Publications

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new tachinidae (diptera) host records of eastern north american forest canopy lepidoptera: baseline data in a bacillus thuriengiensis variety kurstaki nontarget study.macrolepidopteran caterpillars collected in 1995 and 1996 in the monongahela national forest, pocahontas county, wv, and the george washington national forest, augusta county, va, yielded 60 previously unreported tachinid host associations. most associations were between native species, but the introduced polyphagous tachinid compsilura concinnata (meigen) produced eight new associations with native hosts. the tachinids collected were slightly broader in their host preferences than associated br ...200111681675
a survey of hymenopteran parasitoids of forest macrolepidoptera in the central appalachians.in 1995 and 1996, we conducted a study of the hymenopteran parasitoids of macrolepidopteran larvae in the george washington national forest (gwnf), augusta county, virginia, and the monongahela national forest (mnf), pocahontas county, west virginia. macrolepidopteran larvae were collected from canopy foliage and from under canvas bands placed around tree boles. a total of 115 macrolepidopteran species and 5,235 individual larvae were reared. forty-two percent (2,221) of the larvae were gypsy mo ...200415154467
in vitro formation of resting spores by the insect pathogenic fungus entomophaga maimaiga.field-collected resting spores (azygospores) of the fungal pathogen of lymantria dispar (gypsy moth), entomophaga maimaiga, have been used to release this biological control agent in areas where this pathogen is not established. we have found that e. maimaiga can produce resting spores in vitro using grace's insect tissue culture medium (95%) plus fetal bovine serum (5%). the majority of spores become mature between 7 and 21 days after cultures are initiated. spore production varies by fungal is ...200010753595
a nonpermissive entomophthoralean fungal infection increases activation of insect prophenoloxidaseentomophaga maimaiga and entomophaga aulicae are entomopathogenic fungi that show species-specific infection in lepidoptera. these fungi grow as protoplasts in the hemolymph of permissive insect hosts. e. maimaiga infects gypsy moth larvae, lymantria dispar, and e. aulicae infects hemlock looper, lambdina fiscellaria. cross-infections do not occur and are referred to as a nonpermissive response. we circumvented cuticular barriers and injected e. aulicae protoplasts into l. dispar and investigate ...19989784345
gypsy moth immune defenses in response to hyphal bodies and natural protoplasts of entomophthoralean fungigypsy moth hemocytes phagocytosed and/or encapsulated walled entomophthoralean cells and protoplasts that were regenerating cell walls but rarely recognized the healthy protoplasts that lack cell walls. experiments using lectin conjugates demonstrated different sugars localized at the surface of protoplasts, regenerating protoplasts, and walled cells. protoplasts had few sugars, in small amounts, on their surfaces and these fungal cells evoked minimal cellular responses. walled fungal cells had ...19968954816
within-host interactions of lymantria dispar (lepidoptera: lymantriidae) nucleopolyhedrosis virus and entomophaga maimaiga (zygomycetes: entomophthorales)the interaction of two gypsy moth (lymantria dispar) pathogens, a nucleopolyhedrosis virus (ldnpv) and a fungus (entomophaga maimaiga), were studied by assessing mortality among dually inoculated hosts. when fourth and fifth instar gypsy moths were inoculated with a range of doses of ldnpv and a fixed dose of e. maimaiga on the same day, the majority of larvae died from e. maimaiga infections regardless of the dose of ldnpv. when the larvae were inoculated with e. maimaiga 10 days after ldnpv, t ...19999878294
pathology and epizootiology of entomophaga maimaiga infections in forest lepidoptera.the insect-pathogenic fungal pathogen entomophaga maimaiga is endemic to northeastern asia and was first found in north america in 1989. due to repeated epizootics and spread within populations of the major forest defoliator in northeastern north america, the gypsy moth (lymantria dispar), this pathogen has gained much notoriety. although this pathogen was purposely introduced to north america for biological control of l. dispar in 1910 to 1911, it is questionable whether it became established a ...199910585966
effect of host insects on activation of entomophaga maimaiga resting spores. 200111437534
survival and differential development of entomophaga maimaiga and entomophaga aulicae (zygomycetes: entomophthorales) in lymantria dispar hemolymph.the closely related entomophthoralean fungi entomophaga aulicae and e. maimaiga are both host-specific pathogens of lepidopteran larvae. however, these fungi do not have the same host range. the first objective of this study was to compare the fate of e. aulicae in the nonpermissive host lymantria dispar with the fate of the successful pathogen e. maimaiga over the same time period. in the hemolymph of l. dispar injected with e. maimaiga protoplasts, the number of hemocytes demonstrated a decrea ...200112009800
deposition and germination of conidia of the entomopathogen entomophaga maimaiga infecting larvae of gypsy moth, lymantria dispar.germination of conidia of entomophaga maimaiga, an important fungal pathogen of gypsy moth, lymantria dispar, was investigated on water agar and larval cuticle at varying densities. percent germination was positively associated with conidial density on water agar but not on larval cuticle. when conidia were showered onto water agar, the rate of germination was much slower than on the cuticle of l. dispar larvae. from the same conidial showers, the resulting conidial densities on water agar were ...200212054785
attachment and germination of entomophaga maimaiga conidia on host and non-host larval cuticle.the lepidopteran-specific fungal pathogen entomophaga maimaiga is highly virulent against lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) larvae, and other members of the family lymantriidae. numerous species in the subfamily cuculliinae (family noctuidae) are not susceptible to e. maimaiga due to the inability of this fungus to penetrate the larval cuticle. conidial attachment and germination were compared among five cuculliine species and l. dispar using bioassays and scanning electron microscopy. although coni ...200312581715
using bioassays to estimate abundance of entomophaga maimaiga resting spores in soil. 200615145255
virulence and fitness of the fungal pathogen entomophaga maimaiga in its host lymantria dispar, for pathogen and host strains originating from asia, europe, and north america.in this study, we tested (1) whether non-north american gypsy moth strains are susceptible to north american isolates of entomophaga maimaiga and (2) the potential for erosion in the efficacy of e. maimaiga in controlling gypsy moth. we used bioassays to assess the variability in virulence (measured as time to death) as well as fitness of the pathogen (measured as spore production) in four gypsy strains challenged with six e. maimaiga isolates, using host and pathogen strains originating from as ...200516023665
genetic diversity in the gypsy moth fungal pathogen entomophaga maimaiga from founder populations in north america and source populations in asia.entomophaga maimaiga is a naturally occurring fungal pathogen specific to larvae of the gypsy moth, lymantria dispar. e. maimaiga is thought to be native to asia where its epizootics can suppress gypsy moth outbreaks. however, in the usa this beneficial fungal pathogen was not observed until 1989, although an isolate of e. maimaiga from tokyo was released in massachusetts to control gypsy moths as early as in 1910-1911, and another isolate from ishikawa prefecture in japan was later released in ...200516175797
preoutbreak dynamics of a recently established invasive herbivore: roles of natural enemies and habitat structure in stage-specific performance of gypsy moth (lepidoptera: lymantriidae) populations in northeastern wisconsin.a major challenge to addressing biological invasions is that the need for emergency responses often precludes opportunities to analyze the dynamics between initial establishment and population eruption. thus, a broader understanding of underlying processes and management opportunities is often lacking. we examined the effects of habitat structure and natural enemies on recently established preeruptive gypsy moth, lymantria dispar l., populations over 4 yr in northeastern wisconsin. forty-five si ...200819036196
nondormancy in entomophaga maimaiga azygospores: effects of isolate and cold exposure.azygospores (resting spores) of the fungal pathogen entomophaga maimaiga are produced in later larval instars of the gypsy moth lymantria dispar and normally enter constitutive dormancy. in the laboratory cadavers of recently dead larvae containing immature azygospores were placed on 1.0% water agar at 20 c for 2 wk after host death, allowing time for azygospore maturation. we found that some azygospores produced in this way did not enter dormancy. to investigate nondormancy, suspensions of azyg ...200919202838
variability in azygospore production among entomophaga maimaiga isolates.this study describes in vitro and in vivo azygospore production by nine isolates of entomophaga maimaiga, a fungal pathogen of the gypsy moth, lymantria dispar. the three e. maimaiga isolates that consistently produced azygospores in vitro were also strong producers of azygospores in vivo. however, two additional isolates that were strong azygospore producers in vivo did not produce azygospores in vitro. isolates that produced azygospores in vitro produced both conidia and azygospores more frequ ...201020230831
introduced pathogens follow the invasion front of a spreading alien host.1. when an invasive species first colonizes an area, there is an interval before any host-specific natural enemies arrive at the new location. population densities of newly invading species are low, and the spatial and temporal interactions between spreading invasive species and specific natural enemies that follow are poorly understood. 2. we measured infection rates of two introduced host-specific pathogens, the entomophthoralean fungus entomophaga maimaiga and the baculovirus lymantria dispar ...201121644978
comparing two methods for quantifying soil-borne entomophaga maimaiga resting spores.to improve usability of methods for quantifying environmentally persistent entomophthoralean resting spores in soil, we modified and tested two methods using resting spores (azygospores) of the gypsy moth pathogen entomophaga maimaiga. both methods were effective for recovering resting spores at concentrations >100 resting spores/g dry soil. while a modification of a method originally described by weseloh and andreadis (2002) recovered more resting spores than a modified method based on percoll ...201222892403
evaluation of potential versus realized primary infection of gypsy moth (lepidoptera: lymantriidae) by entomophaga maimaiga (zygomycetes: entomophthorales).the fungal entomopathogen entomophaga maimaiga has provided important biological control of gypsy moth, lymantria dispar (l.), since the first epizootics occurred in the northeastern united states in 1989. epizootics are initiated by germination of soil-borne resting spores, which are highly sensitive to spring temperature and moisture. we compared gypsy moth infection by e. maimaiga in 33 oak stands in michigan with infection under optimal laboratory conditions from 1999 to 2001 to assess diffe ...201223068167
emergent fungal entomopathogen does not alter density dependence in a viral competitor.population cycles in forest lepidoptera often result from recurring density-dependent epizootics of entomopathogens. while these systems are typically dominated by a single pathogen species, insects are often infected by multiple pathogens, yet little is known how pathogens interact to affect host dynamics. the apparent invasion of northeastern north america by the fungal entomopathogen entomophaga maimaiga some time prior to 1989 provides a unique opportunity to evaluate such interactions. prio ...201323923480
impact of entomophaga maimaiga (entomophthorales: entomophthoraceae) on outbreak gypsy moth populations (lepidoptera: erebidae): the role of weather.the fungal pathogen entomophaga maimaiga humber, shimazu, and soper is prevalent in gypsy moth [lymantria dispar (l.)] populations throughout north america. to understand how weather-related variables influence gypsy moth-e. maimaiga interactions in the field, we measured fungal infection rates at 12 sites in central pennsylvania over 3 yr, concurrently measuring rainfall, soil moisture, humidity, and temperature. fungal mortality was assessed using both field-collected larvae and laboratory-rea ...201424805137
detection of presumptive mycoparasites associated with entomophaga maimaiga resting spores in forest soils.the fungal pathogen entomophaga maimaiga can provide high levels of control of the gypsy moth, lymantria dispar, an important forest defoliator. this fungus persists in the soil as resting spores and occurs naturally throughout many areas where gypsy moth is established. studies on the spatial dynamics of gypsy moth population have shown high variability in infection levels, and one possible biological factor could be the variable persistence of e. maimaiga resting spores in the soil due to atta ...201525433313
replacement of a dominant viral pathogen by a fungal pathogen does not alter the collapse of a regional forest insect outbreak.natural enemies and environmental factors likely both influence the population cycles of many forest-defoliating insect species. previous work suggests precipitation influences the spatiotemporal patterns of gypsy moth outbreaks in north america, and it has been hypothesized that precipitation could act indirectly through effects on pathogens. we investigated the potential role of climatic and environmental factors in driving pathogen epizootics and parasitism at 57 sites over an area of ≈72,300 ...201525510217
entomopathogenic fungus entomophaga maimaiga and integrated pest management in serbia.during the latest outbreak of the gypsy moth in serbia (2009-2014), some areas of central serbia were particularly endangered, and one of them was krusevac region, where the forests give way to orchards in the pattern resembling the tiger's skin. since the number of the laid egg masses in the autumn 2013 guaranteed the defoliation of both forest tree species and agricultural crops, and the presence of e. maimaigo, in central serbia had already been determined, at 30 selected plots the assisted s ...201527145580
fatal diseases and parasitoids: from competition to facilitation in a shared host.diverse parasite taxa share hosts both at the population level and within individual hosts, and their interactions, ranging from competitive exclusion to facilitation, can drive community structure and dynamics. emergent pathogens have the potential to greatly alter community interactions. we found that an emergent fungal entomopathogen dominated pre-existing lethal parasites in populations of the forest defoliating gypsy moth,lymantria dispar the parasite community was composed of the fungus an ...201627053740
chytrid mycoparasitism of entomophthoralean azygospores.mycoparasitism - when one fungus parasitizes another - has been reported to affect beauveria bassiana and mycorrhizal fungi in the field. however, mycoparasitism of any fungi in the order entomophthorales has never been reported before now. the majority of entomophthoralean species persist as resting spores (either zygospores or azygospores) in the environment and dormant entomophthoralean resting spores (whether formed as zygospores or azygospores) are thought to be especially well adapted for ...201324140499
detection and quantification of entomophaga maimaiga resting spores in forest soil using real-time pcr.environmental sampling to monitor entomopathogen titre in forest soil, a known reservoir of insect pathogens such as fungi and viruses, is important in the evaluation of conditions that could trigger epizootics and in the development of strategies for insect pest management. molecular or pcr-based analysis of environmental samples provides a sensitive method for strain- or species-based detection, and real-time pcr, in particular, allows quantification of the organism of interest. in this study ...200717363233
persistence of resting spores of entomophaga maimaiga, a fungal pathogen of the gypsy moth, lymantria dispar 19979056470
a disjunct californian strain of entomophaga aulicae infecting orgyia vetusta.fungal epizootics occurred in abundant orgyia vetusta (western tussock moth; lepidoptera: lymantriidae) populations on lupinus arboreus bushes growing on the pacific coast north of san francisco, california. the causative pathogen was isolated and identified as entomophaga aulicae, group ii, based on rflps using rdna and pcr-amplified rdna products. inability of this fungus to infect the lymantriid lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) confirmed its distinction from entomophaga maimaiga, the only other ...19968931365
allozyme and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses confirm entomophaga maimaiga responsible for 1989 epizootics in north american gypsy moth populations.in 1989, populations of north american gypsy moth, lymantria dispar, in seven contiguous northeastern states were severely reduced by a fungal pathogen. based on morphology, development, and pathology, this organism appeared to be entomophaga maimaiga. we have now used allozyme and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses to confirm this identification. previously, this mycopathogen had been reported only from gypsy moth populations in japan. during 1989, e. maimaiga occurred only in ar ...199011607100
discovery of entomophaga maimaiga in north american gypsy moth, lymantria dispar.an entomopathogenic fungus, entomophaga maimaiga, was found causing an extensive epizootic in outbreak populations of the gypsy moth, lymantria dispar, throughout many forested and residential areas of the northeastern united states. this is the first recognized occurrence of this or any entomophthoralean fungus in north american gypsy moths, and its appearance was coincident with an abnormally wet spring. most fungal-infected gypsy moth larvae were killed in mass during the fourth and fifth sta ...199011607071
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