| who collaborative studies on enterovirus reference antisera. third report. | this paper smmarizes the results of the third part of co-operative studies undertaken by the who international reference centre for enteroviruses and a number of who regional virus reference centres and who virus collaborating laboratories and other laboratories in a comprehensive testing programme of enterovirus equine antisera prepared for long-term use as reference antisera. the studies were designed to appraise the specificity of the immune serum of horses inoculated with prototype enterovir ... | 1970 | 4320132 |
| who collaborative studies on enterovirus reference antisera; fourth report. | this paper summarizes the results of the fourth part of a comprehensive programme undertaken by the who international reference centre for enteroviruses and other laboratories for the testing of enterovirus equine antisera prepared for long-term use as reference antisera. the studies were designed to appraise the specificity of the immune serum of horses inoculated with prototype enteroviruses (coxsackievirus types a2, 4, 8, 10, 11, 14-16, 18-21, and 24, and echoviruses e21, 27, 30, 31, and 33). ... | 1973 | 4357975 |
| molecular comparison of coxsackie a virus serotypes. | genetic diversity of coxsackie a viruses (cavs) and enteroviruses 68, 69, and 71 was studied by comparing nucleotide and derived amino acid sequences from the 5' untranslated region (5'utr), vp4-vp2 capsid protein and polymerase 3d region, and 3'utr. the data were obtained by sequencing pcr amplicons. according to the molecular analysis of the coding region, cavs belong to three different genetic clusters. cav2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 form a coherent genetic group designated cluster a. n ... | 1995 | 7676647 |
| variation in liposome binding among enteroviruses. | liposome-binding properties of native virions and in vitro generated 135s particles of eight enteroviruses were studied. the temperature required for the structural transition from the native 160s virion to a 135s particle was virus-specific, ranging from +38 degrees c to more than +50 degrees c. while the 135s particles of poliovirus 1/mahoney (pv1) and coxsackievirus a21 (cav21) were capable of binding to liposomes, the other viruses showed minimal binding. both of the viruses that bound to li ... | 2001 | 11162809 |
| design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship of pyridyl imidazolidinones: a novel class of potent and selective human enterovirus 71 inhibitors. | when skeletons of win compounds were used as templates, computer-assisted drug design led to the identification of a novel series of imidazolidinone derivatives with significant antiviral activity against enterovirus 71 (ev 71), the infection of which had resulted in about 80 fatalities during the 1998 epidemic outbreak in taiwan. in addition to inhibiting all the genotypes (a, b, and c) of ev 71 in the submicromolar to low micromolar range, compounds 1 and 8 were extensively evaluated against a ... | 2002 | 11931618 |
| neutralizing antibodies to enterovirus 71 in belém, brazil. | non-polio enteroviruses (coxsackievirus a, coxsackievirus b, echovirus and ev 68-72) which belong to the enterovirus (ev) genus, picornaviridae family, may be responsible for acute flaccid paralysis, aseptic meningitis, myocarditis, hepatitis, pleurodinia, neonatal sepsis, hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) even though 50-80% of infections are asymptomatic. ev 71 has been responsible for outbreaks and epidemics of hfmd and acute neurologic disease justifying its study in our country. the aim of ... | 2002 | 11992146 |
| human rhinovirus 87 identified as human enterovirus 68 by vp4-based molecular diagnosis. | human rhinoviruses (hrvs) are the major cause of respiratory infections. we developed a diagnostic method for hrvs based on the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and vp4-based phylogenetic analysis. a set of primers used in the rt-pcr of human enteroviruses (evs) appeared to be capable of amplifying all prototype strains of hrvs, each of which generated a 530-bp fragment. the single exception was hrv-87, which generated a 650-bp fragment, as observed in human evs. the vp4 ... | 2002 | 12403917 |
| human rhinovirus 87 and enterovirus 68 represent a unique serotype with rhinovirus and enterovirus features. | it has recently been reported that all but one of the 102 known serotypes of the genus rhinovirus segregate into two genetic clusters (c. savolainen, s. blomqvist, m. n. mulders, and t. hovi, j. gen. virol. 83:333-340, 2002). the only exception is human rhinovirus 87 (hrv87). here we demonstrate that hrv87 is genetically and antigenically highly similar to enterovirus 68 (ev68) and is related to ev70, the other member of human enterovirus group d. the partial nucleotide sequences of the 5' untra ... | 2002 | 12409401 |
| enterovirus 68 is associated with respiratory illness and shares biological features with both the enteroviruses and the rhinoviruses. | enterovirus (ev) 68 was originally isolated in california in 1962 from four children with respiratory illness. since that time, reports of ev68 isolation have been very uncommon. between 1989 and 2003, 12 additional ev68 clinical isolates were identified and characterized, all of which were obtained from respiratory specimens of patients with respiratory tract illnesses. no ev68 isolates from enteric specimens have been identified from these same laboratories. these recent isolates, as well as t ... | 2004 | 15302951 |
| classification and structure of echovirus 5'-utr sequences. | enteroviruses are classified into two genetic clusters on the basis of 5'-utr and all echoviruses (ecv) are classified together with coxsackie b viruses (cbv), coxsackie a viruses (cav) types 2-10, 12, 14 and 16, and enteroviruses (ev) 68, 69, 71 and 73. during the present study, 5'-utr-derived sequences constituting the largest part of the internal ribosome entry site (ires) of ecvs were studied with respect to their possible secondary structures, which were predicted following the phenomenon o ... | 2005 | 16175335 |
| real-time reverse transcription-pcr assay for comprehensive detection of human rhinoviruses. | human rhinoviruses (hrvs) are important contributors to respiratory disease, but their healthcare burden remains unclear, primarily because of the lack of sensitive, accurate, and convenient means of determining their causal role. to address this, we developed and clinically validated the sensitivity and specificity of a real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) assay targeting the viral 5' noncoding region defined by sequences obtained from all 100 currently recognized hrv prototype strains ... | 2008 | 18057136 |
| [rapid enterovirus genotyping in cerebrospinal fluids: a two-year prospective study in a virology laboratory setting]. | enterovirus (ev - 68 serotypes) infections comprise a wide spectrum of clinical presentations including infections of the central nervous system. in severe clinical presentation or epidemics, the precise identification of the involved serotype is necessary. | 2008 | 18835107 |
| diversity in the bronchial epithelial cell response to infection with different rhinovirus strains. | infection with rhinovirus (rv) is the most common trigger for acute asthma and copd. the aim of this study was to characterize the variability in the response of primary bronchial epithelial cells to infection with several strains of rv. | 2009 | 19207121 |
| performance of enterovirus genotyping targeting the vp1 and vp2 regions on non-typeable isolates and patient specimens. | culture and serotyping of human enteroviruses are time-consuming and labor-intensive. targeted nucleic acid sequencing has emerged as a powerful alternative to conventional methods. many published genotyping assays use two-step reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), nested pcr protocols, and/or reflexive testing algorithms. the performance of a one-step rt-pcr protocol, a more clinically practical approach, was evaluated. the vp1 and/or vp2 region of archived enterovirus i ... | 2010 | 20043951 |
| broad spectrum respiratory pathogen analysis of throat swabs from military recruits reveals interference between rhinoviruses and adenoviruses. | military recruits experience a high incidence of febrile respiratory illness (fri), leading to significant morbidity and lost training time. adenoviruses, group a streptococcus pyogenes, and influenza virus are implicated in over half of the fri cases reported at recruit training center clinics, while the etiology of the remaining cases is unclear. in this study, we explore the carriage rates and disease associations of adenovirus, enterovirus, rhinovirus, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus i ... | 2010 | 20217405 |
| cellular tropism of human enterovirus d species serotypes ev-94, ev-70, and ev-68 in vitro: implications for pathogenesis. | enterovirus 94 (ev-94) is an enterovirus serotype described recently which, together with ev-68 and ev-70, forms human enterovirus d species. this study investigates the seroprevalences of these three serotypes and their abilities to infect, replicate, and damage cell types considered to be essential for enterovirus-induced diseases. the cell types studied included human leukocyte cell lines, primary endothelial cells, and pancreatic islets. high prevalence of neutralizing antibodies against ev- ... | 2010 | 20872722 |
| a fatal central nervous system enterovirus 68 infection. | abstract the anticipated eradication of poliovirus emphasizes the need to identify other enteroviral causes of severe central nervous system disease. enterovirus 68 has been implicated only in cases of respiratory illness. we therefore report a case of fatal meningomyeloencephalitis caused by enterovirus 68 in a 5-year-old boy, which required neuropathology, microbiology, and molecular techniques to diagnose. | 2011 | 21631275 |
| longitudinal molecular microbial analysis of influenza-like illness in new york city, may 2009 through may 2010. | we performed a longitudinal study of viral etiology in samples collected in new york city during may 2009 to may 2010 from outpatients with fever or respiratory disease symptoms in the context of a pilot respiratory virus surveillance system. | 2011 | 21658237 |
| upsurge of human enterovirus 68 infections in patients with severe respiratory tract infections. | background: enterovirus 68 (ev68) belongs to species human enterovirus d. it is unique among enteroviruses because it shares properties with human rhinoviruses. after the first isolation in 1962 from four children with respiratory illness, reports of (clusters of) ev68 infections have been rare. during the autumn of 2010, we noticed an upsurge of ev68 infections in the northern part of the netherlands in patients with severe respiratory illness. objectives: to give a detailed description of the ... | 2011 | 21802981 |
| enterovirus 68 in children with acute respiratory tract infections, osaka, japan. | enterovirus 68 strains were detected in 14 specimens from children with respiratory tract infections and 1 specimen from a child with febrile convulsions during 2010 in osaka, japan. these strains had deletions in the 5' untranslated region and were genetically different from reported strains. this virus is associated with respiratory tract infections in japan. | 2011 | 21801632 |
| enterovirus 68 among children with severe acute respiratory infection, the philippines. | enterovirus 68 (ev68) is a rare enterovirus associated with respiratory illness that, unlike other enteroviruses, has been identified only from respiratory specimens. we identified ev68 from respiratory specimens of children hospitalized with a diagnosis of severe pneumonia in leyte, republic of the philippines. twenty-one samples showed high similarity with ev68 by sequencing of 5' nontranslated region; 17 of these samples were confirmed as ev68 by sequencing of viral protein 1 capsid coding re ... | 2011 | 21801620 |
| Enterovirus 68 infection in children with asthma attacks: virus-induced asthma in Japanese children. | | 2011 | 21958204 |
| Emergence and epidemic occurrence of enterovirus 68 respiratory infections in The Netherlands in 2010. | Following an increase in detection of enterovirus 68 (EV68) in community surveillance of respiratory infections in The Netherlands in 2010, epidemiological and virological analyses were performed to investigate the possible public health impact of EV68 infections. We retrospectively tested specimens collected from acute respiratory infections surveillance and through three children cohort studies conducted in The Netherlands from 1994 through 2010. A total of 71 of 13,310 (0.5%) specimens were p ... | 2011 | 22177700 |
| clusters of acute respiratory illness associated with human enterovirus 68--asia, europe, and united states, 2008-2010. | in the past 2 years, cdc has learned of several clusters of respiratory illness associated with human enterovirus 68 (hev68), including severe disease. hev68 is a unique enterovirus that shares epidemiologic and biologic features with human rhinoviruses (hrv). first isolated in california in 1962 from four children with bronchiolitis and pneumonia, hev68 has been reported rarely since that time and the full spectrum of illness that it can cause is unknown. the six clusters of respiratory illness ... | 2011 | 21956405 |
| acute flaccid paralysis associated with novel enterovirus c105. | an outbreak of acute flaccid paralysis among children in the united states during summer 2014 was tentatively associated with enterovirus d68 infection. this syndrome in a child in fall 2014 was associated with enterovirus c105 infection. the presence of this virus strain in north america may pose a diagnostic challenge. | 2015 | 26401731 |
| acute flaccid myelitis associated with enterovirus-d68 infection in an otherwise healthy child. | reporting new cases of enterovirus (ev)-d68-associated acute flaccid myelitis (afm) is essential to understand how the virus causes neurological damage and to characterize ev-d68 strains associated with afm. | 2017 | 28081720 |
| encephalitis surveillance through the emerging infections program, 1997-2010. | encephalitis is a devastating illness that commonly causes neurologic disability and has a case fatality rate >5% in the united states. an etiologic agent is identified in <50% of cases, making diagnosis challenging. the centers for disease control and prevention emerging infections program (eip) encephalitis project established syndromic surveillance for encephalitis in new york, california, and tennessee, with the primary goal of increased identification of causative agents and secondary goals ... | 2015 | 26295485 |
| a child with acute encephalopathy associated with quadruple viral infection. | pediatric acute encephalopathy (ae) was sometimes attributed to virus infection. however, viral infection does not always result in ae. the risk factors for developing infantile ae upon virus infection remain to be determined. here, we report an infant with ae co-infected with human herpesvirus-6 (hhv-6) and three picornaviruses, including coxsackievirus a6 (cva6), enterovirus d68 (ev-d68), and human parechovirus (hpev). ev-d68 was vertically transmitted to the infant from his mother. cva6 and h ... | 2015 | 25883930 |
| clinical and molecular epidemiology of human rhinovirus infections in patients with hematologic malignancy. | human rhinoviruses (hrvs) are common causes of upper respiratory tract infection (urti) in hematologic malignancy (hm) patients. predictors of lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) including the impact of hrv species and types are poorly understood. | 2015 | 26370315 |
| prevalence and molecular characterizations of enterovirus d68 among children with acute respiratory infection in china between 2012 and 2014. | ev-d68 is associated with respiratory tract infections (rtis). since its first isolation, ev-d68 has been detected sporadically. however, the us and canada have experienced outbreaks of ev-d68 infections between august and december 2014. this study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology and clinical characteristics of ev-d68 in chongqing, southwestern china. from january 2012 to november 2014, 1876 nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens (npas) were collected from hospitalized children with r ... | 2015 | 26568267 |
| lineages, sub-lineages and variants of enterovirus 68 in recent outbreaks. | enterovirus 68 (ev68) was first isolated in 1962. very few cases of ev68 infection were described over the ensuing 40 years. however, in the past few years, an increase in severe respiratory tract infections associated with ev68 has been reported. we identified two clusters of ev68 infection in south london, uk, one each in the autumn/winters of 2009 and 2010. sequence comparison showed significant homology of the uk strains with those from other countries including the netherlands, japan and th ... | 2012 | 22536453 |
| respiratory presentation of pediatric patients in the 2014 enterovirus d68 outbreak. | background. in the fall of 2014, a north american outbreak of enterovirus d68 resulted in a significant number of pediatric hospital admissions for respiratory illness throughout north america. this study characterized the clinical presentation and risk factors for a severe clinical course in children admitted to british columbia children's hospital during the 2014 outbreak. methods. retrospective chart review of patients with confirmed ev-d68 infection admitted to bcch with respiratory symptoms ... | 2016 | 27610028 |
| enterovirus d68 infection in children with acute flaccid myelitis, colorado, usa, 2014. | during august 8, 2014-october 14, 2014, a total of 11 children with acute flaccid myelitis and distinctive neuroimaging changes were identified near denver, colorado, usa. a respiratory prodrome was experienced by 10, and nasopharyngeal specimens were positive for enterovirus d68 (ev-d68) for 4. to determine whether an association exists between ev-d68 infection and acute flaccid myelitis, we conducted a retrospective case-control study comparing these patients with 2 groups of outpatient contro ... | 2016 | 27434186 |
| clinical severity of pediatric respiratory illness with enterovirus d68 compared with rhinovirus or other enterovirus genotypes. | enterovirus d68 (ev-d68) resulted in a reported increase in the number of children needing hospital or critical care admission because of respiratory insufficiency during 2014. it remains unclear, however, whether ev-d68 infections were more severe than rhinovirus or non-ev-d68 enterovirus infections. | 2015 | 26464137 |
| clinical disease due to enterovirus d68 in adult hematologic malignancy patients and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. | the united states centers for disease control and prevention reported over 1000 cases of severe respiratory disease in pediatric patients associated with enterovirus d68 (ev-d68) in the fall of 2014. we sought to identify and define the clinical burden of disease due to ev-d68 in adult patients with hematologic malignancy or undergoing hematopoietic cell transplant (hct). real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for ev-d68 was performed on all respiratory samples positive ... | 2015 | 25593338 |
| enterovirus d68 in hospitalized children: sequence variation, viral loads and clinical outcomes. | an outbreak of enterovirus d68 (ev-d68) caused severe respiratory illness in 2014. the disease spectrum of ev-d68 infections in children with underlying medical conditions other than asthma, the role of ev-d68 loads on clinical illness, and the variation of ev-d68 strains within the same institution over time have not been described. we sought to define the association between ev-d68 loads and sequence variation, and the clinical characteristic in hospitalized children at our institution from 20 ... | 2016 | 27875593 |
| discovery of itraconazole with broad-spectrum in vitro antienterovirus activity that targets nonstructural protein 3a. | there is currently no approved antiviral therapy for the prophylaxis or treatment of enterovirus infections, which remain a substantial threat to public health. to discover inhibitors that can be immediately repurposed for treatment of enterovirus infections, we developed a high-throughput screening assay that measures the cytopathic effect induced by enterovirus 71 (ev71) to screen an fda-approved drug library. itraconazole (itz), a triazole antifungal agent, was identified as an effective inhi ... | 2015 | 25691649 |
| adenovirus type 4 respiratory infections with a concurrent outbreak of coxsackievirus a21 among united states army basic trainees, a retrospective viral etiology study using next-generation sequencing. | human adenoviruses (hadv), in particular types 4 and 7, frequently cause acute respiratory disease (ard) during basic military training. hadv4 and hadv7 vaccines reduced the ard risk in u.s. military. it is important to identify other respiratory pathogens and assess their potential impact on military readiness. in 2002, during a period when the hadv vaccines were not available, throat swabs were taken from trainees (n = 184) with respiratory infections at fort jackson, south carolina. viral eti ... | 2017 | 28198541 |
| coxsackievirus a21, enterovirus 68, and acute respiratory tract infection, china. | during august 2006-april 2010, in beijing, china, 2 rare human enterovirus serotypes, coxsackievirus a21 and enterovirus 68, were detected most frequently in human enterovirus-positive adults with acute respiratory tract infections. thus, during some years, these 2 viruses cause a substantial proportion of enterovirus-associated adult acute respiratory tract infections. | 2012 | 22516379 |
| detection of enterovirus 68 as one of the commonest types of enterovirus found in patients with acute respiratory tract infection in china. | human enterovirus 68 (hev-68) is an enterovirus associated with respiratory illness. in china, no information about hev-68 is available for children yet. this study aimed to investigate the presence of hev-68 in mainland china between 2009 and 2012 and to explore the migration events of hev-68 across the world. among 1565 samples tested from children, 41 (2.6%) were positive for hev and 223 (14.3%) for human rhinovirus (hrv). seven (17.1%) of 41 hevs were hev-68. two hev-68- and five hrv-positiv ... | 2014 | 24324030 |
| enteroviruses in the early 21st century: new manifestations and challenges. | enteroviruses cause a wide variety of diseases with neurologic, respiratory, skin, and gastrointestinal findings. the purpose of this review is to clarify changes in the classification of enteroviruses, provide information about recent disease outbreaks, and to summarize progress toward the treatment and prevention of these infections. | 2016 | 26709690 |
| genotyping of enteroviruses isolated in kenya from pediatric patients using partial vp1 region. | enteroviruses (ev) are responsible for a wide range of clinical diseases in humans. though studied broadly in several regions of the world, the genetic diversity of human enteroviruses (hev) circulating in the sub-saharan africa remains under-documented. in the current study, we molecularly typed 61 hev strains isolated in kenya between 2008 and 2011 targeting the 3'-end of the vp1 gene. viral rna was extracted from the archived isolates and part of the vp1 gene amplified by rt-pcr, followed by ... | 2016 | 27026855 |
| 3c protease of enterovirus 68: structure-based design of michael acceptor inhibitors and their broad-spectrum antiviral effects against picornaviruses. | we have determined the cleavage specificity and the crystal structure of the 3c protease of enterovirus 68 (ev68 3c(pro)). the protease exhibits a typical chymotrypsin fold with a cys...his...glu catalytic triad; its three-dimensional structure is closely related to that of the 3c(pro) of rhinovirus 2, as well as to that of poliovirus. the phylogenetic position of the ev68 3c(pro) between the corresponding enzymes of rhinoviruses on the one hand and classical enteroviruses on the other prompted ... | 2013 | 23388726 |
| enterovirus d68 and other enterovirus serotypes identified in south african patients with severe acute respiratory illness, 2009-2011. | human enteroviruses (ev) have been associated with severe acute respiratory illness (sari) in south africa. | 2017 | 28122175 |
| seroepidemiological and phylogenetic characterisation of neurotropic enteroviruses in ireland, 2005-2014. | enteroviruses (evs) are associated with a broad spectrum of clinical presentation, including aseptic meningitis (am), encephalitis, hand, foot and mouth disease, acute flaccid paralysis and acute flaccid myelitis. epidemics occur sporadically and are associated with increased cases of am in children. the present study describes the seroepidemiological analysis of circulating evs in ireland from 2005-2014 and phylogenetic characterisation of echovirus 30 (e-30), enterovirus a71 (ev-a71) and enter ... | 2017 | 28071799 |
| predominance of enterovirus b and echovirus 30 as cause of viral meningitis in a uk population. | enteroviruses are the most common cause of aseptic or lymphocytic meningitis, particularly in children. with reports of unusually severe neurological disease in some patients infected with enterovirus d68 in north america, and a recent increase in the number of paediatric enterovirus meningitis cases presenting in this uk midlands population, a retrospective regional surveillance study was performed. | 2016 | 27367546 |
| human enterovirus 68 interferes with the host cell cycle to facilitate viral production. | enterovirus d68 (ev-d68) is an emerging pathogen that recently caused a large outbreak of severe respiratory disease in the united states and other countries. little is known about the relationship between ev-d68 virus and host cells. in this study, we assessed the effect of the host cell cycle on ev-d68 viral production, as well as the ability of ev-d68 to manipulate host cell cycle progression. the results suggest that synchronization in g0/g1 phase, but not s phase, promotes viral production, ... | 2017 | 28229049 |
| severe paediatric conditions linked with ev-a71 and ev-d68, france, may to october 2016. | we report 59 cases of severe paediatric conditions linked with enterovirus (ev)-a71 and ev-d68 in france between may and october 2016. fifty-two children had severe neurological symptoms. ev sequence-based typing for 42 cases revealed ev-a71 in 21 (18 subgenotype c1, detected for the first time in france) and ev-d68 in eight. clinicians should be encouraged to obtain stool and respiratory specimens from patients presenting with severe neurological disorders for ev detection and characterisation. | 2016 | 27918268 |
| molecular evolution and the global reemergence of enterovirus d68 by genome-wide analysis. | human enterovirus d68 (ev-d68) was first reported in the united states in 1962; thereafter, a few cases were reported from 1970 to 2005, but 2 outbreaks occurred in the philippines (2008) and the united states (2014). however, little is known regarding the molecular evolution of this globally reemerging virus due to a lack of whole-genome sequences and analyses. here, all publically available sequences including 147 full and 1248 partial genomes from genbank were collected and compared at the cl ... | 2016 | 27495059 |
| analysis of the synonymous codon usage bias in recently emerged enterovirus d68 strains. | understanding the codon usage pattern of a pathogen and relationship between pathogen and host's codon usage patterns has fundamental and applied interests. enterovirus d68 (ev-d68) is an emerging pathogen with a potentially high public health significance. in the present study, the synonymous codon usage bias of 27 recently emerged, and historical ev-d68 strains was analyzed. in contrast to previously studied enteroviruses (enterovirus 71 and poliovirus), ev-d68 and human host have a high discr ... | 2016 | 27364082 |
| susceptibilities of enterovirus d68, enterovirus 71, and rhinovirus 87 strains to various antiviral compounds. | compounds were evaluated for antiviral activity in rhabdomyosarcoma (rd) cells against a recent 2014 clinical isolate of enterovirus d68 (ev-d68), a 1962 strain of ev-68d, rhinovirus 87 (rv-87, serologically the same as ev-d68), and enterovirus 71 (ev-71). test substances included known-active antipicornavirus agents (enviroxime, guanidine hcl, pirodavir, pleconaril, and rupintrivir), nucleobase/nucleoside analogs (3-deazaguanine and ribavirin), and three novel epidithiodiketopiperazines (kcn-2, ... | 2016 | 27063860 |
| the autophagic machinery in enterovirus infection. | the enterovirus genus of the picornaviridae family comprises many important human pathogens, including polioviruses, rhinovirus, enterovirus a71, and enterovirus d68. they cause a wide variety of diseases, ranging from mild to severe life-threatening diseases. currently, no effective vaccine is available against enteroviruses except for poliovirus. enteroviruses subvert the autophagic machinery to benefit their assembly, maturation, and exit from host. some enteroviruses spread between cells via ... | 2016 | 26828514 |
| innate immunity evasion by enteroviruses: insights into virus-host interaction. | enterovirus genus includes multiple important human pathogens, such as poliovirus, coxsackievirus, enterovirus (ev) a71, ev-d68 and rhinovirus. infection with evs can cause numerous clinical conditions including poliomyelitis, meningitis and encephalitis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, acute flaccid paralysis, diarrhea, myocarditis and respiratory illness. evs, which are positive-sense single-stranded rna viruses, trigger activation of the host antiviral innate immune responses through pathogen re ... | 2016 | 26784219 |
| understanding enterovirus 71 neuropathogenesis and its impact on other neurotropic enteroviruses. | enterovirus a71 (ev-a71) belongs to the species group a in the enterovirus genus within the picornaviridae family. ev-a71 usually causes self-limiting hand, foot and mouth disease or herpangina but rarely causes severe neurological complications such as acute flaccid paralysis and encephalomyelitis. the pathology and neuropathogenesis of these neurological syndromes is beginning to be understood. ev-a71 neurotropism for motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem, and other neurons, is mainly ... | 2015 | 26276025 |
| replication and inhibitors of enteroviruses and parechoviruses. | the enterovirus (ev) and parechovirus genera of the picornavirus family include many important human pathogens, including poliovirus, rhinovirus, ev-a71, ev-d68, and human parechoviruses (hpev). they cause a wide variety of diseases, ranging from a simple common cold to life-threatening diseases such as encephalitis and myocarditis. at the moment, no antiviral therapy is available against these viruses and it is not feasible to develop vaccines against all evs and hpevs due to the great number o ... | 2015 | 26266417 |
| update on hand-foot-and-mouth disease. | hand-foot-and-mouth disease is a viral exanthem caused, primarily by coxsackie a16 and enterovirus 71 with typical clinical features of fever, painful papules and blisters over the extremities and genitalia and an enanthem involving ulceration of the mouth, palate, and pharynx. other enteroviruses have recently been noted to cause severe neurologic illness and paralysis (enterovirus 68) with variable cutaneous features. a recent outbreak of coxsackie a6 infection has been seen worldwide with cas ... | 2015 | 25889136 |
| peptidyl aldehyde nk-1.8k suppresses enterovirus 71 and enterovirus 68 infection by targeting protease 3c. | enterovirus (ev) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease in the pacific-asia region. in particular, ev71 causes severe central nervous system infections, and the fatality rates from ev71 infection are high. moreover, an outbreak of respiratory illnesses caused by an emerging ev, ev68, recently occurred among over 1,000 young children in the united states and was also associated with neurological infections. although enterovirus has emerged as a considerable global p ... | 2015 | 25691647 |
| mri findings in children with acute flaccid paralysis and cranial nerve dysfunction occurring during the 2014 enterovirus d68 outbreak. | enterovirus d68 was responsible for widespread outbreaks of respiratory illness throughout the united states in august and september 2014. during this time, several patients presented to our institution with acute flaccid paralysis and cranial nerve dysfunction. the purpose of this report is to describe the unique imaging findings of this neurologic syndrome occurring during an enterovirus d68 outbreak. | 2015 | 25414005 |
| molecular epidemiology and evolution of human enterovirus serotype 68 in thailand, 2006-2011. | publications worldwide have reported on the re-occurrence of human enterovirus 68 (ev68), a rarely detected pathogen usually causing respiratory illness. however, epidemiological data regarding this virus in particular on the asian continent has so far been limited. | 2012 | 22586446 |
| acute flaccid myelitis of unknown etiology in california, 2012-2015. | there has been limited surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis in north america since the regional eradication of poliovirus. in 2012, the california department of public health received several reports of acute flaccid paralysis cases of unknown etiology. | 2016 | 26720027 |
| enterovirus d-68: an emerging cause of infection. | the outbreak of enterovirus d-68 (ev-d68) in the united states in 2014 raised great interest due to it affecting large numbers of people and because patients presented with severe respiratory and/or central nervous system involvement. many studies have tried to evaluate the biologic and genetic characteristics of this virus, its association with disease development and the possibility of infection prevention and therapy. the main aim of this paper is to discuss what is presently known and what m ... | 2015 | 26535922 |
| polio-like illness associated with outbreak of upper respiratory tract infection in children. | poliomyelitis is a historically devastating neurological complication of poliovirus infection. poliovirus vaccines have decreased the incidence of poliomyelitis to 209 global cases in 2014, with new cases of acute flaccid myelitis primarily associated with nonpolio enteroviruses. recently, during outbreaks of enterovirus d68 throughout north america and europe, cases of acute flaccid myelitis have been reported, suggesting another nonpolio enterovirus associated with acute flaccid myelitis. the ... | 2016 | 26215391 |
| a novel outbreak enterovirus d68 strain associated with acute flaccid myelitis cases in the usa (2012-14): a retrospective cohort study. | enterovirus d68 was implicated in a widespread outbreak of severe respiratory illness across the usa in 2014 and has also been reported sporadically in patients with acute flaccid myelitis. we aimed to investigate the association between enterovirus d68 infection and acute flaccid myelitis during the 2014 enterovirus d68 respiratory outbreak in the usa. | 2015 | 25837569 |
| enterovirus d-68 infection, prophylaxis, and vaccination in a novel permissive animal model, the cotton rat (sigmodon hispidus). | in recent years, there has been a significant increase in detection of enterovirus d-68 (ev-d68) among patients with severe respiratory infections worldwide. ev-d68 is now recognized as a re-emerging pathogen; however, due to lack of a permissive animal model for ev-d68, a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis and immune response against ev-d68 has been hampered. recently, it was shown that ev-d68 has a strong affinity for α2,6-linked sialic acids (sas) and we have shown previously tha ... | 2016 | 27814404 |
| enterovirus d68 infection among children with medically attended acute respiratory illness, cincinnati, ohio, july‒october, 2014. | enterovirus d68 (ev-d68) caused a widespread outbreak of respiratory illness in the united states in 2014, predominantly affecting children. we describe ev-d68 rates, spectrum of illness and risk factors from prospective, population-based acute respiratory illness (ari) surveillance at a large u.s. pediatric hospital. | 2017 | 28379349 |
| the emergence of enterovirus d68 in england in autumn 2014 and the necessity for reinforcing enterovirus respiratory screening. | in autumn 2014, enterovirus d68 (ev-d68) cases presenting with severe respiratory or neurological disease were described in countries worldwide. to describe the epidemiology and virological characteristics of ev-d68 in england, we collected clinical information on laboratory-confirmed ev-d68 cases detected in secondary care (hospitals), between september 2014 and january 2015. in primary care (general practitioners), respiratory swabs collected (september 2013-january 2015) from patients present ... | 2017 | 28367789 |
| global distribution and evolutionary history of enterovirus d68, with emphasis on the 2014 outbreak in ontario, canada. | despite its first appearance in 1962, human enterovirus d68 (ev-d68) has been recognized as an emerging respiratory pathogen in the last decade when it caused outbreaks and clusters in several countries including japan, the philippines, and the netherlands. the most recent and largest outbreak of ev-d68 associated with severe respiratory illness took place in north america between august 2014 and january 2015. between september 1 and october 31 2014, ev-d68 infection was laboratory confirmed amo ... | 2017 | 28298902 |
| genome sequence of enterovirus d68 from st. louis, missouri, usa, 2016. | enterovirus d68 (ev-d68) was rarely observed prior to a widespread outbreak in 2014. we observed its reemergence in st. louis in 2016 and sequenced the ev-d68 genomes from two patient samples. the 2016 viruses in st. louis differed from those we had sequenced from the 2014 outbreak but were similar to other viruses circulating nationally in 2016. | 2017 | 28254971 |
| enterovirus d68-associated community-acquired pneumonia in the pediatric age group. | this review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the role of enterovirus d68 (ev-d68) in community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in children. | 2017 | 28251508 |
| acute flaccid weakness associated with enterovirus d68. | | 2017 | 28237419 |
| a mouse model of paralytic myelitis caused by enterovirus d68. | in 2014, the united states experienced an epidemic of acute flaccid myelitis (afm) cases in children coincident with a nationwide outbreak of enterovirus d68 (ev-d68) respiratory disease. up to half of the 2014 afm patients had ev-d68 rna detected by rt-pcr in their respiratory secretions, although ev-d68 was only detected in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) from one 2014 afm patient. given previously described molecular and epidemiologic associations between ev-d68 and afm, we sought to develop an ani ... | 2017 | 28231269 |
| longitudinal outcomes in the 2014 acute flaccid paralysis cluster in canada. | we describe the presenting features and long-term outcome of an unusual cluster of pediatric acute flaccid paralysis cases that occurred in canada during the 2014 enterovirus d68 outbreak. children (n = 25; median age 7.8 years) presenting to canadian centers between july 1 and october 31, 2014, and who met diagnostic criteria for acute flaccid paralysis were evaluated retrospectively. the predominant presenting features included prodromal respiratory illness (n = 22), cerebrospinal fluid lympho ... | 2017 | 28193112 |
| clinical course of enterovirus d68 in hospitalized children. | enterovirus d68 (ev-d68) has been sporadically reported as a cause of respiratory tract infections. in 2014, an international outbreak of ev-d68 occurred and caused severe respiratory disease in the pediatric population. | 2017 | 28187115 |
| clinical course of enterovirus d68 in hospitalized children. | enterovirus d68 (ev-d68) has been sporadically reported as a cause of respiratory tract infections. in 2014, an international outbreak of ev-d68 occurred and caused severe respiratory disease in the pediatric population. | 2016 | 28187065 |
| a new real-time rt-pcr targeting vp4-vp2 to detect and quantify enterovirus d68 in respiratory samples. | causing an international outbreak of respiratory disease, enterovirus d68 quickly entered the closed circle of emerging viral pathogens of public health significance. as rapid and accurate detection of ev-d68 is essential for an efficient clinical management, we designed and validated a new highly efficient one-step quantitative rrt-pcr specific to ev-d68 vp4-vp2 region. with 100% specificity and 95.6% sensitivity to all ev-d68 strains, this new assay can be reliably used to detect and quantify ... | 2017 | 28169437 |
| enterovirus d68 detection in respiratory specimens: association with severe disease. | molecular techniques increased the number of documented respiratory infections. in a substantial number of cases the causative agent remains undetected. since august 2014, an increase in enterovirus(ev)-d68 infections was reported. we aimed to investigate epidemiology and clinical relevance of ev-d68. from june to december 2014 and from september to december 2015, 803 and 847 respiratory specimens, respectively, were tested for respiratory viruses with a multiplex rt-pcr. this multiplex rt-pcr d ... | 2017 | 28165146 |
| a comparison of hospitalized children with enterovirus d68 to those with rhinovirus. | during the fall of 2014, numerous children were hospitalized with asthma or respiratory distress related to enterovirus d68 (ev-d68). a large proportion initially tested positive for rhinovirus. during this period our laboratory noted a cross-reactivity between ev-d68 and the rhinovirus component of the genmark multiplex respiratory viral panel. many other laboratories used assays not designed to distinguish these picornoviridae. | 2017 | 28135044 |
| letter to the editor: need for a european network for enterovirus d68 surveillance after detections of ev-d68 of the new b3 lineage in sweden and italy, 2016. | | 2017 | 28106530 |
| epidemiologic analysis of respiratory viral infections mainly in hospitalized children and adults in a midwest university medical center after the implementation of a 14-virus multiplex nucleic acid amplification test. | to investigate the etiology of viral respiratory tract infections mainly in hospitalized children and adults over a 12-month consecutive period after implementation of a 14-virus multiplex nucleic acid amplification test. | 2016 | 28028115 |
| complete genome sequences of nine enterovirus d68 strains from patients of the lower hudson valley, new york, 2016. | complete genome sequences of nine enterovirus d68 (ev-d68) strains from patients in new york were obtained in 2016 by metagenomic next-generation sequencing. comparative genomic analysis suggests that a new subclade b3, with ~4.5% nucleotide divergence from subclade b1 strains causing the 2014 outbreak, is circulating in the united states in 2016. | 2016 | 27979945 |
| detection and genomic characterization of enterovirus d68 in respiratory samples isolated in the united states in 2016. | the genomic sequences of three 2016 enterovirus d68 (ev-d68) strains were obtained from respiratory samples of patients from florida, texas, and new york. these ev-d68 sequences share highest nucleotide identities with strains that circulated in north america, europe, and asia in 2014-2015. | 2016 | 27932649 |
| human enterovirus d68 in clinical and sewage samples in israel. | since mid-august 2014, north america experienced a wide outbreak of enterovirus d68 (ev-d68) associated with severe respiratory illness in children. several other countries also reported cases of ev-d68 in 2014. | 2017 | 27930928 |
| icam-5/telencephalin is a functional entry receptor for enterovirus d68. | enterovirus d68 (ev-d68) is a member of the picornaviridae family. although ev-d68-associated infection was once considered rare, it has been increasing in recent years. ev-d68 infection is most frequently associated with respiratory illness. however, it has also been implicated in a polio-like neurological disorder, acute flaccid myelitis. although sialic acid has been implicated in ev-d68 entry, the existence of a protein receptor has yet to be clarified. here we identify neuron-specific inter ... | 2016 | 27923705 |
| outbreak of enterovirus d68 of the new b3 lineage in stockholm, sweden, august to september 2016. | we report an enterovirus d68 (ev-d68) outbreak in stockholm sweden in 2016. between 22 august and 25 september ev-d68 was detected in 74/495 respiratory samples analysed at the karolinska university hospital. during the peak week, 30/91 (33%) samples were ev-d68 positive. viral protein (vp)p4/vp2 sequencing revealed that cases were caused by b3 lineage strains. forty-four (59%) ev-d68-positive patients were children aged ≤ 5 years. ten patients had severe respiratory or neurological symptoms and ... | 2016 | 27918255 |
| enterovirus d68 reemerges globally as a severe pathogen targeting children. | | 2016 | 27814328 |
| the genomic characterization of enterovirus d68 from 2011 to 2015 in beijing, china. | a retrospective surveillance study on enterovirus d68 was performed in beijing, china, following the largest and most widespread ev-d68 infection, which occurred in the usa. from january 2011 to july 2015, ev-d68 was identified in 12 individuals with respiratory infections in beijing, china. the phylogenetic relationships based on the genomic sequence alignment showed that there were two lineages circulating in beijing from 2011 to 2015. eight ev-d68 strains belonged to group 1 and four belonged ... | 2016 | 27806749 |
| a 12-year-old girl with encephalopathy and acute flaccid paralysis: a neuropathological correlation and cohort review. | | 2017 | 27769728 |
| enterovirus d68 respiratory infections. | | 2016 | 27739205 |
| poster 274 the rehabilitation and recovery of an adult survivor of enterovirus d68 encephalomyelitis: a case report. | | 2016 | 27673031 |
| system stresses in 2 pediatric emergency departments and 2 pediatric urgent care centers during the 2014 enterovirus-d68 outbreak. | to describe the association of an unprecedented large-scale enterovirus-d68 outbreak in 2014 with changes in patient volume and acuity and system stress in 2 pediatric emergency departments and 2 pediatric urgent care centers of a single children's hospital. | 2016 | 27668922 |
| guillain-barré syndrome. | the term guillain-barré syndrome (gbs), the most frequent cause of acute paralytic neuropathy, covers a number of recognisably distinct variants. the exact cause of gbs is unknown, but 50-70% of cases appear 1-2weeks after a respiratory or gastrointestinal infection, or another immune stimulus that induces an aberrant autoimmune response targeting peripheral nerves and their spinal roots. the interplay between the microbial and host factors that dictate whether and how the immune response shifts ... | 2017 | 27666816 |
| upsurge of enterovirus d68, the netherlands, 2016. | in june and july 2016, we identified 8 adults and 17 children with respiratory enterovirus d68 infections. thirteen children required intensive care unit admission because of respiratory insufficiency, and 1 had concomitant acute flaccid myelitis. phylogenetic analysis showed that all of 20 sequences obtained belong to the recently described clade b3. | 2017 | 27660916 |
| identification and whole-genome sequencing of four enterovirus d68 strains in southern china in late 2015. | four enterovirus d68 (ev-d68) strains from four children with influenza-like illness were identified in shenzhen, southern china, in late 2015. here, we announce the availability of these viral genomes in genbank. the genomic sequences of these ev-d68 strains showed the closest phylogenetic relationship to strains from northern china. | 2016 | 27660790 |
| enterovirus d68 in critically ill children: a comparison with pandemic h1n1 influenza. | in 2014, the unites states experienced an outbreak of enterovirus d68 associated with severe respiratory illness. the clinical characteristics associated with severe illness from enterovirus d68 during this outbreak compared with those associated with the 2009 h1n1 influenza virus outbreak are unknown. | 2016 | 27505715 |
| enterovirus d68 and human respiratory infections. | enterovirus d68 (ev-d68) is a member of the species enterovirus d in the genus enterovirus of the picornaviridae family. ev-d68 was first isolated in the united states in 1962 and is primarily an agent of respiratory disease. infections with ev-d68 have been rarely reported until recently, when reports of ev-d68 associated with respiratory disease increased notably worldwide. an outbreak in 2014 in the united states, for example, involved more than 1,000 cases of severe respiratory disease that ... | 2016 | 27486738 |
| acute flaccid myelitis: a clinical review of us cases 2012-2015. | this review highlights clinical features of the increasing cases of acute flaccid paralysis associated with anterior myelitis noted in the united states from 2012 to 2015. acute flaccid myelitis refers to acute flaccid limb weakness with spinal cord gray matter lesions on imaging or evidence of spinal cord motor neuron injury on electrodiagnostic testing. although some individuals demonstrated improvement in motor weakness and functional deficits, most have residual weakness a year or more after ... | 2016 | 27422805 |
| the emergence of enterovirus-d68. | enterovirus-d68 (ev-d68) is a unique enterovirus, similar to human rhinoviruses, spread via the respiratory route and primarily causing respiratory disease. increasing clusters of ev-d68 associated respiratory disease have been reported since 2008, with the largest reported outbreak occurring in north america in 2014. epidemiologic data and biological plausibility support an association of ev-d68 with the neurologic condition, acute flaccid myelitis. diagnosis requires ev-d68 specific pcr or vir ... | 2016 | 27337448 |
| isolation of an enterovirus d68 from blood from a child with pneumonia in rural haiti: close phylogenetic linkage with new york strain. | we report the detection and isolation of enterovirus d68 from the blood of a 6-year-old child in rural haiti, who presented with high fever and clinical signs suggestive of pneumonia. on phylogenetic analysis, this haitian isolate was virtually identical to an enterovirus d68 strain circulating in new york during the same time period. | 2016 | 27331858 |
| [community acquired acute respiratory infections caused by enterovirus d68 (ev-d68)]. | | 2017 | 27321712 |
| acute flaccid myelitis in the united states, august-december 2014: results of nationwide surveillance. | during late summer/fall 2014, pediatric cases of acute flaccid myelitis (afm) occurred in the united states, coincident with a national outbreak of enterovirus d68 (ev-d68)-associated severe respiratory illness. | 2016 | 27318332 |