| a phosphate transporter from the mycorrhizal fungus glomus versiforme. | vesicular-arbuscular (va) mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic associations with the roots of most terrestrial plants, including many agriculturally important crop species. the fungi colonize the cortex of the root to obtain carbon from their plant host, while assisting the plant with the uptake of phosphate and other mineral nutrients from the soil. this association is beneficial to the plant, because phosphate is essential for plant growth and development, especially during growth under nutrient-l ... | 1995 | 8524398 |
| a sugar transporter from medicago truncatula: altered expression pattern in roots during vesicular-arbuscular (va) mycorrhizal associations. | a cdna clone encoding a hexose transporter has been isolated from a library prepared from medicago truncatula roots colonized by the mycorrhizal fungus glomus versiforme. the clone (mtst1) represents a m. truncatula gene and expression studies in yeast indicate that the encoded protein transports glucose and fructose but not sucrose. transcripts corresponding to mtst1 are expressed in leaves, stems and roots of m. truncatula, with the highest levels of expression in roots. in the roots, mtst1 tr ... | 1996 | 8624512 |
| geosiphon pyriforme, a fungus forming endocytobiosis with nostoc (cyanobacteria), is an ancestral member of the glomales: evidence by ssu rrna analysis. | geosiphon pyriforme inhabiting the surface of humid soils represents the only known example of endocytobiosis between a fungus (zygomycotina; macrosymbiont) and cyanobacteria (nostoc; endosymbiont). in order to elucidate the taxonomical and evolutionary relationship of geosiphon pyriforme to fungi forming arbuscular mycorrhiza (am fungi), the small-subunit (ssu) ribosomal rna genes of geosiphon pyriforme and glomus versiforme (glomales; a typical am fungus) were analyzed and aligned with ssu rrn ... | 1996 | 8660431 |
| phosphate transporters from the higher plant arabidopsis thaliana. | two cdnas (atpt1 and atpt2) encoding plant phosphate transporters have been isolated from a library prepared with mrna extracted from phosphate-starved arabidopsis thaliana roots, the encoded polypeptides are 78% identical to each other and show high degree of amino acid sequence similarity with high-affinity phosphate transporters of saccharomyces cerevisiae, neurospora crassa, and the mycorrhizal fungus glomus versiforme. the atpt1 and atpt2 polypeptides are integral membrane proteins predicte ... | 1996 | 8927627 |
| a novel gene whose expression in medicago truncatula roots is suppressed in response to colonization by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (vam) fungi and to phosphate nutrition. | a cdna clone (mt4) was isolated as a result of a differential screen to identify genes showing altered expression during the interaction between medicago truncatula and the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (vam) fungus glomus versiforme. mt4 represents a m. truncatula mrna that contains numerous short open reading frames, the two longest of which are predicted to encode polypeptides of 51 amino acids each. one of these open reading frames shares a short region of identity with a phosphate starva ... | 1997 | 9207836 |
| cloning and characterization of two phosphate transporters from medicago truncatula roots: regulation in response to phosphate and to colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi. | most vascular plants can acquire phosphate from the environment either directly, via the roots, or indirectly, via a fungal symbiont that invades the cortical cells of the root. here we have identified two cdna clones (mtpt1 and mtpt2) encoding phosphate transporters from a mycorrhizal root cdna library (medicago truncatula/glomus versiforme). the cdnas represent m. truncatula genes and the encoded proteins share identity with high-affinity phosphate transporters from arabidopsis, potato, yeast, ... | 1998 | 9425684 |
| phosphate transporter gene family of arabidopsis thaliana. | using a high-affinity phosphate transporter gene of arabidopsis thaliana, pht1, as a probe, three arabidopsis homologs were isolated, named pht4, pht5 and pht6, in addition to the previously isolated pht2 and pht3. the amino acid sequences deduced from the three nucleotides were 32-42% homologous with microbial phosphate transporters of saccharomyces cerevisiae (pho84), neurospora crassa (pho-5) and glomus versiforme (gvpt). pht1, pht2, pht3 and pht6 were clustered in a 25-kbp region of chromoso ... | 1998 | 9872450 |
| chitin synthase genes in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus glomus versiforme: full sequence of a gene encoding a class iv chitin synthase. | chitin synthase genes of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus glomus versiforme were sought in an investigation of the molecular basis of fungal growth. three dna fragments (gvchs1, gvchs2 and gvchs3) corresponding to the conserved regions of distinct chitin synthase (chs) genes were amplified by means of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with two sets of degenerate primers. gvchs1 and gvchs2 encode two class i chitin synthases, whereas gvchs3 encodes a class iv chitin synthase. a genomic library ... | 1999 | 9919652 |
| novel genes induced during an arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) symbiosis formed between medicago truncatula and glomus versiforme. | many terrestrial plant species are able to form symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. here we have identified three cdna clones representing genes whose expression is induced during the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis formed between medicago truncatula and an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, glomus versiforme. the three clones represent m. truncatula genes and encode novel proteins: a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase-related protein, a putative arabinogalactan protein (agp), an ... | 1999 | 10065555 |
| arbuscules of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inhabit an acidic compartment within plant roots. | the most widespread type of mycorrhiza is the so-called vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. in this endomycorrhiza, fungal hyphae penetrate plant cell walls in the root cortex. there they form densely branched arbuscules. fungus and plant plasma membrane are separated by a common interfacial apoplast. the ph of the compartment between the symbionts is of pivotal importance for nutrient transfer. histochemical experiments were conducted to check for an acidic nature of the interface in the model sys ... | 2000 | 10987547 |
| glomus, the largest genus of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (glomales), is nonmonophyletic. | arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi form a widespread and ecologically important symbiosis with plants in the land ecosystem. the phylogeny of the largest presently accepted genus, glomus, of the monogeneric family glomaceae (glomales; am fungi) was analyzed. phylogenetic trees were computed from nearly full-length ssu rrna gene sequences of 30 isolates, and show that "glomus" is not monophyletic. even after the very recent separation of archaeospora and paraglomus from "glomus," the genus further ... | 2001 | 11697915 |
| microtubule organization in root cells of medicago truncatula during development of an arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis with glomus versiforme. | the colonization of plants by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has been shown to induce changes in cytoplasmic organization and morphology of root cells. because of their role in a variety of cellular functions in plants, it is likely that microtubules are involved either in the signaling events leading to the establishment of the symbiosis or in changes in host cell morphology and cytoplasmic architecture. recent studies of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis have shown that root cortical cells re ... | 2001 | 11732307 |
| transcript profiling coupled with spatial expression analyses reveals genes involved in distinct developmental stages of an arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. | the formation of symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi is a phenomenon common to the majority of vascular flowering plants. here, we used cdna arrays to examine transcript profiles in medicago truncatula roots during the development of an am symbiosis with glomus versiforme and during growth under differing phosphorus nutrient regimes. three percent of the genes examined showed significant changes in transcript levels during the development of the symbiosis. most genes sh ... | 2003 | 12953114 |
| arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with common pteridophytes in dujiangyan, southwest china. | the colonization and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi associated with common pteridophytes were investigated in dujiangyan, southwest china. of the 34 species of ferns from 16 families collected, 31 were colonized by am fungi. the mean percentage root length colonized was 15%, ranging from 0 to 47%. nineteen species formed paris-type and 10 intermediate-type am. in two ferns, only rare intercellular non-septate hyphae or vesicles were observed in the roots and am type could not be ... | 2004 | 14523631 |
| differential location of alpha-expansin proteins during the accommodation of root cells to an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. | alpha-expansins are extracellular proteins that increase plant cell-wall extensibility. we analysed their pattern of expression in cucumber roots in the presence and in the absence of the mycorrhizal fungus, glomus versiforme. the distribution of alpha-expansins was investigated by use of two polyclonal antibodies (anti-expa1 and anti-expa2, prepared against two different cucumber alpha-expansins) in immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and immunogold experiments. immunoblot results indicate the ... | 2004 | 15605243 |
| defensin gene family in medicago truncatula: structure, expression and induction by signal molecules. | a large gene family encoding the putative cysteine-rich defensins was discovered in medicago truncatula. sixteen members of the family were identified by screening a cloned seed defensin from m. sativa (gao et al. 2000) against the institute for genomic research's (tigr) m. truncatula gene index (mtgi version 7). based on the comparison of their amino acid sequences, m. truncatula defensins fell arbitrarily into three classes displaying extensive sequence divergence outside of the eight canonica ... | 2005 | 16021402 |
| colonization by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus glomus versiforme induces a defense response against the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita in the grapevine (vitis amurensis rupr.), which includes transcriptional activation of the class iii chitinase gene vch3. | inoculation of the grapevine (vitis amurensis rupr.) with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungus glomus versiforme significantly increased resistance against the root-knot nematode (rkn) meloidogyne incognita. studies using relative quantitative reverse transcription-pcr (rqrt-pcr) analysis of grapevine root inoculation with the am fungus revealed an up-regulation of vch3 transcripts. this increase was greater than that observed following infection with rkn. however, inoculation of the mycorrhiz ... | 2006 | 16326755 |
| arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence growth, osmotic adjustment and photosynthesis of citrus under well-watered and water stress conditions. | the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungus glomus versiforme on plant growth, osmotic adjustment and photosynthesis of tangerine (citrus tangerine) were studied in potted culture under well-watered and water stress conditions. seven-day-old seedlings of tangerine were transferred to pots containing glomus versiforme or non-amf. after 97 days, half of the seedlings were subject to water stress and the rest were well-watered for 80 days. am colonization significantly stimulated plant grow ... | 2006 | 16455355 |
| reactive oxygen metabolism in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal citrus (poncirus trifoliata) seedlings subjected to water stress. | the effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungus, glomus versiforme, on growth and reactive oxygen metabolism of trifoliate orange (poncirus trifoliata) seedlings was studied in potted plants under well-watered (ww) and water stressed (ws) conditions. water stress significantly decreased root colonization. shoot dry weight, plant height and stem diameter were higher in am than in non-am seedlings regardless of the water status. inoculation with g. versiforme increased root dry weight and lea ... | 2006 | 17032615 |
| [effects of interspecies difference of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on citrus grandis cv. changshou shatian you seedlings vegetative growth and mineral contents]. | in a pot experiment, axenic pomelo (citrus grandis cv. changshou shatian you) seedlings were inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi gigaspora margarita, glomus mosseae and glomus versiforme, respectively, and their vegetative growth and mineral contents were studied. the results showed that the seedlings inoculated with test am fungi could be infected effectively, and their shoot and root growth, especially fibrous root growth, was significantly improved, compared with the control. af ... | 2006 | 17044497 |
| [effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and fruit quality of plastic greenhouse cucumis sativus l]. | in this paper, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) glomus versiforme (gv), glomus mosseae (gm), glomus intraradices (gi) and their mixtures were applied to inoculate plastic greenhouse cucumis sativus seedlings to investigate the effects of amf on c. sativus growth, development, yield, and quality. the results showed that all test amf could form mycorrhiza with cucumber roots, and the infected rate reached 41.74% - 55.69%. compared with the control, treatments gv, gm, gm + gv, gm + gv + gi and gv ... | 2006 | 17330479 |
| soil feedback of exotic savanna grass relates to pathogen absence and mycorrhizal selectivity. | enemy release of exotic plants from soil pathogens has been tested by examining plant-soil feedback effects in repetitive growth cycles. however, positive soil feedback may also be due to enhanced benefit from the local arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf). few studies actually have tested pathogen effects, and none of them did so in arid savannas. in the kalahari savanna in botswana, we compared the soil feedback of the exotic grass cenchrus biflorus with that of two dominant native grasses, erag ... | 2007 | 17536713 |
| [effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on reactive oxygen metabolism of citrus tangerine leaves under water stress]. | in a pot experiment, this paper studied the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungus glomus versiforme (karsten) berch inoculation on the reactive oxygen metabolism of citrus tangerine hort. ex tanaka leaves under water stress. the results showed that water stress decreased the colonization of g. versiforme on c. tangerine roots significantly, with a decrement of 33%. under normal water supply and water stress, g. versiforme inoculation increased the leaf p content by 45% and 27%, and decre ... | 2007 | 17615879 |
| [growth response of broussonetia papyrifera seedlings to va mycorrhizal fungi inoculation]. | in an experiment with single inoculation (si) and co-inoculation (ci) of three va mycorrhizal fungi, i. e., glomus mosseea (gm), glomus versiforme (gv) and glomus diaphanum (gd), the growth response of broussonetia papyrifera seedlings in limestone area was studied. the results showed that after 3 months of growth, the aboveground-, underground-, and total biomass were increased significantly by the inoculation, being 2.49-8.19 times as much as the control. treatment ci had the highest biomass, ... | 2007 | 18163299 |
| two differentially regulated phosphate transporters from the symbiotic fungus hebeloma cylindrosporum and phosphorus acquisition by ectomycorrhizal pinus pinaster. | ectomycorrhizal symbiosis markedly improves plant phosphate uptake, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this benefit are still poorly understood. we identified two ests in a cdna library prepared from the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete hebeloma cylindrosporum with significant similarities to phosphate transporters from the endomycorrhizal fungus glomus versiforme and from non-mycorrhizal fungi. the full-length cdnas corresponding to these two ests complemented a yeast phosphate transport muta ... | 2009 | 19054369 |
| effects of mycorrhizal colonization on growth parameters of onion under different irrigation and soil conditions. | the effects of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf), glomus versiforme, g. intraradices and g. etonicatum) and three irrigation intervals (7, 9 and 11 days) on growth of onion (allium cepa l.) cv. red azar shahr were studied under two soil conditions (sterilized and non-sterilized). the results indicated that, amf colonization improved plant height, leaf area index (lai), total biomass, bulb dry mass and diameter, harvest index (hi) and chlorophyll content (p < 0.001). bulbing occurred 10-15 ... | 2007 | 19069963 |
| effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on arsenic accumulation by tobacco (nicotiana tabacum l.). | a pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi (from contaminated or uncontaminated soils) on arsenic (as) uptake of tobacco (nicotiana tabacum l.) in as-contaminated soil. mycorrhizal colonization rate, dry weight, as and p uptake by plants, concentrations of water-extractable as and as fractions were determined. a low mycorrhizal colonization rate (< 25%) was detected. our research indicated that am fungi isolated from polluted soils were no more effec ... | 2009 | 19999968 |
| [effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on different iron species in poncirus trifoliata rhizospheric soil]. | we studied the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungus (glomus versiforme) on iron species at different trifoliate orange [poncirus trifoliata (l.) raf.] rhizospheric soil with pot culture. | 2009 | 20069881 |
| [effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and iron uptake of poncirus trifoliata under different ph]. | we studied the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus ( glomus versiforme) on growth and iron uptake of trifoliate orange [poncirus trifoliata (l.) raf.] at different ph levels of nutrient solution. | 2009 | 20069885 |
| identification of gene interactions in fungal-plant symbiosis through discrete dynamical system modelling. | fungal-plant root associations involve nutrient exchanges, between the partners and the soil, particularly phosphate, that benefit both organisms. discrete dynamical system (dds) models are reconstructed to capture gene regulation in the arbuscular mycorrhizae glomus versiforme-medicago trunculata root symbiosis. previously published time-course gene expression data derived from various days post-inoculation were clustered to identify genes co-regulated in mycorrhizal roots. uncolonised roots gr ... | 2009 | 21028931 |
| suppression of the root-knot nematode [meloidogyne incognita (kofoid & white) chitwood] on tomato by dual inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. | arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) have potential for the biocontrol of soil-borne diseases. the objectives of this study were to quantify the interactions between am fungi [glomus versiforme (karsten) berch and glomus mosseae (nicol. & gerd.) gerdemann & trappe] and pgpr [bacillus polymyxa (prazmowski) mace and bacillus sp.] during colonization of roots and rhizosphere of tomato (lycopersicon esculentum mill) plants (cultivar jinguan), and to deter ... | 2011 | 21755407 |
| [mechanism of tomato plants enhanced disease resistance against early blight primed by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus glomus versiforme]. | arbuscular mycorrhiza (am) can not only improve host plants nutrient absorption, but also enhance their disease resistance. taking the tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) seedlings preinoculated with axbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (amf) glomus versiforme as test materials, this paper studied their protective enzyme activities and defense-related genes expression, and their resistance against a fungal pathogen alternaria solani sorauer which causes early blight. the seedlings pre-inoculated with amf ... | 2011 | 22126042 |
| revealing natural relationships among arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: culture line beg47 represents diversispora epigaea, not glomus versiforme. | understanding the mechanisms underlying biological phenomena, such as evolutionarily conservative trait inheritance, is predicated on knowledge of the natural relationships among organisms. however, despite their enormous ecological significance, many of the ubiquitous soil inhabiting and plant symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf, phylum glomeromycota) are incorrectly classified. | 2011 | 21853113 |