| the cultivation of the rumen ciliates epidinium ecaudatum caudatum and polyplastron multivesiculatum in vitro. | | 1972 | 4632764 |
| the cryopreservation of some large ciliate entodiniomorphid protozoa taken from the rumen. | large entodiniomorphid ciliates taken from the rumen cannot be reliably kept in vivo, and cryopreservation was investigated as an alternative approach to storage. three species of large entodiniomorphid ciliated (polyplastron multivesiculatum, epidinium ecaudatum forma caudatum and ophryoscolex caudatus forma tricoronatus) were cryopreserved by one-step freezing, with mean recoveries of 43, 51 and 80%, respectively. for ophryoscolex caudatus forma tricoronatus two-step freezing was investigated. ... | 1996 | 8987899 |
| a xylanase produced by the rumen anaerobic protozoan polyplastron multivesiculatum shows close sequence similarity to family 11 xylanases from gram-positive bacteria. | we report for the first time the cloning and characterisation of a protozoal enzyme involved in plant cell wall polysaccharide degradation. a cdna library was constructed from the ruminal protozoan polyplastron multivesiculatum and a stable clone expressing xylanase activity was isolated. the encoded enzyme belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 11, and phylogenetic analysis indicates a closer relationship with catalytic domains from gram-positive bacteria than the other fibrolytic eukaryotes ... | 1999 | 10564800 |
| the rumen ciliate fauna of domestic sheep (ovis ammon aires) from the turkish republic of northern cyprus. | concentration and composition of ciliate protozoa in the families ophryoscolecidae and isotrichidae were determined in rumen contents of domestic sheep (ovis ammon aries) from cyprus. a total of five genera of ophryoscolecidae were identified, metadinium, enoploplastron, polyplastron, epidinium, and ophrvoscolex, which included six species: metadinium affine, enoploplastron triloricatum, polyplastron multivesiculatum, epidinium ecaudatum, epidinium graini, and ophryoscolex purkynjei. eight separ ... | 2001 | 11456322 |
| detection of methanogens and proteobacteria from a single cell of rumen ciliate protozoa. | rumen ciliate-associated bacteria and methanogenic archaea were analyzed by a 16s rrna gene retrieved from a single cell of polyplastron multivesiculatum, isotricha intestinalis, and ophryoscolex purkynjei. rumen fluid was taken from a ruminally fistulated goat to prepare a ciliate fraction. ciliate mixtures were incubated under mixtures of antibiotics for 48 h to eliminate extracellular bacteria. individual cells of rumen ciliates were selected under microscopic observation after fixation with ... | 2004 | 15754246 |
| phylogeny of the rumen ciliates entodinium, epidinium and polyplastron (litostomatea:entodiniomorphida) inferred from small subunit ribosomal rna sequences. | there complete 18s ribosomal rna gene sequences from the rumen ciliates, entodinium caudatum (1,639 bp), epidinium caudatum (1,638 bp), and polyplastron multivesiculatum (1,640 bp) were determined and confirmed in the opposite direction. trees produced using maximum parsimony and distance-matrix methods (least squares and neighbour-joining), with strong bootstrap support, depict the rumen ciliates as a monophyletic group. entodinium caudatum is the earliest branching rumen ciliate. however, ento ... | 1997 | 9172834 |
| the role of ciliate protozoa in the lysis of methanogenic archaea in rumen fluid. | predation by ciliate protozoa can account for 90% of the eubacterial protein turnover in the rumen. however, little is known about the factors affecting the lysis of archaea in rumen fluid. bacterial lysis was followed from the release of acid-soluble 14c from 14c leucine-labelled bacteria. the rumen methanogen methanobrevibacter mf1 was broken down more rapidly than other non-ruminal archaea in rumen fluid withdrawn from sheep harbouring either a mixed protozoa population or monofaunated with p ... | 1996 | 8987902 |
| polypeptides of hydrogenosome-enriched fractions from rumen ciliate protozoa and trichomonads: immunological studies. | the evolution of hydrogenosomes, energy-generating organelles of rumen ciliate protozoa and the flagellate trichomonads has been the subject of much speculation. polypeptides of the hydrogenosome-enriched fractions from the rumen ciliates, dasytricha ruminantium, isostricha spp., polyplastron multivesiculatum and eudiplodinium maggii were separated by sds-page and compared to analogous polypeptide preparations from tritrichomonas foetus. immunoblotting with antisera specific to the hydrogenosome ... | 1994 | 8181726 |
| the importance of methanogens associated with ciliate protozoa in ruminal methane production in vitro. | the importance of methanogenic bacteria associated with ciliate protozoa was estimated either by removing protozoa from whole rumen fluid (using defaunated rumen fluid to correct for the effects of centrifugation on bacteria) or by isolating the protozoa. rumen fluid was withdrawn from sheep inoculated with either polyplastron multivesiculatum, a co-culture of isotricha prostoma plus entodinium spp. or a mixed type b fauna of entodinium, eudiplodinium and epidinium spp. methanogenesis was highes ... | 1995 | 7576513 |
| rumen ciliates of tokara native goat in kagoshima, japan. | the composition of rumen ciliate protozoa was surveyed in 15 tokara native goats, capra hircus domesticus, inhibiting kagoshima, japan. as a result, of 11 species with 3 forms under 5 genera detected, entodinium simplex, e. nanellum and e. rectangulatum were found in all the animals examined. the large ophryoscolecid ciliates detected were polyplastron multivesiculatum and metadinium affine alone, which have been regarded as the typical members of type a composition proposed by eadie. since toka ... | 1995 | 7492663 |
| [effect of rumen ciliates on the digestion of different carbohydrates in sheep. i.--utilization of cell wall carbohydrates (cellulose and hemicellulose) and of starch]. | two diets rich in cell-wall carbohydrates or starch were given to 10 rumen-fistulated sheep; two sheep were defaunated and the others were inoculated with polyplastron multivesiculatum (p) or entodinium sp. (e), or both (p + e), or with conventional fauna. ciliate biomass was greater when the animals were fed a high starch diet than when the diet was rich in cell-wall carbohydrates (table 2). with both diets, the entodinium genus in the mixed fauna sampling predominated. we showed that polyplast ... | 1982 | 6818644 |
| rôle of the rumen ciliate protozoa polyplastron multivesiculatum, entodinium sp. and isotricha prostoma in the digestion of a mixed diet in sheep. | | 1981 | 6818640 |
| [attempt to obtain and maintain rumen entodiniomorph ciliates in axenic cultures]. | a method to obtain and maintain rumen ciliates in either axenic cultures or cultures with a reduced flora is described; it consists of two or three incubating periods with different antibiotic associations (separated by washing) and renewing of nutrient medium. on these conditions, polyplastron multivesiculatum is obtained in an axenic state and can survive for 5 days. entodinium sp. can survive for 10 to 14 days, but with a reduced bacterial population composed only of strict aerobic of faculta ... | 1982 | 6816119 |
| a descriptive study of rumen digestion in meroxenic lambs according to the nature and complexity of the microflora. | we studied in meroxenic lambs, i.e. in lambs with a simplified digestive microflora, the effect of the microflora on the quantities of solid feed intake and on the main digestive parameters in the rumen. axenic lambs were inoculated with a more or less complex flora, obtained by diluting (10(-8), 10(-7), 10(-8) a pool of rumen fluid taken either from young conventional lambs before weaning from adult sheep (pool a) or from meroxenic lambs (pool b). a few of these lambs then were inoculated with ... | 1983 | 6648032 |
| ecological factors determining establishment of cellulolytic bacteria and protozoa in the rumens of meroxenic lambs. | ecological factors that control the establishment of cellulolytic bacteria and ciliate protozoa in the lamb rumen were studied in meroxenic animals. axenic lambs received dilutions of rumen liquor from either conventional lambs and sheep (pool a) or meroxenic lambs (pool b). the total number of bacteria established in the rumen was between 10(9) and 5 x 10(10) g-1. in lambs inoculated with dilutions (10(-6), 10(-7), 10(-8)) of pool a, cellulolytic bacteria did not become established. however, su ... | 1983 | 6403660 |
| establishment of ciliate protozoa in the rumen of conventional and conventionalized lambs: influence of diet and management conditions. | the establishment of ciliate protozoa in the rumen was studied in conventional lambs reared under different conditions of management. the role of the microflora in the kinetics of this establishment was also investigated in conventionalized lambs. in lambs reared under farm conditions ciliate protozoa appeared in the following order: entodinium (15-20 days), polyplastron, eudiplodinium, and epidinium (20-25 days), and isotricha (50 days). entodinium was the most abundant (10(5)-10(6) ciliates ml ... | 1988 | 3138013 |
| oxygen consumption by ruminal microorganisms: protozoal and bacterial contributions. | the relative contributions to o2 consumption made by the protozoal and bacterial populations present within the rumen were determined by using an open-type oxygen electrode system. measurements indicated that two separate microbial populations contributed approximately equally to ruminal o2 consumption over the o2 concentration range experienced in situ (0.25 to 1.0 microm). the populations were observed to consume o2 under liquid-phase o2 concentrations of up to 7 microm, above which point rapi ... | 1989 | 2513776 |
| hydrogenosomes in the rumen entodiniomorphid ciliate polyplastron multivesiculatum. | the rumen entodiniomorphid ciliate protozoon polyplastron multivesiculatum was shown, by biochemical and electron microscopic techniques, to possess hydrogenosomes. after differential centrifugation of whole cell homogenates the hydrogenosomal marker enzymes pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and hydrogenase were recovered predominantly (61% and 70% of activity respectively) in the large granular fractions that were sedimented by centrifugation for 10(4) g-min (fraction p1) and 10(5) g-min (frac ... | 1990 | 2125308 |
| influence of co2 and low concentrations of o2 on fermentative metabolism of the ruminal ciliate polyplastron multivesiculatum. | the effects of ruminal concentrations of co2 and oxygen on the end products of endogenous metabolism and fermentation of d-glucose by the ruminal entodiniomorphid ciliate polyplastron multivesiculatum were investigated. the principal metabolic products were butyric, acetic, and lactic acids, h2, and co2. 13c nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy identified glycerol as a previously unknown major product of d-[1-13c]glucose fermentation by this protozoan. metabolite formation rates were clearly ... | 1991 | 1906698 |
| the metabolism of starch, glucose, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines and bacteria by the rumen ciliate polyplastron multivesiculatum. | the large rumen ciliate protozoon polyplastron multivesiculatum grown in vitro engulfed a wide range of bacteria (from a population density of 10(9) bacteria ml(-1)) at a rate of 1500 to 137000 bacteria h(-1) protozoon(-1). no evidence was found for the preferential engulfment of bacteria of rumen origin. except for proteus mirabilis none of the bacteria were digested with the liberation of soluble materials into the medium. glucose and amino acids were taken up rapidly by p. multivesiculatum co ... | 1977 | 401868 |
| duodenal flow and digestibility in fauna-free sheep and in sheep monofaunated with entodinium caudatum or polyplastron multivesiculatum. | three groups of five rumen and duodenum cannulated fauna-free sheep were used in a 28 d experiment. one group remained fauna-free, whereas the second (en) and third (pp) groups, respectively, were inoculated intraruminally with the protozoan species entodinium caudatum and polyplastron multivesiculatum. rumen fluid, duodenal digesta and faecal samples were collected during the last 12 d. the flow of digesta to the duodenum was determined using yb and co as dual-phase markers. (15)nitrogen and ph ... | 2006 | 16512932 |
| horizontal gene transfer from bacteria to rumen ciliates indicates adaptation to their anaerobic, carbohydrates-rich environment. | the horizontal transfer of expressed genes from bacteria into ciliates which live in close contact with each other in the rumen (the foregut of ruminants) was studied using ciliate expressed sequence tags (ests). more than 4000 ests were sequenced from representatives of the two major groups of rumen cilates: the order entodiniomorphida (entodinium simplex, entodinium caudatum, eudiplodinium maggii, metadinium medium, diploplastron affine, polyplastron multivesiculatum and epidinium ecaudatum) a ... | 2006 | 16472398 |
| xylanases and carboxymethylcellulases of the rumen protozoa polyplastron multivesiculatum, eudiplodinium maggii and entodinium sp. | endoglucanase and xylanase activities of three rumen protozoa, polyplastron multivesiculatum, eudiplodinium maggii, and entodinium sp. were compared qualitatively by zymograms and quantitatively by measuring specific activities against different polysaccharides. a set of carboxymethylcellulases and xylanases was produced by the large ciliates whereas no band of activity was observed for entodinium sp. in zymograms. specific activity of endoglucanases from p. multivesiculatum (1.3 micromol mg pro ... | 2005 | 15727834 |
| the biochemistry of rumen protozoa. 7. the carbohydrases of polyplastron multivesiculatum (dogiel & fedorowa). | | 1963 | 14085934 |
| two-step freezing procedure for cryopreservation of rumen ciliates, an effective tool for creation of a frozen rumen protozoa bank. | the present study aimed at the long-term storage of rumen protozoa as living cells in liquid nitrogen. the two-step or interrupted slow freezing procedure was used to cryopreserve six of the dominant species of rumen ciliates isolated from monofaunated animals, dasytricha ruminantium, entodinium caudatum, epidinium ecaudatum caudatum, eudiplodinium maggii, isotricha prostoma, and polyplastron multivesiculatum. we optimized the first step in the interrupted slow freezing procedure, from the extra ... | 2003 | 12839750 |
| characterization of xyn10b, a modular xylanase from the ruminal protozoan polyplastron multivesiculatum, with a family 22 carbohydrate-binding module that binds to cellulose. | a new xylanase gene, xyn10b, was isolated from the ruminal protozoan polyplastron multivesiculatum and the gene product was characterized. xyn10b is the first protozoan family 10 glycoside hydrolase characterized so far and is a modular enzyme comprising a family 22 carbohydrate-binding module (cbm) preceding the catalytic domain. the cbm22 was shown to be a true cbm. it showed high affinity for soluble arabinoxylan and is the first example of a cbm22 that binds strongly to celluloses of various ... | 2003 | 12693992 |
| interspecies hydrogen transfer between the rumen ciliate polyplastron multivesiculatum and methanosarcina barkeri. | | 1997 | 12501346 |
| ruminal fermentation and duodenal flow following progressive inoculations of fauna-free wethers with major individual species of ciliate protozoa or total fauna. | naturally fauna-free (ff) wethers, equipped with ruminal and duodenal cannulas, were used in two groups of eight (group a) and seven (group b) animals in six consecutive experimental periods, each lasting for 28 d. the objective was to measure ruminal fermentation traits, and flows of nonammonia nitrogen (nan), total amino acid (taa), and bacterial nitrogen (bn) from the stomach after inoculation with individual ciliate protozoa species in each period. the wethers in both groups were fed a diet ... | 2000 | 10764084 |
| postinoculation protozoan establishment and association patterns of methanogenic archaea in the ovine rumen. | association patterns between archaea and rumen protozoa were evaluated by analyzing archaeal 16s rrna gene clone libraries from ovine rumen inoculated with different protozoa. five protozoan inoculation treatments, fauna free (negative control), holotrich and cellulolytic protozoa, isotricha and dasytricha spp., entodinium spp., and total fauna (type a) were tested. we used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, quantitative pcr, and phylogenetic analysis to evaluate the impact of the protozoa ... | 2007 | 17513586 |
| plant cell wall breakdown by anaerobic microorganisms from the mammalian digestive tract. | degradation of lignocellulosic plant material in the mammalian digestive tract is accomplished by communities of anaerobic microorganisms that exist in symbiotic association with the host. catalytic domains and substrate-binding modules concerned with plant polysaccharide degradation are found in a variety of anaerobic bacteria, fungi, and protozoa from the mammalian gut. the organization of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes, however, varies widely. the cellulolytic gram-positive bacterium rumin ... | 2008 | 18378598 |
| proteins of the plasma membrane skeleton in entodiniomorphid ciliates: an immunological study using monoclonal antibodies. | we have previously reported biochemical evidence suggesting that a 58 kd protein (p 58) is a major constituent of the membrane skeleton of the ciliated protozoan entodinium bursa. in this study, monoclonal antibodies were produced in order to determine the distribution of p 58 in the four entodiniomorphids entodinium bursa, eudiplodinium maggii, epidinium caudatum and polyplastron multivesiculatum. two clones, 78-116-4 and 76-12-7, were selected from a set of hybridomas obtained using either p 5 ... | 2011 | 23194847 |
| the effects of organic selenium supplementation on the rumen ciliate population in sheep. | the effect of selenium supplementation on the rumen protozoan population of sheep was demonstrated. both the total and generic counts of rumen ciliates in sheep fed a diet with basal se content (70 microg/kg dry matter) were compared to those of animals given feed supplemented with inorganic (disodium selenite) or organic se (selenized yeast) (310 microg/kg dry matter). the genera of entodinium, isotricha, dasytricha, ophryoscolex, diploplastron and polyplastron occurred in all sheep except for ... | 2005 | 16408856 |
| the passage of protozoa from the reticulo-rumen through the omasum of sheep. | 1. protozoa in rumen contents and omasal effluent of growing wethers were counted. the wethers were equipped with rumen and abomasal cannulas, and omasal sleeves attached to the omasal-abomasal orifice. rumen fluid dilution rates were elevated by continuous infusions of hypertonic mineral solutions (3-4 litres/d) for 24 d. rumen contents and omasal effluent were sampled between 9 and 21 h during the last 10 d of each experiment. 2. protozoal concentrations in omasal effluent were only 0.2-0.3 th ... | 1986 | 3676237 |
| high-throughput dna sequencing of the moose rumen from different geographical locations reveals a core ruminal methanogenic archaeal diversity and a differential ciliate protozoal diversity. | moose rumen samples from vermont, alaska and norway were investigated for methanogenic archaeal and protozoal density using real-time pcr, and diversity using high-throughput sequencing of the 16s and 18s rrna genes. vermont moose showed the highest protozoal and methanogen densities. alaskan samples had the highest percentages of methanobrevibacter smithii, followed by the norwegian samples. one norwegian sample contained 43 % methanobrevibacter thaueri, whilst all other samples contained < 10 ... | 2015 | 28348818 |
| dasytricha dominance in surti buffalo rumen revealed by 18s rrna sequences and real-time pcr assay. | the genetic diversity of protozoa in surti buffalo rumen was studied by amplified ribosomal dna restriction analysis, 18s rdna sequence homology and phylogenetic and real-time pcr analysis methods. three animals were fed diet comprised green fodder napier bajra 21 (pennisetum purpureum), mature pasture grass (dicanthium annulatum) and concentrate mixture (20% crude protein, 65% total digestible nutrients). a protozoa-specific primer (p-ssu-342f) and a eukarya-specific primer (medlin b) were used ... | 2011 | 21744288 |