| the microfilaria of brugia timori (partono et al. 1977 = timor microfilaria, david and edeson, 1964): morphologic description with comparison to brugia malayi of indonesia. | the microfilaria of brugia timori was compared with microfilariae of indonesian strains of periodic and subperiodic brugia malayi using alcohol-fixed (stained) and formalin-fixed (unstained) preparations. as noted by other observers of the timor microfilaria, the absence of a stained sheath in giemsa preparations, a long cephalic space with a length-to-width ratio of about 3:1, and a great overall body length are features which most readily distinguish this parasite. additionally, b. timori has ... | 1977 | 22593 |
| experimental brugia timori and wuchereria bancrofti infections in certain species of mosquitoes. | laboratory reared aedes aegypti (black eye and jakarta strains), aedes togoi, (taiwan), aedes albopictus, (jakarta), wild caught anopheles barbirostris, (java) and mansonia uniformis, (jakarta) were fed on a carrier with mixed infection of brugia timori and wuchereria bancrofti. b. timori and w. bancrofti were able to develop in a. aegypti (black eye) and a. togoi, with development proceeding more rapidly for of b. timori than w. bancrofti. both species of parasites were readily distinguishable ... | 1977 | 24275 |
| human filariae in indonesia. | the distribution of human filariae in indonesia has not changed significantly since initial reports of the disease were made in 1928. wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi are widely distributed but the newly described brugia timori appears to be restricted to the lesser sunda islands. w. bancrofti and b. timori in indonesia are nocturnally periodic and b. malayi has nocturnally periodic and b. malayi has nocturnally periodic and nocturnally subperiodic strains. | 1978 | 360410 |
| distribution and prevalence of cases of microfilaraemia in indonesia. | blood smear surveys were conducted in principal villages on the major islands of indonesia to determine the microfilarial rates presently existing in the populations. a total of 163,454 persons were examined and 10.8 percent found positive for microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi or brugia timori. the highest prevalence rates were found in nusatenggara-maluku-irian jaya (15.5%) followed by sulawesi (13.7%) kalimantan (10.8%) sumatera (8.9%) and jawa and bali (1.7%). many areas en ... | 1978 | 375405 |
| microfilarial periodicity analysis of the survey data from six localities in indonesia. | the survey data of microfilarial periodicity of 2 species of filariae brugia malayi at 4 localities, mahang and lampihong in south kalimantan, bengkulu in south sumatra, palolo in central sulwesi, and the species of brugia timori at 2 localities, flores and alor islands in nusa tenggara were analysed by using aikat and das's modified statistical method. nine cases at mahang and five cases at lampihong were recognized as same group of non-periodic b. malayi and 1 case at mahang was considered to ... | 1979 | 483016 |
| a simple method to control brugia timori by diethylcarbamazine administration. | the results of mass treatment using 50 mg diethylcarbamazine per kg body-weight followed one year later by short term selective re-treatment in a highly endemic area of brugia timori are described. the criteria for selection of re-treatment are simple and practical for use in rural areas. the microfilaria rate by finger prick decreased from 24% to 0 and by nuclepore filtration from 30% to 2.5%. the disease rates were also affected favourably. 88% of persons receiving the drug reacted to treatmen ... | 1979 | 531906 |
| epidemiological and clinical features of brugia timori in a newly established village. karakuak, west flores, indonesia. | the epidemiological and clinical features of brugia timori filariasis in a newly established village, karakuak, west flores, is described. the microfilarial rate by finger stick and nuclepore filtration was 24% and 30%, respectively, and the disease rate 64%. infected persons were found in every family and household with no predominant age or sex preference. development of elephantiasis in the population was associated with residence in the new village of karakuak, where extensive rice field cul ... | 1978 | 717635 |
| clinical features of timorian filariasis among immigrants to an endemic area in west flores, indonesia. | fifty-nine persons, who immigrated into a brugia timori endemic area from non-filarial areas on the island of flores, indonesia were examined for filariasis after residing in the village for 2 to 10 years. six persons had b. timori microfilaremia and 31 had filarial disease. the disease seems to affect immigrants from non-filarial areas severely within a relatively short period. among those residing in the village, for 2 years, the microfilaria rate was 5% and the elephantiasis rate 21%. selecti ... | 1978 | 749223 |
| brugia timori sp. n. (nematoda: filarioidea) from flores island, indonesia. | brugia timori sp. n. from experimentally-infected mongolian jirds (meriones unguiculatus) is described. the adult male differs from other brugia species, except brugia malayi, in having a spicular ratio of 3 : 1; it differs from b. malayi in having greater numbers of subventral adanal papillae (up to 5 on each side) that are loosely spaced and irregularly positioned about the cloaca, a greater diameter of the capitulum of the left spicule, greater lengths of the proximal- and midsections of the ... | 1977 | 864573 |
| brugia timori: experimental infection in some laboratory animals. | experimental infection with brugia timori of 7 jirds (merionesunguiculatus), 4 cats and 2 monkeys (macaca fascicularis) is described. although no microfilariae were detected by examining 20 microliter samples of tail blood of jirds, adult worms were recovered from 6 of the 7 jirds at autopsy 69-141 days following infection. some worms were gravid and microfilariae were found in visceral blood of 2 animals. the adult recovery rate in jirds was 16%; the male to female ratio was 1:3. in cats patent ... | 1977 | 918709 |
| secreted and circulating antigens of the filarial parasite brugia pahangi: analysis of in vitro released components and detection of parasite products in vivo. | a range of excretory-secretory (es) antigens have been characterised following in vitro culture of adult brugia pahangi filarial nematodes in serum-free medium. analysis by radioiodination, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunoprecipitation of purified macromolecules with antibodies from human and experimental animal infections reveals both host and parasite components. two host molecules appear by molecular weight and immunoprecipitation analysis to be immunoglob ... | 1985 | 2417115 |
| towards a filariasis-free community: evaluation of filariasis control over an eleven year period in flores, indonesia. | a population of 202 residents in an area endemic for brugia timori lymphatic filariasis was treated in a diethylcarbamazine control programme commencing in 1977. all individuals were treated twice with diethylcarbamazine on a mass basis with additional selected treatment for cases with manifestations of infection. clinical features of lymphatic filariasis were recorded annually until 1982, and the population re-assessed in 1988, six years after the completion of chemotherapy. microfilarial count ... | 1989 | 2617653 |
| filariases. | it is apparent that there are many similarities among the various filariae. besides a common life cycle, with an arthropod vector and human hosts, there are similarities in the diseases that they produce. this clinical picture takes one of two main courses: (1) characteristic disease produced by the presence of adult nematodes in their target tissue, which distinguishes typical cases for each of the filariae, and (2) the systemic hypersensitivity reactions to the circulating microfilaria, which ... | 1989 | 2670375 |
| epidemiology of lymphatic filariasis. | human lymphatic filariasis is caused mainly by wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi and brugia timori. of the estimated 90.2 million people infected, more than 90% have bancroftian and less than 10% brugian filariasis. the distribution and transmission of the disease are closely associated with socioeconomic and behavioural factors in endemic populations. urban w. bancrofti infection, as seen in south-east asia, is related to poor urban sanitation, which leads to intense breeding of culex quiquef ... | 1987 | 2885159 |
| efficacy of diethylcarbamazine in eradicating infection with lymphatic-dwelling filariae in humans. | diethylcarbamazine (dec) is an effective microfilaricidal drug against wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, and brugia timori--the three lymphatic-dwelling filariae infecting humans. however, effectiveness in killing the adult stage of these parasites has been more difficult to establish. the present review of available evidence from the literature suggests that: (1) in addition to being a microfilaricidal agent, dec in conventional dosages effectively kills adult worms of these three parasites ... | 1985 | 3895352 |
| the long term effects of repeated diethylcarbamazine administration with special reference to microfilaraemia and elephantiasis. | the result of mass treatment with 50 mg diethylcarbamazine (dec) per kg body weight followed by two annual selective retreatments in an area highly endemic for brugia timori infections are described. the criteria for selective re-treatment are simple and practical for use in rural areas. an education programme was developed which focused on describing the relationship between adenolymphangitis and filarial infections, the danger of repeated attacks and the efficiency of dec in eliminating these ... | 1981 | 6118029 |
| selective primary health care: strategies for the control of disease in the developing world. vii. filariasis. | at least 250 million people throughout the world are infected with filariae, and the number of such persons is increasing. three species infect humans: wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, and brugia timori. the peak of microfilarial density in the blood usually occurs nocturnally. transmission of filariasis is remarkably inefficient. in an endemic area, approximately 100,000 mosquito bites yearly are required for production of each new case of microfilaremia. only a small proportion of those in ... | 1983 | 6138844 |
| low dosage diethylcarbamazine administered by villagers for the control of timorian filariasis. | the results of mass treatment using low dosage diethylcarbamazine (dec) in three small villages in west flores, indonesia, endemic for brugia timori are described. dec was distributed on a weekly basis by motivated persons in the community to nearly all villagers for 18 months. an educational programme was developed which focused on describing the relationship between microfilaraemia, vector and disease manifestations, the danger of repeated attacks of adenolymphangitis, and the efficiency of de ... | 1984 | 6380025 |
| antigenic analysis of brugia timori, a filarial nematode of man: initial characterization by surface radioiodination and evaluation of diagnostic potential. | the antigenic composition of brugia timori has been investigated with surface labelling techniques and defined sets of parasite molecules have been identified on infective larvae, adult worms and microfilariae. iodinated preparations from all three stages were assessed for immunodiagnostic potential with a small number of serum samples from human filariasis patients. in these tests, reaction with infective larval antigen was the clearest indicator of infection. reactivity to microfilarial antige ... | 1983 | 6839543 |
| an immunodominant antigen of brugia malayi is an asparaginyl-trna synthetase. | lymphatic filariasis is caused by infection with the filarial nematodes brugia malayi, brugia timori, wuchereria bancrofti and onchocerca volvulus which collectively infect about 200 million persons throughout the world. protein sequence homology analysis of a major nematode antigen suggested that it was a class ii aminoacyl-trna synthetase. the overproduction, purification and verification that the major b. malayi antigen is an asparaginyl-trna synthetase is described. | 1995 | 7589498 |
| the use of monoclonal antibodies in the detection of circulating antigens in malayan filariasis. | wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi and brugia timori are the causative agents of lymphatic filariasis in indonesia but in some endemic areas, b malayi is more commonly found. diagnosis of filariasis is normally based on clinical, parasitological and immunological examinations but those methods have limitations. the discovery of monoclonal antibodies is expected to provide a new dimension to the efforts in the development of specific and sensitive immunological tests for the various stages of fi ... | 1993 | 7973941 |
| dig-elisa test in onchocerciasis. serum antibodies and probability of infection. | an immunoenzymatic test (dig-elisa) was serologically evaluated for the serodiagnosis of onchocerciasis. control and infected sera from the onchocerciasis endemic area of mexico was collected and the donors assessed for onchocerciasis according to parasitological, clinical, and epidemiological data. the sera were submitted to the dig-elisa test using a crude extract prepared from o. volvulus adult worms which had been preserved in nodules in 67% glycerol. the test showed a 100% sensitivity with ... | 1993 | 8118159 |
| [views on the municipalization of lymphatic filariasis control in greater metropolitan recife]. | lymphatic filariasis is caused by the nematodes brugia malayi, brugia timori, and wuchereria bancrofti. the disease occurs in developing countries and is more frequent in urban areas. an estimated 4 billion people live in at-risk areas. in brazil the endemic is caused by w. bancrofti and was first documented in 1878. it was first detected in recife in 1952. currently, recife and belém are the only cities in brazil where the endemic is considered a public health problem. the objectives of this st ... | 1999 | 10203460 |
| [the control of lymphatic filariasis]. | recent advances in the diagnosis, treatment, and pathophysiology of lymphatic filariasis have raised hopes for eradication. development of an easy-to-use, rapid-format diagnostic tool has facilitated precise location of infectious zones thus allowing quick intervention. two new drugs, i.e., ivermectin and albendazole, have been shown to be highly effective in the management of microfilariasis due to wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, and brugia timori thus greatly expanding a therapeutic arsen ... | 2000 | 11258066 |
| current usage of nomenclature for parasitic diseases, with special reference to those involving arthropods. | terminological confusion has been aggravated by efforts to develop a standardized nomenclature for parasitic diseases (snopad) arising from the proposal by kassai et al., 1988) for a standardized nomenclature of animal diseases (snoapad). to restabilize international nomenclature of parasitic diseases it is recommended that, whenever appropriate, names should follow the 'international nomenclature of diseases' (ind) compiled by the council for international organizations for medical sciences (ci ... | 2001 | 11434544 |
| high prevalence of brugia timori infection in the highland of alor island, indonesia. | to identify areas endemic for brugia timori infection, a field survey was carried out in 2001 on alor, east nusa tenggara timor, indonesia. elephantiasis was reported on this island by villagers as a major health problem. bancroftian filariasis was detected in four villages in the coastal area, whereas b. timori was identified in four rice-farming villages. no mixed infections with both species were found. in the highland village mainang (elevation = 880 m), 586 individuals were examined for b. ... | 2002 | 12201590 |
| treatment of brugia timori and wuchereria bancrofti infections in indonesia using dec or a combination of dec and albendazole: adverse reactions and short-term effects on microfilariae. | filariasis caused by brugia timori and wuchereria bancrofti is an important public health problem on alor island, east nusa tenggara, indonesia. to implement a control programme, adverse reactions and short-term effects on the microfilaria (mf) density were studied following a divided dose of diethylcarbamazine (dec, 6 mg/kg body weight - 100 mg on day 1 and the rest on day 3) or a single dose of dec (6 mg/kg body weight on day 3) and albendazole (alb, 400 mg). in order to define the most approp ... | 2002 | 12358626 |
| polymerase chain reaction-based detection of lymphatic filariasis. | pcr-based diagnostic assays are promising tools for the monitoring and evaluation of the global programme for elimination of lymphatic filariasis. sensitive and specific assays have been described for the detection of wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, or brugia timori infection in blood, sputum, and vectors. these techniques can be most cost-effective when employed for pool screening, which is important in the later stages of control programs when infection rates of humans and vectors are low ... | 2003 | 12592557 |
| pcr-based detection and identification of the filarial parasite brugia timori from alor island, indonesia. | brugia timori is widely distributed on alor island, indonesia, where it causes a high degree of morbidity. the hhai tandem repeat of b. timori was found to be identical to that of b. malayi, for which sensitive pcr-based assays have already been developed. using one of these assays, a single microfilaria (mf) of b. timori, present in a spot of dry blood on filter paper, could be detected. the assay was equally sensitive in the detection of b. timori and b. malayi. when the collected mosquitoes w ... | 2002 | 12625936 |
| detection of filaria-specific igg4 antibodies using brugia rapid test in individuals from an area highly endemic for brugia timori. | the filarial parasite brugia timori is of great public health importance in some islands of eastern indonesia. to establish a simple serological test for the identification and post-treatment monitoring of areas endemic for b. timori, a rapid immunochromatographic dipstick test (brugia rapid, br) was evaluated on microfilaraemic and amicrofilaraemic individuals. this test is based on the detection of anti-filarial igg4 antibodies that react with a recombinant brugia malayi antigen (bmr1). in our ... | 2004 | 15099812 |
| lymphatic filariasis and brugia timori: prospects for elimination. | brugia timori is a pathogenic filarial nematode of humans, replacing the closely related species brugia malayi on some islands in eastern indonesia. recent studies on alor island show that, locally, b. timori is still of great public health importance, causing mainly acute filarial fever and chronic lymphedema. pcr-based assays to detect parasite dna, in addition to assays for detecting specific antibodies that have been originally developed for b. malayi, can be used efficiently as diagnostic t ... | 2004 | 15246315 |
| long-lasting reduction of brugia timori microfilariae following a single dose of diethylcarbamazine combined with albendazole. | the long-term effect of a single oral dose of 6 mg/kg bodyweight of diethylcarbamazine (dec) combined with 400 mg albendazole (alb) on the microfilariae (mf) of the lymphatic filarial parasite brugia timori was studied on alor island, indonesia from april 2001 to april 2002. before treatment the geometric mean of the mf density in 96 infected study subjects was 150 mf/ml night blood (range 1-5696 mf/ml). one year after treatment 69 subjects (72%) were mf-negative and the overall geometric mean m ... | 2003 | 15259479 |
| homologs of the brugia malayi diagnostic antigen bmr1 are present in other filarial parasites but induce different humoral immune responses. | background: the recombinant antigen bmr1 has been extensively employed in both elisa and immunochromatographic rapid dipstick (brugia rapid) formats for the specific and sensitive detection of igg4 antibodies against the lymphatic filarial parasites brugia malayi and brugia timori. in sera of individuals infected with wuchereria bancrofti the igg4 reactivity to bmr1 is variable, and cross-reactivity of sera from individuals infected with onchocerca volvulus or loa loa was observed only in single ... | 2004 | 15627400 |
| detection of filaria-specific igg4 antibodies and filarial dna, for the screening of blood spots for brugia timori. | the establishment of simple, sensitive and specific tools for the diagnosis of brugian lymphatic filariasis is a prerequisite for a successful intervention to control the disease. in the simple and rapid brugia rapid (br) test, an immunochromatographic dipstick is used to detect igg(4) antibodies that are reactive with a recombinant brugia malayi antigen. when sera from 109 individuals with brugia microfilaraemias (12 with b. malayi and 97 with b. timori) were investigated using the br test, all ... | 2005 | 15701256 |
| impact of two rounds of mass drug administration using diethylcarbamazine combined with albendazole on the prevalence of brugia timori and of intestinal helminths on alor island, indonesia. | annual mass drug administration (mda) using diethylcarbamizine (dec, 6 mg/kg) combined with albendazole (alb, 400 mg) is recommended by the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (gpelf). this strategy has been shown to be efficient in the of control bancroftian filariasis, but data on brugian filariasis as well as on the positive side effects on intestinal helminths are lacking. | 2005 | 16014169 |
| using knowledge, attitudes and practice (kap) surveys on lymphatic filariasis to prepare a health promotion campaign for mass drug administration in alor district, indonesia. | we report the results of two surveys of people's knowledge, attitudes and practices (kap) regarding lymphatic filariasis (lf) in alor district, eastern indonesia. the results of the surveys were used to prepare and evaluate the social mobilization component of a pilot mass drug administration (mda) in five villages. in the study area, the filarial parasites brugia timori and wuchereria bancrofti are highly endemic. frequent and severe adverse reactions after mda may occur especially in areas end ... | 2006 | 17054754 |
| mosquito infection responses to developing filarial worms. | human lymphatic filariasis is a mosquito-vectored disease caused by the nematode parasites wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi and brugia timori. these are relatively large roundworms that can cause considerable damage in compatible mosquito vectors. in order to assess how mosquitoes respond to infection in compatible mosquito-filarial worm associations, microarray analysis was used to evaluate transcriptome changes in aedes aegypti at various times during b. malayi development. changes in trans ... | 2009 | 19823571 |
| elimination of lymphatic filariasis in southeast asia. | approximately 15 million people with lymphatic filariasis (lf) live in southeast asia. wuchereria bancrofti (transmitted by the mansonia and anopheles vectors), brugia malayi and brugia timori (both transmitted by culex quinquefasciatus) are the filarial species in this region. the endemic countries are: cambodia, lao people's democratic republic, the philippines, indonesia, thailand and timor-leste, which have all agreed to eliminate transmission of the disease by 2020. the public health interv ... | 2010 | 20624533 |
| towards novel antifilarial drugs: challenges and recent developments. | filariasis is caused by thread-like nematode worms, classified according to their presence in the vertebrate host. the cutaneous group includes onchocerca volvulus, loa loa and mansonella streptocerca; the lymphatic group includes wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi and brugia timori and the body cavity group includes mansonella perstans and mansonella ozzardi. lymphatic filariasis, a mosquito-borne disease, is one of the most prevalent diseases in tropical and subtropical countries and is accom ... | 2010 | 21426193 |
| progress toward elimination of lymphatic filariasis --- togo, 2000--2009. | lymphatic filariasis (lf) is a disabling, mosquito-borne disease of humans caused by the parasitic filarial nematodes wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, and brugia timori. in 2000, the global program to eliminate lf (gpelf) was established with the objective of eliminating lf as a public health problem by 2020. at that time, 80 countries had ongoing transmission, with an estimated 1.34 billion persons at risk for infection and 120 million infected. this report describes the lf elimination prog ... | 2011 | 21796097 |
| filamentation temperature-sensitive protein z (ftsz) of wolbachia, endosymbiont of wuchereria bancrofti: a potential target for anti-filarial chemotherapy. | lymphatic filariasis (lf) is a leading cause of morbidity in the tropical world. it is caused by the filarial parasites wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi and brugia timori and transmitted by vector mosquitoes. currently a programme for the elimination of lf, global programme for elimination of lymphatic filariasis (gpelf), is underway with the strategy of mass administration of single dose of diethylcarbamazine or ivermectin, in combination with an anthelmintic drug, albendazole. however, anti ... | 2012 | 23262214 |
| inter and intra-specific diversity of parasites that cause lymphatic filariasis. | lymphatic filariasis is caused by three closely related nematode parasites: wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi and brugia timori. these species have many ecological variants that differ in several aspects of their biology such as mosquito vector species, host range, periodicity, and morphology. although the genome of b. malayi (the first genome sequenced from a parasitic nematode) has been available for more than five years, very little is known about genetic variability among the lymphatic dwe ... | 2012 | 23201850 |
| molecular epidemiology, phylogeny and evolution of the filarial nematode wuchereria bancrofti. | wuchereria bancrofti (wb) is the most widely distributed of the three nematodes known to cause lymphatic filariasis (lf), the other two being brugia malayi and brugia timori. current tools available to monitor lf are limited to diagnostic tests targeting dna repeats, filarial antigens, and anti-filarial antibodies. while these tools are useful for detection and surveillance, elimination programs have yet to take full advantage of molecular typing for inferring infection history, strain fingerpri ... | 2014 | 25176600 |
| human leukocytes kill brugia malayi microfilariae independently of dna-based extracellular trap release. | wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi and brugia timori infect over 100 million people worldwide and are the causative agents of lymphatic filariasis. some parasite carriers are amicrofilaremic whilst others facilitate mosquito-based disease transmission through blood-circulating microfilariae (mf). recent findings, obtained largely from animal model systems, suggest that polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmns) contribute to parasitic nematode-directed type 2 immune responses. when exposed to certain ... | 2017 | 28045905 |
| filariasis in mandible and maxilla: a rare entity-first report of a case. | wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, and brugia timori, categorized as nematodes, are responsible for causing lymphatic filariasis. even though it can affect individuals of all age groups and both genders, it predominantly affects people of low socioeconomic strata. the filarial worms dwell in the subcutaneous tissues and lymphatics of human hosts. in india, w bancrofti is the primary nematode to cause filariasis, which is transmitted through the bite of blood-sucking infected female anopheles m ... | 2017 | 27875706 |
| "filarial dance sign" real-time ultrasound diagnosis of filarial oophoritis. | filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by filarial nematodes (wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, and brugia timori) that commonly causes lymphatic obstruction resulting in edema and increase in the size of the affected organ. filariasis is diagnosed by identifying microfilariae on giemsa stain. the immunochromatographic card test is diagnostic. ultrasound is the imaging modality of choice for detecting adult filarial worms/microfilaria in the lymphatic system, which are responsible for the c ... | 2016 | 27130361 |
| insights into the structure-function relationship of brugia malayi thymidylate kinase (bmtmk). | lymphatic filariasis is a debilitating disease caused by lymph dwelling nematodal parasites like wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi and brugia timori. thymidylate kinase of b. malayi is a key enzyme in the de novo and salvage pathways for thymidine 5'-triphosphate (dttp) synthesis. therefore, b. malayi thymidylate kinase (bmtmk) is an essential enzyme for dna biosynthesis and an important drug target to rein in filariasis. in the present study, the structural and functional changes associated w ... | 2016 | 27044348 |
| in search of a potential diagnostic tool for molecular characterization of lymphatic filariasis. | lymphatic filariasis (lf) is a chronic disease and is caused by the parasites wuchereria bancrofti (w. bancrofti), brugia malayi (b. malayi) and brugia timori (b. timori). in the present study, setaria cervi (s. cervi), a bovine filarial parasite has been used. previously, it has been reported that the s. cervi shares some common proteins and antigenic determinants with that of human filarial parasite. the larval stages of filarial species usually cannot be identified by classical morphology. he ... | 2016 | 26751881 |
| a bibliometric profile of lymphatic filariasis research in india. | tropical and vector borne diseases have always been a challenge for the medical science and society and exerted high impact on society in terms of financial, economical and psychological relevance. lymphatic filariasis (lf) is one of the tropical diseases which is prevalent in under developing and developed countries. the objective of this study is to analyze the literature published in the area of filariasis research. the focus is to see the indian contribution and its impact in terms of global ... | 2015 | 25815870 |
| effect of cdnb on filarial thioredoxin reductase : a proteomic and biochemical approach. | thioredoxin reductase plays a crucial role in the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis. in this study, we have targeted trxr in setaria cervi, a bovine filarial parasite using its inhibitor cdnb. it caused significant decrease in the motility and viability of these parasites leading to their death. inhibition of trxr leads to the downregulation of the antioxidant system followed by generation of oxidative stress in these parasites. the increased ros level induced lipid peroxidation and prot ... | 2015 | 25463268 |
| single molecule sequencing and genome assembly of a clinical specimen of loa loa, the causative agent of loiasis. | more than 20% of the world's population is at risk for infection by filarial nematodes and >180 million people worldwide are already infected. along with infection comes significant morbidity that has a socioeconomic impact. the eight filarial nematodes that infect humans are wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, brugia timori, onchocerca volvulus, loa loa, mansonella perstans, mansonella streptocerca, and mansonella ozzardi, of which three have published draft genome sequences. since all have hu ... | 2014 | 25217238 |
| virtual screening of traditional chinese medicine (tcm) database: identification of fragment-like lead molecules for filariasis target asparaginyl-trna synthetase. | lymphatic filariasis (lf) is a vector borne infectious disease caused by the nematode wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, and brugia timori. over 120 million people are affected by lf in the world, of which two-thirds are in asia. the infection restricts the normal flow of lymph from the infected area resulting in swelling of the extremities and causing permanent disability. as the available drugs for the treatment of lf are becoming ineffective due to the development of resistance, there is an ... | 2014 | 24842326 |
| lymphoscintigraphy in unilateral lower limb and scrotal lymphedema caused by filariasis. | lymphedema is the edema that results from chronic lymphatic insufficiency. lymphatic filariasis is caused by the filarial nematodes wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, and brugia timori. lymphatic filariasis is common in tropical and subtropical regions. early diagnosis and prompt therapy can be implemented using lymphoscintigraphy. our patient is a 15-year-old boy presenting with a 3-month history of hydrocele. the patient was referred to us to rule out any lower limb lymphatic obstruction as ... | 2012 | 23222136 |
| impact of six rounds of mass drug administration on brugian filariasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections in eastern indonesia. | the lymphatic filarial parasite brugia timori occurs only in eastern indonesia where it causes high morbidity. the absence of an animal reservoir, the inefficient transmission by anopheles mosquitoes and the high sensitivity to dec/albendazole treatment make this species a prime candidate for elimination by mass drug administration (mda). | 2013 | 24349595 |
| regulatory t cells in human lymphatic filariasis: stronger functional activity in microfilaremics. | infection with filarial parasites is associated with t cell hyporesponsiveness, which is thought to be partly mediated by their ability to induce regulatory t cells (tregs) during human infections. this study investigates the functional capacity of tregs from different groups of filarial patients to suppress filaria-specific immune responses during human filariasis. microfilaremic (mf), chronic pathology (cp) and uninfected endemic normal (en) individuals were selected in an area endemic for bru ... | 2012 | 22666510 |
| immunoprophylaxis of multi-antigen peptide (map) vaccine for human lymphatic filariasis. | human lymphatic filariasis, the parasitic disease caused by the filarial nematodes wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, and brugia timori, is ranked as the second most complex clinical condition leading to permanent and long-term disability. the multiple antigen peptide (map) approach is an effective method to chemically synthesize and deliver multiple t and b cell epitopes as the constituents of a single immunogen. here, we report on the design, chemical synthesis, and immunoprophylaxis of thre ... | 2017 | 28432603 |
| examining the role of macrolides and host immunity in combatting filarial parasites. | macrocyclic lactones (mls), specifically the avermectins and milbemycins, are known for their effectiveness against a broad spectrum of disease-causing nematodes and arthropods in humans and animals. in most nematodes, drugs in this class induce paralysis, resulting in starvation, impaired ability to remain associated with their anatomical environment, and death of all life stages. initially, this was also thought to be the ml mode of action against filarial nematodes, but researchers have not b ... | 2017 | 28410595 |