| trace elements found to be variable in two coral reef species, heliofungia actiniformis and galaxea fascicularis, collected from the ryukyu islands. | biominerals and metals of intertidal corals of two species (heliofungia actiniformis, quoy and gaimard; galaxea fascicularis, linnaeus), collected from the iriomote island of ryukyu, were examined with an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (icp-aes). twelve elements were detectable in the coralline skeletons dissected radially along the growth axis. the relative content (rc) of hg periodically fluctuated and was minimum at the hollow sites of the coralline slab of heliofungi ... | 1998 | 9881520 |
| isolation of actin-encoding cdnas from symbiotic corals. | a cdna (named lgfact) encoding actin was identified in planular larvae of the scleractinian coral galaxea fascicularis, using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) techniques. rna from the adult coral that was inhabited by symbiotic dinophytes was subjected to a similar rt-pcr, and a cdna fragment, named agfact-p, was found to encode an actin form distinct from lgfact. in an expression study, lgfact transcripts were present at si ... | 2002 | 12597278 |
| variation in skeletal microstructure of the coral galaxea fascicularis: effects of an aquarium environment and preparatory techniques. | to compare the crystalline microstructure of exsert septa, polyps of the scleractinian coral galaxea fascicularis were sampled from shallow reef flat colonies, from colonies living at a depth of 9 m, and from colonies kept in a closed-circuit aquarium. septal crystal structure and orientation was markedly different between corals in the field and in aquaria. in samples collected from deep water, acicular crystals were composed of conglomerates of finer crystals, and skeletal filling was consider ... | 2003 | 12700144 |
| skeletal microstructure of galaxea fascicularis exsert septa: a high-resolution sem study. | the deposition of four crystal types at the growth surface of the septa of several color morphs of the coral galaxea fascicularis was investigated over a 24-h period. results suggest that nanocrystals, on denticles at the apices of exsert septa, may be the surface manifestation of centers of calcification. these crystals were also found on the septa of the axial corallite of acropora formosa. the deposition of nanocrystals appears to be independent of diurnal rhythms. internally and proximal to ... | 2003 | 12700145 |
| polymorphism in nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial intergenic region in scleractinian coral (galaxea fascicularis). | a region of 826 bp that is unlikely to code for a protein, ribosomal rna, or transfer rna was identified between the cytochrome b and nadh-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 2 loci in the mitochondrial dna of the scleractinian reef coral galaxea fascicularis. nucleotide sequences were determined in a part (625 bp) of this intergenic region in 95 individuals collected at 9 sites in the ryukyu archipelago in southwestern japan. a total of 8 haplotypes were found, and a deletion of 290 bp was found in ... | 2005 | 15747089 |
| subcellular imaging of isotopically labeled carbon compounds in a biological sample by ion microprobe (nanosims). | here we demonstrate the technique of nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry, utilizing the cameca nanosims50 ion microprobe, to detect and image the metabolism of an isotopically labeled compound (nah(13)co(3)) in a biological sample. in particular, we have designed and verified protocols for imaging the subcellular distribution and determining the relative abundance of labeled (13)c, within the coral galaxea fascicularis. analyses were conducted on 1-mum thick sections of resin-embedded mate ... | 2007 | 17279515 |
| coraliomargarita akajimensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the phylum 'verrucomicrobia' isolated from seawater in japan. | an obligately aerobic, gram-negative, non-spore-forming, non-motile, spherical bacterium, designated strain 04oka010-24(t), was isolated from seawater surrounding the hard coral galaxea fascicularis l., collected at majanohama, akajima, japan, and was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. phylogenetic analyses based on the 16s rrna gene sequence indicated that the new strain represented a member of the phylum 'verrucomicrobia' and shared 84-95 % sequence similarity with cultivated strains o ... | 2007 | 17473241 |
| complete genome sequence of coraliomargarita akajimensis type strain (04oka010-24). | coraliomargarita akajimensis yoon et al. 2007 is the type species of the genus coraliomargarita. c. akajimensis is an obligately aerobic, gram-negative, non-spore-forming, non-motile, spherical bacterium that was isolated from seawater surrounding the hard coral galaxea fascicularis. c. akajimensis is of special interest because of its phylogenetic position in a genomically under-studied area of the bacterial diversity. here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete g ... | 2010 | 21304713 |
| highly heterogeneous bacterial communities associated with the south china sea reef corals porites lutea, galaxea fascicularis and acropora millepora. | coral harbor diverse and specific bacteria play significant roles in coral holobiont function. bacteria associated with three of the common and phylogenetically divergent reef-building corals in the south china sea, porites lutea, galaxea fascicularis and acropora millepora, were investigated using 454 barcoded-pyrosequencing. three colonies of each species were sampled, and 16s rrna gene libraries were constructed individually. analysis of pyrosequencing libraries showed that bacterial communit ... | 2013 | 23940737 |
| detection of polyketide synthase and nonribosomal peptide synthetase biosynthetic genes from antimicrobial coral-associated actinomycetes. | the diversity and properties of actinobacteria, predominant residents in coral holobionts, have been rarely documented. in this study, we aimed to explore the species diversity, antimicrobial activities and biosynthetic potential of culturable actinomycetes within the tissues of the scleractinian corals porites lutea, galaxea fascicularis and acropora millepora from the south china sea. a total of 70 strains representing 13 families and 15 genera of actinobacteria were isolated. the antimicrobia ... | 2014 | 25190333 |
| differential expression of three galaxin-related genes during settlement and metamorphosis in the scleractinian coral acropora millepora. | the coral skeleton consists of caco3 deposited upon an organic matrix primarily as aragonite. currently galaxin, from galaxea fascicularis, is the only soluble protein component of the organic matrix that has been characterized from a coral. three genes related to galaxin were identified in the coral acropora millepora. | 2009 | 19638240 |
| comparative embryology of eleven species of stony corals (scleractinia). | a comprehensive understanding of coral reproduction and development is needed because corals are threatened in many ways by human activity. major threats include the loss of their photosynthetic symbionts (symbiodinium) caused by rising temperatures (bleaching), reduced ability to calcify caused by ocean acidification, increased storm severity associated with global climate change and an increase in predators caused by runoff from human agricultural activity. in spite of these threats, detailed ... | 2013 | 24367633 |
| transcriptome profiling of galaxea fascicularis and its endosymbiont symbiodinium reveals chronic eutrophication tolerance pathways and metabolic mutualism between partners. | in the south china sea, coastal eutrophication in the beibu gulf has seriously threatened reef habitats by subjecting corals to chronic physiological stress. to determine how coral holobionts may tolerate such conditions, we examined the transcriptomes of healthy colonies of the galaxy coral galaxea fascicularis and its endosymbiont symbiodinium from two reef sites experiencing pristine or eutrophied nutrient regimes. we identified 236 and 205 genes that were differentially expressed in eutrophi ... | 2017 | 28181581 |
| temperature shapes coral-algal symbiosis in the south china sea. | with the increase in sea surface temperature (sst), scleractinian corals are exposed to bleaching threats but may possess certain flexibilities in terms of their associations with symbiotic algae. previous studies have shown a close symbiosis between coral the and symbiodinium; however, the spatial variation of the symbiosis and the attribution underlying are not well understood. in the present study, we examined coral-algal symbiosis in galaxea fascicularis and montipora spp. from three biogeog ... | 2017 | 28084322 |
| ultrastructural observation of oocytes in six types of stony corals. | in this study, the ultrastructure of the oocytes of 6 types of scleractinian corals was observed by transmission electron microscopy (tem). moreover, histological and ultrastructural analyses were performed to improve our understanding of the organelles involved in coral oocyte formation. in all 6 stony coral species, the microvilli were tubular and directly grew from the surface of the oocyte membrane; yolk bodies, lipid granules, and cortical alveoli accounted for most of the volume inside the ... | 2016 | 27265208 |
| reduced heterotrophy in the stony coral galaxea fascicularis after life-long exposure to elevated carbon dioxide. | ocean acidification imposes many physiological, energetic, structural and ecological challenges to stony corals. while some corals may increase autotrophy under ocean acidification, another potential mechanism to alleviate some of the adverse effects on their physiology is to increase heterotrophy. we compared the feeding rates of galaxea fascicularis colonies that have lived their entire lives under ocean acidification conditions at natural carbon dioxide (co2) seeps with colonies living under ... | 2016 | 27255977 |
| genetic differentiation and connectivity of morphological types of the broadcast-spawning coral galaxea fascicularis in the nansei islands, japan. | population connectivity resulting from larval dispersal is essential for the maintenance or recovery of populations in marine ecosystems, including coral reefs. studies of species diversity and genetic connectivity within species are essential for the conservation of corals and coral reef ecosystems. we analyzed mitochondrial dna sequence types and microsatellite genotypes of the broadcast-spawning coral, galaxea fascicularis, from four regions in the subtropical nansei islands in the northweste ... | 2016 | 27087925 |
| among-species variation in the energy budgets of reef-building corals: scaling from coral polyps to communities. | the symbiosis between corals and dinoflagellates promotes the rapid growth of corals in shallow tropical oceans, and the high overall productivity of coral reefs. the aim of this study was to quantify and understand variation in carbon acquisition and allocation among coral species. we measured multiple physiological traits (including symbiont density, calcification, photosynthesis and tissue composition) for the same coral fragments to facilitate direct comparisons between species (stylophora p ... | 2015 | 26486359 |
| novel polymorphic microsatellite markers reveal genetic differentiation between two sympatric types of galaxea fascicularis. | the reef-building, scleractinian coral, galaxea fascicularis, is classified into soft and hard types, based on nematocyst morphology. this character is correlated with the length of the mitochondrial non-coding region (mt-long: soft colony type, and nematocysts with wide capsules and long shafts; mt-short: hard colony type, and nematocysts with thin capsules and short shafts). we isolated and characterized novel polymorphic microsatellite markers for g. fascicularis using next-generation sequenc ... | 2015 | 26147677 |
| aureisphaera galaxeae gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine member of the family flavobacteriaceae isolated from the hard coral galaxea fascicularis. | a novel gram-stain negative, spherical, non-motile, strictly aerobic, heterotrophic, yellow pigmented bacterium, designated strain 04oka003-7(t) was isolated from the hard coral galaxea fascicularis l. collected at akajima, okinawa, japan. phylogenetic analysis based on the 16s rrna gene sequence revealed the novel isolate is affiliated with the family flavobacteriaceae of the phylum bacteroidetes and that it showed highest sequence similarity (92.9 %) to vitellibacter aestuarii jc2436(t) and au ... | 2015 | 25795444 |
| impacts of sediments on coral energetics: partitioning the effects of turbidity and settling particles. | sediment loads have long been known to be deleterious to corals, but the effects of turbidity and settling particles have not previously been partitioned. this study provides a novel approach using inert silicon carbide powder to partition and quantify the mechanical effects of sediment settling versus reduced light under a chronically high sedimentary regime on two turbid water corals commonly found in singapore (galaxea fascicularis and goniopora somaliensis). coral fragments were evenly distr ... | 2014 | 25197883 |
| prauserella coralliicola sp. nov., isolated from the coral galaxea fascicularis. | a novel gram-stain-positive actinobacterium, designated strain scsio 11529(t), was isolated from tissues of the stony coral galaxea fascicularis, and characterized by using a polyphasic approach. the temperature range for growth was 22-50 °c (optimum 28-45 °c), the ph range for growth was 6.0-8.0 (optimum ph 7.0), and the nacl concentration range for growth was 0-7% (w/v) nacl. the polar lipid profile contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethyl ... | 2014 | 25013227 |
| the effects of thermal and high-co2 stresses on the metabolism and surrounding microenvironment of the coral galaxea fascicularis. | the effects of elevated temperature and high pco2 on the metabolism of galaxea fascicularis were studied with oxygen and ph microsensors. photosynthesis and respiration rates were evaluated from the oxygen fluxes from and to the coral polyps. high-temperature alone lowered both photosynthetic and respiration rates. high pco2 alone did not significantly affect either photosynthesis or respiration rates. under a combination of high-temperature and high-co2, the photosynthetic rate increased to val ... | 2013 | 24018195 |
| epizoic acoelomorph flatworms impair zooplankton feeding by the scleractinian coral galaxea fascicularis. | many scleractinian coral species host epizoic acoelomorph flatworms, both in aquaculture and in situ. these symbiotic flatworms may impair coral growth and health through light-shading, mucus removal and disruption of heterotrophic feeding. to quantify the effect of epizoic flatworms on zooplankton feeding, we conducted video analyses of single polyps of galaxea fascicularis (linnaeus 1767) grazing on artemia nauplii in the presence and absence of symbiotic flatworms. 18s dna analysis revealed t ... | 2013 | 23336072 |
| oxygen and heterotrophy affect calcification of the scleractinian coral galaxea fascicularis. | heterotrophy is known to stimulate calcification of scleractinian corals, possibly through enhanced organic matrix synthesis and photosynthesis, and increased supply of metabolic dic. in contrast to the positive long-term effects of heterotrophy, inhibition of calcification has been observed during feeding, which may be explained by a temporal oxygen limitation in coral tissue. to test this hypothesis, we measured the short-term effects of zooplankton feeding on light and dark calcification rate ... | 2012 | 23285159 |
| extracoelenteric zooplankton feeding is a key mechanism of nutrient acquisition for the scleractinian coral galaxea fascicularis. | internal and external feeding on zooplankton may provide scleractinian corals with important nutrients. however, the latter process has never been properly quantified. to quantify the dynamics of zooplankton capture, digestion and release for a scleractinian coral, we performed detailed video analyses of galaxea fascicularis feeding on artemia nauplii. a highly dynamic process of prey capture, digestion and release was observed. a single g. fascicularis polyp (n=3) captured 558±67 and released 3 ... | 2011 | 21957098 |
| differences in physiological response to increased seawater temperature in nearshore and offshore corals in northern vietnam. | effects of elevated seawater temperature show high spatial heterogeneity and variation within and among coral species. the objective of this study was to investigate how two coral species, porites lutea and galaxea fascicularis, from two high latitude reefs differently exposed to chronic disturbance, respond to elevated seawater temperatures. corals were collected from reefs nearshore (i.e. subjected to high sediment load, higher chlorophyll α concentrations, turbidity etc.) and offshore (i.e. l ... | 2011 | 21324522 |
| photochemical formation of hydroxyl radicals in tissue extracts of the coral galaxea fascicularis. | various stresses induce the formation of reactive oxygen species (ros) in biological cells. in addition to stress-induced ros, we studied the photochemical formation of hydroxyl radicals (˙oh), the most potent ros, in coral tissues using phosphate buffer-extracted solutions and a simulated sunlight irradiation system. ˙oh formation was seen in extracts of both coral host and endosymbiont zooxanthellae. this study is the first to report quantitative measurements of ˙oh photoformation in coral tis ... | 2013 | 21155074 |
| the structure of mag, a monomeric mutant of the green fluorescent protein azami-green, reveals the structural basis of its stable green emission. | monomeric azami-green (mag) from the stony coral galaxea fascicularis is the first known monomeric green-emitting fluorescent protein that is not a variant of aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (avgfp). these two green fluorescent proteins are only 27% identical in their amino-acid sequences. mag is more similar in its amino-acid sequence to four fluorescent proteins: dendra2 (a green-to-red irreversibly photoconverting fluorescent protein), dronpa (a bright-and-dark reversibly photoswi ... | 2010 | 20445241 |
| crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of a monomeric mutant of azami-green (mag), an aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein-like green-emitting fluorescent protein from the stony coral galaxea fascicularis. | monomeric azami-green (mag) from the stony coral galaxea fascicularis is the first monomeric green-emitting fluorescent protein that is not a derivative of aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (avgfp). mag and avgfp are 27% identical in amino-acid sequence. diffraction-quality crystals of recombinant mag were obtained by the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method using peg 3350 as the precipitant. the mag crystal diffracted x-rays to 2.20 a resolution on beamline ar-nw12a at the photon fact ... | 2009 | 20054132 |
| electron and ion microprobe analysis of calcium distribution and transport in coral tissues. | it is shown by x-ray microanalysis that a gradient of total intracellular ca concentration exists from the outer oral ectoderm to the inner skeletogenic calicoblastic ectoderm in the coral galaxea fascicularis. this suggests an increase in intracellular ca stores in relation to calcification. furthermore, ca concentration in the fluid-filled space of the extrathecal coelenteron is approximately twice as high as in the surrounding seawater and higher than in the mucus-containing seawater layer on ... | 2007 | 17601949 |
| identification of a novel yolk protein in the hermatypic coral galaxea fascicularis. | the reef-building (or hermatypic) coral galaxea fascicularis (anthozoa, hexacorallia, scleractinia) has an annual reproductive cycle. females of g. fascicularis release packages (or ;bundles') of eggs for external fertilization, whereas male individuals form bundles consisting of sperm and infertile ;pseudo-eggs' that are thought to confer buoyancy to the male bundle. in the egg of g. fascicularis, four proteins (gfep-1 to 4) were found to be stored in high abundance, and three of them (gfep-1, ... | 2007 | 17551245 |
| precursor structure of egg proteins in the coral galaxea fascicularis. | in the egg of the reef coral galaxea fascicularis, four proteins (named gfep-1 to -4) are stored in high abundance. in the present study, a cdna containing a full-length open reading frame for gfep-1 was cloned, and the translated protein sequence was compared to the n-terminal sequences of gfep-2, -3, and -4. gfep-1 and -2 were shown to be generated by processing of a precursor of 1439 amino acids, and gfep-3 turned out to be a partial fragment of gfep-2. the precursor protein contained regions ... | 2006 | 16616007 |
| modelling variations in corallite morphology of galaxea fascicularis coral colonies with depth and light on coastal fringing reefs in the wakatobi marine national park (s.e. sulawesi, indonesia). | coastal environments in the tropics can suffer from high sedimentation and low light levels. galaxea fascicularis is a hermatypic coral that is relatively resilient to stress from bleaching and from sedimentation. corallite dimensions--width, height, corallite densities and inter-corallite distances--of galaxea fascicularis colonies varied significantly with depth, and so with incident light at the sampela reef in the wakatobi marine national park, s.e. sulawesi, indonesia. modelling studies bas ... | 2006 | 16406815 |
| molecular analyses of protein components of the organic matrix in the exoskeleton of two scleractinian coral species. | biochemical and histological studies on the exoskeleton of scleractinian corals had demonstrated presence of the organic matrix containing proteins, lipids and chitin. examination at the electron microscopic level had shown that the initial phase of calcification occurred in close association with organic substances secreted by calicoblastic cells. the possibility was thereby proposed that certain organic substances induce formation of calcium carbonate crystals, presumably functioning as templa ... | 2003 | 14662301 |
| light-regulated ca2+ uptake and o2 secretion at the surface of a scleractinian coral galaxea fascicularis. | the surface concentration dynamics of ca(2+) and o(2) in the scleractinian coral galaxea fascicularis were investigated by means of 2 mm-sized sensors (mini-electrodes). mini-electrodes were used to measure the light-regulated uptake of ca(2+) for calcification, and the secretion of o(2), produced by photosynthesising zooxanthellae, at the surface of the oral ectoderm of galaxea polyps. the concentration of ca(2+) measured in the boundary layer of seawater adjacent to the polyp surface was varia ... | 2003 | 14511760 |
| molecular cloning of a cdna encoding a soluble protein in the coral exoskeleton. | organic substances were extracted from the calcified exoskeleton of the reef coral galaxea fascicularis. in an sds-page analysis of the extract, a protein with an apparent molecular mass of 53 kda was detected as well as two other weaker bands. a ca2+ overlay analysis failed to find a ca2+-binding protein in the extract. periodic acid schiff staining indicated that the 53 kda protein was glycosylated. a cdna containing the entire open reading frame for this protein was obtained. analysis of the ... | 2003 | 12705876 |
| calcium associated with a fibrillar organic matrix in the scleractinian coral galaxea fascicularis. | field emission scanning electron microscopy of frozen-hydrated preparations of the scleractinian coral galaxea fascicularis revealed organic fibrils which have a diameter of 26 nm and are located between calicoblastic ectodermal cells and the underlying caco(3) skeleton. small (37 nm in diameter) nodular structures observed upon this fibrillar organic material possibly correspond to localised ca-rich regions detected throughout the calcifying interfacial region of freeze-substituted preparations ... | 2003 | 12664279 |
| suppression of skeletal growth in scleractinian corals by decreasing ambient carbonate-ion concentration: a cross-family comparison. | biogenic calcification is influenced by the concentration of available carbonate ions. the recent confirmation of this for hermatypic corals has raised concern over the future of coral reefs because [co(3)(2-)] is a decreasing function of increasing pco(2) in the atmosphere. as one of the overriding features of coral reefs is their diversity, understanding the degree of variability between species in their ability to cope with a change in [co(3)(2-)] is a priority. we cultured four phylogenetica ... | 2003 | 12590757 |
| low temperature x-ray microanalysis of calcium in a scleractinian coral: evidence of active transport mechanisms. | element concentrations were measured by x-ray microanalysis in seawater (sw) compartments and mucocytes in bulk, frozen-hydrated preparations of the scleractinian coral galaxea fascicularis. quantitative x-ray microanalysis of polyps sampled in the daytime revealed that concentrations of the elements na, s, k and ca were all significantly higher in a thin (10-20 micro m) external sw layer adjacent to the oral ectoderm (p<0.05, <0.05, <0.0001 and <0.01, respectively) than in standard sw. in polyp ... | 2002 | 12364407 |
| low temperature fesem of the calcifying interface of a scleractinian coral. | the ultrastructural nature of the calcifying interface in the scleractinian coral galaxea fascicularis has been investigated using high-resolution, low temperature field emission scanning electron microscopy (fesem). this technique permitted structural analyses of soft tissue and skeleton in g. fascicularis in a frozen-hydrated state, without the need for chemical fixation or decalcification. structural comparisons are made between frozen-hydrated polyps and polyps that have undergone convention ... | 2002 | 12182812 |
| effect of increased calcium concentration in sea water on calcification and photosynthesis in the scleractinian coral galaxea fascicularis. | the relationship between calcification and photosynthesis in coral was investigated using standard sea water with enhanced calcium concentration. in standard sea water at 23 degrees c with the calcium concentration increased by 2.5 mmol l(-1), incorporation of calcium into the skeleton increased by 30-61 %, depending on the method of data normalisation, and photosynthesis, measured as (14)c incorporation into the tissues, also increased by 87 %. at 29 degrees c, calcium incorporation into the sk ... | 2002 | 12089214 |
| occurrence, distribution, and localisation of metals in cnidarians. | the cnidaria are simple organisms that have remarkable physiological features susceptible to microscopic investigation. as a group they produce cnidae, the most complex intracellular organelles known, form symbioses with a range of unicellular algae, contain mucocytes that account for a very substantial fraction of their body mass, and form complex skeletal structures of calcium carbonate. this review summarises contributions dealing with the distribution and localisation of metals of physiologi ... | 2002 | 11877812 |
| novel bioactivities from a coral, galaxea fascicularis: dnase-like activity and apoptotic activity against a multiple-drug-resistant leukemia cell line. | : from the coral galaxea fascicularis, a crude mucus-like extract (ms) and subsequently its purified component (p6) appear to contain a dnase-like activity that indiscriminately digested lambdadna, as well as naked genomic dnas isolated from a multiple-drug-resistant murine leukemia cell line, p388/vcr, and a nontransformed liver cell line, bl8l. however, ms and p6 specifically induced in situ dna digestion in cultured p388/vcr cells from 30 minutes onward. after 3 days of incubation with ms or ... | 1999 | 10489407 |
| a novel antitumour compound from the mucus of a coral, galaxea fascicularis, inhibits topoisomerase i and ii. | s2 isolated from the mucus of g. fascicularis contains anti-topoisomerase activity, causing cytotoxicity to a multiple-drug resistant leukaemia cell line, p388/vcr. it inhibits dna relaxation catalysed by topoisomerase i and ii. s2 stabilised the topoisomerase i-dna cleavable complex, thereby inhibiting the dna replication machinery, leading to cell death. the active centre of s2 probably contains a gal beta(1-4)glcnac dissacharide linkage. s2 has potentials of being developed into a new antican ... | 1998 | 9690797 |
| skeletal matrices, muci, and the origin of invertebrate calcification. | the sudden appearance of calcified skeletons among many different invertebrate taxa at the precambrian-cambrian transition may have required minor reorganization of preexisting secretory functions. in particular, features of the skeletal organic matrix responsible for regulating crystal growth by inhibition may be derived from mucous epithelial excretions. the latter would have prevented spontaneous calcium carbonate overcrusting of soft tissues exposed to the highly supersaturated late proteroz ... | 1996 | 11607630 |
| toxic exudate from the hard coral goniopora tenuidens. | ten colonies of goniopora tenuidens were placed individually in sea water for 1 hr after which time the sea water was assayed using toxicity to another hard coral galaxea fascicularis and to other colonies of g. tenuidens. sea water from eight of the 10 colonies assayed was toxic to at least one of the bioassay organisms. thus, g. tenuidens can extrude biologically active substances that adversely affect potential competitors, both interspecific and conspecific. | 1990 | 1982375 |