| infection of anopheles darlingi fed on patients infected with plasmodium vivax before and during treatment with chloroquine plus primaquine in costa marques, rondönia, brazil. | five patients with asexual and sexual parasites of plasmodium vivax were treated orally with 600 mg chloroquine diphosphate (hour 0) followed with 300 mg at 8, 24 and 48 h later. primaquine phosphate, 15 mg, was administered concurrently at h 0 and at 24 h intervals for 14 days. anopheles darlingi were fed before the first dose (h -0.5) and 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h later. mosquitoes were examined for oocysts on day 8 and for sporozoites on day 15 after infectio ... | 1992 | 1308564 |
| ecology of malaria vectors in the americas and future direction. | the resurgence of malaria in the americas has renewed interest in anopheles biology. anopheles darlingi, an. albimanus, an. nuneztovai and an. aquasalis are reconfirmed as major malaria vectors and other species are playing important roles in regional malaria transmission. adult biting activity and larval ecology are discussed in detail. seasonal abundance and daily biting activity of anophelines vary considerably among species and geographically for the same species. anopheles albimanus has the ... | 1992 | 1343717 |
| cuticular hydrocarbons, isoenzymes and behavior of three populations of anopheles darlingi from brazil. | three populations of anopheles darlingi were studied for cuticular hydrocarbons, isoenzymes and patterns of peak biting activity. differences were found in specimens from costa marques, a malaria endemic area; dourado, a site with a very exophilic population and juturnaíba, located near the type locality. twelve hour collections from sunset to sunrise showed that an. darlingi from costa marques had a bimodal biting activity profile with a major peak at sunset and a minor peak at sunrise. at dour ... | 1992 | 1474380 |
| relations between anopheles darlingi breeding habitats, rainfall, river level and malaria transmission rates in the rain forest of suriname. | irregular peaks of p.falciparum malaria incidence were monitored in suriname during 1982-86. an attempt is made to correlate these fluctuations of malaria rates with rainfall and river level in relation to the periodic availability of breeding habitats for the malaria vector anopheles darlingi root. densities of adult female an.darlingi were recorded in the upper-marowijne region of suriname, in a focus of malaria along the marowijne river. peaks in biting densities correlated well with periods ... | 1992 | 1600221 |
| behavioral response of anopheles darlingi to ddt-sprayed house walls in amazonia. | the behavioral response of anopheles darlingi females to spraying of house walls with ddt was studied along the ituxi river in amazonas, brazil, using a house sprayed with 2 g ddt per square meter of wall surface and an untreated house serving as a control. it was found that hardly any an. darlingi females entered, exited, or took blood meals inside the treated house after it was sprayed with ddt, and that specimens marked and released inside the house tended to depart immediately. this behavior ... | 1991 | 1742567 |
| epidemiology and control of malaria in suriname. | malaria is endemic in the interior of suriname. however, epidemiologic data indicate that as of 1985 the only permanent malaria focus was located in an area along the upper marowijne river. the existence of this focal area can be accounted for partly by relatively high and stable numbers of the local malaria vector, anopheles darlingi, in the region and also by frequent travels of local inhabitants within the upper marowijne region. government workers from this area appear to have played a signi ... | 1991 | 1790439 |
| biting behavior of anopheles mosquitoes in costa marques, rondonia, brazil. | mosquito collections were made in and near costa marques, rondonia, brazil, to determine anopheline anthropophilic/zoophilic behavior. collections from a non-illuminated, bovine-baited trap and indoor and outdoor human-bait collections were compared. anopheles darlingi and anopheles deaneorum were more anthropophilic than the other anophelines collected. the remainder of the anopheles species were collected much more frequently in bovine-baited traps than in human-bait collections. anopheles dar ... | 1991 | 1815282 |
| [response of anopheles darlingi to spraying with ddt in amazonas, brazil]. | to investigate the effectiveness of the malaria control program, the behavior of anopheles darlingi females was studied following spraying of ddt on the walls of house-holds along the ituxi river in the state of amazonas, brazil. the study was carried out on two four-walled dwellings, one of which was sprayed with 2 g of ddt per m2 of wall. three methods were used to study the mosquitoes' activity before and immediately after the spraying, as well as at 2 and 12 months post-spraying. these metho ... | 1991 | 1831028 |
| [epidemiology and control of malaria in suriname]. | malaria is endemic in the interior of suriname, which is inhabited by descendants of black slaves and amerindian tribes. analysis of epidemiological data for the period 1965-1985 reveals that within that area malaria is endemic only in the territory of the djuka indians in the upper marowijne region. the endemicity may be due in part to the presence of a relatively large and stable population of the local vector, anopheles darlingi, and also to the djukas' frequent travels within their own terri ... | 1991 | 1838686 |
| infection of anopheles darlingi fed on patients with plasmodium falciparum before and after treatment with quinine or quinine plus tetracycline. | anopheles darlingi fed on eight falciparum malaria patients with gametocytes before and after treatment with quinine sulfate or quinine sulfate plus tetracycline became infected. quinine and quinine plus tetracycline had no apparent sporontocidal or gametocytocidal effect on late stage immature and mature gametocytes. plasmodium falciparum gametocytes are persistent and infected mosquitoes for up to 21 days after patients were treated with quinine plus tetracycline. sporogonic development was si ... | 1991 | 1858964 |
| comparative susceptibility of anopheline mosquitoes in rondonia, brazil to infection by plasmodium vivax. | seven anopheline species from costa marques, rondonia, brazil were compared with anopheles darlingi for susceptibility to infection by plasmodium vivax. laboratory-reared f1 progeny of field-collected an. darlingi and the test anopheline species were fed at the same time on the same patients, all of whom had gametocytes in peripheral blood before treatment. mosquitoes were dissected on day 8 after infection for oocysts and on days 14-16 after infection for sporozoites. the mean numbers of p. viv ... | 1991 | 1951854 |
| infection of anopheles darlingi fed on patients infected with plasmodium vivax before and during treatment with chloroquine in costa marques, rondonia, brazil. | patients with asexual and sexual parasites of plasmodium vivax were treated orally with 600 mg of chloroquine diphosphate at hour zero, followed by 300 mg at 8, 24 and 48 hr. anopheles darlingi were fed before the first dose (-0.5 hr) and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 20, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hr later. mosquitoes were examined for oocysts on day 8 and sporozoites on day 15 after infection. the frequency of infected mosquitoes and the mean number of oocysts were lower in mosquitoes that ... | 1991 | 1951855 |
| observations on the distribution of anophelines in suriname with particular reference to the malaria vector anopheles darlingi. | a study was made on the distribution of anophelines in suriname with special emphasis on the principal malaria vector anopheles darlingi and on the occurrence of other possible vector species. peridomestic human bait collections of adult mosquitoes and collections of larvae were made in many localities with a recent history of malaria transmission. stable populations of an. darlingi were only found in the interior, south of the limit of tidal influence, due to year-round availability of breeding ... | 1990 | 2087158 |
| indoor resting heights of some anophelines in colombia. | the nocturnal, indoor resting behavior of female anophelines in colombia was studied. anopheles darlingi and an. marajoara had a tendency to rest close to the ground, but an. oswaldoi and an. rangeli rested higher up. this behavior was independent of bloodfed status (except for an. oswaldoi) and whether the surface had been sprayed with ddt. with this information it should be possible to modify insecticide applications to coincide with the resting preferences of these species. | 1990 | 2098466 |
| seasonal distribution and biting patterns of anopheles mosquitoes in costa marques, rondonia, brazil. | thirteen species of anopheline mosquitoes were collected in all-night human-bait indoor and outdoor collections at 5 houses from july 1986 through december 1987 in and near the town of costa marques, rondonia, brazil. anopheles darlingi and an. deaneorum accounted for more than 92 and 6%, respectively, of all anophelines collected from human-bait outside houses and 90 and 9%, respectively, inside houses in the town. the diversity of anophelines was greater in human-bait collections in rural area ... | 1990 | 2098481 |
| natural malaria infections in anophelines in rondonia state, brazilian amazon. | the use of an immunoassay for the detection of plasmodium falciparum and p. vivax circumsporozoite (cs) antigens in anophelines has recently incriminated other malaria vectors besides anopheles darlingi in the brazilian amazon. in this study we analyzed 12,336 field-collected anophelines from endemic areas in rondonia for plasmodial infection. sixty-one specimens from 6 species were positive: 47 an. darlingi, 5 an. triannulatus, 4 an. albitarsis, 2 an. braziliensis, 2 an. strodei, and 1 an. oswa ... | 1990 | 2200290 |
| first record of ddt resistance in anopheles darlingi. | ddt susceptibility of anopheles darlingi was compared from the southeastern and northwestern regions of colombia. mosquitoes from southeastern colombia (puerto lleras) were fully susceptible to ddt but in the northwest (quibdo) lt50s were 14.3 times higher. this resistance appeared to be restricted to the quibdo area. this is the first time that the ddt resistance has been detected in this important malaria vector. | 1990 | 2324727 |
| anopheline species, some of their habits and relation to malaria in endemic areas of rondônia state, amazon region of brazil. | in view of recent studies incriminating several species of anophelines, besides anopheles darlingi, as malaria vectors in the brazilian amazon, we performed an anopheline survey in four localities--ariquemes, cujubim, machadinho and itapoã do oeste--in rondônia, the most malarious state in the country. twenty species were found. an. darlingi was, by far, the dominant species and the only one whose density coincided with that of malaria. on human baits it was more numerous in the immediate vicini ... | 1989 | 2487447 |
| sero-epidemiological studies of malaria in indian tribes and monkeys of the amazon basin of brazil. | a sero-epidemiological study of malaria, with special emphasis on plasmodium brasilianum/p. malariae, was conducted on 4 indian tribes living in the amazon basin of northern brazil: the arara, the parakana, the asurini, and the metuktire. the incidence of malaria, as determined by blood films, was very low in all tribes. parasitemia levels in most individuals were less than 0.02%; determination of the plasmodial species was not feasible. high levels of antibodies to both blood stages and sporozo ... | 1989 | 2508499 |
| efficacy of mosquito nets treated with permethrin in suriname. | in the rain-forest of suriname, where malaria is endemic, 95% of the maroons (who call themselves bush-negroes) and all amerindians use mosquito nets made of cotton cloth or, less frequently, nylon or cotton gauze over their hammocks or beds. bush-negroes usually wash their nets weekly; amerindians wash nets at 1-4 month intervals. females of the principal local malaria vector, anopheles darlingi root, were seen blood-feeding through cotton cloth netting (at 22.30-23.30 hours) on a person sleepi ... | 1989 | 2519685 |
| behavioral responses of anopheles darlingi in suriname to ddt residues on house walls. | a study was conducted in suriname on the effects of ddt residual house spray on the main vector of malaria, anopheles darlingi. results obtained with an experimental hut sprayed with ddt wettable powder (2 g/m2 ai) were compared with results obtained with an unsprayed control hut. in the sprayed hut, entry rates were reduced by 32% and feeding success by 43.6%. the 24-h mortality of mosquitoes which entered the sprayed hut was 95% (range 85-100%) over the 10-month study period. after furnishing ... | 1989 | 2584967 |
| biting and resting behavior of anopheles darlingi in the suriname rainforest. | an experimental hut study was conducted on the biting and house resting behavior of anopheles darlingi in the rainforest of suriname. of all anophelines collected on human bait at indoor and peridomestic sites, an. darlingi comprised 100% and 98%, respectively. a single peak in biting activity occurred around 2300 h. with hourly exit trap collections, a peak of exit from the hut was observed at sunrise. of these mosquitoes, 91% were freshly fed. the indoor resting period was calculated to be abo ... | 1989 | 2584968 |
| capture-recapture studies with the south american malaria vector anopheles darlingi, root. | a capture-recapture experiment was undertaken in october 1987, in the jaru district of rondonia, brazil, with the malaria vector anopheles darlingi. on two consecutive nights, 160 blood-fed, 78 unfed biting and 81 unfed resting mosquitoes were released. recapture rates of 12-19% and survival rates of 0.59-0.57 per oviposition cycle were obtained for all releases, indicating that blood-feeding was not an obstacle for this population, which had a high vectorial capacity. two a. darlingi were colle ... | 1989 | 2619371 |
| [malaria in guiana. ii. the characteristics of different foci and antimalarial control]. | in french guiana, the distribution of malaria in foci inhabited by quite different ethnic groups calls for specific studies. along the oyapock on the brasilian border and along the litani on the surinam border, incidence among american indians and creoles ranges from 300 and 900 per thousand; plasmodium falciparum accounts for 65% and p. vivax for 35%. along the middle and lower maroni on the surinam border, the boni and ndjukas negroes move freely through the frontier and since the civil strife ... | 1989 | 2670293 |
| irritability to ddt of natural populations of the primary malaria vectors in colombia. | natural populations of anopheles albimanus, an. darlingi and an. nuneztovari were tested for their irritability to ddt in different regions of colombia. individual anophelines were exposed to filter papers impregnated with 2% ddt and irritability was determined based on the number of flights a mosquito made in 15 min. all three species showed variability in their irritability to ddt. anopheles albimanus showed irritability only in bolivar, but not in three other regions. anopheles darlingi showe ... | 1989 | 2708989 |
| reappearance of unprecedented falciparum malaria: 28 years after the last case in the cuyuni-mazaruni-potaro, guyana, south america. | an outbreak of unprecedented falciparum malaria was reported after 28 years absence from the cuyuni-mazaruni-potaro among miners. the introduced cases were locally imported from the south rupununi, following 'the gold and diamond rush'. anopheles darlingi was found exclusively. | 1988 | 3055569 |
| [maintenance of anopheles darlingi root, 1926 colony, in the laboratory]. | | 1988 | 3222620 |
| exophilic behavior of anopheles darlingi root in a southern region of brazil. | | 1987 | 3445112 |
| the house-frequenting, host-seeking and resting behavior of anopheles darlingi in southeastern amazonas, brazil. | studies on the behavior of anopheles darlingi were conducted at a site along the ituxi river, amazonas, brazil. patterns of host-seeking activity inside and outside a single-walled house both presented activity peaks at sunset and sunrise, but biting activity inside a four-walled house peaked after sunset then gradually decreased during the night. major movements of females into and out of the four-walled house occurred at sunset and sunrise, respectively. marked engorged and unengorged females ... | 1987 | 3504928 |
| interruption of malaria transmission by chloroquinized salt in guyana, with observations on a chloroquine-resistant strain of plasmodium falciparum. | malaria and its local vector, anopheles darlingi, were eradicated from the coastlands and near interior of guyana by ddt house-spraying in 1945-51. in the remote interior, where 10% of the population live, only partial control could be achieved, owing to the semi-silvatic habits of a. darlingi and the considerable movement of the sparse population; low malaria endemicity persisted in these areas with occasional localized outbreaks. in the south-west the problem was further complicated by the pre ... | 1967 | 4864651 |
| [sensitivity of anopheles darlingi, vector of malaria, to insecticides]. | | 1971 | 5162368 |
| reappearance of anopheles darlingi root and vivax malaria in a controlled area of guyana, south america. | a small outbreak of malaria was reported at linden, the major mining town of bauxite and alumina, and situated 105 km up the demerara river. mass blood and fever case surveys were undertaken, coupled with subsequent passive case detection at the complex's hospital. twelve vivax malaria cases were found; seven of these seem to have been infected indigenously. corresponding surveys on the anopheline vectors showed for the first time since 1948 the presence of an. darlingi root, 1926 in the outbrea ... | 1984 | 6375050 |
| [features of malaria in guyana]. | a paludometric study of the 1970-1979 decade in french guyana, shows a 2.7% plasmodic index, with a mean incidence of 6.4 per 1,000 habitants and a very high prevalence of p. falciparum (84%). anopheles darlingi, the principal vector, still remains sensitive to ddt after 30 years of insecticide utilisation. the autochthonous malaria occurs permanently in the bordering areas between guyana and brasil at the east and between guyana and surinam at the west. in the other parts of the country, in the ... | 1981 | 7249243 |
| preliminary observations on the changing roles of malaria vectors in southern belize. | a survey for larval and adult anopheles mosquitoes was conducted in toledo district of southern belize during august-september 1992. we surveyed for larvae in 145 habitats and conducted paired indoor-outdoor collections of adult mosquitoes landing on humans at 6 houses. in 1940-41, kumm and ram reported anopheles darlingi females to be the most common anopheles mosquitoes inside houses and reported no specimens of anopheles vestitipennis in southern belize. in our 1992 survey we found no an. dar ... | 1993 | 8126482 |
| deforestation: effects on vector-borne disease. | this review addresses changes in the ecology of vectors and epidemiology of vector-borne diseases which result from deforestation. selected examples are considered from viral and parasitic infections (arboviruses, malaria, the leishmaniases, filariases, chagas disease and schistosomiasis) where disease patterns have been directly or indirectly influenced by loss of natural tropical forests. a wide range of activities have resulted in deforestation. these include colonisation and settlement, tran ... | 1993 | 8488073 |
| a field trial with lambda-cyhalothrin (icon) for the intradomiciliary control of malaria transmitted by anopheles darlingi root in rondonia, brazil. | a two stage field trial comparing the effects of lambdacyhalothrin (icon) and ddt when used as residual sprays on the inside surfaces of houses, was conducted in the machadinho and jaru areas of rodonia, brazil, in 1987 and 1988. in 1987 houses along two 16 km contiguous stretches of a main and a side road were sprayed and the effects on malaria vectors monitored for the succeeding year. in the second stage approximately 55,000 houses in both districts were sprayed with icon and the effect on ma ... | 1995 | 8546036 |
| predictions of malaria vector distribution in belize based on multispectral satellite data. | use of multispectral satellite data to predict arthropod-borne disease trouble spots is dependent on clear understandings of environmental factors that determine the presence of disease vectors. a blind test of remote sensing-based predictions for the spatial distribution of a malaria vector, anopheles pseudopunctipennis, was conducted as a follow-up to two years of studies on vector-environmental relationships in belize. four of eight sites that were predicted to be high probability locations f ... | 1996 | 8600771 |
| life history correlates of adult size in the malaria vector anopheles darlingi. | adult dry weights of laboratory-reared anopheles darlingi were highly correlated with wing lengths, which were used to estimate size variation in natural populations of this species. significant differences in mean wing lengths of females trapped at baits were detected among collections in the same week at one site, but not between three sites in brazil and bolivia. relatively higher variability of wing lengths, compared to collections of other anopheles (nyssorhynchus), and platykurtic size dis ... | 1995 | 8731375 |
| characterization of anopheles darlingi (diptera: culicidae) larval habitats in belize, central america. | surveys for larvae of anopheles darlingi root were conducted in april, may, and august 1994 in riverine habitats of central belize (cayo and belize districts). an. darlingi was present during both the dry and wet seasons. larvae were encountered most frequently in patches of floating debris along river margins. the floating mats were often formed by bamboo hanging over the banks and dense submersed bamboo roots. larvae were found less frequently in lake margins, small lagoons, and ground pools w ... | 1996 | 8742522 |
| biological variation in anopheles darlingi root. | behavioural variation in the south american malaria vector anopheles darlingi is described. at the centre of its distribution, in forest areas close to the city of manaus, brazil, it is primarily exophagic and exophilic. mosquitoes from this area are chromosomally diverse. towards the northern edge of its distribution (in guyana and venezuela) it is more endophagic and less diverse chromosomally. similarly in the south (in the state of minas gerais) it is less polymorphic. in this area, however, ... | 1996 | 9070397 |
| the use of wide-mesh gauze impregnated with lambda-cyhalothrin covering wall openings in huts as a vector control method in suriname. | an alternative vector control method, using lambda-cyhalothrin impregnated wide-mesh gauze covering openings in the walls of the houses was developed in an area in the eastern part of the interior of suriname. experimental hut observations showed that anopheles darlingi greatly reduced their biting activity (99-100%) during the first 5 months after impregnation. a model assay showed high mortality both of mosquitoes repelled by the gauze as well as of those that succeeded in getting through it. ... | 1997 | 9430921 |
| [malaria, anopheles, the anti-malaria campaign in french guyana: between dogmatism and judgment]. | the recrudescence of malaria in french guiana involves both border regions. one notes the predominance of plasmodium falciparum along the maroni river on the surinam frontier and the transmission of both plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax in amerindian settlements along the oyapock river on the brazilian frontier. the main mosquito vector is the endoexophile species, anopheles darlingi. the role of man-biting forest anophelines in malaria transmission is still unclear. at the present tim ... | 1997 | 9612784 |
| prompt mating of released anopheles darlingi in western amazonian brazil. | to identify times and sites of mating, 1- and 2-day-old virgin female anopheles darlingi were marked with fluorescent dusts and released at dusk, midnight or dawn in a village on the outskirts of porto velho, rondônia state, brazil. dissections of marked females captured at human baits revealed that mating occurred in less than 2 h after dusk releases near houses, and among these early recaptures, older females were significantly more likely to be inseminated. we suggest that mating shortly afte ... | 1998 | 9673925 |
| ecologic observations on anopheline vectors of malaria in the brazilian amazon. | human intervention in the brazilian amazon region promotes contacts between humans and vectors that may favor the propagation of anopheline mosquitoes and the spread of malaria in the absence of planning and infrastructure to control this disease. vector ecology studies were carried out to determine the risk areas. these data should help in designing appropriate malaria control measures. data from 14 different regions are reported. vectors are able to adapt to different environments, which made ... | 1998 | 9715956 |
| faunal composition and behavior of anopheline mosquitoes in the xavánte indian reservation of pimentel barbosa, central brazil. | faunal composition and behavior of anopheline mosquitoes were studied in a xavánte indian reservation of central brazil. altogether 558 anophelines were collected in three environments (intra, peri, and extra-domiciliary). anopheles darlingi (30.9%), an. triannulatus s.l. (24.6%) and an. oswaldoi (19.7%) were the most common species. average capture rates were higher in the rainy season (8.03 per hour) than in the dry season (4.37 per hour). anophelines exhibited exophilic behavior almost exclus ... | 1998 | 9754319 |
| the epidemiology of malaria in rondonia (western amazon region, brazil): study of a riverine population. | we report on a longitudinal study concerning the incidence of malaria in a riverine population (portuchuelo) settled on the riverbanks of rio madeira, in the state of rondonia, brazil. we found the incidence of malaria to be seasonal, prevailing in the dry months of june and july. the annual parasite index (api) was 292/1000 inhabitants, almost three times that of the state of rondonia for the same period. in contrast with other studied rondonian populations, malaria in portuchuelo was more prev ... | 1999 | 9924956 |
| malaria reemergence in the peruvian amazon region. | epidemic malaria has rapidly emerged in loreto department, in the peruvian amazon region. peru reports the second highest number of malaria cases in south america (after brazil), most from loreto. from 1992 to 1997, malaria increased 50-fold in loreto but only fourfold in peru. plasmodium falciparum infection, which has increased at a faster rate than p. vivax infection in the last 3 years, became the dominant plasmodium infection in the highest transmission areas in the 1997 rainy season. the v ... | 1999 | 10221872 |
| [variation of anopheles density with deltamethrin-impregnated mosquito nets in an endemic malaria area of the brazilian amazon]. | in 1992 a survey on the use of deltamethrin-impregnated mosquito nets was conducted in the municipality of costa marques, rondonia. in the intradomicile, impregnated nets decreased the vector density at rates similar to those for non-impregnated nets during low-transmission periods; during high anopheline density periods, they led to a significant reduction in vector density, while in the non-impregnated net group there was an increase in the number of anophelines captured. there was no change i ... | 1999 | 10409781 |
| larvicidal activity of bacillus sphaericus 2362 against anopheles nuneztovari, anopheles darlingi and anopheles braziliensis (diptera, culicidae). | in this present study, preliminary data was obtained regarding the mortality rate of the amazonian anophelines, anopheles nuneztovari, anopheles darlingi and anopheles braziliensis when subjected to treatment with bacillus sphaericus strain 2362, the who standard strain. initially, experiments were conducted to test the mortality rate of the three species of anopheline larvae. the third larval instar of an. nuneztovari and the second and third larval instars of an. darlingi proved to be the leas ... | 1999 | 10413957 |
| population structure of the primary malaria vector in south america, anopheles darlingi, using isozyme, random amplified polymorphic dna, internal transcribed spacer 2, and morphologic markers. | a genetic and morphologic survey of anopheles darlingi populations collected from seven countries in central and south america was performed to clarify the taxonomic status of this major malaria vector species in the americas. population genetics was based on three techniques including isozyme, random amplified polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction (rapd-pcr), and internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) markers. the results of the isozyme analysis indicated moderate differences in the allele fr ... | 1999 | 10466962 |
| allelic diversity and antibody recognition of plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 during hypoendemic malaria transmission in the brazilian amazon region. | the polymorphic merozoite surface protein (msp-1) of plasmodium falciparum is a major asexual blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate. the impact of allelic diversity on recognition of msp-1 during the immune response remains to be investigated in areas of hypoendemicity such as the brazilian amazon region. in this study, pcr was used to type variable regions, blocks 2, 4, and 10, of the msp-1 gene and to characterize major gene types (unique combinations of allelic types in variable blocks) in p. ... | 1999 | 10531247 |
| analysis of its2 dna sequences from brazilian anopheles darlingi (diptera: culicidae). | specimens of anopheles darlingi root, the major vector of malaria in brazil, were collected from several states in brazil: sao paulo (dourado), bahia (itabela), rondônia (porto velho), roraima (boa vista), and acre (plácido de castro). sequence divergence in the 2nd internal transcribed spacer (its2) was examined. the its2 sequences of mosquitoes captured in the amazon region (porto velho, boa vista and plácido de castro) and in the northeast of brazil (itabela) were almost identical; however, a ... | 1999 | 10534960 |
| larval habitats of anopheline mosquitoes in the upper orinoco, venezuela. | survey of larval habitats of anopheline mosquitoes was conducted in ocamo in the state of amazonas, southern venezuela. the sampled habitats belonged to three different hydrological types: lagoons (26 habitats), forest pools including flooded forest (16 habitats), and forest streams (4 habitats). out of 46 habitats surveyed, 31 contained anopheline larvae. six species were found: anopheles darlingi, anopheles triannulatus, anopheles oswaldoi, anopheles peryassui, anopheles punctimacula, and anop ... | 1999 | 10672542 |
| [malaria in the americas]. | in 1996, malaria involving plasmodium vivax, plasmodium falciparum, and, to a lesser extent, plasmodium malariae was endemic in 21 countries in the americas. the amazon river basin and bordering areas including the guyanas were the most affected zones. until the mid 1970s, endemic malaria appeared to be under control. however in the ensuing 15 year period, the situation deteriorated drastically. although trends varied depending on location, aggregate indexes indicated a twofold increase with rec ... | 1999 | 10701211 |
| a probability model of vector behavior: effects of ddt repellency, irritancy, and toxicity in malaria control. | a probability model of how ddt residues may function within a malaria control program is described. a step-wise organization of endophagic behaviors culminates in a vector acquiring a human blood meal inside the house. different vector behaviors are described, epidemiologically defined, temporally sequenced, and quantified with field data. components of vector behavior and the repellent, irritant, and toxic actions of insecticide residues are then assembled into a probability model. the sequence ... | 2000 | 10925797 |
| immune activation upregulates lysozyme gene expression in aedes aegypti mosquito cell culture. | after stimulation with heat-killed bacteria, cultured cells from the mosquito aedes aegypti (aag-2 cells) secreted an induced protein with a mass of approximately 16 kda that cross-reacted with antibody to chicken egg lysozyme. to investigate whether lysozyme messenger rna is induced in bacteria-treated cells, we used polymerase chain reaction-based approaches to obtain the complete lysozyme cdna from aag-2 cells. the deduced protein contained 148 amino acids, including a 23 amino acid signal se ... | 2000 | 11122464 |
| current status of malaria and potential for control. | malaria remains one of the world's worst health problems with 1.5 to 2.7 million deaths annually; these deaths are primarily among children under 5 years of age and pregnant women in sub-saharan africa. of significance, more people are dying from malaria today than 30 years ago. this review considers the factors which have contributed to this gloomy picture, including those which relate to the vector, the female anopheline mosquito; to human activity such as creating new mosquito breeding sites, ... | 2001 | 11148010 |
| plasmodium vivax polymorphs and plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite proteins in anopheles (diptera: culicidae) from belize, central america. | eight species of anopheles mosquitoes from indoor/outdoor human landing collections in belize, central america, were examined for human plasmodium circumsporozoite protein (csp) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). a total of 14 of 9,104 females tested were positive from general surveys throughout belize and three of 11,966 were positive from a longitudinal study in caledonia, northern belize. elisa results, using pooled head-thorax preparations and species-specific monoclonal ant ... | 2000 | 11217218 |
| field evaluation of three plant-based insect repellents against malaria vectors in vaca diez province, the bolivian amazon. | the efficacy of repellents against anopheles darlingi, the main malaria vector in bolivia, was evaluated. this mosquito has a peak in biting activity early in the evening. three natural repellents (1 eucalyptus based, 1 neem based, and 1 containing several repellent essential oils) were tested in comparison with 15% deet in human landing catches in bolivia. the eucalyptus-based repellent containing 30% p-menthane-diol applied at a dose similar to those used in practice gave 96.89% protection for ... | 2002 | 12083351 |
| spatial distribution of adult anopheles darlingi and anopheles albimanus in relation to riparian habitats in belize, central america. | collections of anopheles darlingi root and an. albimanus wiedemann from central and northern belize were conducted as landing captures from 6:30 to 8:00 p.m. to define spatial distributions and outdoor:indoor ratios of biting during the early evening. in central belize, collections were made at 31 houses in riparian zones (> or = 1 km from rivers) and 14 houses in upland zones (>1 km from rivers) during the dry and wet seasons of 1993 and 1994. females of both species were abundant in houses < o ... | 2002 | 12125869 |
| emergence of a new neotropical malaria vector facilitated by human migration and changes in land use. | in a region of northeastern amazonia, we find a species previously of minor importance, anopheles marajoara, to be the principal malaria vector. in a total of five collections during 1996-97 in three replicated sites near the city of macapá, amapá state, this species occurs in much greater abundance compared with the presumed vector anopheles darlingi. also, a significantly higher proportion of an. marajoara is infected with malaria parasites, determined by the elisa technique. this appears to b ... | 2002 | 12135261 |
| [seasonal distribution of malaria vectors in machadinho d'oeste, rondônia state, amazon region, brazil]. | the objective of this study was to describe the seasonal distribution of malaria vectors in machadinho d'oeste, rondônia state, brazil. the study was based on data from the brazilian national health foundation (funasa) for the period from april 1993 to november 1994. a total of 97 field visits were conducted, and 93 intradomiciliary and 95 peridomiciliary collections were performed. the most frequently captured species in both the intra- and peridomiciles was anopheles darlingi, followed by anop ... | 2002 | 12488912 |
| should the use of ddt be revived for malaria vector control? | indoor residual spraying with ddt was the principle method by which malaria transmission was eradicated or greatly reduced in many countries between the late 1940s and 1970s. since then, decreasing use of ddt has been associated with a resurgence of malaria in india, sri lanka, former soviet central asia, zanzibar, venezuela and several other latin american countries. in india and zanzibar, ddt resistance in vectors, as well as a decline in spray coverage, are probable causes of reduced effectiv ... | 2002 | 12596442 |
| 'a mate or a meal'--pre-gravid behaviour of female anopheles gambiae from the islands of são tomé and príncipe, west africa. | malaria prevalence differs between the two islands that comprise the archipelago of são tomé and príncipe. this may be due to differences in the biology of local anopheles gambiae, the only vector on the islands. survival rate and feeding frequency are two factors influencing vectorial capacity. anophelines generally feed just once per gonotrophic (oviposition) cycle. newly emerged insects, however, may feed two or more times during their first oviposition cycle thus increasing the likelihood of ... | 2003 | 12801421 |
| location of ribosomal genes in the chromosomes of anopheles darlingi and anopheles nuneztovari (diptera, culicidae) from the brazilian amazon. | fluorescence in situ hybridization of anopheles darlingi and a. nuneztovari demonstrated nucleolar organizer region activity at the end of the fourth larval instar, when the nucleolar organizer regions underwent gradual condensation. the heteromorphic sex chromosomes showed intraindividual size variation in the rdna blocks located in the pericentromeric region and this coincided with the location of constitutive heterochromatin (c-banding). | 2003 | 12973529 |
| biological variations in anopheles darlingi and anopheles gambiae; their effect on practical malaria control in the neotropical region. | a remarkable range of variation has been demonstrated in the biting habits of a. darlingi in south america. at the centre of its area of distribution, the species comprises both anthropo-endophilic and zoo-exophilic individuals, but the anthropophilic tendencies increase progressively towards the periphery of its distributional area. conditions of travel and migration, imposed by the south american rain forest, have probably favoured the development of a specialized anthropophilic strain on a ge ... | 1956 | 13404433 |
| ecological change as a factor in renewed malaria transmission in an eradicated area. a localized outbreak of a. aquasalis-transmitted malaria on the demerara river estuary, british guiana, in the fifteenth year of a. darlingi and malaria eradication. | in british guiana, the successful eradication of anopheles darlingi and malaria from the coastal areas has caused a very rapid increase in the population and has favoured a considerable social and economic improvement and expansion of both agriculture and industry. housing and industrial developments and the constantly expanding rice cultivation have taken over most of the accessible pasture-lands, displacing the livestock which previously abounded around villages and settlements. mechanization ... | 1963 | 14056265 |
| seasonal malaria transmission and variation of anopheline density in two distinct endemic areas in brazilian amazonia. | studies on seasonal anopheline fauna variation were performed in two distinct settlements in the state of rondônia, brazil: one at the madeira river banks (portuchuelo) with stable native amazonian population; the other at an inland lumber-extracting farm (urupá) in dry land, in which adults are mostly migrants. during a 6-yr period (1994-2000), 8,638 adult anophelines were collected: 2,684 in urupá and 5,954 in portuchuelo. anopheles darlingi represented >95% of total mosquitoes caught. dissect ... | 2003 | 14596276 |
| malaria vectors, epidemiology, and the re-emergence of anopheles darlingi in belém, pará, brazil. | an evaluation of malaria transmission and epidemiology in the amazonian city of belém over the last 70 years shows that (1) anopheles darlingi, reported to be eradicated in 1968, reappeared in the mid 1990s, with a marked increase in abundance between 1997 to 1999 in two of three districts sampled; (2) an. darlingi and an. aquasalis are each implicated in current malaria transmission in different districts of the city; (3) mosquito species diversity (in anopheles subgenus nyssorhynchus) has incr ... | 2003 | 14680100 |
| geographical distribution of anopheles darlingi in the amazon basin region of peru. | malaria has reemerged as a significant public health disease threat in peru, especially within the amazon basin region. this resurgence of human cases caused by infection with plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax is thought to be associated with the spread of anopheles darlingi, the principal south american malaria vector, into new areas of the amazon basin. however, comprehensive studies of the distribution for this species have not been conducted in peru for several years, nor are histor ... | 2003 | 14710728 |
| global change and human vulnerability to vector-borne diseases. | global change includes climate change and climate variability, land use, water storage and irrigation, human population growth and urbanization, trade and travel, and chemical pollution. impacts on vector-borne diseases, including malaria, dengue fever, infections by other arboviruses, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis, onchocerciasis, and leishmaniasis are reviewed. while climate change is global in nature and poses unknown future risks to humans and natural ecosystems, other local changes are o ... | 2004 | 14726459 |
| the transcriptome of adult female anopheles darlingi salivary glands. | anopheles (nyssorhynchus) darlingi is an important malaria vector in south and central america; however, little is known about molecular aspects of its biology. genomic and proteomic analyses were performed on the salivary gland products of anopheles darlingi. a total of 593 randomly selected, salivary gland-derived cdnas were sequenced and assembled based on their similarities into 288 clusters. the putative translated proteins were classified into three categories: (s) secretory products, (h) ... | 2004 | 14728669 |
| two digestive trypsins occur in three species of neotropical anophelines. | trypsin activity increases in the midgut of anopheles aquasalis, anopheles albitarsis, and anopheles darlingi after a bloodmeal. the activity returns to basal levels at the time the blood is completely digested. affinity chromatography, reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (hplc), and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) were used to sequentially purify the mosquito trypsins found in the midguts at 24 h after feeding. aminoterminal sequencing of t ... | 2003 | 14765682 |
| [egg morphology as an indirect method to identify anopheles benarrochi, anopheles oswaldoi and anopheles rangeli (diptera: culicidae)]. | in the department of putumayo in southern colombia, malaria transmission has continued in the absence of the 4 traditional latin american vector species--anopheles darlingi, anopheles nuneztovari, anopheles albimanus or anopheles trinkae. human bait collections yielded anopheles mosquitoes and a morphological variant of anopheles benarrochi, the adult females of which can easily be misidentified as anopheles oswaldoi. species identification of females of anopheles in the subgenus nyssorhynchus i ... | 2003 | 14968916 |
| ecology of anopheline (diptera, culicidae), malaria vectors around the serra da mesa reservoir, state of goiás, brazil. 1--frequency and climatic factors. | the ecology of anopheline species (diptera, culicidae) was studied in the vicinity of the serra da mesa reservoir, state of goiás, brazil. climatic factors and frequency of anopheline populations were analyzed. bimonthly human-bait and shannon trap captures were conducted for 36 consecutive months (january 1997 through december 1999). a total of 5,205 adult anophelines belonging to five species were collected. anopheles darlingi was the most frequently collected anopheline (61.4%), followed by a ... | 2004 | 15029332 |
| the physical gene hsp70 map on polytene chromosomes of anopheles darlingi from the brazilian amazon. | in situ hybridization was used to determine the physical location of the hsp70 genes in salivary polytene chromosomes of anopheles darlingi from manaus and macapá, brazil, and to assess the usefulness of the hsp70 locus as a genetic marker in a. darlingi populations. in both populations, the double markings corresponding to the hsp70-12a and hsp70-14a genes were located on the right arm of chromosome 2. the hsp70 locus was considered to be an excellent marker for studying chromosomal evolution a ... | 2004 | 15098741 |
| natural plasmodium infections in anopheles darlingi and anopheles benarrochi (diptera: culicidae) from eastern peru. | malaria, both plasmodium falciparum (welch) and plasmodium vivax (grassi & feletti), has reemerged as a significant public health disease issue in peru, especially in forested areas in the eastern part of the country. the spread of anopheles darlingi root, the principal south american malaria vector, into new areas of peru is thought to be a factor in this resurgence. however, epidemiological evidence suggests that in malaria endemic areas of eastern peru where an. darlingi does not occur, other ... | 2004 | 15185955 |
| unhealthy landscapes: policy recommendations on land use change and infectious disease emergence. | anthropogenic land use changes drive a range of infectious disease outbreaks and emergence events and modify the transmission of endemic infections. these drivers include agricultural encroachment, deforestation, road construction, dam building, irrigation, wetland modification, mining, the concentration or expansion of urban environments, coastal zone degradation, and other activities. these changes in turn cause a cascade of factors that exacerbate infectious disease emergence, such as forest ... | 2004 | 15238283 |
| studies on entomological monitoring: mosquito species frequency in riverine habitats of the igarapava dam, southern region, brazil. | diversity of mosquito species was evaluated in different habitats before and after the igarapava reservoir flooding in the grande river, southern cerrado of brazil. we aimed at verifying changes in these mosquito populations in consequence of the lake formation. four habitats were selected as sampling stations: peridomiciliary habitat, pasture, "veredas" and gallery forest patch. bimonthly collections were made with the shannon trap and human bait, including diurnal, crepuscular and nocturnal pe ... | 2004 | 15361975 |
| retrospective study of malaria prevalence and anopheles genus in the area of influence of the binational itaipu reservoir. | the importance of hydroelectric dams beside the human interchange in the maintenance of malarious foci and the occurrence of the anopheles genus on the binational itaipu reservoir were the main points of this retrospective study. data were collected from existing registrations at national, state and municipal health departments and literature systematic overview, from january 1984 to december 2003. the occurrence of some outbreak of malaria, mainly by plasmodium vivax, and the prevalence of spec ... | 2005 | 15880218 |
| malaria epidemiology in the pakaanóva (wari') indians, brazilian amazon. | this paper reports the results of a longitudinal study of malaria incidence (1998-2002) among the pakaanóva (wari') indians, brazilian southwest amazon region, based on data routinely gathered by brazilian national health foundation outposts network in conjunction with the indian health service. malaria is present yearlong in the pakaanóva. statistically significant differences between seasons or months were not noticed. a total of 1933 cases of malaria were diagnosed in the pakaanóva during thi ... | 2005 | 15915970 |
| clustered local transmission and asymptomatic plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax malaria infections in a recently emerged, hypoendemic peruvian amazon community. | there is a low incidence of malaria in iquitos, peru, suburbs detected by passive case-detection. this low incidence might be attributable to infections clustered in some households/regions and/or undetected asymptomatic infections. | 2005 | 15975146 |
| biting activity and breeding sites of anopheles species in the municipality villavicencio, meta, colombia. | villavicencio, the capital city of the department of meta, colombia, is at high risk for the urbanization of malaria because of the region's ecological conditions, as well as the permanent presence of infected human populations arriving from rural areas. from august to november 2002 and in april 2003, anopheline collections were undertaken in the area. isofamilies were obtained from 331 wild females, which were then recorded according to their abundance as follows: anopheles marajoara, anopheles ... | 2005 | 16033120 |
| biting time of anopheles darlingi in the bolivian amazon and implications for control of malaria. | malaria is a growing problem in the bolivian amazon where there has been a four-fold increase between 1991 and 1998, largely owing to forest clearance bringing human and vector into closer association. the principle vector in this region is anopheles darlingi root, the behaviour of which has been little studied in this part of south america. the peak time of biting of a. darlingi was studied over a series of nights in july 2003 during the dry season in the town of riberalta in the bolivian amazo ... | 2006 | 16154607 |
| diapause in the mosquito culex pipiens evokes a metabolic switch from blood feeding to sugar gluttony. | a key characteristic of overwintering dormancy (diapause) in the mosquito culex pipiens is the switch in females from blood feeding to sugar gluttony. we present evidence demonstrating that genes encoding enzymes needed to digest a blood meal (trypsin and a chymotrypsin-like protease) are down-regulated in diapause-destined females, and that concurrently, a gene associated with the accumulation of lipid reserves (fatty acid synthase) is highly up-regulated. as the females then enter diapause, fa ... | 2005 | 16247003 |
| comparative susceptibility of three species of anopheles from belize, central america, to plasmodium falciparum (nf-54). | in august of 2000, a comparative susceptibility study was conducted using 3 species of anopheles mosquitoes from belize, central america, and a standard species used in laboratory infection studies, anopheles stephensi. test populations were fed human blood infected with cultured plasmodium falciparum (nf-54 strain) parasites via a membrane feeder. the control species, an. stephensi, exhibited the highest infections, with 73.8% of dissected specimens positive for sporozoites in the salivary glan ... | 2005 | 16252518 |
| epidemiology of forest malaria in central vietnam: a large scale cross-sectional survey. | in vietnam, a large proportion of all malaria cases and deaths occurs in the central mountainous and forested part of the country. indeed, forest malaria, despite intensive control activities, is still a major problem which raises several questions about its dynamics.a large-scale malaria morbidity survey to measure malaria endemicity and identify important risk factors was carried out in 43 villages situated in a forested area of ninh thuan province, south central vietnam. four thousand three h ... | 2005 | 16336671 |
| asymptomatic carriers of plasmodium spp. as infection source for malaria vector mosquitoes in the brazilian amazon. | we have described the existence of asymptomatic carriers of plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum infections in native amazon populations. most of them had low parasitemias, detected only by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). because they remain symptomless and untreated, we wanted to determine whether they could infect anopheles darlingi root, the main brazilian vector, and act as disease reservoirs. fifteen adult asymptomatic patients (pcr positive only) were selected, and experimental infe ... | 2005 | 16363160 |
| the effect of deforestation on the human-biting rate of anopheles darlingi, the primary vector of falciparum malaria in the peruvian amazon. | to examine the impact of tropical rain-forest destruction on malaria, we conducted a year-long study of the rates at which the primary malaria vector in the amazon, anopheles darlingi, fed on humans in areas with varying degrees of ecological alteration in the peruvian amazon. mosquitoes were collected by human biting catches along the iquitos-nauta road at sites selected for type of vegetation and controlled for human presence. deforested sites had an a. darlingi biting rate that was more than ... | 2006 | 16407338 |
| impact of different strategies to control plasmodium infection and anaemia on the island of bioko (equatorial guinea). | on the island of bioko (equatorial guinea), insecticide-treated nets (itns) have been the main tool used to control malaria over the last 13 years. in 2004, started an indoor residual spraying (irs) campaign to control malaria. the purpose of this study is to asses the impact of the two control strategies on the island of bioko (equatorial guinea), with regards to plasmodium infection and anaemia in the children under five years of age. | 2006 | 16460558 |
| malaria risk on the amazon frontier. | frontier malaria is a biological, ecological, and sociodemographic phenomenon operating over time at three spatial scales (micro/individual, community, and state and national). we explicate these linkages by integrating data from remote sensing surveys, ground-level surveys and ethnographic appraisal, focusing on the machadinho settlement project in rondônia, brazil. spatially explicit analyses reveal that the early stages of frontier settlement are dominated by environmental risks, consequentia ... | 2006 | 16461902 |
| tetrahymenidae infection in mosquito populations in a malaria-endemic region of the amazon. | in a field survey performed in a malaria-endemic region of northern amazon, brazil, we encountered ciliate protozoa of the family tetrahymenidae infecting adults and larvae of the following mosquito species: culex sp., anopheles albitarsis l.s., anopheles strodei, anopheles mattogrossensis, anopheles darlingi, and anopheles oswaldoi l.s. based on morphological features and life style, we have tentatively identified the parasite as lambornella sp. the association appears pathogenic for the mosqui ... | 2006 | 16497321 |
| a mark-release-recapture study using a novel portable hut design to define the flight behavior of anopheles darlingi in belize, central america. | knowledge of the flight behavior of local vectors is of paramount importance in mosquito control programs. the following study defined the recapture rate of wild-caught, unengorged anopheles darlingi females at 0, 400, and 800 m from a fixed release point in belize, central america, using a newly designed portable experimental hut. three sampling trials, each consisting of 2 12-h collections, were performed at all distances from july 2002 to june 2003. a total of 1,185 an. darlingi were marked a ... | 2005 | 16506561 |
| molecular population genetics of the malaria vector anopheles darlingi in central and south america. | to analyze the genetic relatedness and phylogeographic structure of anopheles darlingi from 19 localities throughout central and south america, we used a minimum spanning network, diversity measures, differentiation, neutrality tests, and mismatch distribution with mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit i (coi) sequences. all the central american haplotypes were separated by seven mutational steps from the south american haplotypes and the fst distance-based neighbor-joining tree showed a prim ... | 2006 | 16508661 |
| use of remote sensing and geographic information systems to predict locations of anopheles darlingi-positive breeding sites within the sibun river in belize, central america. | previous studies have identified several anopheline species integral to the transmission of malaria in belize. the highly efficient vector, anopheles darlingi root, is currently considered the most important. the preferred larval habitat of an. darlingi has been described as floating detritus patches, which are commonly associated with overhanging spiny bamboo, guadua longifolia (e. fourn.), along river margins. the objectives of this study were to use remote sensing and geographic information s ... | 2006 | 16619625 |
| population structure of the malaria vector anopheles darlingi in a malaria-endemic region of eastern amazonian brazil. | anopheles darlingi is the primary malaria vector in latin america, and is especially important in amazonian brazil. historically, control efforts have been focused on indoor house spraying using a variety of insecticides, but since the mid-1990s there has been a shift to patient treatment and focal insecticide fogging. anopheles darlingi was believed to have been significantly reduced in a gold-mining community, peixoto de azevedo (in mato grosso state), in the early 1990s by insecticide use dur ... | 2006 | 16687683 |
| factors associated with immunoglobulin g subclass polarization in naturally acquired antibodies to plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface proteins: a cross-sectional survey in brazilian amazonia. | we investigated immunoglobulin g (igg) subclass antibody responses to plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (msp-1) and msp-2 in 112 malaria-exposed subjects in brazil. igg3 polarization was primarily epitope driven, being little affected by cumulative or current exposure to malaria and not affected by a subject's age and fcgamma receptor iia genotype. | 2006 | 16829621 |
| biting patterns and seasonal densities of anopheles mosquitoes in the cayo district, belize, central america with emphasis on anopheles darlingi. | the present study utilized an experimental hut to conduct human-baited landing collections for characterizing the all-night biting patterns and seasonal densities of adult anopheles darlingi in the centrally located cayo district of belize, central america. a total of 25 all-night collections (i.e., sunset to sunrise) were conducted from january 2002 to may 2003, capturing a total of 18,878 an. darlingi females. anopheles darlingi exhibited a bimodal nightly biting pattern with one predominate p ... | 2006 | 16859089 |
| experimental evaluation of overhanging bamboo in anopheles darlingi larval habitat selection in belize, central america. | previous studies in belize have shown the preferred breeding habitats of the malaria vector anopheles darlingi were floating detritus patches within riverine systems that were associated with overhanging bamboo. the present study focused on an experimental evaluation of overhanging bamboo in an. darlingi habitat selection using larval counts as an indicator of attractiveness. four sets of 1-m2 floating screened enclosures were placed at a location with a documented presence of both larval and ad ... | 2006 | 16859103 |
| a new challenge for malaria control in brazil: asymptomatic plasmodium infection--a review. | the evolution of malaria in brazil, its morbidity, the malaria control programs, and the new challenges for these programs in the light of the emergence of asymptomatic infection in the amazon region of brazil were reviewed. at least six brazilian research groups have demonstrated that asymptomatic infection by plasmodium is an important impediment to malaria control, among mineral prospectors in mato grosso and riverside communities in rondônia and, in our group, in the middle and upper reaches ... | 2006 | 16862314 |