| mosquito-borne arboviruses in arctic america. | mosquito-borne arboviruses are prevalent throughout subarctic regions of canada and alaska, principally in the boreal forest extending between latitudes 53 and 66 degrees n, but they have been identified in tundra regions as far north as 70 degrees n. all mosquito-borne agents have been bunyaviruses, comprising principally the snowshoe hare subtype of california encephalitis (ce) virus, but also northway virus. mosquito vectors comprise several aedes species and culiseta inornata, all of which h ... | 1975 | 1602 |
| bunyavirus isolations from mosquitoes in the western canadian arctic. | strains of california encephalitis virus (snowshoe hare subtype) were isolated from 8 of 475 pools comprising 23 747 unengorged female mosquitoes of five species collected at three of six locations throughout the mackenzie valley of the northwest territories, canada, from latitudes 60 to 69 degrees n between 10 and 24 july 1976. minimum field infection rates included 1:2734 for aedes communis, 1:256 to 1:3662 for a. hexodontus and 1:911 to 1:1611 for a. punctor. northway virus was also isolated ... | 1977 | 18541 |
| california encephalitis virus activity in mosquitoes and horses in southern ontario, 1975. | a study was undertaken in 1975 to determine california encephalitis virus activity in southern ontario. three thousand and sixty-one mosquitoes, primarily aedes species, were divided into 104 pools and inoculated into suckling mice. isolates of snowshoe hare virus were obtained from one pool each of aedes fitchii and a. triseriatus mosquitoes collected in the guelph area. serological testing of horse sera revealed extensive virus activity in southern ontario and indicated that horses may serve a ... | 1978 | 34475 |
| bunyavirus development in arctic and aedes aegypti mosquitoes as revealed by glucose oxidase staining and immunofluorescence. | northway virus replication has been detected in salivary glands of wild-caught culiseta inornata and aedes communis mosquitoes from the western canadian arctic after incubation at 4 degrees c for 9 to 11 months, and after incubation at 13 degrees c for 3 to 4 months after they received virus by oral ingestion or intrathoracic injection. aedes hexodontus supported northway virus replication after incubation at 13 degrees c for one month after intrathoracic injection. aedes aegypti supported north ... | 1979 | 44464 |
| cross-neutralization study of seven california group (bunyaviridae) strains in homoiothermous (ps) and poikilothermous (xtc-2) vertebrate cells. | antigenic relationships among seven california group strains were studied by a plaque-reduction neutralization test (prnt). cross-reactions occurred in most cases but three subgroups were noted: (1) the major serogroup contained the viruses of california encephalitis, lacrosse, snowshoe hare and trahyna (including the lumbo strain) whereas (2) jamestown canyon and (3) trivittatus viruses were distinct. there was no significant difference between the prnt results in mammalian (ps) cells incubated ... | 1979 | 84857 |
| lapine rotavirus: preliminary studies on epizoology and transmission. | antibody to rotavirus was found in sera of domestic rabbits, wild cottontail rabbits and snowshoe hares. eight out of 187 stools from a rabbitry contained rotavirus, though no clinical symptoms were apparent. the virus extracted from one such stool infected a five week old seronegative rabbit and led to distention and congestion of the colon, excretion of virus in the stool and a serological response to virus. human and simian rotaviruses did not replicate in the rabbits. | 1978 | 206325 |
| biochemical studies on the phlebotomus fever group viruses (bunyaviridae family). | analyses of the virion polypeptides and genomes of several phlebotomus fever group viruses, karimabad, punta toro, chagres, and the sandfly fever sicilian serotype viruses, have established that they are biochemically similar to the accepted members of the bunyaviridae family. like snowshoe hare virus (a member of the california serogroup of the bunyavirus genus of the bunyaviridae family), karimabad, punta toro, chagres, and the sandfly fever sicilian serotype viruses all have three viral rna s ... | 1979 | 225523 |
| california encephalitis virus development in mosquitoes as revealed by transmission studies, immunoperoxidase staining, and electron microscopy. | isolates of the snowshoe hare subtype of california encephalitis (ce) virus from yukon mosquitoes during 1972 and 1973 were transmitted by bites of aedes aegypti mosquitoes after 4 to 5 weeks of extrinsic incubation at 55 degrees f after intrathoracic injection, and the 1973 strain was transmitted after mosquitoes were fed virus and held for 3 to 4 weeks at 75 degrees f. antigen of a 1971 isolate of ce virus (marsh lake 23) was detected in salivary glands of infected mosquitoes by the immunopero ... | 1975 | 235355 |
| seasonal sympatho-adrenal and metabolic responses to cold in the alaskan snowshoe hare (lepus americanus macfarlani). | | 1975 | 237665 |
| california encephalitis virus prevalence throughout the yukon territory, 1971-1974. | california encephalitis (ce) virus (snowshoe hare subtype) was isolated from 1 of 38 pools comprising 970 unengorged female aedes canadensis mosquitoes and from 3 of 152 pools containing 5,676 a. communis mosquitoes which were collected in the yukon territory, canada between latitudes 61 and 66 degrees n during june and july 1974. during four summers 1971 through 1974, this virus was recovered from 26 of 648 pools derived from 30,686 mosquitoes of 4 species. isolation of ce virus from 1 of 109 p ... | 1975 | 239604 |
| ascorbic acid and l-gulonolactone oxidase in lagomorphs. | 1. the activity of l-gulonolactone oxidase (ec 1.1.3.8) in the liver of eastern cottontail rabbits (sylvilagus floridanus) is about 10-fold greater in winter than in summer. 2. l-gulonolactone oxidase activity is low and tissue ascorbate high during all seasons in snowshoe hares (lepus americanus). 3. liver contents of ascorbate fall to low levels in l. americanus fed on rabbit chow in the laboratory. 4. the activity of l-gulonolactone oxidase in liver of sylvilagus and oryctolagus is depressed ... | 1978 | 318384 |
| a comparison of la crosse virus isolated obtained from different ecological niches and an analysis of the structural components of california encephalitis serogroup viruses and other bunyaviruses. | analyses of the oligonucleotide fingerprints of the three genome ribonucleic acid (rna) species of 11 isolates of la crosse (lac) virus, obtained from various ecological niches in the northern united states and compared to those of prototype lac virus, showed that in each place from which these isolates were obtained lac variants and varieties were present with related, but distinguishable, nucleotide sequences for their large, medium, or small rna species. the rna genomes of prototypes trivitta ... | 1979 | 453439 |
| heterologous interference in aedes albopictus cells infected with alphaviruses. | maximum amounts of 42s and 26s single-stranded viral rna and viral structural proteins were synthesized in aedes albopictus cells at 24 h after sindbis virus infection. thereafter, viral rna and protein syntheses were inhibited. by 3 days postinfection, only small quantities of 42s rna and no detectable 26s rna or structural proteins were synthesized in infected cells. superinfection of a. albopictus cells 3 days after sindbis virus infection with sindbis, semliki forest, una, or chikungunya alp ... | 1979 | 480461 |
| in vivo transcription and protein synthesis capabilities of bunyaviruses: wild-type snowshoe hare virus and its temperature-sensitive group i, group ii, and group i/ii mutants. | the in vivo primary and secondary transcription capabilities of wild-type snowshoe hare (ssh) virus and certain of its temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants have been analyzed. the results obtained agree with in vitro studies (bouloy et al., c.r. acad. sci. paris 280:213-215, 1975; m. bouloy and c. hannoun, virology 69:258-264, 1976; m. ranki and r. pettersson, j. virol. 16:1420-1425, 1975) which have shown that bunyaviruses are negative-stranded rna viruses with a virion rna-directed rna polymeras ... | 1979 | 480477 |
| genome complexities of the three mrna species of snowshoe hare bunyavirus and in vitro translation of s mrna to viral n polypeptide. | the genome complexities of the principal intracellular viral complementary rna species of the snowshoe hare bunyavirus have been analyzed by duplex analyses involving hybridization of complementary rna to individual 32p-labeled viral rna species (large, l; medium, m; and small, s), recovery of nuclease-resistant duplexes, and determination of the oligonucleotide fingerprints of the protected 32p-labeled viral sequences. the result for the m rna (which codes for the glycoproteins g1 and g2; j. r. ... | 1979 | 513192 |
| recombination between snowhoe hare and la crosse bunyaviruses. | we have previously reported heterologous genetic recombination resulting from crosses involving temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of la crosse (lac) group ii and snowshoe hare (ssh) group i ts mutants (j. gentsch, l. r. wynne, j. p. clewley, r. e. shope, and d. h. l. bishop, j. virol. 24:893-902, 1977). from those crosses two reassortant viruses having the large/medium/small viral rna segment genotypes of ssh/lac/ssh and ssh/lac/lac were obtained. in this study it has been found that the recipr ... | 1979 | 513193 |
| three unique viral rna species of snowshoe hare and la crosse bunyaviruses. | two-dimensional gel electrophoreses of rnase t1-derived oligonucleotides of the three individual rna segments of the bunyavirus snowshow hare virus indicate that its three rna segments possess distinct nucleotide sequences. the fingerprints of the rna species of snowshoe hare virus differ from those of the antigenically closely related la crosse virus. three viral rna species have been identified in preparations of melao and trivittatus as well as snowshoe hare, lumbo, and la crosse bunyaviruses ... | 1977 | 559104 |
| formation of recombinants between snowshoe hare and la crosse bunyaviruses. | wild-type recombinants were obtained at high frequency from coinfections of bhk cells involving temperature-sensitive, conditional-lethal mutants of snowshoe hare (ssh) and la crosse (lac) bunyaviruses. analyses of two of the recombinants indicated that they have the genome compositions ssh/lac/ssh and ssh/lac/lac for their respective l, m, and s virion rna species. this evidence, together with that for the genetic stability of the recombinants, indicates that they were derived by segment reasso ... | 1977 | 592468 |
| new minto virus: a new rhabdovirus from ticks in alaska. | three strains of a virus were isolated from haemaphysalis leporis-palustris (packard) ticks removed from snowshoe hares (lepus americanus erxleben) in east central alaska. we suggest that the virus be named new minto for the location in which the ticks were collected. prototype new minto virus is sensitive to the action of sodium deoxycholate and kills suckling mice by the intracerebral but not intraperitoneal route; weaned mice do not die after intracerebral, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous in ... | 1978 | 638895 |
| antibodies to snowshoe hare virus of the california group in the snowshoe hare (lepus americanus) population of nova scotia. | serological study showed the presence of antibodies to snowshoe hare virus in 6--14% of snowshoe hares (lepus americanus) samples in nova scotia. this report extends the known range of this virus in north america. | 1978 | 686253 |
| small viral rna segment of bunyaviruses codes for viral nucleocapsid protein. | tryptic peptide analyses have been undertaken on the nucleocapsid (n) protein of snowshoe hare (ssh) and la crosse (lac) bunyaviruses. similar analyses have been performed on the n proteins of two recombinant viruses which have the large/medium/small rna genome configurations: ssh/lac/lac and ssh/lac/ssh. the results provide conclusive evidence that the s rna of bunyaviruses codes for the the viral n protein. | 1978 | 702656 |
| the virus particle nucleic acids and proteins of four bunyaviruses. | the structural polypeptides of five bunyaviruses, snowshoe hare, lumbo and la crosse viruses (members of the california encephalitis subgroup of bunyaviruses), bunyamwera and main drain viruses (members of the bunyamwera subgroup of bunyaviruses), have been compared by polyacrylamide-sds gel electrophoresis. each virus was found to possess three major structural polypeptides, two glycoproteins (g1 and g2), and one nucleocapsid protein (n). although the sizes of the g1 polypeptides (mol. wt. appr ... | 1977 | 839199 |
| behavior and mortality of free-ranging raccoons, snowshoe hares, and striped skunks after exposure to 300 r gamma radiation. | | 1977 | 847099 |
| experimental study of eimeria robertsoni (protozoa, eimeriidae) in the snowshoe hare, lepus americanus. | a 6 1/2-day prepatent period and a patent period of at least 22 days followed single oocyst infection of a young coccidia-free hare with eimeria robertsoni. size of oocysts increased significantly during patency and was negatively correlated with oocyst output. oryctolagus cuniculus remained negative after inoculation per os of e. robertsoni of snowshoe hare origin. | 1977 | 859077 |
| single inoculation immune hamster sera for typing california group arboviruses by the complement-fixation test. | eight reference california group viruses of north america were typed using sera of immune hamsters bled 21 days after a single inoculation. the complement-fixation test reactions were relatively specific, although only 2-fold differences were observed reciprocally with the closely-related la crosse and snowshoe hare viruses. hamster serum taken 10 days post inoculation was more specific than a 21-day serum. sepcificity after second inoculation was lost with some antigens. jamestown canyon and so ... | 1977 | 869106 |
| viremia and antibody response to la crosse virus in sentinel gray squirrels (sciuris carolinensis) and chipmunks tamias striatus). | six isolates of la crosse (lac) virus were obtained from sentinel gray squirrels (sciuris carolinensis) and four from sentinel chipmunks (tamias striatus) in an endemic area. viremia titers were measured by plaquing on vero cells. antibody responses of the animals were measured by a microneutralization test employing four california group viruses: lac, snowshoe hare (ssh), trivittatus, and jamestown canyon. in both species lac antibody titers peaked at approximately 21 days and were still detect ... | 1977 | 889022 |
| seasonal changes in stomach worms (obeliscoides cuniculi) in snowshoe hares in maine. | the stomachs of 141 (96.5%) of 146 snowshoe hares (lepus americanus) collected in the area of east corinth, maine between the months of february, 1972 and february, 1973 were infected with obeliscoides cuniculi. nematodes were counted in 140 infected adult hares. the greatest intensity of infection occurred during the period from spring into summer (march to july) and at this time the populations of nematodes were mainly adults. during this period, female hares harbored significantly greater num ... | 1977 | 916149 |
| description of nine species of eimeria (protozoa, eimeriidae) in the snowshoe hare, lepus americanus, of central alberta. | | 1977 | 922610 |
| experimental chlamydiosis in wild and domestic lagomorphs. | chlamydia psittaci (strain m56, the agent of epizootic chlamydiosis of muskrats and hares) was highly lethal for the snowshoe hare (lepus americans) following intravenous inoculation, whereas the agent was much less virulent for cottontail (sylvilagus floridanus) and albino domestic rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus). tissue titres of strain m56 were generally higher after 96 hr in the snowshoe hare than in tissues of the other lagomorphs. spleen, liver and bone marrow were apparently the chief sit ... | 1976 | 933312 |
| adiaspiromycosis in the franklin's ground squirrel, spermophilus franklini, and pika, ochotona princeps, from alberta, canada. | pulmonary adiaspiromycosis due to emmonsia crescens was diagnosed in three of six franklin's ground squirrels (spermophilus franklini) captured in rochester, central alberts, canada in the summer of 1971, and in one of 240 pikas (ochotona princeps) collected in southwestern alberta in 1969. granulomas measuring 0.5 to 1 mm in diameter were found in both lungs. these granulomas contained adiaspores measuring 60 to 400 mum in diameter. the disease was not found in six franklin's ground squirrels c ... | 1976 | 943581 |
| california encephalitis virus proliferation in yukon mosquitoes incubated at low temperatures. | replication of a subarctic bunyavirus, california encephalitis (snowshoe hare subtype), was detected in salivary glands and thoraces of wild-caught aedes communis mosquitoes from the yokon territory, after intrathoracic inoculation with 0.1 to 100 mouse ld50 virus, and incubation for 7 to 21 days throughout their viable temperature range of 0 to 23 degrees c. immunoperoxidase staining confirmed that viral replication occurred in the cytoplasm of acinar cells of salivary glands, both by ligh micr ... | 1976 | 963625 |
| chromosome banding pattern relationships of hares, rabbits, and pikas (order lagomorpha). a phyletic interpretation. | the chromosome banding patterns of the domestic rabbit, oryctolagus cuniculus, the brush rabbit, sylvilagus bachmani, and the snowshoe hare, lepus americanus, are nearly identical except for minor differences in the amount of constitutive heterochromatin present. the major mechanisms of chromosome evolution in leporid lagomorphs are centric fusion and addition of heterochromatin. the g- and c-banding patterns of the pika, ochotona princeps, revealed little easily recognized structural homology w ... | 1976 | 975938 |
| recombination and complementation between temperature-sensitive mutants of a bunyavirus, snowshoe hare virus. | complementation and recombination have been observed with temperature-sensitive mutants of bunyavirus snowshoe hare virus. | 1976 | 978796 |
| isolation of la crosse virus (california encephalitis group) from the chipmunk (tamias striatus), an amplifier host. | la crosse (lac) virus was isolated from the blood of seven chipmunks (tamias striatus) captured during the summer of 1970 in southwestern wisconsin. with the exception of the original isolate obtained from human brain after fatal encephalitis, these represent the first known isolations of lac virus from a naturally infected free-living vertebrate. the chipmunks were trapped and periodically recaptured in two study areas where 59 chipmunks became infected and developed neutralizing antibody durin ... | 1975 | 1106233 |
| environmental modification of western equine encephalomyelitis infection in the snowshoe hare (lepus americanus). | the snowshoe hare (lepus americanus) could be infected with western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) virus and produce a viremia. furthermore, viremia in hares exposed to variable climatic conditions differed significantly from viremias seen in the control animals held at constant temperatures. the viremia duration and titer were increased in animals subjected to fluctuating temperature and humidity. the time of onset of viremia was accelerated. antibody response also increased in animals exposed ... | 1975 | 1168174 |
| non-random reassortment between the tripartite rna genomes of la crosse and snowshoe hare viruses. | the process of reassortment between the tripartite rna genomes (segments designated l, m and s) of snowshoe hare and la crosse bunyaviruses (bunyaviridae) has been investigated by polymerase chain reaction analysis of greater than 250 progeny recovered at 72 h post-infection from dual wild-type virus infections involving high multiplicities (approximately 5) of each virus in a bhk-21 cell line. statistical analysis of the data indicated that rna segment reassortment was not random, and for these ... | 1992 | 1402816 |
| genomic and biologic analyses of snowshoe hare virus field and laboratory strains. | low-passage field strains of snowshoe hare (ssh) virus (bunyaviridae), the prototype ssh virus (originally isolated in montana), and la crosse (lac) virus were compared serologically by plaque-reduction neutralization (prnt) and molecularly by oligonucleotide fingerprinting (onf). the prnt and onf results confirmed the identity of the field strains, although some differences in the fingerprints were observed. we have examined the rna genome variability in the two field and three laboratory strai ... | 1992 | 1599046 |
| laboratory transmission of jamestown canyon and snowshoe hare viruses (bunyaviridae: california serogroup) by several species of mosquitoes. | the ability of 14 species of mosquitoes to biologically transmit jamestown canyon virus was tested. four species not previously described as vectors of that virus transmitted to suckling mice. among membrane-fed mosquitoes with disseminated infections, field-collected aedes canadensis (1/3), anopheles punctipennis (1/12), coquillettidia perturbans (2/14) and a laboratory strain of ae. epactius (19/67) transmitted virus. two species were tested for their ability to transmit snowshoe hare virus: f ... | 1991 | 1675261 |
| vertical and venereal transmission of california group viruses by aedes triseriatus and culiseta inornata mosquitoes. | aedes triseriatus and culiseta inornata mosquitoes were compared in their ability to transmit vertically la crosse (lac) and snowshoe hare (ssh) viruses. lac virus was transovarially transmitted by 53% of ae. triseriatus, the natural vector, and by 22% of cs. inornata mosquitoes. ssh virus was transovarially transmitted by 89% of cs. inornata, a proposed natural vector, and by 29% of ae. triseriatus. a genetic approach, using lac, ssh, and lac/ssh reassortant viruses was then used to elucidate v ... | 1991 | 1686962 |
| california serogroup viruses from mosquitoes collected in the ussr. | four california serogroup viruses isolated from mosquitoes in the ussr were tested for antigenic analogy with prototype viruses of the california serogroup. the topotype isolates are biologically similar to, but antigenically different from each other. one is a subtype of snowshoe hare virus, two are different subtypes of tahyna, lumbo, and snowshoe hare viruses, and one is identical to inkoo virus, previously isolated only in finland. the results indicate that molecular studies of these viruses ... | 1991 | 1928572 |
| california serogroup virus infections in the ryazan region of the ussr. | serum samples from 60 people diagnosed in the summer of 1989 as having acute respiratory infections, meningitis or meningoencephalitis, acute pneumonia, lyme disease, or other illnesses were tested by neutralization and hemagglutination-inhibition with tahyna, inkoo, and snowshoe hare viruses of the california serogroup (family bunyaviridae, genus bunyavirus). demonstration of a diagnostic increase in antibody titers between paired serum samples from seven people showed that their illnesses were ... | 1991 | 1928573 |
| a serologic study of california serogroup bunyaviruses in sri lanka. | a seroepidemiologic study of california (cal) serogroup viruses (genus bunyavirus, family bunyaviridae) was carried out on 952 human and 1,834 animal sera collected from different ecological zones of sri lanka (latitudes 5-10 degrees n, longitudes 79-82 degrees e). the sera were screened for neutralizing antibody to lumbo (lum), snowshoe hare (ssh), and trivittatus (tvt) viruses by plaque neutralization tests on vero cells. of 2,786 sera screened, 262 (9.5%) had antibody to one or more viruses t ... | 1991 | 1928574 |
| distribution of neutralizing antibodies to california and bunyamwera serogroup viruses in horses and rodents in california. | neutralization tests were done on sera from 141 horses from high elevation regions of california. antibody prevalences to jamestown canyon, snowshoe hare, and california encephalitis viruses in the california serogroup and northway virus in the bunyamwera serogroup were 55%, 43%, 18%, and 46%, respectively. in 51 horses from rural low elevation regions, seroprevalences were 31%, 35%, 35%, and 37%, respectively. twenty-four horses from a suburban lowland area were seronegative, except for a singl ... | 1990 | 2107770 |
| monoclonal antibodies specific for the g1 glycoprotein of la crosse virus that react with other california serogroup viruses. | various degrees of cross-reactivity have been observed among members of the california serogroup of bunyaviruses. since the g1 glycoprotein of la crosse (lac) virus, a member of this serogroup, has been shown to contain the antigenic determinants involved in neutralization, monoclonal antibodies to this glycoprotein were used in enzyme immunosorbent and kinetics of neutralization assays with the other california viruses to detect cross-reactive sites that may be involved in neutralization. the r ... | 1990 | 2179465 |
| interaction of the tick (haemaphysalis leporispalustris) with a cyclic snowshoe hare (lepus americanus) population. | prevalence and intensity of the tick, haemaphysalis leporispalustris, were monitored during 1963 to 1976 in a cyclic snowshoe hare (lepus americanus) population near rochester, alberta, canada. prevalence was near zero from december through march, and near 100% among adult hares from may through september. prevalence among juvenile hares approached 100% by age 2 mo. intensity peaked for both adults and juveniles during may-june and again in august. mean intensities were significantly higher amon ... | 1990 | 2250317 |
| serologic survey for actinobacillus capsulatus in free-ranging snowshoe hares (lepus americanus) from alaska and alberta. | a plate agglutination method was developed to test sera from free-ranging snowshoe hares (lepus americanus) captured in alaska (usa) or alberta (canada) for antibody against actinobacillus capsulatus. antiserum against a. capsulatus was prepared in a domestic rabbit. a concentrated suspension of formalin-killed a. capsulatus was prepared for use as an antigen. serum antibody prevalence for hares was 98 of 239 (41%) in alaska and 51 of 111 (46%) in alberta. prevalence in alaska peaked in 1981 cor ... | 1990 | 2250327 |
| coding strategy of the s rna segment of dugbe virus (nairovirus; bunyaviridae). | the s rna segment of dugbe (dug) virus (nairovirus; bunyaviridae) was sequenced from three overlapping cdna clones and by primer extension. the s rna is 1712 nucleotides in length and contains one large open reading frame (orf) of 1326 nucleotides coding for a 49.4-kda protein on viral complementary (vc) rna. this protein in size corresponds to the dug nucleocapsid (n) protein (p. cash, 1985, j. gen. virol. 66, 141-148). the 49.4-kda product was expressed as a fusion protein with beta-galactosid ... | 1990 | 2327076 |
| heterologous reassortment of bunyaviruses in aedes triseriatus mosquitoes and transovarial and oral transmission of newly evolved genotypes. | aedes triseriatus mosquitoes were orally infected with two different california serogroup bunyaviruses (la crosse and snowshoe hare viruses) and high frequency reassortment occurred in these mosquitoes. increased viral replication and subsequent gene segment reassortment was noted in the ovaries of mosquitoes that had ingested multiple blood-meals. to determine whether newly generated reassortant viruses could be transmitted transovarially to progeny mosquitoes, adult female mosquitoes were inoc ... | 1990 | 2345365 |
| prevalence of neutralizing antibodies against california and bunyamwera serogroup viruses in deer from mountainous areas of california. | plaque reduction-serum dilution neutralization was used to evaluate the status of bunyavirus activity in deer in mountainous areas of california. antibodies against 9 bunyaviruses were measured in 337 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus, o. hemionus californicus, and o. hemionus inyoensis) and black-tailed deer (o. hemionus columbianus). more deer from high mountainous areas had neutralizing antibodies against jamestown canyon virus than did deer from low mountainous areas (23% vs. 9%; p les ... | 1989 | 2496610 |
| nucleotide sequence analysis of the large (l) genomic rna segment of bunyamwera virus, the prototype of the family bunyaviridae. | the complete nucleotide sequence of the large (l) genome segment of bunyamwera virus has been determined from overlapping cdna clones. the segment is 6875 nucleotides long and has a base composition of 29.8% a, 17.9% c, 15.4% g, and 36.9% u. eighteen of the terminal 19 nucleotides at the 3' and 5' ends are complementary. in the viral-complementary (+ sense) rna there is a single long open reading frame (orf) from aug at bases 51-53 to a uag stop codon at bases 6765-6767; this orf encodes a polyp ... | 1989 | 2596023 |
| detection of la crosse and snowshoe hare viral nucleic acids by in situ hybridization. | a molecular hybridization technique was developed to detect bunyavirus rna in cells. complementary dnas (cdnas) to the small (s) rna segment of la crosse (lac) virus and to a portion of the middle (m) rna segment of snowshoe hare (ssh) virus were used as probes to detect lac or ssh viral rna by in situ hybridization. protocols were developed and standardized using radiolabeled dna probes, and adapted for use with biotin labeled probes. the in situ hybridization procedure detected an estimated 3, ... | 1989 | 2658638 |
| the design and use of specific genetic probes to identify closely related bunyaviruses and to determine the genotype of their recombinants. | viruses that are very closely related to each other at the genetic and gene product level can prove difficult to distinguish, although they may differ in phenotype (for example in their virulence or vector preferences). a chimeric genetic probe has been developed and tested to distinguish the s rnas of two closely related bunyaviruses, snowshoe hare and la crosse viruses. the technique is applicable to other rna species of these two bunyaviruses. | 1989 | 2769236 |
| california serogroup and powassan virus infection of cats. | one hundred and seventy five sera from cats in ontario, canada, were tested for hemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibodies to three arboviruses; namely, powassan (pow) of the flavivirus serogroup, and snowshoe hare (ssh) and jamestown canyon (jc) viruses of the california (cal) serogroup. all sera were negative for antibodies to pow virus. twelve cats possessed cal serogroup antibodies including 3 with antibodies to ssh alone, 6 with antibodies to jc alone, and 3 with antibodies to both ssh and ... | 1987 | 2825952 |
| agents of equine viral encephalomyelitis: correlation of serum and cerebrospinal fluid antibodies. | a survey was conducted by testing 115 paired equine serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples by hemagglutination-inhibition for antibodies to powassan and snowshoe hare viruses, and by virus neutralization for antibodies to equine herpesvirus type 1. twenty-five samples were from horses with spontaneous neurological disease and the remainder from horses euthanized because of various nonneurological disorders. all sera and cerebrospinal fluids were negative for antibodies to powassan virus. fifty-on ... | 1988 | 2836046 |
| q fever pneumonia associated with exposure to wild rabbits. | 4 patients with atypical pneumonia and a history of exposure to wild rabbits were found to have antibodies to coxiella burnetii but not to the other organisms also commonly associated with atypical pneumonia. 10 (45%) of 22 snowshoe hares caught in the area where 1 of the patients snared his rabbits had antibodies to coxiella burnetii. q fever ought to be included in the differential diagnosis of pneumonia acquired following exposure to wild rabbits. | 1986 | 2868348 |
| organization of the middle rna segment of snowshoe hare bunyavirus. | the genetic organization of the m rna segment of snowshoe hare (ssh) virus, a member of the bunyavirus genus of the family bunyaviridae, has been determined. the middle (m) rna segment has a single open reading frame (orf) of 1441 amino acids. we have used amino- and carboxy-terminus sequencing and synthetic peptides to map proteins within the orf. the order of the proteins translated from the single large open reading frame is g2, nsm, g1. the g2 protein extends from amino acids 14 to 299. the ... | 1988 | 2974218 |
| arbovirus infections in several ontario mammals, 1975-1980. | serological studies for arboviruses were conducted on 725 animal sera collected in 22 ontario townships between 1975 and 1980 including 44 coyote (canis latrans), 277 red fox (vulpes vulpes), 192 raccoon (procyon lotor) and 212 striped skunk (mephitis mephitis). hemagglutination inhibition antibodies to two flaviviruses, namely st. louis encephalitis and powassan were found in 50% of coyote, 47% of skunk, 26% of fox and 10% of raccoon sera. similarly, hemagglutination inhibition antibodies to a ... | 1986 | 3017527 |
| infection of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in michigan with jamestown canyon virus (california serogroup) and the importance of maternal antibody in viral maintenance. | sera collected from a captive population of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) penned in the lower peninsula of michigan were assayed over a 29-mo period for neutralizing antibody to california serogroup viruses. in all, 130 individual white-tailed deer were bled one to 22 times between june 1983 and november 1985. of the 130 sampled after active transmission had ceased, or passage of maternal antibody in colostrum had occurred, only one (0.8%), a newborn fawn, had no serum neutralizing ... | 1987 | 3102763 |
| nucleotide sequence of the m segment of germiston virus: comparison of the m gene product of several bunyaviruses. | the complete nucleotide sequence of the m rna segment of germiston bunyavirus was determined from plasmids containing overlapping m cdna inserts. the m segment is 4534 nucleotides long and contains a 50-base-long inverted terminal repeat which can form a stable hydrogen-bonded secondary structure with a delta g of -45.8 kcal/mol. the rna molecule complementary to viral rna contains a single large open reading frame that encodes a 1437 amino acid-long protein with hydrophobic amino and carboxy te ... | 1988 | 3176688 |
| california serogroup virus infections in wisconsin domestic animals. | a serologic survey and experimental virus transmission studies were done to assess the role of domestic animals as amplifier hosts of la crosse (lacv) and jamestown canyon (jcv) viruses. serum from 319 cows, 88 dogs, 122 equines, 47 swine, 10 goats, and 4 cats were tested for neutralizing antibody to lacv, jcv, trivittatus (tvtv), and snowshoe hare (sshv) viruses. antibody prevalences of lacv, tvtv, and sshv were less than 10% in all species. antibody to jcv was detected in all species except ca ... | 1988 | 3189702 |
| antibodies to arboviruses in an alaskan population at occupational risk of infection. | a total of 435 united states geological survey and united states forest service workers in alaska were studied for serologic evidence of past infections with four arboviruses known or suspected to be human pathogens. of the personnel tested, 36 (8.3%) had the neutralizing antibody to jamestown canyon but not snowshoe hare virus, 6 (1.4%) had the antibody to snowshoe hare but not jamestown canyon virus, 53 (12.2%) had the antibody to both viruses, 17 (3.9%) had the antibody to northway virus, and ... | 1988 | 3208197 |
| expression of snowshoe hare bunyavirus s rna coding proteins by recombinant baculoviruses. | recombinant baculoviruses have been constructed that express the two snowshoe hare (ssh) bunyavirus proteins coded in overlapping reading frames of the ssh s viral-complementary rna species (namely the nucleoprotein, n, and the nonstructural protein, nss). the 26.5 kda n protein, which is read from the first aug of the mrna containing the ssh s sequence, was expressed at a high level (estimated to be ca 40% of the stained cellular proteins in recombinant baculovirus-infected spodoptera frugiperd ... | 1988 | 3223063 |
| actinobacillosis in free-ranging snowshoe hares (lepus americanus) from alaska. | actinobacillus capsulatus was isolated from lung, liver, and/or spleen tissue of three snowshoe hares (lepus americanus) in alaska. this is the first report of the isolation of this bacterium from free-ranging hares. actinobacillus capsulatus may have a negative impact on the population density of hares. | 1988 | 3352090 |
| serum antibody prevalence for herpesvirus sylvilagus, bacillus piliformis and california serogroup arboviruses in cottontail rabbits from pennsylvania. | a serologic survey of 60 eastern cottontail rabbits (sylvilagus floridanus) from three counties in pennsylvania was conducted in march 1983. serum antibody prevalences for herpesvirus sylvilagus and la crosse virus (california serogroup) were less than 4%. there was no evidence of previous exposure to either jamestown canyon or snowshoe hare viruses (california serogroup). antibody to trivittatus virus (california serogroup) was found in 60% of the 20 cottontails from york county. no cottontails ... | 1988 | 3373643 |
| prevalence of neutralizing antibody to jamestown canyon virus (california group) in populations of elk and moose in northern michigan and ontario, canada. | blood samples were collected from free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) harvested in michigan's northern lower peninsula, from moose (alces alces) relocated from ontario's algonquin provincial park to michigan's upper peninsula, and from moose from michigan's isle royale national park. sera were tested by serum dilution neutralization tests in vero cell culture for neutralizing antibody to california serogroup viruses, in particular jamestown canyon (jc), la crosse/snowshoe hare (lac/ssh), and trivi ... | 1986 | 3503129 |
| serological evidence of california serogroup virus activity in oregon. | we wished to demonstrate evidence of the presence of california serogroup viruses in oregon and to test for the presence of certain other arboviruses in large ungulates. blood samples from black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), mule deer (o. hemionus hemionus), and roosevelt elk (cervus elaphus roosevelti) from nine counties in oregon were tested by serum-dilution plaque reduction neutralization for antibody to california serogroup viruses, including snowshoe hare, california encep ... | 1987 | 3586196 |
| isolation of cache valley virus and detection of antibody for selected arboviruses in michigan horses in 1980. | blood samples collected in september and november 1980 from 87 horses in southwestern michigan were examined for virus isolation and for plaque-reduction neutralizing antibody against selected arboviruses. cache valley virus was isolated from the blood of a clinically normal horse in st joseph county in september. the age-specific antibody prevalence for cache valley virus indicated enzootic transmission in the study area. the high antibody prevalence and the lack of age-specific antibody preval ... | 1987 | 3631684 |
| the s segment of the germiston virus rna genome can code for three proteins. | the complete sequence of the s segment of germiston bunyavirus has been determined from plasmids containing s cdna inserts. the s segment is 980 nucleotides long with the first 15 bases at the 3' end complementary to the first 15 bases at the 5' end. three overlapping open reading frames (orf) were identified in the viral complementary rna strand. the first orf codes for a polypeptide of 233 amino acids (mr 26,600) which is the nucleoprotein n. the second orf codes for a polypeptide of 109 amino ... | 1987 | 3660942 |
| the sequence of the m rna of an isolate of la crosse virus. | the middle-size (m) genomic rna of a new york state, u.s.a. isolate of la crosse (lac) virus has been cloned by a random priming procedure and its nucleotide sequence determined by the dideoxy method. the rna was found to be 4526 nucleotides in length and to have a base composition of 34.2% u, 27.8% a, 20.6% c and 17.4% g. there is a single, long open reading frame in the viral complementary rna that contains sufficient information to code for a protein of 1441 amino acids. in these respects, as ... | 1987 | 3694177 |
| parasitism in a declining population of snowshoe hares. | prevalence and intensity of six endoparasites were determined in 346 snowshoe hares (lepus americanus) obtained at rochester, alberta, during december-april 1981-1982, the second winter of a cyclic population decline. the data were analyzed for (1) differences among host sex and age classes, and among months and sample sources, and (2) evidence that parasitism was of demographic significance to the hare population. prevalence and intensity of obeliscoides cuniculi were consistently highest among ... | 1986 | 3735581 |
| nucleotide sequence of the bunyamwera virus m rna segment: conservation of structural features in the bunyavirus glycoprotein gene product. | the complete nucleotide sequence of the bunyamwera virus m rna segment was determined from four overlapping cdna clones and by primer extension. the rna segment is 4458 bases in length, and encodes a single gene product in the viral complementary rna. the predicted protein is 1433 amino acids long (mol wt 162,065), contains four potential glycosylation sites, and is relatively cysteine rich. it is presumed that the three proteins g1, g2, and nsm which have been mapped to the m rna segment are sy ... | 1986 | 3753629 |
| california serogroup virus infection in a horse with encephalitis. | a 4-fold or greater seroconversion to the snowshoe hare serotype of the california serogroup of viruses in a horse with acute encephalitis was demonstrated by hemagglutination-inhibition, complement-fixation, and neutralization tests. the horse had a mild fever, was ataxic, had a head tilt, and was observed to circle. chloramphenicol, dexamethasone, and b complex vitamins were administered and the horse recovered. the snowshoe hare virus is a recognized human pathogen, but it has not been associ ... | 1985 | 3972700 |
| analyses of the mrna transcription processes of snowshoe hare bunyavirus s and m rna species. | the time course of synthesis of snowshoe hare bunyavirus small (s)- and medium (m)-sized viral rna (vrna), viral crna (vcrna), and mrna species was analyzed by using single-stranded dna probes representing the s- and m-coded gene products. in the presence of puromycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, the subgenomic s mrna species were detected, but not full-length s vcrna or s vrna species. no m-related rna species were identified in puromycin-treated cells. in the absence of puromycin, full- ... | 1985 | 4020962 |
| relationship between skin-sensitizing antibody production in the snowshoe hare, lepus americanus, and infestations by the rabbit tick, haemaphysalis leporispalustris (acari: ixodidae). | | 1985 | 4032154 |
| prevalence of helminths in a cyclic snowshoe hare population. | five species of helminths were monitored in a population of snowshoe hares (lepus americanus) near rochester, alberta, during 1961-1977. prevalence of both obeliscoides cuniculi and protostrongylus boughtoni among young hares averaged about 50% by age 2 mo, then tended to level off. prevalence of taenia pisiformis (cysticerci) and dirofilaria scapiceps rose more slowly, but continued to increase steadily beyond their mean levels of 8% and 1% at age 2 mo. there were well defined seasonal (within- ... | 1985 | 4032622 |
| california encephalitis virus endemicity in the yukon territory, 1972. | sera from 218 of 1574 (14%) small mammals collected in the yukon territory between 14 may and 13 august 1972 neutralized a yukon strain of california encephalitis virus (snowshoe-hare subtype). these included 133 of 319 (42%) snowshoe hares (lepus americanus), 84 of 1243 (7%) ground squirrels (citellus undulatus) and 1 of 12 (8%) tree squirrels (tamiasciurus hudsonicus). california encephalitis virus (snow-shoe hare subtype) was isolated from four pools of unengorged aedes communis mosquitoes co ... | 1973 | 4146347 |
| spirochete from the rabbit tick, haemaphysalis leporispalustris (packard). i. isolation and preliminary characterization. | an unidentified spirochete, referred to as the 277f agent, was isolated from haemaphysalis leporispalustris ticks from two cottontail rabbits by inoculation of the tick suspension into embryonated chicken eggs. because of its minute width (0.1 mu), the organism was difficult to see when stained by the giemsa method, but was readily demonstrated by silver impregnation or fluorescent-antibody procedures. in dark-field microscopy, the spirochetes appeared uniformly and rather tightly coiled, and ex ... | 1968 | 4171295 |
| the care, handling and anesthesia of the snowshoe hare (lepus americanus). | | 1965 | 4222098 |
| agents of psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group isolated from muskrats and snowshoe hares in saskatchewan. | agents lethal to chicken embryos and mice were isolated from the blood and spleen of 2 muskrats and 2 snowshoe hares which died during the cataclysmic die-off of 1961 in central saskatchewan. the 4 isolates are probably identical. one of them was identified as a member of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum (plv) group of organisms on the basis of morphological and tinctorial properties and on the possession of group specific antigens. application of the method of specificity differences pe ... | 1966 | 4226345 |
| the susceptibility of muskrats and snowshoe hares to experimental infection with a chlamydial agent. | muskrats (ondatra zibethicus) and snowshoe hares (lepus americanus) were exposed experimentally by various routes to a chlamydial agent (designated strain m56) originally isolated during a die-off of muskrats and snowshoe hares which occurred in saskatchewan during 1961. both species were susceptible to experimental infection. whereas m56 was highly lethal for snowshoe hares (18 deaths/19 exposed), it was less virulent for muskrats (6 deaths/20 exposed). the degree of susceptibility of muskrats ... | 1970 | 4246008 |
| properties of a chlamydia psittaci isolated from muskrats and snowshoe hares in canada. | | 1971 | 4328689 |
| nutrition of the snowshoe hare (lepus americanus). | | 1974 | 4442001 |
| fsh and lh in the snowshoe hare during the increasing phase of the 10-year cycle. | | 1973 | 4689590 |
| seasonal variation in lh and fsh of bilaterally castrated snowshoe hares. | | 1973 | 4689591 |
| fsh and lh of the pituitary gland of gonadectomized snowshoe hares. | | 1973 | 4734141 |
| selected physiological parameters of free-ranging snowshoe hares. | | 1973 | 4761361 |
| isolations of silverwater virus from naturally infected snowshoe hares and haemaphysalis ticks from alberta and wisconsin. | | 1971 | 4994894 |
| silverwater virus serology in snowshoe hares and other vertebrates. | | 1971 | 4994895 |
| isolation of montana snowshoe hare serotype of california encephalitis virus group from a snowshoe hare and aedes mosquitoes. | | 1971 | 5003095 |
| gastric lesions in the snowshoe hare. | | 1972 | 5007904 |
| the effect of daylength on pituitary fsh and lh and gonadal development of snowshoe hares. | | 1972 | 5016874 |
| helminth parasites in snowshoe hares from northern michigan. | | 1971 | 5163740 |
| helminth parasites in snowshoe hares from northern michigan. | | 1971 | 5165969 |
| natural history of tick-borne spotted fever in the usa. susceptibility of small mammals to virulent rickettsia rickettsii. | in the ecology of spotted fever rickettsiae, one of the as yet unsolved problems concerns the significance of small animals in the distribution of rickettsia rickettsii in nature. in the bitter root valley of western montana, a great variety of rodents, rabbits and hares are known to serve as the preferred hosts for the immature stages of the vector tick, dermacentor andersoni.the authors analyse the susceptibility of various species of small mammals to virulent r. rickettsii and evaluate their ... | 1966 | 5296999 |
| taenia macrocystis (diesing, 1850), its occurrence in eastern canada and maine, u.s.a., and its life cycle in wild felines (lynx rufus and l. canadensis) and hares (lepus americanus). | | 1970 | 5503028 |
| snowshoe hare (lepus americanus) milk. i. gross composition, fatty acid, and mineral constitution. | | 1970 | 5503036 |
| the capacitation time and fertilizing life of snowshoe hare spermatozoa in the female tract of the rabbit. | | 1971 | 5558390 |
| evidence for arbovirus infections in a population of snowshoe hares: a possible mortality factor. | | 1969 | 5817779 |
| snowshoe hares and the california encephalitis virus group in alberta, 1961-1968. | | 1969 | 5817780 |
| seasonal acclimatization in varying hare (lepus americanus). | | 1965 | 5829174 |