| mauthner neurons survive metamorphosis in anurans: a comparative hrp study on the cytoarchitecture of mauthner neurons in amphibians. | giant medullary neurons were revealed in adult xenopus laevis and rana esculenta following hrp injections to the spinal cord. these neurons were identified as mauthner neurons because (1) they have the same position and orientation as the larval mauthner neurons, i.e., they lie at the level of the viiith nerve root. (2) they have two large dendritic trees that for each species are similar to those of the larval mauthner neurons, (3) they are clearly distinguishable from other large reticular neu ... | 1986 | 3081602 |
| coliforms, escherichia coli and salmonella serovars associated with a citrus-processing facility implicated in a salmonellosis outbreak. | a salmonellosis outbreak occurred during the summer of 1995 among individuals who consumed nonpasteurized orange juice from a florida citrus-processing facility. clinical isolates were identified by the centers for disease control as salmonella serovars hartford, gaminara, and rubislaw. at the processing facility, 70 samples (equipment swabs, fruit surface swabs, juice, and miscellaneous environmental samples) were collected before, during, and after processing runs on two different dates. bottl ... | 1998 | 9708296 |
| basidioboliasis in anurans in florida. | members of the genus basidiobolus, a saprophytic fungus, have been associated with the digestive tracts of a wide variety of amphibians and reptiles. to elucidate the relationship of basidiobolus sp. with amphibians in central florida (usa), we document the occurrence of the fungus in the digestive tracts of bufo terrestris, buffo quercicus, hyla femoralis, hyla cinerea, hyla gratiosa, hyla squirella, osteopilus septentrionalis, and rana utricularia. species that occupy terrestrial habitats (b. ... | 2002 | 12038150 |
| effects of meal size, meal type, body temperature, and body size on the specific dynamic action of the marine toad, bufo marinus. | specific dynamic action (sda), the accumulated energy expended on all physiological processes associated with meal digestion, is strongly influenced by features of both the meal and the organism. we assessed the effects of meal size, meal type, body temperature, and body size on the postprandial metabolic response and calculated sda of the marine toad, bufo marinus. peak postprandial rates of o(2) consumption (.v(o2)) and co(2) production (.v(co2)) and sda increased with meal size (5%-20% of bod ... | 2002 | 12601612 |
| [the studies of the invasion of alaria alata (goeze,1782) in the province of kuyavia and pomerania]. | the studies were conducted between 1999 and 2001 in two hunting regions. larval alariosis was revealed in the boars only in one of the studied regions. in this region, the results of the parasitological studies, conducted towards a. alata in the direct host (domestic dogs) and indirect hosts (snails: planorbis planorbis and anisus vortex as well as frogs: rana temporaria and rana terrestris) were also positive. the lack of the host snails a. alata in the other region might have resulted from no ... | 2001 | 16894758 |
| comparative developmental toxicity of nickel to gastrophryne carolinensis, bufo terrestris, and xenopus laevis. | the early embryo-larval developmental toxicity of nickel (ni) to 3 amphibian species, xenopus laevis (south african clawed frog), bufo terrestris (southern toad), and gastrophryne carolinensis (eastern narrow-mouthed toad), was evaluated using a modified fetax model. studies were initiated from late blastulae stage (nieuwkoop and faber [nf] stage 10 or gosner stage 12) and completed at a common embryological-based test termination point, which represented the completion of the major stages of or ... | 2006 | 16998636 |
| pcr detection of ranavirus in adult anurans from the louisville zoological garden. | ranaviruses are known to cause mortality in a variety of anuran species and have the potential to significantly impact wild and captive frog populations. in this study, 16 captive frogs and toads from the louisville zoological garden were examined for the presence of ranavirus; this group included 14 cope's grey tree frogs (hyla chrysoscelis), an american toad (bufo americanus), and a southern toad (bufo terrestris). all animals were wild caught and were evaluated via polymerase chain reaction ( ... | 2009 | 19746873 |
| differential host susceptibility toôçébatrachochytrium dendrobatidis, an emerging amphibian pathogen. | ôçé the amphibian fungal pathogenôçébatrachochytrium dendrobatidisôçé(bd) has received considerable attention due to its role in amphibian population declines worldwide. although many amphibian species appear to be affected by bd, there is little information on species-specific differences in susceptibility to this pathogen. we used a comparative experimental approach to examine bd susceptibility in 6 amphibian species from the united states. we exposed postmetamorphic animals to bd for 30 days ... | 2011 | 21732979 |
| patterns of amphibian infection prevalence across wetlands on the savannah river site, south carolina, usa. | amphibian diseases, such as chytridiomycosis caused by batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) and ranaviral disease caused by ranaviruses, are often linked to global amphibian population declines, yet the ecological dynamics of both pathogens are poorly understood. the goal of our study was to determine the baseline prevalence, pathogen loads, and co-infection rate of bd and ranavirus across the savannah river site (srs) in south carolina, usa, a region with rich amphibian diversity and a history o ... | 2016 | 27596855 |
| linking manipulative experiments to field data to test the dilution effect. | the dilution effect, the hypothesis that biodiversity reduces disease risk, has received support in many systems. however, few dilution effect studies have linked mechanistic experiments to field patterns to establish both causality and ecological relevance. we conducted a series of laboratory experiments and tested the dilution effect hypothesis in an amphibian-batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) system and tested for consistency between our laboratory experiments and field patterns of amphibia ... | 2014 | 24289288 |
| herpetofaunal community change in multiple habitats after fifteen years in a southwest florida preserve, usa. | herpetofaunal declines have been documented globally, and southern florida, usa, is an especially vulnerable region because of high impacts from hydrological perturbations and nonindigenous species. to assess the extent of recent change in herpetofauna community composition, we established a baseline inventory during 1995-97 at a managed preserve in a habitat rich area of southwest florida, and repeated our sampling methods fifteen years later (2010-11). nine drift fence arrays were placed in fo ... | 2015 | 26016475 |
| environmental context determines nitrate toxicity in southern toad (bufo terrestris) tadpoles. | aquatic nitrate contamination has escalated over the past 50 years, primarily due to intensified fertilizer application and sewage production worldwide. nitrate's role in the decline of amphibian populations remains unclear, although studies suggest that nitrate exposure affects larval development. we exposed bufo terrestris tadpoles to environmentally relevant nitrate concentrations from gosner stage 25 through forelimb emergence. tadpoles were exposed to fluctuating (0-30 mg/l no(3)-n, alterna ... | 2006 | 16569448 |
| integrating copper toxicity and climate change to understand extinction risk to two species of pond-breeding anurans. | chemical contamination is often suggested as an important contributing factor to amphibian population declines, but direct links are rarely reported. population modeling provides a quantitative method to integrate toxicity data with demographic data to understand the long-term effects of contaminants on population persistence. in this study we use laboratory-derived embryo and larval toxicity data for two anuran species to investigate the potential for toxicity to contribute to population declin ... | 2016 | 27755699 |
| do parasitic trematode cercariae demonstrate a preference for susceptible host species? | many parasites are motile and exhibit behavioural preferences for certain host species. because hosts can vary in their susceptibility to infections, parasites might benefit from preferentially detecting and infecting the most susceptible host, but this mechanistic hypothesis for host-choice has rarely been tested. we evaluated whether cercariae (larval trematode parasites) prefer the most susceptible host species by simultaneously presenting cercariae with four species of tadpole hosts. cercari ... | 2012 | 23272084 |
| an efficient and inexpensive method for measuring long-term thermoregulatory behavior. | thermoregulatory ability and behavior influence organismal responses to their environment. by measuring thermal preferences, researchers can better understand the effects that temperature tolerances have on ecological and physiological responses to both biotic and abiotic stressors. however, because of funding limitations and confounders, measuring thermoregulation can often be difficult. here, we provide an effective, affordable (~$50 usd per unit), easy to construct, and validated apparatus fo ... | 2016 | 27503737 |
| do biomass harvesting guidelines influence herpetofauna following harvests of logging residues for renewable energy?. | forests are a major supplier of renewable energy; however, gleaning logging residues for use as woody biomass feedstock could negatively alter habitat for species dependent on downed wood. biomass harvesting guidelines (bhgs) recommend retaining a portion of woody biomass on the forest floor following harvest. despite bhgs being developed to help ensure ecological sustainability, their contribution to biodiversity has not been evaluated experimentally at operational scales. we compared herpetofa ... | 2016 | 27411261 |
| effects of metal and predator stressors in larval southern toads (anaxyrus terrestris). | natural and anthropogenic stressors typically do not occur in isolation; therefore, understanding ecological risk of contaminant exposure should account for potential interactions of multiple stressors. realistically, common contaminants can also occur chronically in the environment. because parental exposure to stressors may cause transgenerational effects on offspring, affecting their ability to cope with the same or novel environmental stressors, the exposure histories of generations precedin ... | 2016 | 27272662 |
| multi-level effects of low dose rate ionizing radiation on southern toad, anaxyrus [bufo] terrestris. | despite their potential vulnerability to contaminants from exposure at multiple life stages, amphibians are one of the least studied groups of vertebrates in ecotoxicology, and research on radiation effects in amphibians is scarce. we used multiple endpoints to assess the radiosensitivity of the southern toad (anaxyrus [bufo] terrestris) during its pre-terrestrial stages of development -embryonic, larval, and metamorphic. toads were exposed, from several hours after oviposition through metamorph ... | 2015 | 25927361 |
| neurotropic mesomycetozoean-like infection in larvae of the southern toad anaxyrus terrestris in florida, usa. | as part of a state-wide multispecies survey of amphibian diseases, sampling was conducted at archbold biological station, venus, florida, usa, on 15 april 2011. gross examination of southern toad (anaxyrus terrestris) larvae was unremarkable, but infections by a mesomycetozoean-like organism were observed in longitudinally sectioned routine haematoxylin and eosin-stained histologic slides. in 100% of the sectioned specimens examined (n = 5), a high density of the organism, representing several d ... | 2015 | 25751858 |
| assessment of interactive effects of elevated salinity and three pesticides on life history and behavior of southern toad (anaxyrus terrestris) tadpoles. | because habitats are increasingly exposed to multiple stressors simultaneously, assessing the interactive effects of stressors is crucial for understanding how populations respond to human-altered habitats. salinization of freshwater habitats is increasing and has the potential to interact with other stressors. chemical pollutants also contribute to habitat degradation in freshwater environments, and both salinity and various pesticides can harm amphibians. the present study used a factorial exp ... | 2015 | 25523942 |
| within- and among-population level differences in response to chronic copper exposure in southern toads, anaxyrus terrestris. | environmental contaminants are implicated in the global decline of amphibian populations. copper (cu) is a widespread contaminant that can be toxic at concentrations just above the normal physiological range. in the present study we examined the effects of chronic cu aqueous exposure on embryos and larvae of southern toads, anaxyrus (bufo) terrestris. measurable levels of cu were found in larvae, with tissue concentrations up to 27.5 μg cu/g dry mass. aqueous concentrations of cu as low as 10 μg ... | 2013 | 23500050 |
| maternal transfer of contaminants and reduced reproductive success of southern toads ( bufo [anaxyrus] terrestris ) exposed to coal combustion waste. | bioaccumulation of contaminants and subsequent maternal transfer to offspring are important factors that affect the reproductive success of wildlife. however, maternal transfer of contaminants has rarely been investigated in amphibians. we examined maternal transfer of trace elements in southern toads ( bufo[anaxyrus] terrestris) residing in two locations: (1) an active coal combustion waste (ccw) disposal basin and adjacent 40-ha floodplain contaminated with ccw over 35 years ago and (2) an unc ... | 2013 | 23406432 |
| temperature effects on the biomechanics of prey capture in the frog rana pipiens. | movements of many animals are powered by a combination of active shortening of muscles and recoil of elastic structures. movements that rely primarily on elastic recoil, such as the explosive locomotor and feeding movements of many ectotherms, have been shown to exhibit lower thermal dependence than muscle-powered movements because elastically powered movements circumvent the effects of temperature on muscle contractile dynamics. to determine if elastic recoil contributes to the ballistic mouth ... | 2012 | 22952141 |
| interactive effects of maternal and environmental exposure to coal combustion wastes decrease survival of larval southern toads (bufo terrestris). | we conducted a mesocosm study to assess the individual and interactive effects of previous maternal exposure and larval exposure to trace element-laden sediments on southern toads (bufo terrestris). previous maternal exposure to coal combustion wastes (ccw) reduced larval survival to metamorphosis up to 57% compared to larvae of unexposed females. larvae reared on ccw accumulated significant concentrations of trace elements resulting in extended larval periods, reduced growth rates, and reduced ... | 2012 | 22366480 |
| thermal effects on the dynamics and motor control of ballistic prey capture in toads: maintaining high performance at low temperature. | temperature has a strong influence on biological rates, including the contractile rate properties of muscle and thereby the velocity, acceleration and power of muscle-powered movements. we hypothesized that the dynamics of movements powered by elastic recoil have a lower thermal dependence than muscle-powered movements. we examined the prey capture behavior of toads (bufo terrestris) using high speed imaging and electromyography to compare the effects of body temperature (11-35°c) on the kinemat ... | 2011 | 21430211 |
| energetics of metamorphic climax in the pickerel frog (lithobates palustris). | anuran metamorphosis, the transition from aquatic larvae to terrestrial juveniles, is accompanied by significant morphological, physiological, and behavioral changes. timing of metamorphosis and final size, which can influence adult fitness, may depend on sufficient energy accumulated during the larval period to support metamorphosis. however, only two species of anurans have been examined for energetic costs of metamorphosis, rana tigrina and anaxyrus terrestris. based on these species, it has ... | 2009 | 19508896 |
| accumulation and depuration of trace metals in southern toads, bufo terrestris, exposed to coal combustion waste. | accumulation and depuration of metals by an organism are underrepresented in the literature. we collected southern toads (bufo terrestris) from coal by-product (ash)-contaminated and uncontaminated sites to examine metal concentrations over time. toads were placed in four exposure regimes, then sacrificed periodically over a 5-month period, and whole-body metal levels were measured. toads exposed to ash accumulated significant concentrations of metals. metal concentrations changed throughout the ... | 2009 | 18491174 |
| characterization and quantification of corticosteroid-binding globulin in a southern toad, bufo terrestris, exposed to coal-combustion-waste. | corticosteroid-binding globulin (cbg) is a plasma protein that binds corticosterone and may regulate access of hormone to tissues. the role of cbg during a stress response is not clear. at least two hypotheses have been proposed: 1) cbg levels may increase in response to a stressor, thereby decreasing the amount of circulating free corticosterone, or 2) cbg levels may decline, making corticosterone available for its role in increased metabolic needs during stress. in this study, southern toads, ... | 2007 | 17428483 |
| chronic exposure to coal fly ash causes minimal changes in corticosterone and testosterone concentrations in male southern toads bufo terrestris. | more than 50% of the electricity in the united states is produced by coal-burning power plants. the byproduct of coal-burning plants is coal fly ash, which contains increased concentrations of trace metals and is disposed of in collection basins. southern toads (bufo terrestris) frequently use these basins for reproduction. male toads were collected in spring 2001 and 2002 from an ash basin and a reference site and divided into four groups: toads collected at the control site and maintained on ( ... | 2006 | 16783624 |
| keystone predators (eastern newts, notophthalmus viridescens) reduce the impacts of an aquatic invasive species. | predation, competition, and their interaction are known to be important factors that influence the structure of ecological communities. in particular, in those cases where a competitive hierarchy exists among prey species, the presence of certain keystone predators can result in enhanced diversity in the prey community. however, little is known regarding the influence of keystone predator presence on invaded prey communities. given the widespread occurrence of invasive species and substantial co ... | 2006 | 16463174 |
| metabolic measures of male southern toads (bufo terrestris) exposed to coal combustion waste. | southern toads (bufo terrestris) are found in coal fly ash collection basins associated with coal-burning electrical power plants. these basins contain large amounts of trace metals and organisms found in these basins are known to accumulate large quantities of metals. studies on a variety of organisms exposed to trace metals found that they experience a significant increase in standard metabolic rate. we experimentally exposed southern toads to metal-contaminated sediment and food and measured ... | 2006 | 16448834 |
| species- and stage-specific differences in trace element tissue concentrations in amphibians: implications for the disposal of coal-combustion wastes. | information on species- and stage-specific patterns of contaminant accumulation is generally lacking for amphibians, yet such information could provide valuable knowledge on how amphibians interact with contaminants. we assessed concentrations of as, cd, cu, ni, pb, se, sr, and zn in whole bodies of larval, recently metamorphosed, and adult life stages in bufo terrestris and rana sphenocephala from a site that currently receives coal combustion waste (ccw) discharge, a site where ccw was formerl ... | 2005 | 15840543 |
| expanded geographical range, new host accounts, and observations of the nematode gyrinicola batrachiensis (oxyuroidea: pharyngodonidae) in tadpoles. | we describe the first account of the nematode gyrinicola batrachiensis in the gastrointestinal tracts of tadpoles of bufo terrestris, gastrophryne carolinensis, hyla femoralis, h. squirella, rana heckscheri, and r. utricularia. infection by g. batrachiensis was also noted in tadpoles of r. catesbeiana and r. clamitans, species previously described as harboring these nematodes. these observations represent a major expansion of the known geographical range of g. batrachiensis to include the southe ... | 2004 | 15040693 |
| energetics of metamorphic climax in the southern toad (bufo terrestris). | during metamorphic climax, anuran larvae must rely on stored energy because changes in oral and digestive morphology prevent foraging and efficient assimilation. thus, the time required to store adequate energy for metamorphic climax may set a lower limit on age at which it can occur. therefore, the amount and type of energy used during metamorphic climax must be determined. to quantify the energetic costs of metamorphic climax in bufo terrestris, oxygen consumption during climax was measured. w ... | 2003 | 12955492 |
| failed recruitment of southern toads (bufo terrestris) in a trace element-contaminated breeding habitat: direct and indirect effects that may lead to a local population sink. | we conducted a transplant study in which embryonic southern toads (bufo terrestris) were held in a site polluted with coal ash (site ab; containing as, cd, cr, cu, se, and other elements) and a reference site (site r) through hatching and early larval development. to examine the remainder of the larval period, surviving larvae in ab were then transplanted to r and back-transplanted to ab, whereas surviving larvae from r were back-transplanted to r. survival through early larval development was l ... | 2001 | 11443372 |
| responsiveness of the hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal axis in an amphibian (bufo terrestris) exposed to coal combustion wastes. | to assess the responsiveness of the interrenal axis to stress, we injected toads exposed to coal combustion wastes and toads from an unpolluted reference site with adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth), as well as the vehicle alone (saline). initial circulating levels of corticosterone in toads captured at the polluted area were significantly higher than levels in toads from the reference site. corticosterone levels in toads from the polluted site remained high even after 2 weeks of laboratory accl ... | 1999 | 10190044 |
| elevated trace element concentrations in southern toads, bufo terrestris, exposed to coal combustion waste. | a number of recent studies have linked developmental, physiological, and behavioral abnormalities in amphibians to coal combustion wastes (coal ash). few studies, however, have determined trace element concentrations in amphibians exposed to coal ash. in the current study we compare total body concentrations of 20 trace elements in adult southern toads, bufo terrestris, inhabiting coal ash settling basins with toads that were not exposed to the combustion wastes (reference). in addition, we docu ... | 1998 | 9680525 |
| increased circulating levels of testosterone and corticosterone in southern toads, bufo terrestris, exposed to coal combustion waste. | this study describes an interrenal stress response in adult toads, bufo terrestris, after exposure to coal combustion waste (characterized by a variety of trace elements). in the first portion of this study, free-ranging male toads captured at the coal ash polluted site exhibited significantly higher circulating levels of corticosterone (b) in both june/july and august than conspecifics captured at uncontaminated sites. in addition, both calling and noncalling males from the polluted site had hi ... | 1997 | 9356219 |
| ribosomal rna gene site polymorphism in bufo terrestris. | individual specimens of bufo terrestris were discovered that possessed ribosomal gene locations in addition to those normally found. every specimen from an island population that was examined had extra sites, whereas fewer individuals from coastal mainland populations and none from inland populations had them. although the extra ribosomal gene locations probably did not arise through gross structural chromosome rearrangements, their origin remains unclear. | 1991 | 1743073 |
| interactions among factors affecting growth, development and survival in experimental populations of bufo terrestris (anura: bufonidae). | we designed a series of field experiments to investigate the importance of interactions between biotic and abiotic factors on the survival and development of larval cohorts of bufo terrestris. five "blocks" in a large pond represented environments of varying physical harshness. in the more severe blocks, increased density inhibited growth rates, yet in the more benign blocks, increased density enhanced growth rate. although different blocks produced very different levels of survival to metamorph ... | 1986 | 28311692 |
| the effect of pretraining procedures and discriminative stimuli on the development of food selection behaviors in the toad (bufo terrestris). | | 1980 | 7387585 |
| amelanosis in a southern toad (bufo terrestris). | | 1977 | 585534 |
| experimental study on the ecological population structure of rana terrestris. | | 1973 | 4789018 |
| [effect of actinomycin d and ethionine on the inclusion of c14-amino acids during the development of rana terrestris tadpoles]. | | 1971 | 5573203 |
| [ultrastructure of the median eminence of the neurohypophysis in rana terrestris]. | | 1970 | 5470183 |
| effect of a preferred color in modifying maze running in the bufo terrestris. | | 1962 | 13974287 |
| [helminths in rana terrestris andrz. in the lublin region]. | | 1958 | 13604230 |
| [optimal conditions for melanophoric reaction with rana temporaria and rana terrestris]. | | 1954 | 14376071 |
| [regeneration of extremities in rana terrestris]. | | 1952 | 14926620 |
| stress and immunity: field comparisons among populations of invasive cane toads in florida. | cane toads (rhinella marina) were introduced worldwide and have become invasive in multiple locations, representing a major driver of biodiversity loss through competition (food, shelter, territory), predation, and the poisoning of native species. these toads have been used in australia as a model for studies concerning invasion biology and ecoimmunology, as longer-established (core) and invasion front (edge) populations show altered stress and immune response profiles. although cane toads were ... | 2020 | 32488987 |
| rapid adaptation to cold in the invasive cane toad rhinella marina. | understanding rapid adaptation to novel environments is essential as we face increasing climatic change. invasive species are an ideal system for studying adaptation as they are typically introduced to novel environments where they must adapt if they are to persist. we used the invasive cane toad, rhinella marina, to investigate the contribution of plasticity and evolution to rapid adaptation in a novel environment. rhinella marina is a neotropical toad that has invaded areas with climates outsi ... | 2019 | 30800317 |
| behavioural fever reduces ranaviral infection in toads. | 1. host behaviour is known to influence disease dynamics. additionally, hosts often change their behaviours in response to pathogen detection to resist and avoid disease. the capacity of wildlife populations to respond to pathogens using behavioural plasticity is critical for reducing the impacts of disease outbreaks. however, there is limited information regarding the ability of ectothermic vertebrates to resist diseases via behavioural plasticity. 2. here, we experimentally examine the effect ... | 2019 | 33041425 |
| naproxen and its phototransformation products: persistence and ecotoxicity to toad tadpoles (anaxyrus terrestris), individually and in mixtures. | although pharmaceutical pollution is a global environmental concern, much remains unknown about the transformation of pharmaceuticals in the wild and their effects on wildlife. in the environment, pharmaceuticals typically transform to some extent into different, structurally related compounds. pharmaceutical transformation products resulting from exposure to sunlight (i.e., ultraviolet radiation) in surface waters are of particular concern; these products can be more hydrophobic, persistent, an ... | 2019 | 31403235 |
| developmental stage affects the consequences of transient salinity exposure in toad tadpoles. | development can play a critical role in how organisms respond to changes in the environment. tolerance to environmental challenges can vary during ontogeny, with individual- and population-level impacts that are associated with the timing of exposure relative to the timing of vulnerability. in addition, the life history consequences of different stressors can vary with the timing of exposure to stress. salinization of freshwater ecosystems is an emerging environmental concern, and habitat salini ... | 2019 | 31225593 |
| effects of forestry-driven changes to groundcover and soil moisture on amphibian desiccation, dispersal, and survival. | over 80% of amphibian species that are declining are forest dependent. forestry practices are a major cause of forest alterations globally, and it is well documented that clearcutting can contribute to amphibian declines. however, there might be adverse effects of forestry practices other than clearcutting. for example, planting overstory trees in rows (plantations) can change groundcover microhabitats and soil moisture levels, but the effects of this common practice on amphibian populations are ... | 2019 | 30737867 |
| variation in metal tolerance associated with population exposure history in southern toads (anaxyrus terrestris). | human activities have radically shaped the global landscape, affecting the structure and function of ecosystems. habitat loss is one of the most visible changes to the landscape and a primary driver of species declines; however, anthropogenic environmental contamination also threatens population persistence, but is not as readily observed. aquatic organisms are especially susceptible to chemical perturbations, which can negatively impact survival and fitness related traits. some populations have ... | 2019 | 30572176 |
| delayed effects and complex life cycles: how the larval aquatic environment influences terrestrial performance and survival. | species with complex life cycles are susceptible to environmental stressors across life stages, but the carryover and latent effects between stages remain understudied. for species with biphasic life histories, such as pond-breeding amphibians, delayed effects of aquatic conditions can influence terrestrial juveniles and adults directly or indirectly, usually mediated through fitness correlates such as body size. we collected adult southern toads (anaxyrus terrestris) from 2 source populations-a ... | 2018 | 29984847 |
| using in vitro derived enzymatic reaction rates of metabolism to inform pesticide body burdens in amphibians. | understanding how pesticide exposure to non-target species influences toxicity is necessary to accurately assess the ecological risks these compounds pose. to assess the potential metabolic activation of broad use pesticides in amphibians, in vitro and in vivo metabolic rate constants were derived from toad (anaxyrus terrestris) livers in experiments measuring the depletion of atrazine (atz), triadimefon (tdn), and fipronil (fip) as well as formation of their metabolites. to determine the predic ... | 2018 | 29452251 |