| infection with borrelia recurrentis: pathogenesis of fever and petechiae. | | 1979 | 528787 |
| activation of protein mediators of inflammation and evidence for endotoxemia in borrelia recurrentis infection. | fifteen patients with borrelia recurrentis infection were studied to evaluate the role of certain plasma proteins and endotoxin in the pathophysiology of both the acute illness and the jarisch-herxheimer-like reaction. the causative spirochetes disappeared from the blood during the jarisch-herxheimer-like reaction, which occurred about 2 hours after antibiotic therapy. the mean titers of hageman factor, plasma prekallikrein and serum hemolytic complement activity were decreased at the time of ad ... | 1977 | 605915 |
| borrelia recurrentis infection: single-dose antibiotic regimens and management of the jarisch-herxheimer reaction. | | 1978 | 659915 |
| detection of plasma tumor necrosis factor, interleukins 6, and 8 during the jarisch-herxheimer reaction of relapsing fever. | the jarisch-herxheimer reaction (j-hr) is a clinical syndrome occurring soon after the first adequate dose of an antimicrobial drug to treat infectious diseases such as lyme disease, syphilis, and relapsing fever. previous attempts to identify factors mediating this reaction, that may cause death, have been unsuccessful. we conducted a prospective trial in addis ababa, ethiopia on 17 patients treated with penicillin for proven louse-borne relapsing fever due to borrelia recurrentis to evaluate t ... | 1992 | 1569394 |
| antigenic cross-reactivity between borrelia burgdorferi, borrelia recurrentis, treponema pallidum, and treponema phagedenis. | the antigenic cross-reactivity between different borrelia and treponema species was determined by the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting. the protein profiles of borrelia burgdorferi, borrelia recurrentis, treponema pallidum, and treponema phagedenis revealed essential differences. using immunoblotting, rabbit immune sera to b. burgdorferi and b. recurrentis exhibited strong cross-reactivities to het ... | 1990 | 2085371 |
| [occurrence of borrelia antibodies in field hares (lepus europaeus)]. | using the indirect haemagglutination reaction with an antigenic extract from borrelia recurrentis, the author assessed in the hare the incidence of borrelia antibodies, incl. antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi, the causal agent of lyme borreliosis, a multisystemic disease with natural foci, a disease transmitted mostly by ticks of the genus ixodes. sera of 113 hares from 11 localities in the cssr examined by this method reacted in 41.6% by titres within the range from 1 : 16 to 1 : 512, onl ... | 1990 | 2142623 |
| [cutaneous forms of lyme borreliosis in children]. | thirty-seven children with skin manifestations of lyme borreliosis (31 with erythema chronicum migrans and six with lymphadenosis benigna cutis) were treated and followed up prospectivelly for 1-24 months (mean 7.58 months). the diagnosis was confirmed serologically by the finding of increased levels of antiborrelial antibodies assessed by the elisa method, using antigen from borrelia recurrentis, in a total of 87% patients with erythema chronicum migrans and in all patients with lymphadenosis b ... | 1990 | 2249272 |
| [the occurrence of antibodies to borrelia in dogs]. | using the method of indirect hemagglutination and an antigenic extract of borrelia recurrentis the occurrence of antibodies to borrelias was investigated in 169 sera of dogs from two groups with different exposure to vectors. a significant difference in the serum positivity of dogs coming to prague outpatient veterinary wards (53.7%) and of dogs coming from laboratory packs (20.9%) confirms the participation of dogs in the epidemiology of lyme borreliosis, indicates the influence of the environm ... | 1990 | 2375071 |
| trench fever in belfast, and the nature of the 'relapsing fevers' in the united kingdom in the nineteenth century. | some evidence is assembled to suggest that trench fever, an infection with a strain of rochalimaea, if not quintana, then vinsonii, was present in belfast in the first half of the nineteenth century in endemic and epidemic form. it may have amounted at times to one half or more of 'fever'. this may account for the comparatively low mortality in some years from 'fever'. the phrase 'relapsing fever' in the nineteenth and twentieth century medical literature of the united kingdom should not be take ... | 1989 | 2672525 |
| pathophysiology of the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, in ixodid ticks. | the pathophysiology of borrelia burgdorferi, the lyme disease spirochete, is unique in tick/vector relationships, differing substantially from that of other spirochetes, e.g., borrelia duttonii, the agent of tick-borne relapsing fever, and borrelia recurrentis, the agent of louse-borne relapsing fever, in their respective vectors. following ingestion by a tick, b. burgdorferi lodges in the midgut diverticula, in some instances penetrating the gut wall and invading various tissues. certain invest ... | 1989 | 2682956 |
| first experience with elisa serosurvey for tick-borne borreliosis (lyme disease) in czechoslovakia. | antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi were searched for in the sera from two groups of hospital patients and one group of healthy agricultural workers. the antibody response was measured by the authors' own modification of the elisa method employing the antigen prepared from borrelia recurrentis strain propagated in laboratory mice. positive antibody titres to borrelia were demonstrated in 5 out of the 44 patients admitted to the infectious diseases clinic, in 8 out of the 32 patients from the neur ... | 1988 | 3411118 |
| prevention of borrelia recurrentis infection with tetracycline. | | 1987 | 3583707 |
| characterization of monoclonal antibodies to treponema pallidum. | thirteen hybrid cell lines which produce mouse monoclonal antibodies to treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, have been established. all of the monoclonal antibodies react with t. pallidum, nichols strain, in elisa and in immunofluorescence assays, but do not react with normal rabbit testicular tissue in the elisa. two of these antibodies were demonstrated to react with the nonpathogenic treponemes t. phagedenis, biotype reiter, t. refringens (noguchi strain), t. vincentii, and t. ... | 1985 | 3880576 |
| studies on comparison of staining of treponema pallidum with that of borrelia recurrentis as seen from long-term preservation of the specimen. i. positive staining. | | 1969 | 4195302 |
| studies on comparison of staining of treponema pallidum with that of borrelia recurrentis as seen from long-term preservation of the specimen. ii. negative staining. | | 1970 | 4196071 |
| culture of ethiopian strains of borrelia recurrentis. | a number of standard bacteriological media with supplements were tested for their ability to support in vitro growth of ethiopian strains of borrelia recurrentis. propagation of 18 out of 21 strains occurred in trypticase soy yeast broth to which bovine albumin (fraction v), n-acetyl glucosamine, and sodium pyruvate had been added. this medium supported a population of 10(7) organisms per ml and yielded a harvest of four to five times the original inoculum during the logarithmic phase of growth. ... | 1973 | 4197769 |
| experimental louse-borne relapsing fever in the grivet monkey, cercopithecus aethiops. i. clinical course. | fifteen grivet monkeys, cercopithecus aethiops, were infected with an ethiopian strain of borrelia recurrentis, the causative agent of louse-borne relapsing fever. an initial spirochetemia occurred in all. inactivity, fever, and leukocytosis accompanied the infections. eight of the monkeys experienced 1 relapse and 1 monkey had 2 relapses. the relapses tended to be less severe than the initial infections. the only deaths, however, occurred in 2 of the 3 monkeys with severe relapses. the clinica ... | 1974 | 4217570 |
| experimental louse-borne relapsing fever in the grivet monkey, cercopithecus aethiops. ii. pathology. | nineteen grivet monkeys, cercopithecus aethiops, were infected with the spirochete of louse-borne relapsing fever, borrelia recurrentis, and killed at various intervals following inoculation: 4 during the initial spirochetemia; 4 during remission; 3 during relapse; 2 that were dying following severe relapses; and 6 during convalescence. the histologic changes of histiocytic myocarditis, multiple microabscesses replacing the nodular white pulp of the spleen, and hepatitis with foci of midzonal ne ... | 1974 | 4217571 |
| experimental louse-borne relapsing fever in the grivet monkey, cercopithecus aethiops. iii. crisis following therapy. | eight grivet monkeys infected with borrelia recurrentis received tetracycline (12.5mg/kg body weight) on the 3rd or 4th day of spirochetemia. leukopenia, fever, hyperpnea, and tachycardia developed within 2 hours as spirochete counts fell to undetectable levels. these events closely simulated the crisis in human louse-borne relapsing fever in both timing and extent. | 1974 | 4217572 |
| electron microscopy of borrelia merionesi and borrelia recurrentis. | | 1974 | 4533221 |
| human serological response to louse-borne relapsing fever. | serological response to louse-borne relapsing fever in ethiopia was determined by immobilization tests using borrelia recurrentis cultures. isolates from 26 patients tested with autologous convalescent sera showed from 90 to 100% of the organisms had been immobilized. sera from thirteen patients were tested with autologous and heterologous strains. several reacted with the majority and two showed high titers against all strains tested. screening of day 2 and day 8 sera frequently showed heterolo ... | 1973 | 4784888 |
| possible prevention of tick-borne relapsing fever in patients infected with borrelia recurrentis. | | 1984 | 6491372 |
| phagocytosis of borrelia recurrentis by blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes is enhanced by antibiotic treatment. | the removal of borrelia spirochetes from the blood in relapsing fever was studied by examining patients' blood phagocytic cells with the dieterle silver stain. polymorphonuclear leukocytes ingested borrelia at increased rates for several hours after antibiotic treatment, during which time the total numbers of circulating plasma spirochetes were decreasing. incubation of infected blood at 37 degrees c for 2 h resulted in a progressive increase in phagocytosis. addition of penicillin g and tetracy ... | 1980 | 7399684 |
| [lice and methods of control]. | the morphology and biology of sucking lice (anoplura) and biting lice (mallophaga) are described. a table shows the main species for given hosts and provides simplified keys for identification. lice have a direct pathogenic effect (damage to skin and cutaneous appendages, fall in productivity) and an indirect effect (transmission of rickettsia prowazeki, r. quintana and borrelia recurrentis in human beings; african and classical swine fever virus, equine infectious anaemia virus and dipylidium c ... | 1994 | 7711304 |
| successful in-vitro cultivation of borrelia recurrentis. | | 1994 | 7904703 |
| functional and structural identification of a new lectin activity of borrelia recurrentis spirochetes. | 1. haemagglutinating activity (ha) was found and characterized in lysate of the spirochete borrelia recurrentis. 2. the highest ha was observed using native rabbit red blood cells (rbc), especially oxidized rabbit rbc. 3. in a haemagglutination inhibition test the ha showed an affinity with monosaccharides d-glucosamine, d-galactosamine and n-acetyl-d-mannosamine and several glycoproteins and polysaccharides. 4. an inhibitory effect was also achieved by mouse monoclonal antibody h 9724, polyclon ... | 1993 | 8365109 |
| prevention of jarisch-herxheimer reactions by treatment with antibodies against tumor necrosis factor alpha. | in patients with louse-borne relapsing fever (borrelia recurrentis infection), antimicrobial treatment is often followed by sudden fever, rigors, and persistent hypotension (jarisch-herxheimer reactions) that are associated with increases in plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha), interleukin-6, and interleukin-8. we attempted to determine whether sheep polyclonal fab antibody fragments against tnf-alpha (anti-tnf-alpha fab) could suppress the jarisch-herxheimer reactio ... | 1996 | 8663853 |
| pentoxifylline fails to prevent the jarisch-herxheimer reaction or associated cytokine release. | the jarisch-herxheimer reaction (jhr) observed after antibiotic treatment of relapsing fever caused by borrelia recurrentis is associated with the systemic appearance of cytokines. the decrease of cytokine production and block of jhr was attempted by administering pentoxifylline prior to antibiotic treatment. fifteen patients with confirmed relapsing fever were infused intravenously with pentoxifylline 90 min before intramuscular injection of penicillin; 4 patients were not treated with pentoxif ... | 1996 | 8769625 |
| phylogenesis of relapsing fever borrelia spp. | the phylogenetic relationships of 20 relapsing fever (rf) borrelia spp. were estimated on the basis of the sequences of rrs genes. complete sequences were aligned and compared with previously published sequences, and the similarity values were found to be 97.7 to 99.9%. phylogenetic trees were constructed by using the three neighbor-joining, maximum-parsimony, and maximum-likelihood methods. the results of the comparative phylogenetic analysis divided the rf borrelia spp. into three major cluste ... | 1996 | 8863409 |
| borrelia recurrentis characterization and comparison with relapsing-fever, lyme-associated, and other borrelia spp. | borrelia recurrentis, the cause of louse-borne relapsing fever, has until recently been considered noncultivable, which has prevented characterization of this spirochete. we successfully cultivated 18 strains from patients with louse-borne relapsing fever and present the initial characterization of these isolates. electron microscopy revealed spirochetal cells with pointed ends, an average wavelength of 1.8 microns, an amplitude of 0.8 micron, and 8 to 10 periplasmic flagella. the g+c ratio was ... | 1997 | 9336893 |
| outbreak of epidemic typhus associated with trench fever in burundi. | after a 12-year absence, epidemic typhus has re-emerged among the displaced population of burundi. following the outbreak of civil war in 1993, over 760000 people now inhabit refugee camps, under appalling conditions. a typhus outbreak occurred among prisoners in a jail in n'gozi in 1995. at the time, the disease was not recognised, and was referred to as sutama. reports of sutama among the civilian population date back to late 1995 and, in association with body-louse infestation, the disease ha ... | 1998 | 9717922 |
| variable major lipoprotein is a principal tnf-inducing factor of louse-borne relapsing fever. | massive release of tumor necrosis factor is responsible for the potentially fatal larisch-herxheimer reaction that follows antibiotic treatment of relapsing fever due to borrelia recurrentis. we have undertaken the quantitative purification of the components of b. recurrentis that stimulate human monocytes to produce tumor necrosis factor. we show that the predominant factor inducing tumor necrosis factor is a variable lipoprotein homologous to the variable major protein of b. hermsii. we found ... | 1998 | 9846580 |
| body lice as tools for diagnosis and surveillance of reemerging diseases. | body lice are vectors of three bacteria which cause human disease: rickettsia prowazekii, the agent of epidemic typhus; bartonella quintana, the agent of trench fever; and borrelia recurrentis, the agent of relapsing fever. a recrudescence of body lice is being observed as the numbers of individuals living under social conditions which predispose individuals to infestation have increased. because this phenomenon may lead to the reemergence of infections transmitted by body lice, we aimed to asse ... | 1999 | 9986818 |
| survey of three bacterial louse-associated diseases among rural andean communities in peru: prevalence of epidemic typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever. | typhus and other louse-transmitted bacterial infections in peruvian sierra communities are known to occur but have not recently been assessed. in this study, 194 of 1,280 inhabitants of four villages in calca province in the urubamba valley were included. thirty-nine (20%) of the 194 volunteers had antibodies to rickettsia prowazekii, whereas 24 (12%) had antibodies to bartonella quintana and 2 against borrelia recurrentis. there was a significant correlation between the presence of infesting ec ... | 1999 | 10476755 |
| successful in vitro cultivation of borrelia duttonii and its comparison with borrelia recurrentis. | borrelia duttonii, the cause of east african tick-borne relapsing fever, has until now been refractory to growth in laboratory media. this spirochaete has only be propagated in mice or by tissue culture, restricting both yield and purity of cells available for research. the successful isolation of five clinical isolates of b. duttonii from patients in central tanzania and their comparison with borrelia recurrentis is reported. electron microscopy revealed spirochaetal cells with pointed ends, a ... | 1999 | 10555362 |
| the body louse as a vector of reemerging human diseases. | the body louse, pediculus humanus humanus, is a strict human parasite, living and multiplying in clothing. louse infestation is associated with cold weather and a lack of hygiene. three pathogenic bacteria are transmitted by the body louse. borrelia recurrentis is a spirochete, the agent of relapsing fever, recently cultured on axenic medium. historically, massive outbreaks have occurred in eurasia and africa, but currently the disease is found only in ethiopia and neighboring countries. bartone ... | 1999 | 10589908 |
| recombinant human interleukin-10 fails to alter proinflammatory cytokine production or physiologic changes associated with the jarisch-herxheimer reaction. | interleukin (il)-10 may have a role in the treatment of cytokine-associated inflammatory syndromes. the jarisch-herxheimer reaction (j-hr), which follows antibiotic treatment of borrelia recurrentis infection, is a useful model of acute systemic inflammation associated with a cytokine surge and characteristic pathophysiologic changes. in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 49 ethiopian men with b. recurrentis infection were randomized to receive a single intravenous bolus of either 25 micr ... | 2000 | 10608768 |
| structural characterization of the inflammatory moiety of a variable major lipoprotein of borrelia recurrentis. | louse-borne relapsing fever, caused by borrelia recurrentis, provides one of the best documented examples of the causative role of tumor necrosis factor (tnf) in the pathology of severe infection in humans. we have identified the principal tnf-inducing factor of b. recurrentis as a variable major lipoprotein (vmp). here we report the complete gene sequence of vmp, including its lipoprotein leader sequence. using metabolically labeled forms of the native vmp we confirm that the tnf inducing prope ... | 2000 | 10625630 |
| direct evidence for involvement of nf-kappab in transcriptional activation of tumor necrosis factor by a spirochetal lipoprotein. | variable major lipoprotein (vmp) is a major tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-inducing component of borrelia recurrentis, the agent of louse-borne relapsing fever. b. recurrentis vmp rapidly stimulates nuclear translocation of nf-kappab and proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in the human monocyte-like cell line monomac 6. by overexpressing disabled mutant ikappabalpha in monomac 6 cells cotransfected with a reporter gene, we provide evidence that nf-kappab is essential for the transcriptional ac ... | 2000 | 10948181 |
| serodiagnosis of louse-borne relapsing fever with glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (glpq) from borrelia recurrentis. | human louse-borne relapsing fever occurs in sporadic outbreaks in central and eastern africa that are characterized by significant morbidity and mortality. isolates of the causative agent, borrelia recurrentis, were obtained from the blood of four patients during a recent epidemic of the disease in southern sudan. the glpq gene, encoding glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase, from these isolates was sequenced and compared with the glpq sequences obtained from other relapsing-fever spirochetes. ... | 2000 | 11015364 |
| characterisation of silent and active genes for a variable large protein of borrelia recurrentis. | we report the characterisation of the variable large protein (vlp) gene expressed by clinical isolate a1 of borrelia recurrentis; the agent of the life-threatening disease louse-borne relapsing fever. | 2002 | 12377101 |
| human pathogens in body and head lice. | using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing, we investigated the prevalence of rickettsia prowazekii, bartonella quintana, and borrelia recurrentis in 841 body lice collected from various countries. we detected r. prowazekii in body lice from burundi in 1997 and in lice from burundi and rwanda in 2001; b. quintana infections of body lice were widespread. we did not detect b. recurrentis in any lice. | 2002 | 12498677 |
| real-time pcr duplex assay for rickettsia prowazekii and borrelia recurrentis. | rickettsia prowazekii, the etiologic agent for epidemic typhus, and borrelia recurrentis, the etiologic agent of relapsing fever, both utilize the same vector, the human body louse (pediculus humanus), to transmit human disease. we have developed an assay to detect both bacterial pathogens in a single tube utilizing real-time pcr. assays for both agents are specific. the r. prowazekii and b. recurrentis assays do not detect nucleic acid from r. typhi, r. canada, or any of eight spotted fever ric ... | 2003 | 12860643 |
| [presence of borrelia recurrentis in ornithodoros talaje in mexico]. | | 1953 | 13178235 |
| [maintenance of borrelia recurrentis (ethiopian strains) by passages on newborn mice]. | | 1956 | 13342842 |
| [use of newborn rats for maintenance of borrelia recurrentis]. | | 1956 | 13396512 |
| dehydrogenase activity in borrelia recurrentis. | | 1959 | 14442527 |
| relapse phenomena in rats infected with single spirochetes (borrelia recurrentis var. turicatae). | | 1951 | 14861181 |
| ectoparasitism and vector-borne diseases in 930 homeless people from marseilles. | homeless people are particularly exposed to ectoparasites, but their exposure to arthropod-borne diseases has not been evaluated systematically. a medical team of 27 persons (7 nurses, 6 infectious disease residents or fellows, 2 dermatologists, and 12 infectious disease specialists) visited the 2 shelters in marseilles, france, for 4 consecutive years. homeless volunteers were interviewed, examined, and received care; and blood was sampled for cell counts and detection of bacteremia, antibodies ... | 2005 | 15643300 |
| excretion of living borrelia recurrentis in feces of infected human body lice. | louse-borne relapsing fever (lbrf), caused by borrelia recurrentis, is 1 of the most dangerous arthropod-borne diseases. infection is thought to occur through louse crushing. lice feces have not been shown to contain living borreliae. we infected 800 body lice by feeding them on a rabbit made spirochetemic by the injection of 2 x 106 borreliae. the life span of infected lice was not shortened. once infected, lice remained infected for life but did not transmit borreliae to their progeny or to nu ... | 2005 | 15871124 |
| [lice and lice-borne diseases in humans]. | among the three lice which parasite the human being, the human body louse, pediculus humanus humanus, is a vector of infectious diseases. it lives and multiplies in clothes and human infestation is associated with cold weather and a lack of hygiene. three pathogenic bacteria are transmitted by the body louse: 1) rickettsia prowazekii, the agent of epidemic typhus of which the most recent outbreak (and the largest since world war ii) was observed during the civil war in burundi; 2) borrelia recur ... | 2005 | 15903070 |
| typing african relapsing fever spirochetes. | relapsing fever borrelia spp. challenge microbiologic typing because they possess segmented genomes that maintain essential genes on large linear plasmids. antigenic variation further complicates typing. intergenic spacer (igs, between 16s-23s genes) heterogeneity provides resolution among lyme disease-associated and some relapsing fever spirochetes. we used an igs fragment for typing east african relapsing fever borrelia spp. borrelia recurrentis and their louse vectors showed 2 sequence types, ... | 2005 | 16318724 |
| culture of ethiopian strains of borrelia recurrentis. | [this corrects the article on p. 935 in vol. 25.]. | 1973 | 16349969 |
| experimental infection of human body lice with acinetobacter baumannii. | the human body louse is currently recognized as a vector of rickettsia prowazekii, borrelia recurrentis, and bartonella quintana. previous studies have reported the isolation of acinetobacter baumannii from the body lice of homeless patients. to study how the body louse acquires a. baumannii, we infected a rabbit by infusing 2 x 10(6) colony-forming units of the louse strain of a. baumannii. two hundred body lice were infected by feeding on the bacteremic rabbit and compared with 200 uninfected ... | 2006 | 16606978 |
| relapsing fever spirochaetes produce a serine protease that provides resistance to oxidative stress and killing by neutrophils. | the spirochaetes that cause tick-borne relapsing fever and lyme disease are closely related human pathogens, yet they differ significantly in their ecology and pathogenicity. genome sequencing of two species of relapsing fever spirochaetes, borrelia hermsii and borrelia turicatae, identified a chromosomal open reading frame, designated bhpa, not present in the lyme disease spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi. the predicted amino acid sequence of bhpa was homologous with the htra serine proteases, w ... | 2006 | 16629672 |
| louse-borne bacterial pathogens in lice (phthiraptera) of rodents and cattle from egypt. | we collected 1,023 lice, representing 5 species, from rats and domestic cattle throughout 13 governorates in egypt and tested these lice for anaplasma marginale, bartonella spp., brucella spp., borrelia recurrentis, coxiella burnetii, francisella tularensis, and rickettsia spp. by pcr amplification and sequencing. five different louse-borne bacterial agents were detected in lice from rodents or cattle, including "bartonella rattimassiliensis", "b. phoceensis", and bartonella sp. near bartonella ... | 2006 | 16729688 |
| relapsing fever spirochetes borrelia recurrentis and b. duttonii acquire complement regulators c4b-binding protein and factor h. | relapsing fever is a rapidly progressive and severe septic disease caused by certain borrelia spirochetes. the disease is divided into two forms, i.e., epidemic relapsing fever, caused by borrelia recurrentis and transmitted by lice, and the endemic form, caused by several borrelia species, such as b. duttonii, and transmitted by soft-bodied ticks. the spirochetes enter the bloodstream by the vector bite and live persistently in plasma even after the development of specific antibodies. this lead ... | 2006 | 16790790 |
| spirochaetemia in a hiv positive patient. | borreliosis, caused by borrelia recurrentis and several other borrelia species is not a commonly reported case in our environment, but the search for the cause of recurrent pyrexia in this patient made it possible to discover the spirochete as the cause of the disease. | 2006 | 17111740 |
| arthropod-borne diseases in homeless. | homeless people are particularly exposed to ectoparasite. the living conditions and the crowded shelters provide ideal conditions for the spread of lice, fleas, ticks, and mites. body lice have long been recognized as human parasites and although typically prevalent in rural communities in upland areas of countries close to the equator, it is now increasingly encountered in developed countries especially in homeless people or inner city economically deprived population. fleas are widespread but ... | 2006 | 17114713 |
| the genome of borrelia recurrentis, the agent of deadly louse-borne relapsing fever, is a degraded subset of tick-borne borrelia duttonii. | in an effort to understand how a tick-borne pathogen adapts to the body louse, we sequenced and compared the genomes of the recurrent fever agents borrelia recurrentis and b. duttonii. the 1,242,163-1,574,910-bp fragmented genomes of b. recurrentis and b. duttonii contain a unique 23-kb linear plasmid. this linear plasmid exhibits a large polyt track within the promoter region of an intact variable large protein gene and a telomere resolvase that is unique to borrelia. the genome content is char ... | 2008 | 18787695 |
| borrelia recurrentis employs a novel multifunctional surface protein with anti-complement, anti-opsonic and invasive potential to escape innate immunity. | borrelia recurrentis, the etiologic agent of louse-borne relapsing fever in humans, has evolved strategies, including antigenic variation, to evade immune defence, thereby causing severe diseases with high mortality rates. here we identify for the first time a multifunctional surface lipoprotein of b. recurrentis, termed hcpa, and demonstrate that it binds human complement regulators, factor h, cfhr-1, and simultaneously, the host protease plasminogen. cell surface bound factor h was found to re ... | 2009 | 19308255 |
| identification of conserved antigens for early serodiagnosis of relapsing fever borrelia. | borrelia hermsii is a blood-borne pathogen transmitted by the argasid tick ornithodoros hermsi. since spirochaete clearance in mice is associated with an igm-mediated response, an immunoproteomic analysis was used to identify proteins reactive with igm. we report that igm from both mice and human patients infected with b. hermsii not only reacted with the previously identified variable membrane proteins but also identified candidate antigens including heat-shock proteins, an adhesin protein, abc ... | 2009 | 19443544 |
| new concepts for the old challenge of african relapsing fever borreliosis. | relapsing fever, caused by spirochaetes belonging to the genus borrelia, was once the cause of worldwide epidemic disease. this was largely through infection with the louse-borne form of the disease, caused by borrelia recurrentis (louse-borne relapsing fever (lbrf)). during the last century, we have witnessed the demise of this infection, largely owing to improved standards of living and the introduction of the insecticide ddt, resulting in a reduction in the incidence of the body louse, the ve ... | 2009 | 19489922 |
| a novel animal model of borrelia recurrentis louse-borne relapsing fever borreliosis using immunodeficient mice. | louse-borne relapsing fever (lbrf) borreliosis is caused by borrelia recurrentis, and it is a deadly although treatable disease that is endemic in the horn of africa but has epidemic potential. research on lbrf has been severely hampered because successful infection with b. recurrentis has been achieved only in primates (i.e., not in other laboratory or domestic animals). here, we present the first non-primate animal model of lbrf, using scid (-b, -t cells) and scid beige (-b, -t, -nk cells) imm ... | 2009 | 19787030 |
| relapsing fever--a forgotten disease revealed. | borrelial relapsing fever was once a major worldwide epidemic disease that made a significant impact on livingstone during his epic travels through africa and throughout europe. indeed, the term 'relapsing fever' was first used to describe clinical cases of this disease in edinburgh. during the last century, we have witnessed the demise of the louse-borne infection, largely through improving standards of living resulting in a reduction in body lice, the vector for borrelia recurrentis [louse-bor ... | 2010 | 19886891 |
| does reca have a role in borrelia recurrentis? | genomic sequencing of two relapsing fever spirochaetes showed truncation of reca in borrelia recurrentis, but not in borrelia duttonii. reca has an important role among bacteria; we investigated whether this characteristic was representative of b. recurrentis, or an artefact following in vitro cultivation. we sequenced reca directly from samples of patient with louse-borne relapsing fever (b. recurrentis) or tick-borne relapsing fever (b. duttonii). we confirmed the premature stop codon in seven ... | 2011 | 20456459 |
| human complement regulators c4b-binding protein and c1 esterase inhibitor interact with a novel outer surface protein of borrelia recurrentis. | the spirochete borrelia recurrentis is the causal agent of louse-borne relapsing fever and is transmitted to humans by the infected body louse pediculus humanus. we have recently demonstrated that the b. recurrentis surface receptor, hcpa, specifically binds factor h, the regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation, thereby inhibiting complement mediated bacteriolysis. here, we show that b. recurrentis spirochetes express another potential outer membrane lipoprotein, termed cih ... | 2010 | 20532227 |
| medical microbiology | leptospira, borrelia, and spirillum cause disease
characterized by clinical stages with remissions and exacerbations.
leptospira organisms are very thin, tightly coiled, obligate
aerobic spirochetes characterized by a unique flexuous type of motility. the genus
is divided into two species: the pathogenic leptospires l
interrogans and the free-living leptospire l biflexa.
serotypes of l interro ... | 1996 | 21413339 |
| louse and tick borne relapsing fevers. | relapsing fever, caused by spirochaetes belonging to the genus borrelia, was once the cause of worldwide epidemic zoonotic disease. this was largely through infection with the louse-borne form of the disease, caused by borrelia recurrentis [(louse-borne relapsing fever (lbrf)]. another form of replasing fever is caused by borrelia duttonii [(tick-borne relapsing fever (tbrf)]. the introduction and the wide use of ddt in the last century, which is forbidden now, the incidence and prevalence of bo ... | 2012 | 23469636 |
| mapping the ligand-binding region of borrelia hermsii fibronectin-binding protein. | many pathogenic microorganisms express fibronectin-binding molecules that facilitate their adherence to the extracellular matrix and/or entry into mammalian cells. we have previously described a borrelia recurrentis gene, cihc that encodes a 40-kda surface receptor for both, fibronectin and the complement inhibitors c4bp and c1-inh. we now provide evidence for the expression of a group of highly homologues surface proteins, termed fbpa, in three b. hermsii isolates and two tick-borne relapsing f ... | 2013 | 23658828 |
| multiplex real-time pcr diagnostic of relapsing fevers in africa. | in africa, relapsing fever borreliae are neglected arthropod-borne pathogens causing mild to deadly septicemia and miscarriage. the closely related borrelia crocidurae, borrelia duttonii, borrelia recurrentis and borrelia hispanica are rarely diagnosed at the species level, hampering refined epidemiological and clinical knowledge of the relapsing fevers. it would be hugely beneficial to have simultaneous detection and identification of borrelia to species level directly from clinical samples. | 2013 | 23390560 |
| laboratory diagnosis of tick-borne african relapsing fevers: latest developments. | in africa, relapsing fevers caused by ectoparasite-borne borrelia species are transmitted by ticks, with the exception of borrelia recurrentis, which is a louse-borne spirochete. these tropical diseases are responsible for mild to deadly spirochetemia. cultured borrelia crocidurae, borrelia duttonii, and borrelia hispanica circulate alongside at least six species that have not yet been cultured in vectors. direct diagnosis is hindered by the use of non-specific laboratory tools. indeed, microsco ... | 2015 | 26618151 |
| blood-borne candidatus borrelia algerica in a patient with prolonged fever in oran, algeria. | to improve the knowledge base of borrelia in north africa, we tested 257 blood samples collected from febrile patients in oran, algeria, between january and december 2012 for borrelia species using flagellin gene polymerase chain reaction sequencing. a sequence indicative of a new borrelia sp. named candidatus borrelia algerica was detected in one blood sample. further multispacer sequence typing indicated this borrelia sp. had 97% similarity with borrelia crocidurae, borrelia duttonii, and borr ... | 2015 | 26416117 |
| relapsing fever borreliae in africa. | the study of relapsing fever borreliae in africa has long suffered from the use of non-specific laboratory tools for the direct detection of these spirochetes in clinical and vector specimens. accordingly, borrelia hispanica, borrelia crocidurae, borrelia duttonii, and borrelia recurrentis have traditionally been distinguished on the basis of geography and vector and the unproven hypothesis that each species was exclusive to one vector. the recent sequencing of three relapsing fever borrelia gen ... | 2013 | 23926141 |
| multispacer sequence typing relapsing fever borreliae in africa. | in africa, relapsing fevers are neglected arthropod-borne infections caused by closely related borrelia species. they cause mild to deadly undifferentiated fever particularly severe in pregnant women. lack of a tool to genotype these borrelia organisms limits knowledge regarding their reservoirs and their epidemiology. | 2012 | 22679518 |
| borrelia persica infection in dogs and cats: clinical manifestations, clinicopathological findings and genetic characterization. | relapsing fever (rf) is an acute infectious disease caused by arthropod-borne spirochetes of the genus borrelia. the disease is characterized by recurrent episodes of fever that concur with spirochetemia. the rf borrelioses include louse-borne rf caused by borrelia recurrentis and tick-borne endemic rf transmitted by argasid soft ticks and caused by several borrelia spp. such as b. crocidurae, b. coriaceae, b. duttoni, b. hermsii, b. hispanica and b. persica. human infection with b. persica is t ... | 2016 | 27160515 |
| tickborne relapsing fever in southern iran, 2011-2013. | | 0 | 25988268 |
| human louse-transmitted infectious diseases. | several of the infectious diseases associated with human lice are life-threatening, including epidemic typhus, relapsing fever, and trench fever, which are caused by rickettsia prowazekii, borrelia recurrentis, and bartonella quintana, respectively. although these diseases have been known for several centuries, they remain a major public health concern in populations living in poor-hygiene conditions because of war, social disruption, severe poverty, or gaps in public health management. poor-hyg ... | 2012 | 22360386 |
| a new clade of african body and head lice infected by bartonella quintana and yersinia pestis-democratic republic of the congo. | the human body louse is known as a vector for the transmission of three serious diseases-specifically, epidemic typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever caused by rickettsia prowazekii, bartonella quintana, and borrelia recurrentis, respectively-that have killed millions of people. it is also suspected in the transmission of a fourth pathogen, yersinia pestis, which is the etiologic agent of plague. to date, human lice belonging to the genus pediculus have been classified into three mitochondri ... | 2015 | 26392158 |
| borrelia recurrentis in head lice, ethiopia. | since the 1800s, the only known vector of borrelia recurrentis has been the body louse. in 2011, we found b. recurrentis dna in 23% of head lice from patients with louse-borne relapsing fever in ethiopia. whether head lice can transmit these bacteria from one person to another remains to be determined. | 2013 | 23648147 |
| lice, rodents, and many hopes: a rare disease in a young refugee. | | 2017 | 28366167 |
| louse-borne relapsing fever in a refugee from mali. | due to the increasing number of refugees from east africa, louse-borne relapsing fever (lbrf) has become an emergent disease in europe. no single case of lbrf has been reported in europe in refugees from other parts of africa. | 2017 | 28161771 |
| head lice of pygmies reveal the presence of relapsing fever borreliae in the republic of congo. | head lice, pediculus humanus capitis, occur in four divergent mitochondrial clades (a, b, c and d), each having particular geographical distributions. recent studies suggest that head lice, as is the case of body lice, can act as a vector for louse-borne diseases. therefore, understanding the genetic diversity of lice worldwide is of critical importance to our understanding of the risk of louse-borne diseases. | 2016 | 27911894 |
| louse-borne relapsing fever in finland in two asylum seekers from somalia. | we report two cases of louse-borne relapsing fever (lbrf) in young somali asylum seekers having recently arrived to finland. they had sought medical attention for a febrile illness. blood smears were examined for suspected malaria, but instead, spirochete shaped bacteria were observed. the bacteria were confirmed as borrelia recurrentis by pcr and sequencing. the patients survived, but their treatment was complicated by jarisch-herxheimer reaction. we conclude that lbrf must be considered as a d ... | 2017 | 27859692 |
| [a somali refugee with fever and abnormal blood smear]. | the increasing migration into europe may confront clinicians with diseases barely known any more in this part of the world. we present a case of louse-borne relapsing fever in a somali refugee. blood smears led to the diagnosis of relapsing fever and dna sequencing was positive for borrelia recurrentis. this disease should be considered in all patients with unclear fever and a compatible travel or migration history. blood smears are employed as the primary diagnostic method. therapy harbors the ... | 2017 | 27822621 |
| images in clinical medicine. borrelia recurrentis infection. | | 2016 | 27518689 |
| [louse-borne-relapsing-fever in refugees from the horn of africa; a case series of 25 patients]. | background | relapsing fever is divided into tick borne relapsing fever (tbrf) and louse borne relapsing fever (lbrf). this report describes 25 refugees from east africa who were diagnosed to suffer from lbrf within a period of 6 month only at a single hospital in munich / germany. material & methods | the aim was to point out common clinical features as well as laboratory findings and clinical symptoms before and after initiation of treatment in 25 patients with louse borne relapsing fever (lbr ... | 2016 | 27404939 |
| louse-borne relapsing fever in a refugee from somalia arriving in belgium. | we report a case of louse-borne relapsing fever (lbrf) in a refugee from somalia who had arrived in belgium a few days earlier. he complained of myalgia and secondarily presented fever. blood smears revealed spirochetes later identified as borrelia recurrentis. lbrf should be considered in countries hosting refugees, particularly those who transit through endemic regions. | 2016 | 27356309 |
| fourth case of louse-borne relapsing fever in young migrant, sicily, italy, december 2015. mini review article. | currently louse-borne relapsing fever (lbrf) is primarily found in limited endemic foci in ethiopia, somalia and sudan; no case of imported lbrf has been reported in europe in the 9 years prior to 2015. the aim of our paper is to describe a new case of imported lbrf detected in sicily, italy, and to review all cases reported in migrants arrived in europe in the last 10 years. | 2016 | 27340042 |
| louse-borne relapsing fever - report of four cases in switzerland, june-december 2015. | louse-borne relapsing fever (lbrf) is a neglected disease that has been restricted to east africa for many decades. several cases in refugees from the horn of africa have been recently diagnosed in four european countries. | 2016 | 27188655 |
| louse-borne relapsing fever (borrelia recurrentis) in a somali refugee arriving in italy: a re-emerging infection in europe? | | 2016 | 27149282 |
| [infectious diseases in refugees and their minors arriving in germany--what the gp needs to know]. | | 2016 | 27119890 |
| relapsing fever in asylum seekers from somalia arriving in belgium in august 2015. | current population displacements favor the re-emerging of diseases, nowadays very rare in europe. we report two cases of 'imported' relapsing fever in two somali asylum seekers occurring shortly after their arrival in belgium. a diagnosis of relapsing fever should be considered in all migrants coming from endemic regions or having traveled in low hygiene and crowded conditions, presenting with recurrent fever, especially if no malaria parasites are found. | 2016 | 27112219 |
| hemorrhagic diathesis in borrelia recurrentis infection imported to germany. | | 2016 | 27088458 |
| louse-borne relapsing fever with meningeal involvement in an immigrant from somalia to italy, october 2015. | borrelia recurrentis, transmitted by pediculus humanus humanus, is the etiological agent of louse-borne relapsing fever (lbrf). currently the main focus of endemicity of lbrf is localized in east african countries. from july 2015 to october 2015, 36 cases of lbrf have been diagnosed in europe in immigrants from the horn of africa. here we report a case of lbrf with meningitis diagnosed in florence, italy, in an immigrant arrived from somalia. | 2016 | 26938933 |
| louse-borne relapsing fever among east african refugees in europe. | louse-borne relapsing fever a neglected and forgotten disease by western physicians has recently re-emerged among east african migrants seeking asylum in europe. we review here the cases observed so far together with a critical reappraisal of several issues regarding clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment. | 2017 | 26872415 |
| louseborne relapsing fever among east african refugees, italy, 2015. | during june 9-september 30, 2015, five cases of louseborne relapsing fever were identified in turin, italy. all 5 cases were in young refugees from somalia, 2 of whom had lived in italy since 2011. our report seems to confirm the possibility of local transmission of louse-borne relapsing fever. | 2016 | 26812354 |
| louseborne relapsing fever in young migrants, sicily, italy, july-september 2015. | | 2016 | 26690334 |
| louse-borne relapsing fever (borrelia recurrentis) diagnosed in 15 refugees from northeast africa: epidemiology and preventive control measures, bavaria, germany, july to october 2015. | we report 15 imported louse-borne relapsing fever (lbrf) cases in refugees in bavaria, germany. one patient died. epidemiological findings confirmed that all were young males from the horn of africa (12 from somalia), who had similar migration routes converging in sudan continuing through libya and italy. the majority likely acquired their infection during migration. healthcare workers should be aware of lbrf in refugees passing through north africa to ensure correct treatment and preventive mea ... | 2015 | 26538532 |
| refugee crisis and re-emergence of forgotten infections in europe. | | 2016 | 26493842 |