| observations on immobilization of père david's deer. | etorphine and xylazine were found to be a safe and reliable drug combination for the immobilization of père david's deer, whether excited or unexcited. excited deer had a longer preimmobilization period, when compared with unexcited deer at comparable dosages. generally, the acid-base status of père david's deer during immobilization was not seriously altered. deer that had been excited and exercised experienced mild respiratory problems; the unexcited, relatively calm deer experienced minimal a ... | 1976 | 10268 |
| phenotypic analysis of lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from cattle and deer affected with "sheep-associated" malignant catarrhal fever. | established lymphoblastoid cell lines with natural killer cell-like activity have been derived from cattle and deer affected with malignant catarrhal fever. they were examined phenotypically using monoclonal antibodies chosen for their cross-reactivity with peripheral blood lymphocytes from these species. cell lines established from three of four cattle were identified as cytotoxic/suppressor lymphocytes (cd4-/cd8+/t19-) whilst the other was shown to be of the helper cell phenotype (cd4+/cd8-/t1 ... | 1991 | 1683050 |
| prostaglandin-induced secretion of oxytocin and prolactin in red (cervus elaphus) and pere david's (elaphurus davidianus) deer hinds: evidence for oxytocin of luteal origin. | peripheral plasma concentrations of oxytocin in female red deer during the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle (9.3 +/- 2.1 fmol/ml) exceeded those in the follicular phase (3.1 +/- 1.4) or during seasonal anoestrus (3.2 +/- 1.3). in both red and père david's deer hinds during the mid-luteal phase of the cycle, systemic administration of a luteolytic dose of the prostaglandin f2 alpha analogue, cloprostenol, caused the concentration of oxytocin in the peripheral circulation to rise. mean (+/- sem) ... | 1991 | 1936924 |
| lh secretion and response to gnrh during seasonal anoestrus of the pére david's deer hind (elaphurus davidianus). | the pattern of lh secretion and response to exogenous gnrh was determined on 5 occasions during seasonal anoestrus of the père david's deer hind. lh pulse frequency was low (3.3 +/- 0.6 pulses/18 h) in early anoestrus (february), increased significantly in mid-anoestrus (april; 8.4 +/- 1.4 pulses/18 h) and thereafter declined slightly in late anoestrus (june; 6.3 +/- 0.25 pulses/18 h). mean lh concentrations also showed significant changes during anoestrus with higher levels in mid-anoestrus (ap ... | 1991 | 1995844 |
| efficacy of intermittent or continuous administration of gnrh in inducing ovulation in early and late seasonal anoestrus in the père david's deer hind (elaphurus davidianus). | père david's deer hinds were treated with gnrh, administered as intermittent i.v. injections (2.0 micrograms/injection at 2-h intervals) for 4 days, or as a continuous s.c. infusion (1.0 micrograms/h) for 14 days. these treatments were given early (february-march) and late (may-june) in the period of seasonal anoestrus. the administration of repeated injections of gnrh increased mean lh concentrations from pretreatment values of 0.54 +/- 0.09 to 2.10 +/- 0.25 ng/ml over the first 8 h of treatmen ... | 1991 | 1995851 |
| pulsatile secretion of lh during the periovulatory and luteal phases of the oestrous cycle in the père david's deer hind (elaphurus davidianus). | changes in the secretion of lh during the oestrous cycle were studied in 5 tame père david's deer in which ovulation was synchronized with progesterone implants and prostaglandin injections. plasma lh concentrations were measured in samples collected at 15-min intervals for a 36-h period, starting 16 h after the removal of the progesterone implants (follicular phase), and for a further 10-h period 10 days after the removal of the progesterone implants (luteal phase). in all animals, there was a ... | 1990 | 2401992 |
| antibody to alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (ahv-1) in hamsters experimentally infected with ahv-1 and the 'sheep-associated' agent of malignant catarrhal fever. | malignant catarrhal fever was induced in four groups of hamsters by the inoculation of cells infected with either the c/500 isolate of alcelaphine herpes-virus-1 (ahv-1) or the sheep-associated agent derived from cattle, red deer or père david's deer. using an indirect immunofluorescence assay, antibody to ahv-1 was detected in sera of clinically affected animals of all four groups. the reaction of sera from hamsters affected with malignant catarrhal fever induced by ahv-1 caused diffuse cytopla ... | 1989 | 2687990 |
| isolation and characterisation of lymphoblastoid cells from cattle and deer affected with 'sheep-associated' malignant catarrhal fever. | cells with the histological and ultrastructural characteristics of large granular lymphocytes (lgl) have been obtained in culture from both cattle and red deer (cervus elaphus) reacting with 'sheep-associated' malignant catarrhal fever (mcf). such cells have been derived from thymus, lymph node and spleen suspensions as well as from cerebrospinal fluid cells and cultured cornea. on most occasions their presence was observed only transitorily but by providing the cells with feeder monolayers and, ... | 1989 | 2772411 |
| a comparison of the seasonal hormone changes and patterns of growth, voluntary food intake and reproduction in juvenile and adult red deer (cervus elaphus) and père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) hinds. | non-domesticated seasonally breeding ungulates exhibit marked seasonal changes in metabolic rate, voluntary food intake (vfi), pelage growth and moult and hormone secretion. it is not known whether these seasonal rhythms are regulated by the same central processes which control the onset and termination of the breeding season. here we compare two closely related deer species which have significantly different mating and calving seasons. seasonal changes in vfi, liveweight, coat growth, plasma pr ... | 1989 | 2809481 |
| oestrous cycles and the breeding season of the père david's deer hind (elaphurus davidianus). | reproductive cycles were studied in a group of tame père david's deer hinds. the non-pregnant hind is seasonally polyoestrous and, in animals studied over 2 years, the breeding season began in early august (2 august +/- 3.3 days; s.e.m., n = 9) and ended in mid-december (18 december +/- 5.7 days; n = 8) and early january (6 january +/- 3.2 days; n = 11) in consecutive years. during the anoestrous period, plasma progesterone concentrations were low (0.2 +/- 0.01 ng/ml) or non-detectable. there wa ... | 1988 | 3339573 |
| malignant catarrhal fever in père david's deer. | | 1987 | 3672838 |
| normal haematological values of axis deer (axis axis), père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) and barasingha (cervus duvauceli). | full blood counts and fibrinogen estimations were carried out on a number of clinically normal adult axis deer (axis axis), père david's deer (elaphus davidianus) and barasingha (cervus duvauceli). apart from the finding of higher total red cell counts and a lower mean red cell volume in axis deer than in père david's deer and barasingha, there was little interspecies variation. some individual père david's deer showed eosinophilia, thought to be associated with subclinical intestinal nematode i ... | 1985 | 4070791 |
| mammalian cytogenetics. vii. the chromosomes of cervus canadensis, elaphurus davidianus, cervus nippon (temminck) and pudu pudu. | | 1972 | 4668511 |
| [chromosomes of the david deer (elaphurus davidianus)]. | | 1970 | 5517419 |
| fibrosarcoma in a père david's deer. | | 1983 | 6649345 |
| a new gene mapping resource: interspecies hybrids between père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) and red deer (cervus elaphus). | three male f1 hybrids between père david's deer and red deer were mated to red deer to produce 143 backcross calves. the pedigrees are a rare example of a fertile hybrid between evolutionarily divergent species. we examined the use of these families for genetic mapping of evolutionarily conserved (type i) loci by testing for genetic linkage between five species-specific protein variants and 12 conserved dna probes. two probes were homologous, and the remainder syntenic, to the protein coding loc ... | 1995 | 7768446 |
| oxytocin stimulates uterine prostaglandin f2 alpha secretion in red deer cervus elaphus. | the prostaglandin f2 alpha analogue cloprostenol stimulates ovarian secretion of oxytocin in red deer hinds and père david's deer hinds, as in cattle and sheep, but the response of the uterus to administered oxytocin has not been studied in deer. in the present experiment, oxytocin administered intravenously caused an increase in circulating concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin f2 alpha from 186 +/- 35 to 404 +/- 34 pmol l-1 within 5 min; concentrations in saline-treated hinds w ... | 1994 | 7991799 |
| superovulation in red deer (cervus elaphus) and père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus), and fertilization rates following artificial insemination with père david's deer semen. | two comparative studies were undertaken using adult, female red and père david's deer to examine the ovulatory response of these animals to a superovulation regimen and fertilization rates following inter- and intraspecific laparoscopic insemination. in expt 1 six père david's deer and 12 red deer hinds were treated during the breeding season with an intravaginal progesterone-impregnated controlled internal drug release device (cidr) for 14 days, with 200 iu pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin ( ... | 1994 | 8021886 |
| gestation periods in the père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus): evidence for embryonic diapause or delayed development. | it has been suggested that the gestation length of the père david's deer is around 280 days, which is significantly longer than any other deer species except the roe deer (approximately 300 days) which exhibits embryonic diapause. the present study was designed to determine whether embryonic diapause exists in the père david's deer by accurately monitoring gestation length. there was no difference in gestation length (283-284 days) between animals mated early and later in the breeding season. he ... | 1993 | 8190909 |
| squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in a père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus). | a solitary mass overlying the right carpal joint region's skin in an 18-year-old female père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) was surgically excised and histologically diagnosed as a squamous cell carcinoma (scc). the tumor was locally infiltrative, showing rather few "horn pearls" and many mitotic figures. this is the first report of a cutaneous scc in the père david's deer. | 1993 | 8258867 |
| metastatic adenocarcinoma of the mammary gland in a père david's deer. | | 1993 | 8286473 |
| a comparative ultrastructural study of the parotid gland acinar cells of nine wild ruminant species (mammalia, artiodactyla). | the ultrastructural similarities and differences of the parotid gland acinar cells of nine wild ruminants (roe deer, nyala, tahr, eld's deer, red deer, pere david's deer, european mouflon, african buffalo, sable antelope) representing three feeding types i.e. concentrate selectors (cs), grass and roughage eaters (gr) and intermediate feeders (im) were compared. the parotid acinar cells of the cs contained more granular endoplasmic reticulum, golgi-complexes and secretory granules than those of t ... | 1996 | 9090994 |
| genetic analysis of père david's x red deer interspecies hybrids. | interspecies hybrids provide unique opportunities for fundamental genetic analyses and for genetic improvement of farmed deer. we have bred f1 hybrids by artificial insemination of red deer hinds (cervus elaphus) with semen from père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus). the male and female f1 père david deer x red deer hybrids were fertile and in matings with red deer have produced over 300 viable backcross hybrids. dna was collected from the backcross progeny as an international reference panel ... | 1997 | 9378910 |
| patellar tendon rupture in five deer. | acute unilateral or bilateral rupture of the patellar tendon was diagnosed in 5 aged obese female pere david's deer housed at a zoological park. rupture occurred after an episode of sudden exertion in 4 of 5 deer. fragmentation, degeneration, necrosis, and mineralization of ruptured patellar tendon fibers were found on histologic examination. similar changes were often seen in intact contralateral tendons that did not have gross lesions. patellar tendon rupture in humans is associated with concu ... | 1998 | 9621888 |
| genetic analysis of farmed deer hybrids. | molecular methods which identify species-specific genetic markers are valuable for identification and genetic analysis of hybrid deer. we have used a variety of molecular techniques to compare père david's deer elaphurus davidianus, red deer cervus elaphus scotticus and north american wapiti c. e. manatobensis. in total, these analyses have identifed over 300 markers in which père david's deer sires are distinct from farmed red deer and over 100 markers in which wapiti sires differ from red deer ... | 1998 | 9704532 |
| long-term viral serology of semi-free-living and captive ungulates. | between 1973 and 1994, blood samples were collected at whipsnade wild animal park (uk) from three ungulate species kept in enclosures, including 28 european bison (bison bonasus), 37 scimitar-horned oryx (oryx dammah), and 49 père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus), and also from 144 semi-free-living chinese water deer (hydropotes inermis). these samples were tested for the presence of antibodies against three bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv)-like strains, three alpha-herpesvirus strains, enz ... | 1998 | 9732031 |
| [malignant catarrhal fever in zoo ruminants]. | an outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) in indian gauer (bos gaurus gaurus) and javan banteng (bos javanicus javanicus) occurred in the year 1964 and killed almost all animals of the groups of these species kept at the munich zoo at that time. in the consecutive years at highly irregular intervals cases of the head-and-eye-form of mcf occurred sporadically at the zoo in european and american bison (bison bonasus, b. bison' bison, b. bison athabascae), elk (alces alces), red deer (cervus e ... | 1998 | 9810608 |
| concurrent multicentric hemangiosarcoma and ovarian teratoma in an aged père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus). | a 20-yr-old female père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) died following a 3-wk history of depression, anorexia, and progressive respiratory distress. at necropsy, numerous soft to firm, tan or blood-filled nodular structures, 1-6 cm in diameter, were noted in the lung and the visceral and parietal pleura and within the mediastinum. similar nodules were also found in the liver, spleen, kidney, and lymph nodes. histologically, the nodules were diagnosed as hemangiosarcoma. a benign teratoma was ... | 1999 | 10572877 |
| qtl for live weight traits in père david's x red deer interspecies hybrids. | interspecies hybrids between père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) have proved to be a powerful resource in the search for quantitative trait loci (qtl) in deer. several regions of the genome with significant effects on live weight and growth rates in backcross hybrids were detected. these include putative qtl for 6-month live weight (lod 3.90) on linkage group 12, for 14-month live weight (lod 3.19) on linkage group 1, three putative qtl for growth rate from 3 t ... | 1999 | 10589515 |
| basic hematological values in some wild ruminants in captivity. | analyses of hematological parameters were carried out on eight axis deer (cervus axis), 12 fallow deer (cervus dama), 16 red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus), three sambar (cervus unicolor), nine père david deer (elaphurus davidianus), 20 european bison (bison bonasus), seven nilgai (boselaphus tragocamelus), eight mouflon (ovis musimon), four white-bearded gnu (connochaetes taurinus) and six barbary sheep (ammotragus lervia). the following parameters were determined: packed cell volume, hemogl ... | 1999 | 10629960 |
| genetic influences on reproduction of female red deer (cervus elaphus) (1) seasonal luteal cyclicity. | this study compared the onset and duration of the breeding season of female red deer (cervus elaphus scoticus) and its hybrids with either wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) or père david's (pd) deer (elaphurus davidianus). in trial 1 (1995), adult red deer (n=9), f1 hybrid wapiti x red deer (n=6) and maternal backcross hybrid pd deer x red deer (i.e., 14 pd; n=9) were maintained together in the presence of a vasectomised red deer stag for 12 months. they were blood-sampled daily or three times wee ... | 2000 | 10804275 |
| genetic influences on reproduction of female red deer (cervus elaphus) (2) seasonal and genetic effects on the superovulatory response to exogenous fsh. | this study evaluated the influences of seasons and genotype on the superovulatory response to a standardised ofsh regimen in red deer (cervus elaphus scoticus) and its hybrids with either wapiti (c.e. nelsoni) or père david's (pd) deer (elaphurus davidianus). adult red deer (n=9), f(1) hybrid wapiti x red deer (n=6), and maternal backcross hybrid pd x red deer (i.e., 14 pd hybrid; n=9) were kept together in the presence of a vasectomised stag for 13 months. at 6 weekly intervals, all hinds recei ... | 2000 | 10804276 |
| qtl for pubertal and seasonality traits in male père david's x red deer interspecies hybrids. | the unique pere david's (elaphurus davidianus) x red deer (cervus elaphus) backcross hybrid has been used to search for evidence of quantitative trait loci (qtl) for antler pubertal (date and live weight at pedicle initiation) and antler seasonality (date of antler cleaning and casting) traits in temperate species of deer. analyses using marker information revealed evidence for a qtl for date at pedicle initiation (lod = 3.7) and live weight at pedicle initiation (lod = 3.1). these qtl explained ... | 2000 | 10994707 |
| seasonal changes of reproductive behavior and fecal steroid concentrations in père david's deer. | from july 1997 to september 1997 and from march 1998 to july 1998, we studied reproductive behaviors of père david's deer in dafeng, china. during the field behavioral observations, we collected fresh voided fecal samples from the père david's stags and hinds periodically and kept those samples under -20 degrees c until laboratory analysis. we analyzed the fecal testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone concentrations in those samples using radioimmunoassay. during this study, we also recorded 1 ... | 2001 | 11716581 |
| a deer (subfamily cervinae) genetic linkage map and the evolution of ruminant genomes. | comparative maps between ruminant species and humans are increasingly important tools for the discovery of genes underlying economically important traits. in this article we present a primary linkage map of the deer genome derived from an interspecies hybrid between red deer (cervus elaphus) and père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus). the map is approximately 2500 cm long and contains >600 markers including both evolutionary conserved type i markers and highly polymorphic type ii markers (micr ... | 2002 | 11973312 |
| gamma herpesvirus carrier status of captive artiodactyls. | between 1998 and 2000, 103 individuals of 19 species of the order artiodactyla at whipsnade wild animal park were tested for evidence of infection with gamma herpesviruses in order to distinguish between species which are susceptible to malignant catarrhal fever (mcf), caused by alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (alhv-1) of wildebeest (connochaetes sp.) or ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2) of domestic sheep, and species which carry related viruses sub-clinically. gamma herpesvirus dna was detected in the kno ... | 2002 | 12208112 |
| [character identification of 12 kinds of pilose antler medicinal materials]. | in this paper, commercial medicinal materials of 12 kinds of pilose antler, cervus nippon, c. elaphus, c. albirostris, c. unicolor, c. eldihainanus, c. timorensis c. porinus, dama dama, rangifer farandus, alces alces, elaphurus davidianus, capreolus capreolus were compared and identified. a key and simple character illustration were listed. | 1999 | 12571919 |
| effect of thawing procedure on cryosurvival of deer spermatozoa: work in progress. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the thawing procedure on deer semen freezability. frozen semen from the genetic resource bank (grb) of the zoological park of buenos aires (argentina) was used. seven mature stags (two red deer, two père david's deer and three fallow deer) were used as semen donors. semen was diluted with a tris-egg yolk medium, packed in 0.25 ml straws and frozen in nitrogen vapour. for thawing, the frozen straws were subjected to the following procedure ... | 2003 | 12763164 |
| inbreeding effects on lifetime in david's deer (elaphurus davidianus, milne edwards 1866) population. | the current population of david's deer is derived from 18 individuals kept in woburn abbey park (england). the aim of this study is to evaluate the inbreeding rate as well as inbreeding depression in longevity. the recorded data have been extracted from the international species information system (isis). complete records of 2042 individuals (born in 1947-2000) from zoological gardens were studied. the following four subsets of data were formed: all individuals, individuals over 31 days of life, ... | 2003 | 12773795 |
| placentation in père david's deer, elaphurus davidianus. | | 1951 | 14826793 |
| the reproductive tract and the placenta and membranes of père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus milne edwards). | | 1952 | 14946073 |
| [cloning, deletion and functional analysis of noea from sinorhizobium meliloti 042bm]. | 042bm noea was obtained by pcr. it is identical to that of s. meliloti 1021 at 99% level, and similarity of their noea is 97%. in addition, it was found that this protein shares significant homology with the sam-dependent methyltransferase of mesorhizobium sp. bnc1 (32% similarity), and the similarity of its 303-362 region to the 160- 220 region of ll11 methyltransferases of e. coli (prma) is 41%. compared to 042bm, the noea deletion mutant 042bma-km showed different degrees of increase in numbe ... | 2005 | 15989259 |
| an outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever in père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus). | thirteen (54%) of 24 père david's deer (eluphurus duvidianus) imported from england died of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) within a year of arrival at invermay agricultural centre. the duration of clinical illness was from one to approximately 33 days, and the most common clinical signs were depression, a hunched stance and diarrhoea. on post-mortem examination, most deer showed recent localised haemorrhages, often into the large intestine. in all deer there was histological vasculitis especial ... | 1988 | 16031426 |
| seroprevalences of antibodies to neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in zoo animals. | neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that causes neuromuscular disease in dogs and abortions in cattle. little is known about the prevalence of antibodies to this parasite in zoo animals. sera from 556 animals, from 13 czech and slovak zoos were tested for antibodies to n. caninum and toxoplasma gondii by indirect fluorescent antibody test. antibodies to n. caninum were found in 31 of 556 zoo animals (5.6%), representing 18 of 114 species tested: eurasian wolf (canis lupus lupus), maned ... | 2006 | 16387445 |
| mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of cervidae (mammalia, ruminantia): systematics, morphology, and biogeography. | the family cervidae includes 40 species of deer distributed throughout the northern hemisphere, as well as in south america and southeast asia. here, we examine the phylogeny of this family by analyzing two mitochondrial protein-coding genes and two nuclear introns for 25 species of deer representing most of the taxonomic diversity of the family. our results provide strong support for intergeneric relationships. to reconcile taxonomy and phylogeny, we propose a new classification where the famil ... | 2006 | 16584894 |
| a 12-month survey of gastrointestinal helminth infections of cervids kept in two zoos in belgium. | infections with helminths are a major health issue in captive and wild deer. in this study, fecal egg count patterns and clinical signs associated with gastrointestinal nematodes were assessed for 12 mo in nine cervid herds kept under different husbandry conditions at two sites. at site 1, an urban zoo, fecal egg counts remained low and no clinical signs of parasitic gastroenteritis were seen in the herds of fallow deer (dama dama), dybowski's deer (cervus nippon dybowski), pudu (pudu pudu), and ... | 2005 | 17312767 |
| influence of enclosure size and animal density on fecal cortisol concentration and aggression in père david's deer stags. | we investigated the impact of enclosure size and animal density on behavior and adrenocortical secretion in père david's deer in dafeng nature reserve, china. from february 15 to april 16 in 2004, we conducted two experiments. first, we studied maintenance behavior and conflict behavior of père david's deer stags in a large enclosure (200 ha) with low animal density (0.66 deer/ha) and a small display pen (0.75 ha) with high animal density (25.33 deer/ha). the maintenance behavior we recorded inc ... | 2007 | 17324429 |
| a qtl study of growth and body shape in the inter-species hybrid of père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) and red deer (cervus elaphus). | an interspecies deer hybrid resource population developed from a cross of père david's and red deer was used to detect qtl that account for species differences. a genome scan, coupled with composite interval mapping, was conducted to search for qtl controlling body measurements at pre-pubescent age (6 months of age) and puberty (15 months of age) in this interspecies hybrid. five linkage groups that harbour qtl affecting morphology were identified. a joint-traits analysis was used to search for ... | 2007 | 17433011 |
| development of a management program for a mixed species wildlife park following an occurrence of malignant catarrhal fever. | during late 2001 and early 2002, a mixed species wildlife park in north carolina experienced an acute outbreak of morbidity and mortality in pere david's deer (elaphurus davidianus), axis deer (axis axis), blackbuck antelope (antelope cervicapra), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus). clinical signs varied from fulminant disease, progressing from depression to bloody scours to death in fewer than 4 days in pere david's deer, to a more protracted for ... | 2008 | 18817000 |
| evidence of effects of human disturbance on alert response in père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus). | to understand effects of human disturbance on alert response of père david's deer, we carried out an experiment in the dafeng père david's deer reserve (32 degrees 59'-33 degrees 03'n, 120 degrees 47'-120 degrees 53'e), china. in the spring and summer, we observed alert responses (including stare, walking away, and flee) of deer and recorded the intensity of tourist disturbance in a small display pen using a laser-range finder to measure the alert distance of a free-ranging group in a large encl ... | 2007 | 19360594 |
| a novel hurrah protocol reveals high numbers of monomorphic mhc class ii loci and two asymmetric multi-locus haplotypes in the père david's deer. | the père david's deer is a highly inbred, but recovered, species, making it interesting to consider their adaptive molecular evolution from an immunological perspective. prior to this study, genomic sequencing was the only method for isolating all functional mhc genes within a certain species. here, we report a novel protocol for isolating mhc class ii loci from a species, and its use to investigate the adaptive evolution of this endangered deer at the level of multi-locus haplotypes. this proto ... | 2011 | 21267075 |
| cdna cloning and recombinant expression of a proliferation inducing ligand (april) from père david's deer. | in the present study, the cdna of père david's deer april (miapril) was successfully amplified, and nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the open reading frame (orf) of miapril consists of 753 bases encoding 250-amino acids. phylogenetic analysis exhibited high homology with the even-toed ungulates (artiodactyla). the extracellular soluble domain of the miapril (misapril) fragment was cloned into the expression vector pet43.1a and transformed into escherichia coli bl21 (de3) for recombinant ... | 2011 | 21349564 |
| non-structural protein 1 of avian influenza a viruses differentially inhibit nf-kappab promoter activation. | abstract: background: influenza virus infection activates nf-kappab and is a general prerequisite for a productive influenza virus infection. on the other hand, non-structural protein 1 (ns1) suppresses this viral activated nf-kappab, presumably to prevent expression of nf-kappab mediated anti-viral response. ns1 proteins of influenza a viruses are divided into two groups, known as allele a and allele b. the possible functional relevance of this ns1 division to viral pathogenicity is lacking. fi ... | 2011 | 21810221 |
| Do Père David's deer lose memories of their ancestral predators? | Whether prey retains antipredator behavior after a long period of predator relaxation is an important question in predator-prey evolution. Père David's deer have been raised in enclosures for more than 1200 years and this isolation provides an opportunity to study whether Père David's deer still respond to the cues of their ancestral predators or to novel predators. We played back the sounds of crows (familiar sound) and domestic dogs (familiar non-predators), of tigers and wolves (ancestral pre ... | 2011 | 21887286 |
| toxinotyping of clostridium perfringens fecal isolates of reintroduced père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) in china. | clostridium perfringens is an important pathogen causing sudden death syndrome, necrotic enteritis, and gas gangrene in ruminants, especially some deer species. père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) is one of the world's rare species and is an endangered and protected species in china. some père david's deer in the chinese shishou père david's deer preserve died due to c. perfringens infection. we investigated the toxin types and c. perfringens enterotoxin-positive (cpe(+)) strains of isolate ... | 2014 | 25050802 |
| zoonotic enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in pere david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) in henan, china. | enterocytozoon bieneusi is a zoonotic pathogen of the phylum microspora that infects humans as well as a variety of animal species worldwide. while molecular epidemiologic studies have characterized this parasite in various hosts, isolates from many susceptible hosts have not yet been examined. in this study, e. bieneusi was isolated from 47 pere david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) in henan, china and characterized via pcr analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (its) gene. e. bieneusi was d ... | 2015 | 25982030 |
| cdna cloning, recombinant expression and bioactivity of père david's deer baff. | b cell activating factor (baff), a member of the tnf family, is a critical cytokine for the survival, proliferation, maturation, and differentiation of b cells. in the present study, père david's deer baff (mibaff) was amplified from elaphurus davidianus using rt-pcr. this is the first baff cloned from a member of cervidae family. the open reading frame (orf) of the mibaff cdna consists of 843 bases that encode a 280-amino acid protein bearing typical tnf homology domain. sequence alignment show ... | 2012 | 22728120 |
| prevalence of antibodies against neospora caninum in père david's deer ( elaphurus davidianus ) in beijing, china. | neospora caninum is an apicomplexan protozoan and causes neuromuscular disorders in canids and abortions in cattle worldwide. we screened sera samples from 49 free-ranging père david's deer ( elaphurus davidianus ) in a nature reserve in beijing, china, for antibodies against n. caninum using indirect fluorescence antibody tests and western blot tests. antibodies were found in 27% of the deer. western blot analysis revealed antibody reactivity against immunodominant n. caninum antigens of 16, 25 ... | 2016 | 27124330 |
| estimating neospora caninum prevalence in wildlife populations using bayesian inference. | prevalence of disease in wildlife populations, which is necessary for developing disease models and conducting epidemiologic analyses, is often understudied. laboratory tests used to screen for diseases in wildlife populations often are validated only for domestic animals. consequently, the use of these tests for wildlife populations may lead to inaccurate estimates of disease prevalence. we demonstrate the use of bayesian latent class analysis (lca) in determining the specificity and sensitivit ... | 2016 | 27099713 |
| investigation of neospora caninum seroprevalence and potential impact on reproductive success in semi-free-ranging père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus). | this study aimed to determine the prevalence and reproductive impact of neospora caninum in a herd of semi-free-ranging père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) at a conservation facility, following a suspected abortion storm in 2008. serum samples (n=103) collected from 60 individuals between 2002 and 2011 were evaluated using competitive elisa for the detection of n. caninum-specific antibodies. of the 103 samples, 73 (70.9 per cent) were positive for n. caninum antibodies, with a mean±sd comp ... | 2015 | 26392906 |
| bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish and ardeid at pearl river estuary, china. | sediment, fish (tilapia, oreochromis mossambicus and snakehead, channa asiatica), eggs and eggshells of little egrets (egretta garzetta) and chinese pond herons (ardeola bacchus) were collected from mai po ramsar site of hong kong, as well as from wetlands in the gu cheng county, shang hu county and dafeng milu national nature reserve of jiangsu province, china between 2004 and 2007 (n=3-9). concentrations of six heavy metals were analyzed, based on inductively coupled plasma optical emission sp ... | 2014 | 24836879 |
| the arteries of brain base in species of the cervid family. | the aim of the article was to describe the pattern of main arteries at the encephalon base, their connections, and varieties. this study included 106 specimens of the head and cerebral arteries of the following eight species of the cervid family: reindeer, chital, eld's deer, wapiti, sika deer, fallow deer, pere david's deer or milu, and reeve's or chinese muntjac. the arteries of the animals under study were filled with acetone-dissolved stained vinyl superchloride or stained latex lbs3060. the ... | 2015 | 25399744 |
| intraspecific host selection of père david's deer by cattle egrets in dafeng, china. | studies have focused on foraging ecology of cattle egrets (bubulcus ibis) and their selection of ungulate host species. however, few studies have been conducted at intraspecific levels, such as the sex/age class of a specific ungulate. in this study, the foraging behavior and intraspecific host selection of cattle egrets associated with père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) were investigated at the dafeng national nature reserve, china in summer 2011 and 2012. egret-deer pairing status was an ... | 2014 | 24607393 |
| identification of velvet antler by random amplified polymorphism dna combined with non-gel sieving capillary electrophoresis. | mitochondrial dna of velvet antler was amplified with random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) technique and the pcr products were detected with non-gel sieving capillary electrophoresis to establish a rapd-hpce method used for identifying the authenticity of velvet antler or it counterfeits. factors that could affect the pcr amplification and capillary electrophoresis were optimized. under the optimized conditions, namely, 20 mmol l(-1) nah2po4-na2hpo4-2 mmol l(-1) edta buffer solution [0.8% (w/ ... | 2016 | 25103424 |
| stepping-stones and dispersal flow: establishment of a meta-population of milu (elaphurus davidianus) through natural re-wilding. | the milu (père david's deer, elaphurus davidianus) became extinct in china in the early 20(th) century but was reintroduced to the country. the reintroduced milu escaped from a nature reserve and dispersed to the south of the yangtze river. we monitored these accidentally escaped milu from 1995 to 2012. the escaped milu searched for vacant habitat patches as "stepping stones" and established refuge populations. we recorded 122 dispersal events of the escaped milu. most dispersal events occurred ... | 2016 | 27272326 |
| sex-age related rumination behavior of père david's deer under constraints of feeding habitat and rainfall. | extensive studies have been conducted on the rumination behavior of domestic herbivores. however, studies on wild animals are limited, particularly wild animals with specific ruminating parameters. in this study, père david's deer, a previously extirpated species, was observed to analyze the effects of sex-age, feeding habitat, and rainfall on rumination behavior in the dafeng nature reserve, china. rumination behavior was investigated based on four parameters: proportion of bedding time spent c ... | 2013 | 23823072 |
| the père david's deer mhc class i genes show unexpected diversity patterns, with monomorphic classical genes but polymorphic nonclassical genes and pseudogenes. | père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) is a highly inbred species that arose from 11 founders but now comprises a population of about 3,000 individuals, making it interesting to investigate the adaptive variation of this species from the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) perspective. in this study, we isolated elda-mhc class i loci using magnetic bead-based cdna hybridization, and examined the molecular variations of these loci using single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) and sequ ... | 2012 | 22821865 |
| x chromosome evolution in cetartiodactyla. | the phenomenon of a remarkable conservation of the x chromosome in eutherian mammals has been first described by susumu ohno in 1964. a notable exception is the cetartiodactyl x chromosome, which varies widely in morphology and g-banding pattern between species. it is hypothesized that this sex chromosome has undergone multiple rearrangements that changed the centromere position and the order of syntenic segments over the last 80 million years of cetartiodactyla speciation. to investigate its ev ... | 2017 | 28858207 |
| host species heterogeneity in the epidemiology of nesopora caninum. | pathogen transmission across species drives disease emergence; however, mechanisms by which multi-host pathogens cross species boundaries are not well identified. this knowledge gap prevents integrated and targeted control in an epidemiologically continuous ecosystem. our goal is to describe the impact of host species heterogeneity on the epidemiology of neospora caninum circulating between livestock and wildlife in southeastern ohio. we collected biological samples from père david's deer (elaph ... | 2017 | 28850580 |
| imperial trophy or island relict? a new extinction paradigm for père david's deer: a chinese conservation icon. | determining the 'dynamic biogeography' of range collapse in threatened species is essential for effective conservation, but reconstruction of spatio-temporal patterns of population vulnerability and resilience can require use of non-standard ecological data such as historical archives. père david's deer or milu, one of the few living mammal species that has become extinct in the wild, is historically known only from a small captive herd of unknown provenance that survived until 1900 in the imper ... | 2017 | 29134102 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum in the highly endangered père david's deer elaphurus davidianus. | eighteen of 43 (41.8%) père david's deer from dafeng elk national natural reserve, china, were positive for anaplasma phagocytophilum based on real-time fret-pcr and species-specific pcrs targeting the 16s rrna or msp4. to our knowledge this is the first report of a. phagocytophilum in this endangered animal. | 2018 | 29310694 |
| draft genome of the milu (elaphurus davidianus). | | 2017 | 29267854 |
| house mental classification system of denture patients: the contribution of milus m house. | although dr milus m. house is credited with devising a method to describe the mental classification of complete denture patients, a review of the literature raises questions regarding the origin of the system. dr ewell neil should have received credit for developing the classification system attributed to dr house. the contribution of dr house appears to be a detailed expansion of the classification and the subsequent popularization of the system. | 2005 | 16447903 |
| biological characteristics and genetic evolutionary analysis of emerging pathogenic bacillus cereus isolated from père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus). | bacillus cereus (b. cereus) is widely distributed in the environment. it is one of the most common opportunistic food-borne pathogens associated with food poisoning, not only being majorly reported to cause fatal infections of the gastrointestinal tract, but also responsible for abdominal distress and vomiting. the current study was undertaken to evaluate the biological characteristics and the genetic evolution of b. cereus isolated from infected organs of dead elaphurus davidianus (e. davidianu ... | 2020 | 32169486 |
| are the gut microbial systems of giant pandas unstable? | animals have stable dominant gut microbiomes under similar diets. similar diets can also lead to similar gut microbial communities within host species levels. giant pandas (ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red pandas (ailurus fulgens) have had long-term and stable bamboo diets, and seem well adapted to this highly fibrous diet. when compared to the gut microbiomes of père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus), humans, cheetah (acinonyx jubatus), black-backed jackal (canis-mesomelas), and black bear (ur ... | 2019 | 31687574 |
| molecular characterization of cryptosporidium and enterocytozoon bieneusi in père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) from shishou, china. | cryptosporidium and enterocytozoon bieneusi are important intestinal pathogens that infect humans and various animals. few reports are available regarding the infections of the two pathogens in père david's deer. in this study, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) confirmed cryptosporidium infection in two (1.6%) and e. bieneusi in 45 (35.2%) of 128 fecal samples collected from père david's deer in the national nature reserve of shishou, hubei province, china. c. parvum (n = 1) and cryptosporidium de ... | 2019 | 31667080 |
| atypical myopathy in père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) associated with ingestion of hypoglycin a. | from 2004 until 2016, 21 père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) have died for unknown reason at zoo duisburg. these deer, also known as milu, have succumbed from a myopathy that occurred seasonally in autumn and in spring. the clinical signs shown by the animals closely resembles those of a disease called equine atypical myopathy (eam), which is formerly known in horses. the cause for eam in europe was found in the ingestion of hypoglycin a, contained in samaras and seedlings of the sycamore m ... | 2018 | 29762728 |
| potential mechanism of detoxification of cyanide compounds by gut microbiomes of bamboo-eating pandas. | gut microbes can enhance the ability of hosts to consume secondary plant compounds and, therefore, expand the dietary niche breadth of mammalian herbivores. the giant and red pandas are bamboo-eating specialists within the mammalian order carnivora. bamboo contains abundant plant secondary metabolites (e.g., cyanide-containing compounds). however, carnivora species, including the giant panda, have deficient levels of rhodanese (one of the essential cyanide detoxification enzymes) in their tissue ... | 2018 | 29898983 |
| [herbalogical study on cervi colla]. | cervi colla, deer's gelatin, had two kinds of original sources historically, including the skin and antler of deer, known as cervi corii colla(lupijiao, lpj) and cervi cornus colla(lujiaojiao, ljj) respectively.ljj is the mainstream of the market, while lpj is only used by common people in guizhou and jilin etc. this article sorted out the ancient and modern literature(since rites of the zhou in zhou dynasty) on cervi colla and conducted the herbalogical study. the results of the study include:① ... | 2020 | 32237464 |
| evidence of two genetically different lymphotropic herpesviruses present among red deer, sambar, and milu herds in china. | herpesvirus infections in cervidae are a serious threat affecting some deer species worldwide. in our attempt to identify malignant catarrhal fever-associated herpesviruses in deer herds, ten gammaherpesviral dna fragments were identified in five species of deer in herds in china by using a pan-herpesvirus polymerase chain reaction assay targeting viral dna polymerase. notably, in sambar (rusa unicolor), a novel gamma-2 herpesvirus was identified that showed a close relationship with fallow deer ... | 2018 | 30041287 |
| host use patterns of culicoides spp. biting midges at a big game preserve in florida, u.s.a., and implications for the transmission of orbiviruses. | culicoides spp. biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are vectors of pathogens that have a significant economic impact on the livestock industry. white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), a farmed species in the u.s.a., are susceptible to two culicoides spp. borne orbiviruses: bluetongue virus and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus. elucidating host-vector interactions is an integral step in studying disease transmission. this study investigated the host range of culicoides spp. present o ... | 2019 | 30063255 |
| seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in the endangered père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) in china. | père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) is an emblematic endangered species and regarded as a national treasure, toxoplasmosis is a serious zoonotic parasitic disease for wild animals. little is known about the prevalence of antibodies to this parasite in père david's deer. in this study, sera from 43 wild père david's deer, from dafeng nature reserve china were tested for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii by mat. the investigation showed that antibodies to toxoplasma were detected in 8 of 43 (18 ... | 2020 | 32479783 |
| prevalence and molecular characterization of cryptosporidium spp. in père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) in jiangsu, china. | cryptosporidium is a zoonotic parasite that causes diarrhea in a broad range of animals, including deer. little is known about the prevalence and genotype of cryptosporidium spp. in père david's deer. in this study, 137 fecal samples from père david's deer were collected between july 2017 and august 2018 in the dafeng reserve and analyzed for cryptosporidium spp. by nested-pcr based on the small subunit ribosomal rna (ssu rrna) gene, followed by sequence analyses to determine the species. the 60 ... | 2020 | 32428181 |
| analysis of the gut microbiome of wild and captive père david's deer. | père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus or milu) is a highly endangered species originating from china, and many deer are currently being raised in captivity for gradual re-introduction to the wild. wild and captive deer currently live in the same region but have vastly different diets. in this study, we used 16s rrna high-throughput sequencing to identify the healthy core microbiome in the gut of wild and captive père david's deer and investigate how dietary factors influence the gut microbiome ... | 2019 | 31636626 |
| comparative study of the eyelids and orbital glands morphology in the okapi (okapia johnstoni, giraffidae), père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus, cervidae) and the philippine mouse-deer (tragulus nigricans, tragulidae). | the accessory organs of the eye represent part of the protective system of the eyeball. in the present study, an examination of the accessory organs of the eye of three species of captive ruminants was performed using light microscopy. in the okapi, the superficial gland of the third eyelid and lacrimal gland were complex branched multilobar tubular glands formed by mucous units with tubular secretory portions and no plasma cells. the deep gland of the third eyelid was absent in the okapi and pr ... | 2020 | 31271442 |
| [outline of song's works on the gynecology of traditional chinese medicine]. | because of long history and excellent medical skills, the song gynecology is regarded as one of the "four great masters" of the gynecology in zhejiang province. the monographs survived of song gynecology are at least four, besides the earliest one songshi nüke cuoyao(, synopsis of song's gynecology)(1612), there is songshi bochuan chanke quanshu(, complete treatise on gynecology of song bochuan), songshi nüke chanhou pian(, chapter of puerperal disease from song's gynecology), which are formed i ... | 2019 | 31269624 |
| evaluation of the function of wild animal gut microbiomes using next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics and its relevance to animal conservation. | the relationship between animal conservation and the animal gut microbiome is a hot topic in current microbial ecology research. our group has recently revealed that the occurrence of diverse combinations of gut microbial compositions and functions (metagenomics) in père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) populations is likely to lead to increased evolutionary potential and resilience in response to environmental changes. thus, considering the effects of diet on the gut microbiome and the impor ... | 2019 | 31205409 |
| père david's deer gut microbiome changes across captive and translocated populations: implications for conservation. | the gut microbial composition and function are shaped by different factors (e.g., host diet and phylogeny). gut microbes play an important role in host nutrition and development. the gut microbiome may be used to evaluate the host potential environmental adaptation. in this study, we focused on the coevolution of the gut microbiome of captive and translocated père david's deer populations (elaphurus davidianus; chinese: père david's deer). to address this, we used several different macro- and mi ... | 2019 | 30828378 |
| endangered père david's deer genome provides insights into population recovering. | the milu (père david's deer, elaphurus davidianus) were once widely distributed in the swamps (coastal areas to inland areas) of east asia. the dramatic recovery of the milu population is now deemed a classic example of how highly endangered animal species can be rescued. however, the molecular mechanisms that underpinned this population recovery remain largely unknown. here, different approaches (genome sequencing, resequencing, and salinity analysis) were utilized to elucidate the aforemention ... | 2018 | 30459847 |
| comparative analysis of gut microbiota changes in père david's deer populations in beijing milu park and shishou, hubei province in china. | this study used 16s rrna high-throughput sequencing technology to examine the differences in gut microbiota between the père david's deer populations in the beijing and shishou areas of china in order to understand the effects of ex situ conservation on the intestinal microflora in the père david's deer. results: on the phylum level, the main bacteria found in the père david's deer populations from both areas were similar: firmicutes and bacteroidetes. however, the relative abundances of the two ... | 2018 | 29946310 |