| use of mutants to establish (+)-scytalone as an intermediate in melanin biosynthesis by verticillium dahliae. | melanin biosynthesis in verticillium dahliae kleb, was studied with mutants deficient for normal black melanin or for production of microsclerotia. seven genetically different mutants had apparent blocks in melanin biosynthesis. four mutants (brm-1 to -4) produced brown microsclerotia and extruded pigments into media; three (alm-1 to -3) produced albino microsclerotia. other mutants produced no microsclerotia (nms) or had greatly reduced numbers of microsclerotia (rms). mutation alm-1 was due to ... | 1976 | 945120 |
| phaeohyphomycosis in a cat caused by alternaria infectoria e. g. simmons. | the first case of phaeohyphomycosis in a cat caused by alternaria infectoria e. g. simmons is reported. a. infectoria was isolated from several cutaneous nodules. treatment of the cat with itraconazole is described. | 1993 | 7935583 |
| production of alternariol and alternariol mono-methyl ether by isolates of alternaria spp. from argentinian maize. | alternaria cultures (87 isolates of alternaria alternata, four of a. tenuissima, two of a. radicina, and three of alternaria state of pleospora infectoria respectively, from maize) were screened to determine their ability to produce alternariol (aoh) and alternariol monomethyl ether (ame) on maize and rice. only 28 a. alternata stains had toxigenic capacity. when maize was used as substrate 21 of 28 isolates produced aoh and ame, and 23 of 28 strains produced aoh and 22 of 28 produced ame when r ... | 1998 | 9534871 |
| [cutaneous alternaria infectoria infection after liver transplantation]. | we report a case of cutaneous alternariosis after liver transplantation. this rare phaeohyphomycosis is mainly observed in patients treated by corticosteroids. this case is remarkable for the species isolated: alternaria infectoria. clinical and histopathological features are studied and diagnostic problems are discussed. | 1998 | 9706345 |
| phaeohyphomycosis caused by alternaria infectoria in a renal transplant recipient. | we report on a case of phaeohyphomycosis caused by alternaria infectoria in a renal transplant recipient with pulmonary infiltrates and multiple skin lesions. diagnosis was based on microscopy and culture of the skin lesions. treatment consisted of a combination of surgical excision and systemic antifungal therapy, first with itraconazole and subsequently with liposomal amphotericin b, for 39 days. at a 20-month follow-up visit, no recurrence of the skin lesions or the pulmonary infiltrates had ... | 2001 | 11326020 |
| sporotrichoid phaeohyphomycosis due to alternaria infectoria. | we describe a cardiac transplant patient who had human cutaneous alternariosis with a sporotrichoid distribution of skin lesions. in this patient identification of the causative organism alternaria infectoria was achieved by sequencing the rdna internal transcribed spacer domain. treatment with itraconazole led to clinical resolution within 4 months. | 2001 | 11531842 |
| molecular taxonomy of the alternaria and ulocladium species from humans and their identification in the routine laboratory. | the alternaria and ulocladium species reported from humans are studied taxonomically using rdna internal transcribed spacer (its) sequence data. the its variability within the genus is relatively limited. the two most important, longicatenate species, alternaria alternata and a. infectoria, clearly differ in their its domains, due to a 26-bp insert in its1 of the latter species. a number of taxa inhabiting particular plant species, such as a. longipes on tobacco and a. mali on apple, but also th ... | 2002 | 12572714 |
| rapid molecular diagnosis of posttraumatic keratitis and endophthalmitis caused by alternaria infectoria. | the first case of alternaria infectoria ocular infection is reported. keratitis and endophthalmitis developed after eye-perforating trauma from a lemon tree branch. two months after surgery and empirical steroid and antibiotic treatment, diagnosis by molecular methods was performed. pcr amplification was positive for a fungus after 4 h. antifungal treatment with amphotericin b and fluconazole was initiated immediately. dna sequence analysis showed alternaria infectoria to be the causal agent. af ... | 2003 | 12843093 |
| utility of molecular identification in opportunistic mycotic infections: a case of cutaneous alternaria infectoria infection in a cardiac transplant recipient. | we report on a case of cutaneous infection caused by alternaria infectoria in a cardiac transplant recipient. a rapid molecular diagnosis was obtained by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer domain of the 5.8s ribosomal dna region amplified from colonies developed on sabouraud medium. treatment consisted of a combination of systemic antifungal therapy, first with amphotericin b and then with itraconazole. | 2004 | 15528736 |
| cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis due to alternaria infectoria. | here we report a case of cutaneous alternariosis in a 74-year-old man treated by corticotherapy for myasthenia, and presenting with papular, crusted lesions on the left elbow and the right knee. histological examination of the biopsy specimens showed fungal hyphae associated with round-shaped cells which were highly suggestive of alternariosis. mycological culture allowed the isolation of a dematiaceous fungus which was identified as a member of the alternaria infectoria species-group. this was ... | 2005 | 16170606 |
| novel chemotaxonomic markers of the alternaria infectoria species-group. | two new structurally related metabolites, novae-zelandin a (1) and novae-zelandin b (2), as well as the novel metabolite 4z-infectopyrone (3) were purified from extracts of filamentous fungi belonging to the alternaria infectoria species-group. the structures were elucidated by a combination of 1d and 2d nmr spectroscopic data and ms data. 1-3 are important chemotaxonomic markers of the a. infectoria species-group and exhibit structures similar to those of known biologically active compounds, su ... | 2005 | 16302758 |
| relapse of cutaneous alternaria infectoria in a renal transplant recipient after 2 years. | | 2006 | 16648921 |
| alternaria infectoria phaeohyphomycosis in a renal transplant patient. | a male renal transplant patient developed a tumor on the dorsum of his right hand. after excision, histological examination of the tumor showed hyphal structures, but growth developed very slowly. therapy consisted of surgery alone. a definitive identification of alternaria infectoria was only possible with molecular techniques. | 2006 | 16772234 |
| cutaneous alternariosis in a liver transplant recipient. | we describe the case of a liver transplant patient with a cutaneous alternariosis due to alternaria infectoria. cutaneous lesions regressed with the decrease in daily doses of immunosuppressors. the skin lesion remains cicatricial after one year of follow-up. | 2006 | 16854189 |
| skin infection due to alternaria species in kidney allograft recipients: report of a new case and review of the literature. | a kidney allograft recipient developed a cutaneous infection 29 months after transplantation, due to the dematiaceous fungus alternaria infectoria on his right forearm and left leg. since the lesions were too large to be excised, the patient was treated only with systemic itraconazole and a reduction of the immunosuppressive therapy. after 4 months, the lesions were completely healed, and no relapses were observed at follow-up of 22 months. twenty-seven other cases of cutaneous alternariosis hav ... | 2006 | 17136699 |
| cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by alternaria infectoria. | | 2008 | 18311446 |
| sensitivity of the alternaria infectoria species-group 1 to cycloheximide. | a possibility of using cycloheximide tolerance and/or sensitivity as an additional diagnostic tool for distinguishing morphologically related species within common small-spored alternaria has been tested during this study. | 2008 | 18444978 |
| alternaria infectoria brain abscess in a child with chronic granulomatous disease. | in the present report, we describe the first case of a phaeohyphomycotic brain abscess in a 5-year-old boy with chronic granulomatous disease (cgd) admitted to hospital with seizures. a computed tomography (ct) scan revealed a cerebral abscess and the microbiology study showed a dark, melanin-pigmented fungus, exhibiting only sterile hyphae. this fungus was identified by the amplification and sequencing of the 5.8s rna gene and of the adjacent internal transcriber spacer domains, its1 and its2, ... | 2009 | 18815820 |
| detection of (1-->3)-beta-d-glucan as an adjunct to diagnosis in a mixed population with uncommon proven invasive fungal diseases or with an unusual clinical presentation. | this single-center observational prospective study evaluated the performance of (1-->3)-beta-d-glucan as an adjunct diagnostic tool in 12 patients with proven invasive fungal disease with different risk factors. the infections were due to either uncommon fungal pathogens such as dematiaceous molds (scedosporium apiospermum, alternaria infectoria, and cladosporium macrocarpum) and hyaline septate molds (fusarium solani and blastoschizomyces capitatus) or aspergillus spp. with unusual clinical pre ... | 2009 | 19158282 |
| potato carrot agar with manganese as an isolation medium for alternaria, epicoccum and phoma. | a semi-selective medium for isolation of alternaria spp., epicoccum sp. and phoma spp. from soil and plant samples was developed. the basal medium was a modified potato carrot agar (pca), containing 10 g/l of potato and carrot. it is known that the target genera sporulate well on standard pca when grown at 25 degrees c with an alternating light/dark cycle consisting of 8 h of cool-white daylight followed by 16 h darkness. addition of 1.5% mncl(2) 4 h(2)o (w/v) inhibited most other fungi than alt ... | 2009 | 19185378 |
| a polyphasic approach to the taxonomy of the alternaria infectoria species-group. | different taxa in the species-group of alternaria infectoria (teleomorph lewia spp.) are often isolated from various cereals including barley, maize and wheat grain, ornamental plants and skin lesions from animals and humans. in the present study we made a polyphasic characterization of 39 strains morphologically identifiable as belonging to the a. infectoria species-group together with 12 strains belonging to closely related species: alternaria malorum (syn. cladosporium malorum), chalastospora ... | 2009 | 19501664 |
| cutaneous infection by alternaria infectoria in a renal transplant patient. | skin lesions are common in renal transplant recipients (rtr) and the clinical distinction of malignancy versus infection may be difficult in this patient population, with the need for further histological and biological investigations. we report here on a 73-year-old male rtr who presented with alternaria infectoria phaeohyphomycosis of 1 year's duration. mycological cultures were negative, and the diagnosis was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction assay and direct sequencing. the ex ... | 2009 | 19594865 |
| molecular identification of phaeohyphomycosis due to alternaria infectoria in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia--a case report. | we report the case of a 15-year old with acute myeloid leukemia who developed breakthrough invasive fungal rhinitis. the fungus was identified as alternaria infectoria by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and successfully treated by surgical excision and combination antifungal therapy, emphasizing the utility of fungal pcr in timely diagnosis of invasive fungal infections. | 2010 | 19896319 |
| phomenins and fatty acids from alternaria infectoria. | taxa of the alternaria infectoria species group are the predominant alternaria spp. found in cereals in northern europe. while several pyrones have been isolated from a. infectoria and described as taxonomical markers for species identification, information about the bioactivity of metabolites from the fungus is missing. bioassay-guided fractionation of rice culture extracts from several strains of a. infectoria linked the observed toxicity of the extracts in mrc-5 cells to free fatty acids, i.e ... | 2010 | 20060014 |
| cutaneous alternaria infectoria infection in a dog in association with therapeutic immunosuppression for the management of immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia. | a 4-year-old, ovariohysterectomized, english springer spaniel on immunosuppressive therapy was re-examined for the review of its immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and the recent development of skin lesions. for the 3 months since hospital discharge, the dog had been receiving 1.3 mg/kg prednisolone and 2.6 mg/kg ciclosporin, both administered orally twice daily. physical examination revealed hepatomegaly and multiple, purulent, crusting, erosive to ulcerative lesions over different body areas. ... | 2010 | 20500496 |
| surface mycobiota on argentinean dry fermented sausages. | the diversity of the mycobiota community occurring on the surface of fermented dry sausages and in the environment of the processing plants was studied. the manufacturing plants (five in total) were located in three different areas of southern buenos aires province (argentina). samples were collected from two types of fermented sausages (short and long ripening time) at two times of the year (winter and summer) and at different types of plants (artisanal and industrial). a total of 342 samples w ... | 2010 | 20643490 |
| phaeohyphomycosis caused by alternaria infectoria presenting as multiple vegetating lesions in a renal transplant patient. | the genus alternaria is one of the most common black moulds and appears to be increasing as a causative agent of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis, particularly among immunosuppressed patients. a 53-year-old patient who had received a kidney transplant presented with multiple verrucous lesions on the distal extremities. positive histopathology and cultures, in addition to rdna its region sequencing, identified the fungal isolate as alternaria infectoria. oral itraconazole was administered for 10 mo ... | 2011 | 21787876 |
| Antifungal susceptibility profile of clinical Alternaria spp. identified by molecular methods. | To analyse the susceptibility pattern of a collection of Alternaria spp. clinical isolates. | 2011 | 21921077 |
| success of posaconazole therapy in a heart transplanted patient with alternaria infectoria cutaneous infection. | cutaneous alternaria spp. infections occur mainly in immunosuppressed patients and itraconazole is considered as the drug of choice. we report the case of a 64-year-old heart transplanted female patient with multiple cutaneous lesions caused by alternaria infectoria. treatment with posaconazole resulted in complete recovery. due to lower minimal inhibitory concentrations, better distribution and less drug interactions than with itraconazole, posaconazole may become the antifungal drug to conside ... | 2011 | 22142219 |
| toxigenic profile and aflp variability of alternaria alternata and alternaria infectoria occurring on wheat. | the objectives of this study were to evaluate the ability to produce alternariol (aoh), alternariol monomethyl ether (ame) and tenuazonic acid (ta) by a. alternata and a. infectoria strains recovered from wheat kernels obtained from one of the main production area in argentina; to confirm using aflps molecular markers the identify of the isolates up to species level, and to evaluate the intra and inter-specific genetic diversity of these two alternaria species. among all the alternaria strains t ... | 2013 | 24294236 |
| pcr-sscp-based reconstruction of the original fungal flora of heat-processed meat products. | food processing of spoiled meat is prohibited by law, since it is a deception and does not comply with food safety aspects. in general, spoilage of meat is mostly caused by bacteria. however, a high contamination level of fungi could be also found in some meat or meat products with certain preserving conditions. in case that unhygienic meat is used to produce heat processed products, the microorganisms will be deactivated by heat, so that they cannot be detected by a standard cultivation method. ... | 2013 | 23361099 |
| cutaneous alternariosis caused by alternaria infectoria: three cases in kidney transplant patients. | the genus alternaria has more than 80 species. alternaria alternata and alternaria infectoria are the most frequent species associated with infections in humans. their clinical importance lies in the growing number of cases reported in immunocompromised patients. herein, we report three cases of kidney-transplanted patients with different clinical presentations of cutaneous alternariosis and we discuss the treatment options. | 2013 | 27429134 |
| subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis due to alternaria infectoria in a renal transplant patient: surgical treatment with no long-term relapse. | phaeohyphomycosis can be caused by a number of different species, being the most common alternaria alternata and alternaria infectoria. the biggest risk factor for the development of the infection is immunosuppression. | 2014 | 22771424 |
| alternaria infectoria skin infection in a renal transplant recipient: an emerging phaeohyphomycosis of occidental countries? | | 2017 | 28244068 |
| alkaline technosol contaminated by former mining activity and its culturable autochthonous microbiota. | technosols or technogenic substrates contaminated by potentially toxic elements as a result of iron mining causes not only contamination of the surrounding ecosystem but may also lead to changes of the extent, abundance, structure and activity of soil microbial community. microbial biomass were significantly inhibited mainly by exceeding limits of potentially toxic metals as arsenic (in the range of 343-511 mg/kg), copper (in the range of 7980-9227 mg/kg), manganese (in the range of 2417-2670 mg ... | 2017 | 28006667 |
| spotlight on the underdogs-an analysis of underrepresented alternaria mycotoxins formed depending on varying substrate, time and temperature conditions. | alternaria (a.) is a genus of widespread fungi capable of producing numerous, possibly health-endangering alternaria toxins (ats), which are usually not the focus of attention. the formation of ats depends on the species and complex interactions of various environmental factors and is not fully understood. in this study the influence of temperature (7 °c, 25 °c), substrate (rice, wheat kernels) and incubation time (4, 7, and 14 days) on the production of thirteen ats and three sulfoconjugated at ... | 2016 | 27869760 |
| successful posaconazole therapy of disseminated alternariosis due to alternaria infectoria in a heart transplant recipient. | we report a case of phaeohyphomycosis caused by alternaria infectoria in a 61-year-old heart transplant recipient with multiple skin lesions and pulmonary infiltrates. the infection spread via the haematogenous route from the primary cutaneous lesions into the lungs. the diagnosis was based on the histopathological examination, direct microscopy, skin lesion cultures and detection of alternaria dna in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid using molecular methods. the treatment consisted of a combinat ... | 2017 | 27866319 |
| the fungal community changes over time in developing wheat heads. | under normal conditions, wheat is colonized by a multitude of fungi that can have beneficial or adverse effects on plant growth and yield. to study the effect of spraying wheat heads with fungicides on the fungal community from emergence to harvest we applied an amplicon sequencing approach on single wheat heads. the climatic data showed that the spring of 2014 was very dry and without precipitation in the two weeks around flowering. an initial quantitative pcr showed that the total amount of fu ... | 2016 | 26836252 |
| activation of melanin synthesis in alternaria infectoria by antifungal drugs. | the importance of alternaria species fungi to human health ranges from their role as etiological agents of serious infections with poor prognoses in immunosuppressed individuals to their association with respiratory allergic diseases. the present work focuses on alternaria infectoria, which was used as a model organism of the genus, and was designed to unravel melanin production in response to antifungals. after we characterized the pigment produced by a. infectoria, we studied the dynamics of 1 ... | 2015 | 26711773 |
| phenotypic and phylogenetic segregation of alternaria infectoria from small-spored alternaria species isolated from wheat in germany and russia. | to identify the taxonomic differences between phytopathogenic small-spored alternaria strains isolated from wheat kernels in germany and russia by a polyphasic approach. | 2015 | 26381081 |
| characterization of alternaria strains from argentinean blueberry, tomato, walnut and wheat. | alternaria species have the ability to produce a variety of secondary metabolite, which plays important roles in food safety. argentina is the second largest exporter of fresh and processed food products to europe, however, few studies on alternaria mycotoxins and other bioactive secondary metabolites have been carried out on argentinean cereals, fruit and vegetables. knowing the full chemical potential and the distribution of alternaria spp. on crops, it is necessary to establish a toxicologica ... | 2015 | 25498470 |
| [phaeohyphomycosis caused by colletotrichum gloeosporioides and alternaría infectoria in renal transplant recipient]. | several species of black fungi have been reported as agents of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis. although most of these fungi are considered opportunistic pathogens, they play an important role in phaeohyphomycosis, a disease considered an emergent mycosis among solid organ recipients. we report a case of phaeohyphomycosis caused by alternaria infectoria of the left hand and the 4th finger of the right hand of a 68-year-old male who underwent a renal transplant 35 months before. the lesion was tre ... | 2014 | 25327202 |
| cutaneous alternaria infectoria infection diagnosed by molecular techniques in a renal transplant patient. | organ transplant recipients under immunosuppressive therapy have a highly increased risk of opportunistic fungal infections. cutaneous infection caused by alternaria species are relatively rare in humans and most cases reported in the literature are in immunocompromised individuals. we report here on a 33-year old male renal transplant patient with diabetes mellitus who presented with cutaneous alternariosis caused by alternaria infectoria, two years after the transplant. the diagnosis was perfo ... | 2014 | 25291955 |
| cutaneous infection by alternaria infectoria in a liver transplant recipient: a case report. | we report the case of a 65-year-old man who developed multiple crusty ulcerative skin lesions on both lower extremities six months after liver transplantation. the causative pathogen was identified as alternaria infectoria, an opportunistic fungal agent. the patient was successfully treated with fluconazole for 27 weeks, with complete regression of the lesions. due to the lack of well-designed clinical studies it is difficult to determine the best treatment course regarding solid organ transplan ... | 2014 | 25090825 |
| modulation of alternaria infectoria cell wall chitin and glucan synthesis by cell wall synthase inhibitors. | the present work reports the effects of caspofungin, a β-1,3-glucan synthase inhibitor, and nikkomycin z, an inhibitor of chitin synthases, on two strains of alternaria infectoria, a melanized fungus involved in opportunistic human infections and respiratory allergies. one of the strains tested, imf006, bore phenotypic traits that conferred advantages in resisting antifungal treatment. first, the resting cell wall chitin content was higher and in response to caspofungin, the chitin level remaine ... | 2014 | 24614372 |
| characterization of alternaria infectoria extracellular vesicles. | many fungi use membrane vesicles to transport complex molecules across their cell walls. like mammalian exosomes, fungal vesicles contain lipids, proteins, and polysaccharides, many of which are associated with virulence. here we identify and characterize extracellular vesicles (evs) in alternaria infectoria, a ubiquitous, environmental filamentous fungus that is also an opportunistic human pathogen. examination of the a. infectoria evs revealed a morphology similar to that of vesicles described ... | 2014 | 24576997 |
| antimicrobial and cytotoxic secondary metabolites from tropical leaf endophytes: isolation of antibacterial agent pyrrocidine c from lewia infectoria snb-gtc2402. | because of the symbiotic nature of endophytes, this survey aims to investigate the probability of discovering antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities in leaf endophytic microbes. we isolated 138 cultivable microbes (121 fungi, 3 bacteria and 14 unidentified or unknown microbes) from 24 plant species, a significant relative proportion of which exhibited antifungal and cytotoxic potential against candida albicans atcc 10213 and the human cell lines kb (uterine cervical carcinoma), mda-m ... | 2013 | 24189345 |
| deep cutaneous mycosis due to alternaria infectoria after liver transplantation: successful treatment with fluconazole. | | 2014 | 23477761 |
| paecilomyces lilacinus and alternaria infectoria cutaneous infections in a sarcoidosis patient after double-lung transplantation. | both paecilomyces spp. and alternaria spp. are hyphomycetes with a worldwide distribution, and with many species being common saprophytes in soil and air. both species mainly cause infections in immunocompromised patients, but also in an increasing number of immunocompetent hosts. we describe a double-lung transplant patient suffering successively from two rare cutaneous fungal infections caused by paecilomyces lilacinus and alternaria infectoria. antifungal treatment and surgery of residual ski ... | 2016 | 22897073 |
| free tropospheric transport of microorganisms from asia to north america. | microorganisms are abundant in the troposphere and can be transported vast distances on prevailing winds. this study measures the abundance and diversity of airborne bacteria and fungi sampled at the mt. bachelor observatory (located 2.7 km above sea level in north america) where incoming free tropospheric air routinely arrives from distant sources across the pacific ocean, including asia. overall deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) concentrations for microorganisms in the free troposphere, derived from ... | 2012 | 22760734 |
| mycoflora and ochratoxin a control in wheat grain using natural extracts obtained from wine industry by-products. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of some natural extracts obtained from grape pomace (gpe) and grape seeds (gse) as compared to a synthetic food, antioxidant-butylated hydroxytoluene (bht), in order to control fungal population and ochratoxin a (ota) production in naturally contaminated wheat. the results showed that the addition of these extracts was efficient with ota content decreasing. on treatment with these extracts the loss of ota content after 14 days was in the range 7.8 ... | 2012 | 22606022 |
| β(1,3)-glucan synthase complex from alternaria infectoria, a rare dematiaceous human pathogen. | the fungal cell wall polymer β-(1,3)-d-glucan is synthesized by the enzyme β-(1,3)- d-glucan synthase that is a complex composed of at least two proteins, rho1p and fks1p. here, we report the nucleotide sequence of a single fks gene and of the regulatory unit, rho1 from the dematiaceous pathogenic fungus alternaria infectoria. the predicted aifks and airho share, respectively, 93% and 100% identity with that of drechslera tritici-repentis. we also report that the sensitivity to caspofungin of ei ... | 2012 | 22548239 |
| a suspected squamous cell carcinoma in a renal transplant recipient revealing a rare cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis by alternaria infectoria. | squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is the most common neoplasm after organ transplantation. in addition, fungal infections are increasingly described in immunocompromised patients, such as kidney recipients. | 2017 | 22513067 |
| phaeohyphomycosis due to alternaria infectoria: a single-center experience with utility of pcr for diagnosis and species identification. | the term phaeohyphomycosis refers to a rare group of fungal infections characterized by the presence of dark-walled hyphae or yeast-like cells in affected tissues. herein, we report on the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of six cases of phaeohyphomycosis due to alternaria spp. that occurred in our hospital over a 30-month period (from january 2008 to june 2010). interestingly, whereas histopathological examinations were positive and fungal cultures yielded molds in all cases, mycolo ... | 2012 | 22404860 |
| breakthrough filamentous fungal infections in pediatric hematopoetic stem cell transplant and oncology patients receiving caspofungin. | caspofungin is an echinocandin class antifungal medication that is commonly used empirically in immunocompromised patients at high risk for invasive fungal disease. | 2012 | 24294271 |