| use of rdna-pcr to investigate the ecological distribution of anopheles bwambae in relation to other members of the an.gambiae complex of mosquitoes in bwamba county, uganda. | environmental relationships were investigated among three species of the anopheles gambiae complex of mosquitoes associated with the geothermal springs located in bwamba county, uganda. the degree of ecological isolation between an.gambiae and an.bwambae, a sibling species known only from the geothermal springs environment, was assessed on the basis of adult distribution and abundance as well as differences in larval habitats. field data were gathered during june 1995 without knowing which of th ... | 1997 | 9430111 |
| a description and morphometric comparison of eggs of species of the anopheles gambiae complex. | eggs of the 6 named species of the anopheles gambiae complex are described from scanning electron micrographs of specimens obtained from laboratory colonies or wild-caught females. morphometric measurements of eggs from 5 sources of anopheles arabiensis, 2 of anopheles gambiae, one of anopheles quadriannulatus, 2 of anopheles bwambae, 2 of anopheles merus, and one of anopheles melas are compared, and relationships are analyzed by multivariate statistics. no morphologic characters were species-di ... | 1999 | 10412112 |
| evidence for mitochondrial introgression between anopheles bwambae and anopheles gambiae. | there is evidence for introgression between the malaria vectors anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis, which belong to the anopheles gambiae complex. here we consider their relationship to another member of the complex, anopheles bwambae. species identifications were made using rdna-pcr and revealed one an. bwambae/gambiae hybrid among 459 wild-caught mosquitoes. a 237-nucleotide region of the mitochondrial nd5 gene was sequenced in sixty-nine individuals. the results suggest that there is ... | 2000 | 10762428 |
| semipermeable species boundaries between anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis: evidence from multilocus dna sequence variation. | attempts to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of the anopheles gambiae cryptic species complex have yielded strongly conflicting results. in particular, an. gambiae, the primary african malaria vector, is variously placed as a sister taxon to either anopheles arabiensis or anopheles merus. the recent divergence times for members of this complex complicate phylogenetic analysis, making it difficult to unambiguously implicate interspecific gene flow, versus retained ancestral polymorphism, as t ... | 2003 | 12947038 |
| malaria panel assay versus pcr: detection of naturally infected anopheles melas in a coastal village of equatorial guinea. | a study was carried out in a village of the mainland region of equatorial guinea in order to ascertain a) which members of anopheles gambiae complex could be involved in malaria transmission and b) the rate of infectivity for anopheles melas comparing two different methods, a pcr able to detect sporozoite-dna and an immunochromatographic assay mpr (malaria rapid dipstick panel assay). | 2004 | 15238168 |
| chromosome speciation: humans, drosophila, and mosquitoes. | chromosome rearrangements (such as inversions, fusions, and fissions) may play significant roles in the speciation between parapatric (contiguous) or partly sympatric (geographically overlapping) populations. according to the "hybrid-dysfunction" model, speciation occurs because hybrids with heterozygous chromosome rearrangements produce dysfunctional gametes and thus have low reproductive fitness. natural selection will, therefore, promote mutations that reduce the probability of intercrossing ... | 2005 | 15851677 |
| breakpoint structure reveals the unique origin of an interspecific chromosomal inversion (2la) in the anopheles gambiae complex. | paracentric chromosomal inversions are major architects of organismal evolution and have been associated with adaptations relevant to malaria transmission in anopheline mosquitoes. the processes responsible for their origin and maintenance, still poorly understood, can be illuminated by analysis of inversion breakpoint sequences. here, we report the breakpoint structure of chromosomal inversion 2la from the principal malaria vector anopheles gambiae and its relatives in the a. gambiae complex. t ... | 2006 | 16606844 |
| identification of field caught anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis by taqman single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping. | identification of anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis from field-collected anopheles gambiae s.l. is often necessary in basic and applied research, and in operational control programmes. the currently accepted method involves use of standard polymerase chain reaction amplification of ribosomal dna (rdna) from the 3' 28s to 5' intergenic spacer region of the genome, and visual confirmation of amplicons of predicted size on agarose gels, after electrophoresis. this report describes dev ... | 2007 | 17326831 |
| malaria in africa: vector species' niche models and relative risk maps. | a central theoretical goal of epidemiology is the construction of spatial models of disease prevalence and risk, including maps for the potential spread of infectious disease. we provide three continent-wide maps representing the relative risk of malaria in africa based on ecological niche models of vector species and risk analysis at a spatial resolution of 1 arc-minute (9 185 275 cells of approximately 4 sq km). using a maximum entropy method we construct niche models for 10 malaria vector spe ... | 2007 | 17786196 |
| identification of the main malaria vectors in the anopheles gambiae species complex using a taqman real-time pcr assay. | the anopheles gambiae sensu lato species complex comprises seven sibling species of mosquitoes that are morphologically indistinguishable. rapid identification of the two main species which vector malaria, anopheles arabiensis and an. gambiae sensu stricto, from the non-vector species anopheles quadriannulatus is often required as part of vector control programmes. currently the most widely used method for species identification is a multiplex pcr protocol that targets species specific differenc ... | 2007 | 18034887 |
| the molecular evolution of four anti-malarial immune genes in the anopheles gambiae species complex. | if the insect innate immune system is to be used as a potential blocking step in transmission of malaria, then it will require targeting one or a few genes with highest relevance and ease of manipulation. the problem is to identify and manipulate those of most importance to malaria infection without the risk of decreasing the mosquito's ability to stave off infections by microbes in general. molecular evolution methodologies and concepts can help identify such genes. within the setting of a comp ... | 2008 | 18325105 |
| molecular genetics reveal that silvatic rhodnius prolixus do colonise rural houses. | rhodnius prolixus is the main vector of chagas disease in venezuela. here, domestic infestations of poor quality rural housing have persisted despite four decades of vector control. this is in contrast to the southern cone region of south america, where the main vector, triatoma infestans, has been eliminated over large areas. the repeated colonisation of houses by silvatic populations of r. prolixus potentially explains the control difficulties. however, controversy surrounds the existence of s ... | 2008 | 18382605 |
| transmission blocking immunity in the malaria non-vector mosquito anopheles quadriannulatus species a. | despite being phylogenetically very close to anopheles gambiae, the major mosquito vector of human malaria in africa, anopheles quadriannulatus is thought to be a non-vector. understanding the difference between vector and non-vector mosquitoes can facilitate development of novel malaria control strategies. we demonstrate that an. quadriannulatus is largely resistant to infections by the human parasite plasmodium falciparum, as well as by the rodent parasite plasmodium berghei. by using genetics ... | 2008 | 18497855 |
| the anopheles gambiae salivary protein gsg6: an anopheline-specific protein with a blood-feeding role. | the anopheles gambiae salivary gland protein 6 (gsg6) is a small protein specifically found in the salivary glands of adult female mosquitoes. we report here the expression of a recombinant form of the protein and we show that in vivo gsg6 is expressed in distal-lateral lobes and is secreted with the saliva while the female mosquito probes for feeding. injection of gsg6 dsrna into adult a. gambiae females results in decreased gsg6 protein levels, increased probing time and reduced blood feeding ... | 2009 | 19442731 |
| inferring selection in the anopheles gambiae species complex: an example from immune-related serine protease inhibitors. | mosquitoes of the anopheles gambiae species complex are the primary vectors of human malaria in sub-saharan africa. many host genes have been shown to affect plasmodium development in the mosquito, and so are expected to engage in an evolutionary arms race with the pathogen. however, there is little conclusive evidence that any of these mosquito genes evolve rapidly, or show other signatures of adaptive evolution. | 2009 | 19497100 |
| loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) for rapid identification of anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes. | the main malaria vectors of sub-saharan africa, anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and anopheles arabiensis are morphologically indistinguishable, but often occur in sympatry and differ in feeding preference and vector competence. it is important to assess vector species identity for understanding the vectorial system and establishing appropriate vector control measures. the currently available species diagnosis methods for an. gambiae sensu latu require equipment to which public health practitione ... | 2009 | 19996433 |
| distribution of the main malaria vectors in kenya. | a detailed knowledge of the distribution of the main anopheles malaria vectors in kenya should guide national vector control strategies. however, contemporary spatial distributions of the locally dominant anopheles vectors including anopheles gambiae, anopheles arabiensis, anopheles merus, anopheles funestus, anopheles pharoensis and anopheles nili are lacking. the methods and approaches used to assemble contemporary available data on the present distribution of the dominant malaria vectors in k ... | 2010 | 20202199 |
| patterns and seasonality of malaria transmission in the forest-savannah transitional zones of ghana. | knowledge of the local pattern of malaria transmission and the effect of season on transmission is essential for the planning and evaluation of malaria interventions. therefore, entomological surveys were carried out in the forest-savannah transitional belt of ghana (kintampo) from november 2003 to november 2005 in preparation for drug and vaccine trials. | 2010 | 21054895 |
| identification of a fibrinogen-related protein (fbn9) gene in neotropical anopheline mosquitoes. | malaria has a devastating impact on worldwide public health in many tropical areas. studies on vector immunity are important for the overall understanding of the parasite-vector interaction and for the design of novel strategies to control malaria. a member of the fibrinogen-related protein family, fbn9, has been well studied in anopheles gambiae and has been shown to be an important component of the mosquito immune system. however, little is known about this gene in neotropical anopheline speci ... | 2011 | 21288344 |
| why are anopheline mosquitoes not present in the seychelles? | species of anopheline mosquitoes are largely distributed over emerged lands around the world and, within the tropics, few areas are without these insects, which are vectors of malaria parasites. among the exceptions is the seychelles archipelago in the western indian ocean. however, in the aldabra island group, located in the extreme western portion of the archipelago, anopheles gambiae s.l. was introduced, leading to massive proliferation and then elimination, with the most recent autochthonous ... | 2011 | 21303530 |
| comparative analyses reveal discrepancies among results of commonly used methods for anopheles gambiae molecular form identification. | abstract: background: anopheles gambiae m and s molecular forms, the major malaria vectors in the afro-tropical region, are ongoing a process of ecological diversification and adaptive lineage splitting, which is affecting malaria transmission and vector control strategies in west africa. these two incipient species are defined on the basis of single nucleotide differences in the igs and its regions of multicopy rdna located on the x-chromosome. a number of pcr and pcr-rflp approaches based on f ... | 2011 | 21810255 |
| Comparative susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum of the molecular forms M and S of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis. | The different taxa belonging to Anopheles gambiae complex display phenotypic differences that may impact their contribution to malaria transmission. More specifically, their susceptibility to infection, resulting from a co-evolution between parasite and vector, might be different. The aim of this study was to compare the susceptibility of M and S molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis to infection by Plasmodium falciparum. | 2011 | 21929746 |
| ecophysiology of anopheles gambiae s.l.: persistence in the sahel. | the dry-season biology of malaria vectors is poorly understood, especially in arid environments when no surface waters are available for several months, such as during the dry season in the sahel. here we reappraise results on the dry-season physiology of members of the anopheles gambiae s.l. complex in the broad context of dormancy in insects and especially in mosquitoes. we examine evidence on seasonal changes in reproduction, metabolism, stress tolerance, nutrition, molecular regulation, and ... | 2014 | 24933461 |
| mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of anophelines and their association with resistance to pyrethroids - a review. | constant and extensive use of chemical insecticides has created a selection pressure and favored resistance development in many insect species worldwide. one of the most important pyrethroid resistance mechanisms is classified as target site insensitivity, due to conformational changes in the target site that impair a proper binding of the insecticide molecule. the voltage-gated sodium channel (nav) is the target of pyrethroids and ddt insecticides, used to control insects of medical, agricultur ... | 2014 | 25292318 |
| the vector population monitoring tool (vpmt): high-throughput dna-based diagnostics for the monitoring of mosquito vector populations. | regular monitoring of mosquito vector populations is an integral component of most vector control programmes. contemporary data on mosquito species composition, infection status, and resistance to insecticides are a prerequisite for effective intervention. for this purpose we, with funding from the innovative vector control consortium (ivcc), have developed a suite of high-throughput assays based on a single "closed-tube" platform that collectively comprise the "vector population monitoring tool ... | 2010 | 22347668 |
| consolidating tactical planning and implementation frameworks for integrated vector management in uganda. | integrated vector management (ivm) is the recommended approach for controlling some vector-borne diseases (vbd). in the face of current challenges to disease vector control, ivm is vital to achieve national targets set for vbd control. though global efforts, especially for combating malaria, now focus on elimination and eradication, ivm remains useful for uganda which is principally still in the control phase of the malaria continuum. this paper outlines the processes undertaken to consolidate t ... | 2016 | 27074809 |
| remarkable diversity of intron-1 of the para voltage-gated sodium channel gene in an anopheles gambiae/anopheles coluzzii hybrid zone. | genomic differentiation between anopheles gambiae and anopheles coluzzii--the major malaria vectors in sub-saharan africa--is localized into large "islands" toward the centromeres of chromosome-x and the two autosomes. linkage disequilibrium between these genomic islands was first detected between species-specific polymorphisms within ribosomal dna genes (igs-rdna) on the x-chromosome and a single variant at position 702 of intron 1 (int-1702) of the para voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene ... | 2015 | 25604888 |
| dose and developmental responses of anopheles merus larvae to salinity. | saltwater tolerance is a trait that carries both ecological and epidemiological significance for anopheles mosquitoes that transmit human malaria, as it plays a key role in determining their habitat use and ecological distribution, and thus their local contribution to malaria transmission. here, we lay the groundwork for genetic dissection of this trait by quantifying saltwater tolerance in three closely related cryptic species and malaria vectors from the afrotropical anopheles gambiae complex ... | 0 | 23966587 |
| a crispr-cas9 sex-ratio distortion system for genetic control. | genetic control aims to reduce the ability of insect pest populations to cause harm via the release of modified insects. one strategy is to bias the reproductive sex ratio towards males so that a population decreases in size or is eliminated altogether due to a lack of females. we have shown previously that sex ratio distortion can be generated synthetically in the main human malaria vector anopheles gambiae, by selectively destroying the x-chromosome during spermatogenesis, through the activity ... | 2016 | 27484623 |
| inactivation of anopheles gambiae glutathione transferase ε2 by epiphyllocoumarin. | glutathione transferases (gsts) are part of a major family of detoxifying enzymes that can catalyze the reductive dehydrochlorination of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt). the delta and epsilon classes of insect gsts have been implicated in conferring resistance to this insecticide. in this study, the inactivation of anopheles gambiae gstε2 by epiphyllocoumarin (tral 1) was investigated. recombinant aggstε2 was expressed in escherichia coli cells containing a pet3a-agstε2 plasmid and purifie ... | 2016 | 26925266 |
| repellent efficacy of deet, mygga, neem (azedirachta indica) oil and chinaberry (melia azedarach) oil against anopheles arabiensis, the principal malaria vector in ethiopia. | in ethiopia, anopheles arabiensis is the main vector responsible for the transmission of malaria in the country and its control mainly involves application of indoor residual spraying (irs) and use of insecticide-treated bed nets (itns). | 2015 | 25935845 |
| antennal transcriptome profiles of anopheline mosquitoes reveal human host olfactory specialization in anopheles gambiae. | two sibling members of the anopheles gambiae species complex display notable differences in female blood meal preferences. an. gambiae s.s. has a well-documented preference for feeding upon human hosts, whereas an. quadriannulatus feeds on vertebrate/mammalian hosts, with only opportunistic feeding upon humans. because mosquito host-seeking behaviors are largely driven by the sensory modality of olfaction, we hypothesized that hallmarks of these divergent host seeking phenotypes will be in evide ... | 2013 | 24182346 |
| a species-specific pcr for the identification of the malaria vector anopheles bwambae. | | 2006 | 16630385 |
| identification by rdna-pcr of anopheles bwambae, a geothermal spring species of the an. gambiae complex. | the identification of the malaria vector anopheles bwambae by rdna-pcr is described. pcr primers that amplify a region of the intergenic spacer of rdna of an. gambiae s.s. produce two diagnostic pcr products of 690 bp and 390 bp with an. bwambae. | 1994 | 7704313 |