| visual pigments, cone oil droplets and ocular media in four species of estrildid finch. | a microspectrophotometric study was conducted on the retinal photoreceptors of four species of bird: cut-throat finches (amadina fasciata), gouldian finches (erythrura gouldiae), white-headed munias (lonchura maja) and plum-headed finches (neochmia modesta). spectral characteristics of the photoreceptors in all four species were very similar. rods contained a medium-wavelength-sensitive visual pigment with a wavelength of maximum absorbance at 502-504 nm. four spectrally distinct types of single ... | 2000 | 11016784 |
| microsporidiosis in a gouldian finch (erythrura [chloebia] gouldiae). | a 12-day-old nestling gouldian finch (erythrura [chloebia] gouldiae) was presented for investigation of a mortality problem in nestling finches raised by bengalese finch foster parents. on histological examination, large numbers of spores consistent with a microsporidian organism were present within the small intestinal mucosa. electron microscopy and molecular studies (sequencing the 5' end of the ssu rrna gene) further defined the organism as encephalitozoon hellem. sequence homology with othe ... | 2002 | 12180877 |
| sertoli cell tumor associated with polyomavirus infection in a gouldian finch (erythrura gouldiae). | a 3-yr-old male gouldian finch (erythrura gouldiae) died after 2 wk of lethargy, emaciation, feather loss, and abdominal distension. the bird was housed in an aviary for breeding, but it had shown loss of fertility in the previous breeding season. necropsy revealed a gross, firm, and yellow mass involving the left testis. histologically, the mass was a mixed form, intratubular and diffuse, sertoli cell tumor. some neoplastic cells had intranuclear inclusion bodies that immunoelectron microscopy ... | 2003 | 12713186 |
| characterization of a herpesvirus associated with tracheitis in gouldian finches (erythrura [chloebia] gouldiae). | severe tracheitis and bronchitis were identified in two fatal cases of respiratory disease affecting a flock of gouldian finches (erythrura [chloebia] gouldiae). intranuclear inclusion bodies in epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract were identified in samples from two birds. electron microscopic examination showed that the inclusions consisted of viral particles consistent in appearance with herpesviridae. degenerate pcr primers targeting a conserved region of the herpesviral-dna-depen ... | 2003 | 12958225 |
| circovirus infection in a gouldian finch (chloebia gouldiae). | the bird examined was a 10-week-old female gouldian finch (chloebia gouldiae) from an aviary that had housed about 100 gouldian finches, which had nasal discharge, dyspnoea, anorexia, depression and a very high mortality (50%) in both adult and young birds. gross and histopathology revealed moderate to severe lymphoid depletion in the bursa of fabricius and thymus, and sinusitis/rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchopneumonia, myocarditis, nephritis and splenitis. circovirus infection was diagnosed in th ... | 2004 | 15545033 |
| an outbreak of mycobacteriosis in gouldian finches caused by mycobacterium peregrinum. | an outbreak of mycobacteriosis was detected in an aviary containing gouldian finches (erythrura gouldiae) and golden shouldered parrots (psephotus chrysopterygius). affected birds developed granulomatous lesions, usually of the liver and intestine. mycobacterium peregrinum, a species of the mycobacterium fortuitum group, was cultured on pooled samples of intestinal tract from 31 euthanized finches. these rapid-growing mycobacteria are saprophytic organisms that are generally not associated with ... | 2006 | 16931368 |
| isolation, identification, and comparison of four isolates of avian paramyxovirus serotype 2 in china. | four yucaipa-like viruses of avian paramyxovirus serotype 2 (apmv-2) were isolated in china from the imported gouldian finch (chloebia gouldiae) and broilers in 1998-2002, and were named f4, f6, f8, and nk, respectively. examined under electron microscope, the isolates were found to be round in shape and varying in size. the results of the hemagglutination inhibition test and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (using monoclonal antibodies) showed some differences between the isolates and ... | 2006 | 17039838 |
| outbreak of herpesviral conjunctivitis and respiratory disease in gouldian finches. | an outbreak of tracheitis, sinusitis, and conjunctivitis, originating in recently imported birds, caused high morbidity and mortality in a flock of finches in central illinois. although several species were present, gouldian finches (erythrura [chloebia] gouldiae) were most commonly and severely affected. birds submitted for necropsy displayed microscopic lesions characteristic of herpesviral infection, including epithelial cytomegaly and karyomegaly with basophilic, intranuclear inclusion bodie ... | 2006 | 17099153 |
| molecular characterization of novel circoviruses from finch and gull. | the purpose of this study was to molecularly characterize circoviruses that infect finches and gulls. circovirus-specific dnas were isolated using polymerase chain reaction methods from bursa of fabricius tissues from a gouldian finch (chloebia gouldiae) and a herring gull (larus argentatus) that were known to be circovirus-infected. nucleotide sequence determination and analysis of cloned genomic dnas showed that these circoviruses represented novel members of the genus circovirus of the family ... | 2007 | 17364513 |
| cryptosporidium spp. in pet birds: genetic diversity and potential public health significance. | to characterize the prevalence and assess the zoonotic transmission burden of cryptosporidium species/genotypes in pet birds in henan, china, 434 fecal samples were acquired from 14 families of birds in pet shops. the overall prevalence of cryptopsoridium was 8.1% (35/434) by the sheather's sugar flotation technique. the cryptosporidium-positive samples were analyzed by dna sequence analysis of the small subunit (ssu) rrna gene. three cryptosporidium species and two genotypes were identified, in ... | 2011 | 21557938 |
| infection with a virus resembling papovavirus in gouldian finches (erythrura gouldiae). | | 2012 | 3365174 |
| [poisoning caused by the pyrethroid compound deltamethrin in gould's amadines (chloebia gouldiae). description of a case]. | within approximately ten minutes after gould's amadines had been returned to an aviary which had been treated with the pyrethroid compound deltamethrin, the birds showed restlessness and sat pecking between their feathers, making abrupt movements. the birds ate less and declined perceptibly. experimental exposure gave rise to identical symptoms and there were marked differences in sensitivity between species of bird. | 2011 | 3176003 |
| psittacine beak and feather disease-like illness in gouldian finches (chloebia gouldiae). | beak and feather disease virus (bfdv) is a member of the genus circovirus and causes psittacine beak and feather disease (pbfd) in psittaciformes. pbfd is a severe disease generally characterized by immunodeficiency and beak and feather disorders. although circovirus spp. have been detected in several nonpsittacine species, little is known about the symptoms and the disease associated with this infection in birds other than psittaciformes. in this study, we report the identification of circoviru ... | 2014 | 25518446 |
| a novel siadenovirus detected in the kidneys and liver of gouldian finches (erythura gouldiae). | a novel siadenovirus was found in six captive gouldian finches (erythrura gouldiae) in the united states and hungary. histopathological examination revealed inclusions in the kidney of the captive gouldian finch in the united states, and virions morphologically consistent with adenoviruses were seen by electron microscopy. partial sequence of the dna-dependent dna polymerase gene was gained by consensus pcr and sequencing in all six finches, and all proved to be identical. in one hungarian finch ... | 2014 | 24814929 |
| polyomavirus infection in gouldian finches (erythrura gouldiae) and other pet birds of the family estrildidae. | a syndrome characterized by apathy, diarrhoea and high mortality of nestlings was observed in a flock of pet birds of the family estrildidae. enlargement of the liver, pulmonary congestion and urate accretions in the kidney were observed. microscopically, there was glomerular atrophy, oedema and congestion of the lungs and necrosis and fibrosis of the liver. cowdry type b intranuclear inclusion bodies were detected in the tissues. polyomavirus was detected by polymerase chain reaction. the entir ... | 2017 | 28238305 |
| three molecular markers show no evidence of population genetic structure in the gouldian finch (erythrura gouldiae). | assessment of genetic diversity and connectivity between regions can inform conservation managers about risk of inbreeding, potential for adaptation and where population boundaries lie. the gouldian finch (erythrura gouldiae) is a threatened species in northern australia, occupying the savannah woodlands of the biogeographically complex monsoon tropics. we present the most comprehensive population genetic analysis of diversity and structure the gouldian finch using 16 microsatellite markers, mit ... | 2016 | 27936082 |
| testosterone production ability predicts breeding success and tracks breeding stage in male finches. | testosterone (t) is an important mediator of reproductive behaviours and potential target for selection. however, there are few data relating natural variation in t to fitness estimates. here, we used the gnrh challenge (an injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone which stimulates maximal t release), to examine how individual differences in t relate to reproductive success and how t changes across date and breeding stage. we measured pre- and post-challenge t, in captive male gouldian finches ... | 2017 | 27797442 |
| the colour of paternity: extra-pair paternity in the wild gouldian finch does not appear to be driven by genetic incompatibility between morphs. | in socially monogamous species, individuals can use extra-pair paternity and offspring sex allocation as adaptive strategies to ameliorate costs of genetic incompatibility with their partner. previous studies on domesticated gouldian finches (erythrura gouldiae) demonstrated a genetic incompatibility between head colour morphs, the effects of which are more severe in female offspring. domesticated females use differential sex allocation, and extra-pair paternity with males of compatible head col ... | 2017 | 27758066 |
| linkage mapping of a polymorphic plumage locus associated with intermorph incompatibility in the gouldian finch (erythrura gouldiae). | colour polymorphism is known to facilitate speciation but the genetic basis of animal pigmentation and how colour polymorphisms contribute to speciation is poorly understood. restricted recombination may promote linkage disequilibrium between the colour locus and incompatibility genes. genomic rearrangement and the position of relevant loci within a chromosome are important factors that influence the frequency of recombination. therefore, it is important to know the position of the colour locus, ... | 2016 | 26786066 |
| testosterone production in response to exogenous gonadotropin releasing hormone (gnrh challenge) depends on social environment and color polymorphism. | testosterone is an important mediator of behavior, morphology and physiology. a cascade of signals regulates the amount of testosterone (t) circulating in the plasma; in response to stimulus the hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh), which triggers secretion of gonadotropins from the pituitary, stimulating the synthesis and release of t from the gonads. previous work has shown that changes to the social environment can alter circulating t-levels, which may have important fi ... | 2017 | 26752245 |
| a landscape-scale, applied fire management experiment promotes recovery of a population of the threatened gouldian finch, erythrura gouldiae, in australia's tropical savannas. | fire is an integral part of savanna ecology and changes in fire patterns are linked to biodiversity loss in savannas worldwide. in australia, changed fire regimes are implicated in the contemporary declines of small mammals, riparian species, obligate-seeding plants and grass seed-eating birds. translating this knowledge into management to recover threatened species has proved elusive. we report here on a landscape-scale experiment carried out by the australian wildlife conservancy (awc) on morn ... | 2015 | 26445496 |
| complete genome sequence of a novel avian polyomavirus isolated from gouldian finch. | a novel polyomavirus was identified in a fatally diseased gouldian finch (erythrura gouldiae). the new polyomavirus, strain vl 1209, was detected using a broad-spectrum nested pcr. | 2015 | 26383660 |
| the hawk-dove game in a sexually reproducing species explains a colourful polymorphism of an endangered bird. | the hawk-dove game famously introduced strategic game theory thinking into biology and forms the basis of arguments for limited aggression in animal populations. however, aggressive 'hawks' and peaceful 'doves', with strategies inherited in a discrete manner, have never been documented in a real animal population. thus, the applicability of game-theoretic arguments to real populations might be contested. here, we show that the head-colour polymorphism of red and black gouldian finches (erythrura ... | 2014 | 25209943 |
| the proper time for antioxidant consumption. | consuming food rich in antioxidants may help organisms to increase their antioxidant defences and avoid oxidative damage. under the hypothesis that organisms actively consume food for its antioxidant properties, they would need to do so in view of other physiological requirements, such as energy requirements. here, we observed that gouldian finches (erythrura gouldiae) consumed most seeds rich in antioxidants in the middle of the day, while their consumption of staple seeds more profitable in en ... | 2014 | 24518866 |
| self-supplementation and effects of dietary antioxidants during acute thermal stress. | thermal stress leads to increased production of reactive oxygen species. if an organism is not able to simultaneously mount an efficient antioxidant defense system, this may lead to increased oxidative damage, which is potentially deleterious in terms of health and fitness. exposure to cold or heat is therefore expected to be associated with a high demand for antioxidants. in agreement, several studies have shown that supplementing the diet of thermally stressed organisms with antioxidants leads ... | 2014 | 24115065 |
| seasonal stress physiology and body condition differ among co-occurring tropical finch species. | seasonal changes in avian hormonal stress responses and condition are well known for common species found at temperate and arctic latitudes, but declining and tropical species are poorly studied. this study compares stress and condition measures of co-occurring declining and non-declining tropical grass finch species in australia. we monitored declining gouldian finches (erythrura gouldiae) and non-declining long-tailed and masked finches (poepila acuticauda and p. personata) during two seasons ... | 2013 | 23989338 |
| avian polyomavirus identified in a nestling gouldian finch (erythrura gouldiae) in new zealand. | abstract | 2013 | 23445119 |
| covariation in life-history traits: differential effects of diet on condition, hormones, behavior, and reproduction in genetic finch morphs. | the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors in determining variation in life-history traits is of central interest to evolutionary biologists, but the physiological mechanisms underlying these traits are still poorly understood. here we experimentally demonstrate opposing effects of nutritional stress on immune function, endocrine physiology, parental care, and reproduction between red and black head-color morphs of the gouldian finch (erythrura gouldiae). although the body co ... | 2012 | 22322225 |
| context-dependent sex allocation: constraints on the expression and evolution of maternal effects. | despite decades of research, whether vertebrates can and do adaptively adjust the sex ratio of their offspring is still highly debated. however, this may have resulted from the failure of empirical tests to identify large and predictable fitness returns to females from strategic adjustment. here, we test the effect of diet quality and maternal condition on facultative sex ratio adjustment in the color polymorphic gouldian finch (erythrura gouldiae), a species that exhibits extreme maternal alloc ... | 2011 | 21967422 |
| constrained mate choice in social monogamy and the stress of having an unattractive partner. | in socially monogamous animals, mate choice is constrained by the availability of unpaired individuals in the local population. here, we experimentally investigate the physiological stress endured by a female (the choosy sex) when pairing with a non-preferred social partner. in two experimental contexts, female gouldian finches (erythrura gouldiae) socially paired with poor-quality mates had levels of circulating corticosterone that were three to four times higher than those observed in females ... | 2011 | 21288942 |
| interference from long-tailed finches constrains reproduction in the endangered gouldian finch. | 1. interspecific interference competition for nest-sites among cavity-nesting birds can have important effects on reproductive fitness and the distribution of competing species. 2. we observed interference at nest-sites in free-living populations of the endangered gouldian finch (erythrura gouldiae) and sympatric long-tailed finch (poephila acuticauda), and also experimentally tested the relative strength and effect of interference at nest-sites in captive populations. 3. levels of competitive i ... | 2011 | 20880021 |
| pronounced within-individual plasticity in sperm morphometry across social environments. | sperm morphometry (i.e., size and shape) and function are important determinants of male reproductive success and are thought to be under stabilizing selection. however, recent studies suggest that sperm morphometry can be a phenotypically plastic trait, which can be adjusted to varying conditions. we tested whether different behavioral strategies in aggression between aggressive red and nonaggressive black males of the color polymorphic gouldian finch (erythrura gouldiae) can influence sperm mo ... | 2010 | 20015235 |
| sex chromosome linkage of mate preference and color signal maintains assortative mating between interbreeding finch morphs. | assortative mating is a key aspect in the speciation process because it is important for both initial divergence and maintenance of distinct species. however, it remains a challenge to explain how assortative mating evolves when diverging populations are undergoing gene flow (e.g., during hybridization). here i experimentally test how assortative mating is maintained with frequent gene flow between diverged head-color morphs of the gouldian finch (erythrura gouldiae). contrary to the predominant ... | 2010 | 19922444 |
| socially mediated trade-offs between aggression and parental effort in competing color morphs. | individuals often face trade-offs between investment in parental care and alternative investments of time, energy, and resources into other life-history components, such as dominance, attractiveness, and health. selection is thought to promote the optimal balance between the costs and the benefits of these conflicting activities by favoring individuals that adopt different tactics to maximize their overall evolutionary fitness in different environments. to test this, we experimentally manipulate ... | 2009 | 19689213 |
| genetic incompatibility drives sex allocation and maternal investment in a polymorphic finch. | genetic compatibility may drive individual mate choice decisions because of predictable fitness effects associated with breeding with incompatible partners. in gouldian finches (erythrura gouldiae), females paired with genetically incompatible males of alternative color morphs overproduce sons, presumably to reduce investment in inviable daughters. we also observed a reduced overall investment in clutch size, egg size, and care to offspring resulting from incompatible matings. within-female expe ... | 2009 | 19299618 |
| postzygotic genetic incompatibility between sympatric color morphs. | alternative genetically determined color morphs within a population or species are believed to successfully interbreed within a population. however, the occurrence of prezygotic or ecological selection in a number of polymorphic systems may lead to nonrandom mating and prevent genetic morphs from fully interbreeding. here we show that postzygotic incompatibility significantly limits gene flow between the sympatric red and black color morphs of the gouldian finch (erythrura gouldiae). using a bal ... | 2009 | 19087185 |
| frequency-dependent physiological trade-offs between competing colour morphs. | evolutionary theory suggests that alternative colour morphs (i.e. genetically controlled phenotypes) may derive similar fitness under frequency-dependent selection. here we experimentally demonstrate opposing effects of frequency-dependent social environments on plasma hormone levels (testosterone and corticosterone) and immune function between red- and black-headed male morphs of the gouldian finch (erythrura gouldiae). red-headed males are highly sensitive to changes in the social environment, ... | 2007 | 17609174 |
| the relative role of male vs. female mate choice in maintaining assortative pairing among discrete colour morphs. | mate choice has important evolutionary consequences because it influences assortative mating and the level of genetic variation maintained within populations. in species with genetically determined polymorphisms, nonrandom mate choice may affect the evolutionary stability and maintenance (or loss) of alternative phenotypes. we examined the mating pattern in the colour polymorphic gouldian finch (erythrura gouldiae), and the role of mate choice, both female and male, in maintaining the three disc ... | 2007 | 17584244 |
| red dominates black: agonistic signalling among head morphs in the colour polymorphic gouldian finch. | recent sexual selection studies on the evolution of bird colouration have mainly focused on signals with a high level of condition-dependent variation, with much less attention given to colour traits whose expression is genetically controlled. here, we experimentally tested the relative importance of a genetic colour polymorphism in determining male dominance in the gouldian finch (erythrura gouldiae), a species displaying three completely discrete but naturally co-occurring genetically inherite ... | 2006 | 16627280 |
| myoglobin intron variation in the gouldian finch erythrura gouldiae assessed by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis. | in this study we show how the use of exon-primed, intron-crossing (epic) polymerase chain reaction (pcr) of a diploid intronic region, in conjunction with temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (tgge), can be used to detect and rapidly assess allelic variation at the nucleotide level. we developed passerine-specific primers to amplify and sequence a 762 bp region including the second intron of the myoglobin gene in the gouldian finch, erythrura gouldiae. a poland plot based on this sequence in ... | 1998 | 9548272 |
| parasitism of wild gouldian finches (erythrura gouldiae) by the air-sac mite sternostoma tracheacolum. | sixty-two percent of 26 wild caught gouldian finches (erythrura gouldiae) were infected with sternostoma tracheacolum, a parasitic rhinonyssid mite. the intensity of infection was higher in adult finches than juveniles, and higher in juvenile females than juvenile males. histopathological investigation of wild gouldian finches revealed bronchopneumonia and air sacculitis associated with mite infection. although this mite may not have contributed to the decline of gouldian finch populations in th ... | 1992 | 1548805 |
| molecular characterization of a recently identified circovirus in zebra finches (taeniopygia guttata) associated with immunosuppression and opportunistic infections. | a recently identified circovirus (family circoviridae) was detected in 14 zebra finches (taeniopygia guttata) from seven aviaries and hobbyist breeders using polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing. full genome sequences of virus strains from six zebra finches consistently revealed characteristic circoviral genomic features such as a stem-loop structure and two major open reading frames (orfs) encoding the replication-associated protein and the putative capsid protein. one further orf e ... | 2017 | 27545222 |
| condition index monitoring supports conservation priorities for the protection of threatened grass-finch populations. | conservation agencies are often faced with the difficult task of prioritizing what recovery actions receive support. with the number of species under threat of decline growing globally, research that informs conservation priorities is greatly needed. the relative vulnerability of cryptic or nomadic species is often uncertain, because populations are difficult to monitor and local populations often seem stable in the short term. this uncertainty can lead to inaction when populations are in need o ... | 2015 | 27293710 |
| in the eye of the beholder: visual mate choice lateralization in a polymorphic songbird. | birds choose mates on the basis of colour, song and body size, but little is known about the mechanisms underlying these mating decisions. reports that zebra finches prefer to view mates with the right eye during courtship, and that immediate early gene expression associated with courtship behaviour is lateralized in their left hemisphere suggest that visual mate choice itself may be lateralized. to test this hypothesis, we used the gouldian finch, a polymorphic species in which individuals exhi ... | 2012 | 23034172 |
| a survey of a mixed species aviary provides new insights into the pathogenicity, diversity, evolution, host range, and distribution of psittacine and passerine adenoviruses. | a bourke's parrot (neopsephotus bourkii) originating from an aviary in australia, containing two species of parrots, five species of finch and a species of dove, was presented for necropsy. the bourke's parrot died from gastritis caused by macrorhabdus ornithogaster, but also had an interstitial nephritis and ureteritis with adenovirus-like inclusion bodies within collecting duct epithelial cells. the adenovirus causing the lesions was shown to be psittacine adenovirus-2 (psadv-2) using a pcr as ... | 2019 | 31081348 |
| parasitism of the nasal mite sternostoma tracheacolum lawrence, 1948 (mesostigmata: rhinonyssidae) in captive birds in brazil. | nasal mites (mesostigmata: rhinonyssidae) are obligatory endoparasites of birds, and the resulting parasitism can be harmful to the host's respiratory system. the nasal mite sternostoma tracheacolum lawrence has caused significant respiratory issues, including serious injuries that possibly cause death of the host. in this study, we report two cases of captive birds parasitized by s. tracheacolum. the first case is a histopathological description of s. tracheacolum parasitizing the gouldian finc ... | 2020 | 31365721 |
| molecular identification of novel and genetically diverse adenoviruses in passeriform birds. | knowledge about adenoviruses in birds of the order passeriformes is very scarce. based on molecular characterizations, only two siadenoviruses, great tit adenovirus 1 and gouldian finch adenovirus, have been described so far occurring in great tits and gouldian finches, respectively. assuming a broader occurrence of adenoviruses, various passeriform birds including pet, zoo, and wild birds were examined using a broad-range pcr targeting a fragment of the adenovirus dna polymerase gene. adenoviru ... | 2020 | 32034617 |
| chlamydiosis in a gouldian finch (erythrura gouldiae). | avian chlamydiosis is an infection caused by obligate intracellular and gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family chlamydiaceae and has been reported in more than 450 avian species distributed in 30 orders. in particular, a high prevalence of infection has been demonstrated in wild passerine populations, including both asymptomatic and clinically ill individuals, suggesting a role of these avian species as important carriers. in may 2018, avian chlamydiosis was diagnosed in a 1-year-old mal ... | 2020 | 32550623 |
| genetics and evidence for balancing selection of a sex-linked colour polymorphism in a songbird. | colour polymorphisms play a key role in sexual selection and speciation, yet the mechanisms that generate and maintain them are not fully understood. here, we use genomic and transcriptomic tools to identify the precise genetic architecture and evolutionary history of a sex-linked colour polymorphism in the gouldian finch erythrura gouldiae that is also accompanied by remarkable differences in behaviour and physiology. we find that differences in colour are associated with an ~72-kbp region of t ... | 2019 | 31015412 |
| morph- and sex-specific effects of challenging conditions on maintenance parameters in the gouldian finch. | intraspecific discrete polymorphism is associated with the use of alternative life-history strategies, reflected by distinct reproductive or copying strategies in individuals of different morphs. yet, morph-specific costs and benefits related to different life-history strategies remain unclear. here, we examined in the polymorphic gouldian finch (erythrura gouldiae) whether markers of somatic maintenance (body mass, oxidative status and telomere length) differed between red- and black-headed bir ... | 2019 | 30846534 |
| a non-coding region near follistatin controls head colour polymorphism in the gouldian finch. | discrete colour morphs coexisting within a single population are common in nature. in a broad range of organisms, sympatric colour morphs often display major differences in other traits, including morphology, physiology or behaviour. despite the repeated occurrence of this phenomenon, our understanding of the genetics that underlie multi-trait differences and the factors that promote the long-term maintenance of phenotypic variability within a freely interbreeding population are incomplete. here ... | 2018 | 30282656 |