| physicochemical characterization of two serologically unrelated equine rhinoviruses. | the physicochemical properties of two serologically distinct equine rhinoviruses have been examined. each virus sedimented at approximately 160s but co-centrifugation of the two viruses in a sucrose gradient revealed a small difference in their sedimentation coefficients. the two viruses also have different buoyant densities in cesium chloride. the equine rhinovirus type 1 equilibrated as a sharp peak at 1.45 g/ml whereas the type 2 virus equilibrated as a heterogeneous band with a peak at 1.44 ... | 1977 | 67105 |
| isolation of equine rhinovirus type 1. | | 1977 | 201238 |
| [virologico-serologic studies in horses with respiratory tract diseases]. | of 1081 acute and chronically respiratory diseased as well as clinically normal horses 824 sera and 257 paired serum samples collected 1986 and 1987 were tested for antibodies against several different respiratory viruses such as influenza virus a/equi 1 and 2 (influenza 1 a. 2), equine herpesvirus type 1/4 (ehv 1/4), mammalian reovirus type 1-3 (reovirus 1-3), equine rhinovirus type 1 (erv 1), equine adenovirus type 1 (eadv 1), and equine arteritis virus (eav). the investigations resulted in an ... | 1992 | 1558530 |
| [suitability of the immune adherence reaction (iar) for the determination of antibodies against equine rhinovirus 1 in equine blood sera]. | | 1974 | 4369682 |
| electron microscopy of equine respiratory viruses in organ cultures of equine fetal respiratory tract epithelium. | organ cultures of equine fetal tracheal and nasal turbinate epithelium were inoculated with equine influenza virus-a1 (eiv-a1), equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1), or equine rhinovirus-1 (erv-1). infected organ cultures were processed for scanning and transmission electron microscopy at various intervals and were compared with noninfected controls. organ cultures inoculated with erv-1 appeared normal with the exception of rare island-like lesions in infected nasal turbinate. virus particles were not s ... | 1984 | 6093639 |
| growth kinetics of equine respiratory tract viruses in cell and organ cultures. | growth kinetics of equine influenza virus-a1, equine herpesvirus-1, and equine rhinovirus-1 were determined in susceptible cell monolayers and in organ cultures of equine fetal tracheal and nasal turbinate epithelium. equine influenza virus-a1 was replicated in cell and organ cultures and was released more readily and for longer periods from nasal turbinate epithelium than from tracheal epithelium. equine herpesvirus-1 was also replicated in cell and organ cultures. during the first 24 hours aft ... | 1984 | 6093640 |
| lyophilized hyperimmune equine serum as a source of antibodies for neonatal foals. | in a study with 15 neonatal foals (5 per treatment group), foals were fed within 4 hours of birth as follows: 250 ml of colostrum, 250 ml of lyophilized serum reconstituted at 5 times the original concentration, or 250 ml of a mixture (1:1) of colostrum and lyophilized serum. foal serum samples were tested for immunoglobulin (ig)g concentration and titrated for anti-equine rhinovirus 1 and anti-equine influenza a1 and a2 antibodies at 0 and 24 hours after foals were born. except in a foal which ... | 1981 | 6266291 |
| immunogenicity of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv1) and equine rhinovirus type 1 (erhv1) following inactivation by betapropiolactone (bpl) and ultraviolet (uv) light. | some kinetic data on the inactivation of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv1) and equine rhinovirus type 1 (erhv1) by betapropiolactone (bpl) and ultraviolet (uv) irradiation are reported. 0.25% bpl at 37 degrees c for 1 h reduced the titre of ehv1 by greater than 10(3 . 4) and of erhv1 by greater than 10(4 . 1) tcid50/ml. uv irradiation (334 microw/cm2) produced similar reductions in titre after 2 min. these data were used as a basis for inactivating ehv1 and erhv1 by the combined action of bpl and ... | 1982 | 6301141 |
| equine rhinovirus 1 is more closely related to foot-and-mouth disease virus than to other picornaviruses. | equine rhinovirus 1 (erhv1) is a respiratory pathogen of horses which has an uncertain taxonomic status. we have determined the nucleotide sequence of the erhv1 genome except for a small region at the 5' end. the predicted polyprotein was encoded by 6741 nucleotides and possessed a typical picornavirus proteolytic cleavage pattern, including a leader polypeptide. the genomic structure and predicted amino acid sequence of erhv1 were more similar to those of foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdvs), ... | 1996 | 8577774 |
| identification of noncytopathic equine rhinovirus 1 as a cause of acute febrile respiratory disease in horses. | equine rhinovirus 1 (erhv1) is a recognized cause of acute febrile respiratory disease in horse, although the virus is rarely isolated from such animals, despite seroprevalence rates as high as 50% in some horse populations. recently, erhv1 has been shown to be most closely related to foot-and-mouth disease virus, raising questions as to its disease associations in horses. we report that erhv1 infection was the likely cause of two separate outbreaks of severe febrile respiratory disease which in ... | 1997 | 9157156 |
| a structural model of picornavirus leader proteinases based on papain and bleomycin hydrolase. | the leader (l) proteinases of aphthoviruses (foot-and-mouth disease viruses) and equine rhinovirus serotypes 1 and 2 cleave themselves from the growing polyprotein. this cleavage occurs intramolecularly between the c terminus of the l proteinases and the n terminus of the subsequent protein vp4. the foot-and-mouth disease virus enzyme has been shown, in addition, to cleave at least one cellular protein, the eukaryotic initiation factor 4g. mechanistically, inhibitor studies and sequence analysis ... | 1998 | 9472614 |
| field case study of equine rhinovirus 1 infection: clinical signs and clinicopathology. | | 1998 | 9622330 |
| internal ribosomal entry site-mediated translation initiation in equine rhinitis a virus: similarities to and differences from that of foot-and-mouth disease virus. | equine rhinitis a virus (erav) has recently been classified as an aphthovirus, a genus otherwise comprised of the different serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). fmdv initiates translation via a type ii internal ribosomal entry site (ires) and utilizes two in-frame aug codons to produce the leader proteinases lab and lb. here we show that the erav 5' nontranslated region also possesses the core structures of a type ii ires. the functional activity of this region was characterized by ... | 2000 | 11090170 |
| equine rhinitis a virus: structural proteins and immune response. | equine rhinitis a virus (erav) is a picornavirus that has been reclassified as a member of the aphthovirus genus because of its resemblance to foot-and-mouth disease virus at the level of nucleotide sequence and overall genomic structure. the n-terminal amino acid sequence of three of the four capsid proteins of erav was determined and showed that the proteolytic cleavage sites within the precursor p1 polypeptide occur exactly as those predicted for an aphthovirus-like 3c protease, which generat ... | 2001 | 11413384 |
| evidence that equine rhinitis a virus vp1 is a target of neutralizing antibodies and participates directly in receptor binding. | equine rhinitis a virus (erav) is a respiratory pathogen of horses and is classified as an aphthovirus, the only non-foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) member of this genus. in fmdv, virion protein 1 (vp1) is a major target of protective antibodies and is responsible for viral attachment to permissive cells via an rgd motif located in a distal surface loop. although both viruses share considerable sequence identity, erav vp1 does not contain an rgd motif. to investigate antibody and receptor-bi ... | 2001 | 11533189 |
| sequence conservation and antigenic variation of the structural proteins of equine rhinitis a virus. | the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the p1 region of the genomes of 10 independent equine rhinitis a virus (erav) isolates were determined and found to be very closely related. a panel of seven monoclonal antibodies to the prototype virus erav.393/76 that bound to nonneutralization epitopes conserved among all 10 isolates was raised. in serum neutralization assays, rabbit polyclonal sera and sera from naturally and experimentally infected horses reacted in a consistent and discrim ... | 2001 | 11581430 |
| identification of equine herpesvirus 3 (equine coital exanthema virus), equine gammaherpesviruses 2 and 5, equine adenoviruses 1 and 2, equine arteritis virus and equine rhinitis a virus by polymerase chain reaction. | to develop rapid (< 8 hour) tests using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus 3 (ehv3; equine coital exanthema virus), equine gammaherpesviruses 2 (ehv2) and ehv5, equine adenovirus 1 (eadv1), eadv2, equine arteritis virus (eav), equine rhinitis a virus (erav; formerly equine rhinovirus 1) | 2001 | 11712710 |
| serologic survey of selected viral, bacterial, and protozoal agents in captive and free-ranging ungulates from central kenya. | serologic evidence of exposure to various disease agents in free-ranging and captive ungulates at a private game ranch in kenya is presented, and seroprevalence values inside a fenced-in area are compared with those found on the adjacent open savanna. zebras outside the fence had a higher prevalence of equine rhinovirus-1 than zebras inside (fisher's exact test, p = 0.007); for all other species and all other agents, there was no such difference (p > 0.10). results highlight possible transmissio ... | 2002 | 12381595 |
| conservation of l and 3c proteinase activities across distantly related aphthoviruses. | the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) leader (l) proteinase is an important virulence determinant in fmdv infections. it possesses two distinct catalytic activities: (i) c-terminal processing at the l/vp4 junction; and (ii) induction of the cleavage of translation initiation factor eif4g, an event that inhibits cap-dependent translation in infected cells. the only other member of the aphthovirus genus, equine rhinitis a virus (erav), also encodes an l protein, but this shares only 32% amino ac ... | 2002 | 12466488 |
| mapping epitopes in equine rhinitis a virus vp1 recognized by antibodies elicited in response to infection of the natural host. | equine rhinitis a virus (erav) is an important respiratory pathogen of horses and is of additional interest because of its close relationship and common classification with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). as is the case with fmdv, the vp1 capsid protein of erav has been shown to be a target of neutralizing antibodies. in fmdv vp1, such antibodies commonly recognize linear epitopes present in the betag-betah loop region. to map linear b cell epitopes in erav vp1, overlapping fragments spanni ... | 2003 | 12771431 |
| model of the equine rhinitis a virus capsid: identification of a major neutralizing immunogenic site. | mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were employed to select neutralization escape mutants of equine rhinitis a virus (erav). amino acid changes in the erav mutants resulting in resistance to neutralization were identified in capsid protein vp1 at lys-114, pro-240 and thr-241. although the changes were located in different parts of the polypeptide chain, these mutants exhibited cross-resistance against all four mabs employed, indicating that these residues contribute to a single immunogenic site. ... | 2003 | 12917457 |
| sialic acid acts as a receptor for equine rhinitis a virus binding and infection. | equine rhinitis a virus (erav) is a member of the genus aphthovirus, family picornaviridae, and causes respiratory disease in horses worldwide. to characterize the putative receptor molecule(s) of the erav isolate 393/76 (erav.393/76) on the surface of vero and other cells, an assay was developed to measure the binding of purified biotinylated erav.393/76 virions to cells by flow cytometry. using this assay, the level of binding to different cell types correlated with the relative infectivity of ... | 2004 | 15302947 |
| identification of a neutralizing epitope in the betae-betaf loop of vp1 of equine rhinitis a virus, defined by a neutralization-resistant variant. | equine rhinitis a virus strain 393/76 (erav.393/76) was passaged in the presence of post-infection erav.393/76 equine polyclonal antiserum (epa). viruses with increased resistance to neutralization by epa were obtained after 15 passages. compared with the parent virus, five plaque-purified, neutralization-resistant mutant viruses, in addition to the non-plaque-purified viruses that were examined, had a glu-->lys change at position 658, which is located in the predicted betae-betaf (ef) loop of v ... | 2004 | 15302948 |
| prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to equine rhinitis a and b virus in horses and man. | equine rhinitis viruses (ervs) are the causative agents of mild to severe upper respiratory infections in horses worldwide. immunologically, four serotypes of ervs have been identified. equine rhinitis a virus (erav) and equine rhinitis b virus 1 (erbv1) are the most frequent serotypes in europe. both viruses have a broad host range in cultured cells with erav being able to infect humans. since there is neither information on the seroprevalence of erav and erbv1 in austria nor on the zoonotic po ... | 2005 | 15778036 |
| the binding of foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase to eif4gi involves conserved ionic interactions. | the leader proteinase (l(pro)) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) initially cleaves itself from the polyprotein. subsequently, l(pro) cleaves the host proteins eukaryotic initiation factor (eif) 4gi and 4gii. this prevents protein synthesis from capped cellular mrnas; the viral rna is still translated, initiating from an internal ribosome entry site. l(pro) cleaves eif4gi between residues g674 and r675. we showed previously, however, that l(pro) binds to residues 640-669 of eif4gi. binding w ... | 2005 | 15885108 |
| several recombinant capsid proteins of equine rhinitis a virus show potential as diagnostic antigens. | equine rhinitis a virus (erav) is a significant pathogen of horses and is also closely related to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). despite these facts, knowledge of the prevalence and importance of erav infections remains limited, largely due to the absence of a simple, robust diagnostic assay. in this study, we compared the antigenicities of recombinant full-length and fragmented erav capsid proteins expressed in escherichia coli by using sera from experimentally infected and naturally expo ... | 2005 | 15939754 |
| viruses associated with respiratory disease of horses in new zealand: an update. | viruses causing or associated with respiratory disease in horses worldwide are reviewed. results are presented from a serological survey of 121 new zealand foals and horses that had been affected by respiratory disease, determining the prevalence of antibodies in this country to the major viruses associated with similar disease overseas. to date there is no evidence of equine influenza virus in new zealand. both equine herpesvirus type 1 and 2 have been frequently isolated and show high serologi ... | 1986 | 16031261 |
| viruses associated with outbreaks of equine respiratory disease in new zealand. | to identify viruses associated with respiratory disease in young horses in new zealand. | 2002 | 16032259 |
| equine respiratory viruses in foals in new zealand. | to identify the respiratory viruses that are present among foals in new zealand and to establish the age at which foals first become infected with these viruses. | 2002 | 16032260 |
| prevalence of serum neutralising antibody to equine rhinitis a virus (erav), equine rhinitis b virus 1 (erbv1) and erbv2. | the objective of this study was to determine the incidence of serum neutralising (sn) antibody to erav, erbv1 and erbv2 in a population of horses from birth to 22 years of age. the prevalences of erav, erbv1 and erbv2 sn antibodies in 381 sera obtained from 291 horses were 37%, 83% and 66%, respectively. erav, erbv1 and erbv2 maternal antibody was present in foals 12 h postsuckling but by 10-12 months, erav sn antibody was not detected in any of the horses, while erbv1 and erbv2 sn antibodies we ... | 2007 | 17046179 |
| detection of viruses in nasal swab samples from horses with acute, febrile, respiratory disease using virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction and serology. | to examine the association of viruses with acute febrile respiratory disease in horses. design nasal swab and serum samples were collected from 20 horses with acute febrile upper respiratory disease that was clinically assessed to have a viral origin. | 2007 | 17300454 |
| abortions in dromedaries (camelus dromedarius) caused by equine rhinitis a virus. | a virus was isolated from aborted dromedary (camelus dromedarius) fetuses during an abortion storm in dubai, united arab emirates. laboratory investigations showed the causative agent to be indistinguishable from equine rhinitis a virus (erav), a picornavirus. two pregnant dromedaries experimentally infected with the camel virus isolate both aborted and an identical virus was reisolated from both fetuses, thus confirming the diagnosis. the extremely high prevalence of antibody (>90 %) and the hi ... | 2008 | 18272756 |
| root cause investigation of a viral contamination incident occurred during master cell bank (mcb) testing and characterization--a case study. | an adventitious agent contamination occurred during a routine 9 cfr bovine viral screening test at bioreliance for an eli lilly chinese hamster ovary (cho) cell-derived master cell bank (mcb) intended for biological production. scientists from the sponsor (eli lilly and company) and the testing service company (bioreliance) jointly conducted a systematic investigation in an attempt to determine the root cause of the contamination. our investigation resulted in the identification of the viral nat ... | 2008 | 18757212 |
| development of a real-time duplex taqman-pcr for the detection of equine rhinitis a and b viruses in clinical specimens. | equine rhinitis a and b viruses (erav and erbv) are respiratory viruses of horses belonging to the family picornaviridae. although these viruses are considered to cause respiratory disease in horses and are potentially infectious for humans, little is known about their prevalence and pathogenesis. virus isolation is often unsuccessful due to their inefficient growth and lack of cytopathic effect in cell cultures. therefore, molecular assays should be considered as the method of choice to detect ... | 2009 | 19013197 |
| aggregation-associated loss of antigenicity observed for denatured virion protein 1 of equine rhinitis a virus in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | equine rhinitis a virus (erav) is a picornavirus which causes an acute respiratory infection in horses worldwide, and virus neutralization (vn) has been the standard method for the detection of erav antibody in horse serum. previous studies have identified recombinant virion protein vp1 (rvp1) purified under native conditions to be of high potential for the development of a diagnostic erav enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). this study presents an optimized protocol for the expression and ... | 2009 | 19463730 |
| equine rhinitis a virus and its low ph empty particle: clues towards an aphthovirus entry mechanism? | equine rhinitis a virus (erav) is closely related to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), belonging to the genus aphthovirus of the picornaviridae. how picornaviruses introduce their rna genome into the cytoplasm of the host cell to initiate replication is unclear since they have no lipid envelope to facilitate fusion with cellular membranes. it has been thought that the dissociation of the fmdv particle into pentameric subunits at acidic ph is the mechanism for genome release during cell entry, ... | 2009 | 19816570 |
| real-time rt-pcr for the detection and quantitative analysis of equine rhinitis viruses. | equine rhinitis viruses (erv) cause respiratory disease and loss of performance in horses. it has been suggested that the economic significance of these viruses may have been underestimated due to insensitive methods of detection. | 2010 | 20156243 |
| cell entry of the aphthovirus equine rhinitis a virus is dependent on endosome acidification. | equine rhinitis a virus (erav) is genetically closely related to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), and both are now classified within the genus aphthovirus of the family picornaviridae. for disease security reasons, fmdv can be handled only in high-containment facilities, but these constraints do not apply to erav, making it an attractive alternative for the study of aphthovirus biology. here, we show, using immunofluorescence, pharmacological agents, and dominant negative inhibitors, that er ... | 2010 | 20375159 |
| crystal structure of equine rhinitis a virus in complex with its sialic acid receptor. | equine rhinitis a virus (erav) shares many features with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and both are classified within the genus aphthovirus of the family picornaviridae. erav is used as a surrogate for fmdv research as it does not require high-level biosecurity. in contrast to fmdv, which uses integrins as cellular receptors, the receptor for erav has been reported to involve the sugar moiety sialic acid. this study confirmed the importance of sialic acid for cell entry by erav and reports ... | 2010 | 20427563 |
| surveillance of equine respiratory viruses in ontario. | the objective of this project was to develop and implement an active surveillance program for the early and rapid detection of equine influenza viruses in ontario. for this purpose, from october 2003 to october 2005, nasopharyngeal swabs and acute and convalescent serum samples were collected from 115 client-owned horses in 23 outbreaks of respiratory disease in ontario. sera were paired and tested for antibody to equine influenza 1 (ae1-h7n7), equine influenza 2 (ae2-h3n8), equine herpesvirus 1 ... | 2010 | 21197227 |
| serological survey of equine viral diseases in mongolia. | three hundred sera were collected from horses in various parts of mongolia in 2007 and seroepidemiological surveys for several equine viruses performed on them. equid herpesvirus 1 and equine rhinitis a virus were prevalent, and equine arteritis virus and equid herpesvirus 3 were detected over a wide area though their rates of antibody-positivity were not high. equine infectious anemia was distributed locally. the rates of horses antibody-positive for japanese encephalitis virus and equine influ ... | 2011 | 21447048 |
| equine rhinitis a virus-like particle expressing dna vaccine induces a virus neutralising immune response in mice. | equine rhinitis a virus (erav) is a respiratory pathogen of horses. candidate vaccines to date have been hindered by low expression levels and the induction of non-neutralising antibodies. the immunodominant epitope of erav is conformational and is located within the quaternary structure of the capsid. this site should be retained in erav virus-like particles (vlps) to stimulate the induction of neutralising antibodies. the immunogenicity of a plasmid-based dna vaccine designed to express erav v ... | 2011 | 21539868 |
| high cleavage efficiency of a 2a peptide derived from porcine teschovirus-1 in human cell lines, zebrafish and mice. | when expression of more than one gene is required in cells, bicistronic or multicistronic expression vectors have been used. among various strategies employed to construct bicistronic or multicistronic vectors, an internal ribosomal entry site (ires) has been widely used. due to the large size and difference in expression levels between genes before and after ires, however, a new strategy was required to replace ires. a self-cleaving 2a peptide could be a good candidate to replace ires because o ... | 2011 | 21602908 |
| multiple molecular detection of respiratory viruses and associated signs of airway inflammation in racehorses. | the potential involvement of viruses in inflammatory airway disease (iad) was previously investigated through either serology or pcr from nasopharyngeal swabs (ns). the aims of this study were to determine the prevalence and incidence of viral genome detection by qpcr in the equine airways, and their association with respiratory clinical signs. | 2016 | 27899161 |
| biosecurity aspects and pathogen inactivation in acidified high risk animal by-products. | the aim of the study was to investigate the effects of formic acid addition to ground high risk animal by-products (abp 1) in terms of stabilization and pathogen inactivation and to evaluate the biosecurity risk connected with the abp 1 based combustion fuel biomal. laboratory studies were performed on the persistence of salmonella typhimurium, bacillus cereus spores, porcine herpes virus, avian influenza virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, equine rhinitis a virus and porcine parvovirus in bioma ... | 2012 | 22506709 |
| in vitro surrogate models to aid in the development of antivirals for the containment of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks. | foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a highly pathogenic member of the genus aphthovirus (family picornaviridae) that is only to be manipulated in high-containment facilities, thus complicating research on and discovery of antiviral strategies against the virus. bovine rhinitis b virus (brbv) and equine rhinitis a virus (erav), phylogenetically most closely related to fmdv, were explored as surrogates for fmdv in antiviral studies. although no efficient cell culture system has been reported so ... | 2014 | 24583031 |
| picornavirus rna is protected from cleavage by ribonuclease during virion uncoating and transfer across cellular and model membranes. | picornaviruses are non-enveloped rna viruses that enter cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis. because they lack an envelope, picornaviruses face the challenge of delivering their rna genomes across the membrane of the endocytic vesicle into the cytoplasm to initiate infection. currently, the mechanism of genome release and translocation across membranes remains poorly understood. within the enterovirus genus, poliovirus, rhinovirus 2, and rhinovirus 16 have been proposed to release their geno ... | 2017 | 28166307 |
| a longitudinal study of poor performance and subclinical respiratory viral activity in standardbred trotters. | while clinical respiratory disease is considered a main cause of poor performance in horses, the role of subclinical respiratory virus infections is less clear and needs further investigation. | 2015 | 26392904 |
| association between inflammatory airway disease of horses and exposure to respiratory viruses: a case control study. | inflammatory airway disease (iad) in horses, similar to asthma in humans, is a common cause of chronic poor respiratory health and exercise intolerance due to airway inflammation and exaggerated airway constrictive responses. human rhinovirus is an important trigger for the development of asthma; a similar role for viral respiratory disease in equine iad has not been established yet. | 2015 | 26535117 |
| isolation of equine rhinitis a virus from a horse semen sample. | semen from an apparently healthy 4-year-old american quarter horse was submitted to the national veterinary services laboratories for equine arteritis virus isolation. visual inspection of the semen sample upon arrival noted it was unusually yellow in color. the semen sample was inoculated onto cell monolayers, and cytopathic effect was observed 5 days postinoculation. the resultant isolate tested negative for equine arteritis virus, and was subsequently identified as equine rhinitis a virus. eq ... | 2012 | 22621949 |
| equine rhinitis a virus mutants with altered acid resistance unveil a key role of vp3 and intrasubunit interactions in the control of the ph stability of the aphthovirus capsid. | equine rhinitis a virus (erav) is a picornavirus associated with respiratory disease in horses and is genetically closely related to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), the prototype aphthovirus. erav has recently gained interest as an fmdv alternative for the study of aphthovirus biology, including cell entry and uncoating or antiviral testing. as described for fmdv, current data support that acidic ph inside cellular endosomes triggers erav uncoating. in order to provide further insights into ... | 2016 | 27535044 |
| equine rhinitis b viruses in horse fecal samples from the middle east. | among all known picornaviruses, only two species, equine rhinitis a virus and equine rhinitis b virus (erbv) are known to infect horses, causing respiratory infections. no reports have described the detection of erbv in fecal samples of horses and no complete genome sequences of erbv3 are available. | 2016 | 27267372 |
| characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a novel picornavirus from swine feces in japan. | during an investigation of porcine fecal viruses using a metagenomics approach, a novel picornavirus was identified from the feces of a healthy two-month-old pig. this virus, named porcine picornavirus japan (ppvj), had a standard picornavirus genome organization, including the l protein region. the 5' untranslated region harbored a type ii internal ribosomal entry site. this virus was most closely related to lesavirus 1 (amino acid sequence identity: 38.2 %) in p1, equine rhinitis a virus (25.8 ... | 2016 | 27016931 |
| cleavage efficient 2a peptides for high level monoclonal antibody expression in cho cells. | linking the heavy chain (hc) and light chain (lc) genes required for monoclonal antibodies (mab) production on a single cassette using 2a peptides allows control of lc and hc ratio and reduces non-expressing cells. four 2a peptides derived from the foot-and-mouth disease virus (f2a), equine rhinitis a virus (e2a), porcine teschovirus-1 (p2a) and thosea asigna virus (t2a), respectively, were compared for expression of 3 biosimilar igg1 mabs in chinese hamster ovary (cho) cell lines. hc and lc wer ... | 2015 | 25621616 |
| a universal protocol to generate consensus level genome sequences for foot-and-mouth disease virus and other positive-sense polyadenylated rna viruses using the illumina miseq. | next-generation sequencing (ngs) is revolutionizing molecular epidemiology by providing new approaches to undertake whole genome sequencing (wgs) in diagnostic settings for a variety of human and veterinary pathogens. previous sequencing protocols have been subject to biases such as those encountered during pcr amplification and cell culture, or are restricted by the need for large quantities of starting material. we describe here a simple and robust methodology for the generation of whole genom ... | 2014 | 25269623 |
| limits of structural plasticity in a picornavirus capsid revealed by a massively expanded equine rhinitis a virus particle. | the picornaviridae family of small, nonenveloped viruses includes major pathogens of humans and animals. they have positive-sense, single-stranded rna genomes, and the mechanism(s) by which these genomes are introduced into cells to initiate infection remains poorly understood. the structures of presumed uncoating intermediate particles of several picornaviruses show limited expansion and some increased porosity compared to the mature virions. here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy struct ... | 2014 | 24648455 |
| characteristics of respiratory tract disease in horses inoculated with equine rhinitis a virus. | to develop a method for experimental induction of equine rhinitis a virus (erav) infection in equids and to determine the clinical characteristics of such infection. | 2014 | 24471753 |
| equine picornaviruses: well known but poorly understood. | of the many members that comprise the family picornaviridae, only two species are known to infect horses: equine rhinitis a virus (erav) and equine rhinitis b virus (erbv). each species now occupies a distinct phylogenetic branch within the family, with the single serotype of erav grouping with the aphthoviruses, such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), and the three serotypes of erbv as the sole members of the genus erbovirus. the high seroprevalence of equine picornaviruses in horse popula ... | 2013 | 23820049 |
| the immunogenicity of virus-derived 2a sequences in immunocompetent individuals. | genetic engineering of t cells for adoptive immunotherapy in cancer patients has shown significant promise. to ensure optimal antitumor activity and safety, the simultaneous expression of multiple genes is frequently required, and short viral-derived 2a sequences are increasingly preferred for this purpose. concerns exist, however, that these virus-derived sequences may induce unwanted immune responses, and thus diminish persistence of the gene-modified cells after adoptive transfer. whereas suc ... | 2013 | 23698740 |
| persistence and chronic urinary shedding of the aphthovirus equine rhinitis a virus. | equine rhinitis a virus (erav) is a member of the aphthovirus genus, and has many physical and structural similarities to the prototype aphthovirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). the pathogenesis of fmdv has been extensively studied, however, the similarities in the pathogenesis of erav and fmdv disease has not been well documented. this study describes and compares the pathogenesis of erav both in the natural host and a small animal model alternative (cba mice). distinct parallels in the ... | 2013 | 23183058 |
| genomic analysis of a canadian equine rhinitis a virus reveals low diversity among field isolates. | equine rhinitis a virus (erav) is an ubiquitous virus, routinely identified in equine respiratory infections; however, its role in disease and genetic features are not well defined due to a lack of genomic characterization of the recovered isolates. therefore, we sequenced the full-length genome of a canadian erav (erav/on/05) and compared it with other erav sequences currently available in genbank. the erav/on/05 genome is 7,839 nucleotides (nts) in length with a variable 5'utr and a more conse ... | 2013 | 23180486 |
| development of one-step taqman® real-time reverse transcription-pcr and conventional reverse transcription-pcr assays for the detection of equine rhinitis a and b viruses. | equine rhinitis viruses a and b (erav and erbv) are common equine respiratory viruses belonging to the family picornaviridae. sero-surveillance studies have shown that these two viral infections are prevalent in many countries. currently, the diagnosis of erav and erbv infections in horses is mainly based on virus isolation (vi). however, the sensitivity of vi testing varies between laboratories due to inefficient viral growth in cell culture and lack of cytopathic effect. therefore, the objecti ... | 2012 | 22830930 |