolverine (gulo gulo). | understanding parasite diversity and distribution is essential in managing the potential impact of parasitic diseases in animals and people. imperfect diagnostic methods, however, may conceal cryptic species. here, we report the discovery and phylogeography of a previously unrecognized species of trichinella in wolverine (gulo gulo) from northwestern canada that was indistinguishable from t. nativa using the standard multiplex pcr assay based on the expansion segment 5 (esv) of ribosomal dna. th ... | 2020 | 32171846 |
| "wolverine, i think it's called: blood thinners but in tablets." patients experience of living with cancer associated thrombosis in new zealand (pelicanz). | | 2020 | 32151801 |
| risk factors and prevalence of antibodies for toxoplasma gondii in diaphragmatic fluid in wolverines (gulo gulo) from the northwest territories, canada. | toxoplasma gondii, a zoonotic food borne parasite that can infect almost all warm-blooded animals including people, and ranks 4th among 24 most significant global foodborne parasites listed by the world health organization/united nations food and agriculture organization (fao/who, 2014). exposure to t. gondii has been reported in wildlife and people in the canadian north, despite low densities of feline definitive hosts. the ecology of this host-parasite system could be affected by changing clim ... | 2019 | 32095625 |
| comparison of tissues (heart vs. brain) and serological tests (mat, elisa and ifat) for detection of toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected wolverines (gulo gulo) from the yukon, canada. | toxoplasmosis is an important parasitic zoonosis worldwide. many human and animal surveys use serological assays based on toxoplasma gondii antibody detection in serum, a matrix that is not routinely available from wildlife. commonly used serological assays have rarely been validated for use with fluids other than serum, nor validated for their performance in wildlife species. new molecular assays, such as magnetic capture dna extraction and real-time pcr (mc-qpcr), offer high sensitivity for de ... | 2019 | 32095617 |
| carnivore management zones and their impact on sheep farming in norway. | we investigated the impact of norway's current zonal carnivore management system for four large carnivore species on sheep farming. sheep losses increased when the large carnivores were reintroduced, but has declined again after the introduction of the zoning management system. the total number of sheep increased outside, but declined slightly inside the management zones. the total sheep production increased, but sheep farming was still lost as a source of income for many farmers. the use of the ... | 2019 | 31624855 |