| isolation and characterization of a new simian t-cell leukemia virus type 1 from naturally infected celebes macaques (macaca tonkeana): complete nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic relationship with the australo-melanesian human t-cell leukemia virus type 1. | a study of simian t-cell leukemia virus type 1 (stlv-1) infection in a captive colony of 23 macaca tonkeana macaques indicated that 17 animals had high human t-cell leukemia virus type 1 (htlv-1) antibody titers. genealogical analysis suggested mainly a mother-to-offspring transmission of this stlv-1. three long-term t-cell lines, established from peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures from three stlv-1-seropositive monkeys, produced htlv-1 gag and env antigens and retroviral particles. the ... | 1995 | 7474117 |
| length polymorphism of a microsatellite in human and non human primates. | microsatellites are tandem repeats of short sequences elements (most often ca repeats) interspersed in many genomes and which frequently show multiallele polymorphism. they have proved invaluable for genomic mapping in man and other species and may be used for evolutionary studies provided that the available primers can be used in different species. the dystrophin gene, which shows high sequence conservation between man, rodents and chicken contains such polymorphic ca repeats. using the oligonu ... | 1994 | 7882159 |
| hematologic and plasma biochemical values for tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana). | hematologic and serum biochemical parameters were measured in 29 captive tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana) to provide normative reference values for the species. mean normal values and ranges were close to those reported in other species of macaques. some significant variations related to age and sex were found. | 2000 | 10982129 |
| detection by pcr and isolation assays of the anaerobic intestinal spirochete brachyspira aalborgi from the feces of captive nonhuman primates. | the purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of the anaerobic intestinal spirochetes brachyspira aalborgi and brachyspira pilosicoli in the feces of captive nonhuman primates (n = 35) from 19 species housed at the zoological gardens, perth, western australia. both spirochete species are known to infect human beings. dna was extracted from freshly collected feces with a commercially available qiaamp dna stool minikit and subjected to pcr protocols amplifying portions of the 16s rrna ... | 2003 | 12624050 |
| high simian t-cell leukemia virus type 1 proviral loads combined with genetic stability as a result of cell-associated provirus replication in naturally infected, asymptomatic monkeys. | simian t-cell leukemia virus type 1 (stlv-1) is a primate t cell leukemia virus of the group of oncogenic delta retroviruses. sharing a high level of genetic homology with human t cell leukemia virus type 1 (htlv-1), it is etiologically linked to the development of simian t cell malignancies that closely resemble htlv-1 associated leukemias and lymphomas and might thus constitute an interesting model of study. the precise nature of stlv-1 replication in vivo remains unknown. the stlv-1 circulati ... | 2003 | 12925959 |
| tool-use learning in tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana). | the transmission of tool use is a rare event in monkeys. such an event arose in a group of semi-free-ranging tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana) in which leaning a pole against the park's fence (branch leaning) appeared and spread to several males. this prompted us to test individual and social learning of this behavior in seven young males. in the first experiment, three males learned individually to obtain a food reward using a wooden pole as a climbing tool. they began using the pole to retrie ... | 2005 | 15449102 |
| modes of transmission and genetic diversity of foamy viruses in a macaca tonkeana colony. | background: foamy viruses are exogenous complex retroviruses that are highly endemic in several animal species, including monkeys and apes, where they cause persistent infection. simian foamy viral (sfv) infection has been reported in few persons occupationally exposed to non-human primates (nhp) in zoos, primate centers and laboratories, and recently in few hunters from central africa. most of the epidemiological works performed among nhp populations concern cross-sectional studies without long ... | 2006 | 16608518 |
| seroprevalence of sv40-like polyomavirus infections in captive and free-ranging macaque species. | to investigate the seroprevalence of polyomavirus infections in macaques, we analyzed 1579 sera from nine different species for antibodies cross-reactive with simian virus 40 (sv40) in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. most samples were collected from captive animals, but we also investigated a colony of free-ranging barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus). | 2008 | 18194222 |
| conserving social-ecological systems in indonesia: human-nonhuman primate interconnections in bali and sulawesi. | an important question asked by primatologists and conservationists alike is: what is the relevance of primates and primate conservation for ecosystem conservation? the goal of this article is to contribute to this dialogue by advocating the use of a research perspective that focuses on the dynamics of human-nonhuman primate sympatry and interaction (i.e., ethnoprimatology) in order to better understand complex social-ecological systems and to inform their conservation management. this perspectiv ... | 2011 | 21104876 |
| can monkeys make investments based on maximized pay-off? | animals can maximize benefits but it is not known if they adjust their investment according to expected pay-offs. we investigated whether monkeys can use different investment strategies in an exchange task. we tested eight capuchin monkeys (cebus apella) and thirteen macaques (macaca fascicularis, macaca tonkeana) in an experiment where they could adapt their investment to the food amounts proposed by two different experimenters. one, the doubling partner, returned a reward that was twice the am ... | 2011 | 21423777 |
| first case of peritoneal cysticercosis in a non-human primate host (macaca tonkeana) due to taenia martis. | infections with larval stages (metacestodes) of a variety of taeniid species have been described in primates, including humans, with partial to severe clinical consequences. taenia martis is a tapeworm of mustelids, and martens are mainly their definitive hosts in central europe. in the rodent intermediate host cysticerci develop in the pleural and peritoneal cavities. the present report describes a case of t. martis peritoneal cysticercosis in a tonkean macaque. | 2014 | 25189669 |
| the evolution of "egalitarian" and "despotic" social systems among macaques. | recent studies of captive macaques have revealed considerable inter-species differences in dominance styles among females. in "egalitarian" species such as stumptail (macaca arctoides) or tonkean macaques (m. tonkeana), social interactions are more symmetrical and less kin-biased than in "despotic" species such as japanese (m. fuscata) or rhesus macaques (m. mulatta). field observations of moor macaques (m. maurus), close relatives of tonkean macaques, suggest that tolerance during feeding chara ... | 1999 | 23179529 |
| postsacral vertebral morphology in relation to tail length among primates and other mammals. | tail reduction/loss independently evolved in a number of mammalian lineages, including hominoid primates. one prerequisite to appropriately contextualizing its occurrence and understanding its significance is the ability to track evolutionary changes in tail length throughout the fossil record. however, to date, the bony correlates of tail length variation among living taxa have not been comprehensively examined. this study quantifies postsacral vertebral morphology among living primates and oth ... | 2015 | 25132483 |
| social development in three species of macaque (macaca mulatta , m. fascicularis , m. tonkeana ): a preliminary report on the first ten weeks of life. | the development of social relations was studied in 11 infant monkeys over the first ten weeks of life : 5 subjects in a rhesus macaque group (macaca mulatta ), 3 in a long-tailed macaque group (m. fascicularis ) and 3 in a tonkean macaque group (m. tonkeana ). tonkean infants were found to interact with many different group members because of the permissiveness of their mothers, while social contacts of rhesus and long-tailed infants are less varied due to the restrictiveness of their mothers. t ... | 1985 | 24924364 |
| [cytogenetic study of macaca tonkeana]. | a cytogenetic study of macaca tonkeana shows that this species has a karyotype identical with that of macaca fascicularis although there are sufficient morphological and ecoethological differences for the taxidermists to place these animals into two different species. | 1982 | 6220778 |
| mimic me while playing! social tolerance and rapid facial mimicry in macaques (macaca tonkeana and macaca fuscata). | social play and tolerance are positively correlated and playful signals are more freely expressed in egalitarian than in despotic species. macaque species are organized along a continuum from intolerant to tolerant social systems and, for this reason, they are good models to test some hypotheses about the possible linkage between communication and tolerance. we compared facial playful communication in 2 macaque species at opposite ends of the continuum: despotic japanese macaques, macaca fuscata ... | 2016 | 27078077 |
| inferences about food location in three cercopithecine species: an insight into the socioecological cognition of primates. | many animal species use a variety of cognitive strategies to locate food resources. one strategy is to make inferences by exclusion, i.e., perceiving the absence of reward as a cue that another location should be investigated. the use of such advanced cognitive strategies may be more prominent in species that are known to frequently solve social challenges, and inferential reasoning has mainly been investigated in social species such as corvids, dogs, dolphins and non-human primates. in this pap ... | 2015 | 25697970 |
| lack of evidence that tonkean macaques understand what others can hear. | by distinguishing the attentional cues of their mates, animals can learn what part of their environment is of potential interest. however, recognizing the attentional states of others through auditory perception appears to be difficult, since these states are generally not accompanied by ostensive signals liable to reveal them. in this context, one study found that rhesus macaques withhold their action when unobserved, then concluding that they know what others can hear. we replicated this study ... | 2015 | 25120070 |
| short-term group fission processes in macaques: a social networking approach. | living in groups necessarily involves a certain amount of within-group competition for food. group members may have different motivations, implying the reaching of a consensus to stay cohesive. in some cases individuals fail to reach a common decision and the group splits; this can be temporary, as seen in fission-fusion dynamics, or even irreversible. most studies on fission-fusion dynamics published to date have focused on the influence of environmental constraints on sub-grouping patterns, bu ... | 2010 | 20348346 |
| signals use by leaders in macaca tonkeana and macaca mulatta: group-mate recruitment and behaviour monitoring. | animals living in groups have to make consensus decisions and communicate with each other about the time, or the direction, in which to move. in some species, the process relies on the proposition of a single individual, i.e. a first individual suggests a movement and the other group members decide whether or not to join this individual. in tonkean (macaca tonkeana) and rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta), it has been observed that this first individual displays specific signals at departure. in th ... | 2010 | 19597854 |
| shared or unshared consensus decision in macaques? | members of a social group have to make collective decisions in order to synchronise their activities. in a shared consensus decision, all group members can take part in the decision whereas in an unshared consensus decision, one individual, usually a dominant member of the group, takes the decision for the rest of the group. it has been suggested that the type of decision-making of a species could be influenced by its social style. to investigate this further, we studied collective movements in ... | 2008 | 18281161 |
| collective arousal when reuniting after temporary separation in tonkean macaques. | celebrations and bursts of communal joy can occur spontaneously in human communities based on mechanisms of emotional contagion. some examples of similar collective excitement have been reported in animals when they reunite or anticipate rewards, but little is known about the processes and meaning of these multiple interactions. we experimentally studied such collective arousals in two captive groups of tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana) within the context of reunions following the temporary sep ... | 2011 | 21952920 |
| monkeys fail to reciprocate in an exchange task. | exchanges form the basis of human economies. animals too can engage in reciprocal interactions but they do not barter goods like humans, which raises the question of the abilities necessary for trading to occur. previous studies have shown that non-human primates can exchange food with human partners. here, we tested the ability of brown capuchin monkeys and tonkean macaques to reciprocate in a task requiring two conspecifics to exchange tokens in order to obtain rewards from an experimenter. we ... | 2010 | 20473699 |
| ranging patterns and habitat use of sulawesi tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana) in a human-modified habitat. | the goal of this study was to investigate the ecological flexibility of tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana) by examining how they respond to human-induced habitat alteration. to do so, i observed movement patterns, forest strata use, microhabitat use, and home range use in two groups that occupied habitats with different levels of human alteration and habitat quality in lore lindu national park, sulawesi, indonesia. the group occupying the heavily altered habitat (anca) spent a significantly grea ... | 2008 | 18454452 |
| morphological variation within a macaque hybrid zone. | a hybrid zone exists between macaca tonkeana and macaca hecki (primates: cercopithecidae), centered along the tawaeli-toboli road in the narrow isthmus that connects north and central sulawesi, indonesia. the current study demonstrates morphological substructure from north to south across the hybrid zone. macaques to the northwest of the tawaeli-toboli road more closely resemble m. hecki, and macaques to the southeast of the road resemble m. tonkeana. while morphology shifted for both males and ... | 2002 | 11953944 |
| detection of antibodies to selected human pathogens among wild and pet macaques (macaca tonkeana) in sulawesi, indonesia. | human-to-primate disease transmission can potentially cause significant morbidity and mortality among wild primate populations and thus constitutes an important conservation issue. our cross-sectional study examines serological evidence of exposure to human pathogens among wild and pet macaques in sulawesi. serum samples taken from 11 pet and 15 wild macaques (macaca tonkeana) were analyzed for antibodies to a panel of viruses commonly encountered in human populations. antibodies to measles, inf ... | 2001 | 11443632 |
| confirmation and location of the hybrid zone between wild populations of macaca tonkeana and macaca hecki in central sulawesi, indonesia. | reports of hybridization between macaca tonkeana and macaca hecki were investigated in central sulawesi, indonesia. we defined sets of morphological traits that were diagnostic for m. tonkeana and m. hecki and then located an areas where animals had intermediate or mosaic features. hybridization as indicated by morphology was detected between m. tonkeana and m. hecki. the hybrid zone appeared to be strongly centered at the road that crosses the isthmus of central sulawesi from tawaeli to toboli. ... | 1997 | 9359964 |
| evidence that monkeys (macaca tonkeana and sapajus apella) read moves, but no evidence that they read goals. | whereas most experiments indicate that monkeys have no theory of mind, a study carried out by wood and collaborators (2007) claimed that they can make inferences about the intentions of another individual. we applied the experimental procedure devised by these authors to investigate whether monkeys can recognize goal-directed actions. we tested 16 tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana) and 12 tufted capuchin monkeys (sapajus apella). each subject was submitted to 24 trials in randomized order. the e ... | 2015 | 26010197 |
| do tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana) perceive what conspecifics do and do not see? | the understanding of the visual perception of others, also named visual perspective taking, is a component of theory of mind. although strong evidence of visual perspective taking has been reported in great apes, the issue is more open to discussion in monkeys. we investigated whether tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana) know what conspecifics do and do not see, using a food competition paradigm originally developed in great apes. we tested individuals in pairs, after establishing the dominance re ... | 2016 | 26925323 |
| resource partitioning in tolerant and intolerant macaques. | the clumped distribution of food resources promotes food defensibility and can lead to the monopolizing of resources by high-ranking individuals. however, the balance of power is set at different levels according to societies, meaning that resource partitioning should vary between them. this study investigates whether dominance asymmetry and resource partitioning are related in non-human primates by comparing two species with contrasting social styles, namely rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) whi ... | 2017 | 28449231 |
| normal serum biochemical and hematological values of the sulawesi macaques. | sulawesi macaque (sm) species are currently of interest to primatologists for genetic and behavioral studies world wide. however, there are no published reference hematological and serum biochemical profile values for several of the seven sm species. twenty-five clinically healthy, outdoor housed, ketamine sedated macaca tonkeana and macaca maurus were serially sampled (two to four times) over a 16-month period (n = 68). normal ranges were defined to include two standard deviations and 2.5-97.5 ... | 1995 | 7563007 |
| yawning and social styles: different functions in tolerant and despotic macaques (macaca tonkeana and macaca fuscata). | yawning is a multifunctional behavior with a role in social communication. in old world monkeys, the "tension yawn" is often used as a threat, allowing individuals to completely expose their canines. to explore the role of this phenomenon, we selected 2 closely related species-japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) and tonkean macaques (m. tonkeana)-which differ primarily in terms of their tolerance levels. japanese macaques are classified as despotic; tonkean macaques are classified as tolerant. bo ... | 2017 | 28318293 |
| fatal outbreak in tonkean macaques caused by possibly novel orthopoxvirus, italy, january 20151. | in january 2015, during a 3-week period, 12 captive tonkean macacques at a sanctuary in italy died. an orthopoxvirus infection was suspected because of negative-staining electron microscopy results. the diagnosis was confirmed by histology, virus isolation, and molecular analysis performed on different organs from all animals. an epidemiologic investigation was unable to define the infection source in the surrounding area. trapped rodents were negative by virologic testing, but specific igg was ... | 2017 | 28975882 |
| the use of the bared-teeth display during play fighting in tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana): sometimes it is all about oneself. | play signals are viewed as important means by which animals inform each other that bites, strikes, and throws that occur during play fighting are indeed playful rather than serious. one such signal is the open mouth play face that is common in primates and many other mammals. unfortunately, as most play fighting involves biting, it can be ambiguous as to whether any instance of opening the mouth is performed to communicate playful intent or is simply a preparation for biting. in this study, open ... | 2011 | 21823787 |
| from the first intention movement to the last joiner: macaques combine mimetic rules to optimize their collective decisions. | mechanisms related to collective decision making have recently been found in almost all animal reigns from amoebae to worms, insects and vertebrates, including human beings. decision-making mechanisms related to collective movements-including pre-departure and joining-have already been studied at different steps of the movement process, but these studies were always carried out separately. we therefore have no understanding of how these different processes are related when they underlie the same ... | 2010 | 21084348 |
| do tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana) tailor their gestural and visual signals to fit the attentional states of a human partner? | we tested here whether tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana), trained to produce a pointing gesture, modify their behaviour in response to different human's attentional states. more specifically, we investigated the macaque's ability to communicate intentionally about the location of an unreachable hidden food reward in several contexts which differ by the human partner's attentional state. the experimenter displayed seven attentional states differing on the basis of body, head and gaze orientation ... | 2015 | 25311803 |
| monkeys (sapajus apella and macaca tonkeana) and great apes (gorilla gorilla, pongo abelii, pan paniscus, and pan troglodytes) play for the highest bid. | many studies investigate the decisions made by animals by focusing on their attitudes toward risk, that is, risk-seeking, risk neutrality, or risk aversion. however, little attention has been paid to the extent to which individuals understand the different odds of outcomes. in a previous gambling task involving 18 different lotteries (pelé, broihanne, thierry, call, & dufour, 2014), nonhuman primates used probabilities of gains and losses to make their decision. although the use of complex mathe ... | 2019 | 30589294 |
| growth rates in a captive population of tonkean macaques. | measuring variations in body mass is necessary to gain a deeper understanding of the evolution of life-history patterns, and it provides information on the timing of sexual maturity and the development of sexual dimorphism. in this study, we collected longitudinal data on body mass from infancy to adulthood in a captive population of tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana). tests to evaluate whether social group, maternal age, and dominance rank influenced growth rates showed that they had no signifi ... | 2015 | 25786354 |
| spontaneous tool use by a tonkean macaque (macaca tonkeana). | | 1998 | 9751839 |
| relocation stress induces short-term fecal cortisol increase in tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana). | the level of glucocorticoids, especially if obtained from noninvasive sampling, can be used as an index of animal well-being, allowing evaluation of the animal's response to environmental modifications. despite evidence that these hormones play a relevant role in energy metabolism regulation in perceived or real stress events, little is known regarding the factors that could modify the capability of animals to cope with relocation events. the aim of this research was to assess fecal cortisol met ... | 2017 | 27904967 |
| 'unwilling' versus 'unable': tonkean macaques' understanding of human goal-directed actions. | the present study investigated the understanding of goal-directed actions in tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana) using the unwilling versus unable paradigm, previously used in several species. subjects were tested in three experimental conditions that varied according to the goal-directed actions of a human actor. in the "unwilling" condition, the actor was capable of giving the subject food but unwilling to do it; in the "unable" condition, she was willing to give food but was unable to do it be ... | 2017 | 28480137 |
| differential functional variability of serotonin transporter and monoamine oxidase a genes in macaque species displaying contrasting levels of aggression-related behavior. | functional allelic variation in the transcriptional control region of the serotonin transporter and monoamine oxidase a genes has been associated with anxiety- and aggression-related behavior in humans and, more recently, in nonhuman primates. here, we have genotyped these polymorphic regions in seven species of the genus macaca. macaques exhibit exceptional inter-species variation in aggression-related social behavior as illustrated by recent studies showing overlapping patterns of aggression-b ... | 2006 | 16402281 |
| following and joining the informed individual in semifree-ranging tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana). | the authors investigated whether tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana) can distinguish between 2 group mates with different knowledge and improve their foraging performance. the subjects were 8 young individuals belonging to a group raised in a 2-acre park. the authors carried out 192 tests in which subgroups of 3 individuals were released in a food search situation. two leaders could be informed about 2 different food sites. a naive follower could choose to follow 1 leader or another. the follower ... | 2004 | 15584778 |
| withholding information in semifree-ranging tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana). | the ability of tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana) to deceive partner about the location of hidden food was investigated in 4 males belonging to a group raised in a 2-acre park. before releasing subjects in the search task, the experimenter prompted 1 of the subjects to observe where the bait was hidden. the authors found that when informed, higher ranking subjects did not significantly alter their search patterns whether tested alone or in pairs. the same held for subordinates belonging to pairs ... | 2003 | 12735366 |
| tonkean macaques ( macaca tonkeana) find food sources from cues conveyed by group-mates. | it is possible that non-specialised cues transmitted by conspecifics guide animals' food search provided they have the cognitive abilities needed to read these cues. macaques often check the mouth of their group-mates by olfactory and/or visual inspection. we investigated whether tonkean macaques ( macaca tonkeana) can find the location of distant food on the basis of cues conveyed by group-mates. the subjects of the study were two 6-year-old males, who belonged to a social group of tonkean maca ... | 2002 | 12357288 |
| functional significance of behavioral, morphological, and endocrine correlates across the ovarian cycle in semifree ranging female tonkean macaques. | the role of sexual displays in mating strategies and their reliability in indicating the time of ovulation has given rise to multiple explanations in nonhuman primates. in order to discriminate among hypotheses, socio-sexual behaviors were recorded in a semifree ranging group of tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana), together with sexual skin swelling volumes and measurements of urinary concentrations of estrone conjugates and pregnanediol glucuronide. a clear preovulatory peak of urinary estrogen ... | 1998 | 9839903 |
| patterns of hemispheric specialization for a communicative gesture in different primate species. | we review four studies investigating hand preferences for grasping versus pointing to objects at several spatial positions in human infants and three species of nonhuman primates using the same experimental setup. we expected that human infants and nonhuman primates present a comparable difference in their pattern of laterality according to tasks. we tested 6 capuchins, 6 macaques, 12 baboons, and 10 human infants. those studies are the first of their kind to examine both human infants and nonhu ... | 2013 | 23852567 |
| hand preferences on unimanual and bimanual tasks in tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana). | this is the first study to examine hand preferences in tonkean macaques on a bimanual task. one of our objectives was to continue the move toward greater task standardization, in order to facilitate comparisons between species and studies on handedness. the main aim was to test and determine task robustness, by varying intra-task complexity. to this end, we administered several different tasks to the subjects: two unimanual tasks (grasping task featuring items of different sizes) and three coord ... | 2013 | 24000087 |
| empathy versus parsimony in understanding post-conflict affiliation in monkeys: model and empirical data. | post-conflict affiliation between former opponents and bystanders occurs in several species of non-human primates. it is classified in four categories of which affiliation received by the former victim, 'consolation', has received most attention. the hypotheses of cognitive constraint and social constraint are inadequate to explain its occurrence. the cognitive constraint hypothesis is contradicted by recent evidence of 'consolation' in monkeys and the social constraint hypothesis lacks informat ... | 2014 | 24637720 |
| the function of greetings in male tonkean macaques. | males living in multi-male groups are both strong rivals and potential allies. in several primate species they regularly interact through ritualized exchanges known as greetings. we studied five captive groups of tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana) to test five hypotheses regarding the social function of greetings. we found that greetings were mostly reciprocal interactions, and that they often involved physical contact and facial displays. although they were mostly initiated by the higher-rankin ... | 2014 | 24719204 |
| reduced representation genome sequencing suggests low diversity on the sex chromosomes of tonkean macaque monkeys. | in species with separate sexes, social systems can differ in the relative variances of male versus female reproductive success. papionin monkeys (macaques, mangabeys, mandrills, drills, baboons, and geladas) exhibit hallmarks of a high variance in male reproductive success, including a female-biased adult sex ratio and prominent sexual dimorphism. to explore the potential genomic consequences of such sex differences, we used a reduced representation genome sequencing approach to quantifying poly ... | 2014 | 24987106 |
| structural convergence between silent bared-teeth display and relaxed open-mouth display in the tonkean macaque (macaca tonkeana). | | 1989 | 2613115 |
| mirror-image reactions in a tool-using, adult male macaca tonkeana. | this study examined reactions to mirror-image stimulation in a wild- reared adult male monkey (macaca tonkeana) which had spontaneously developed a form of tool-use, namely the use of plant stems to reach mucus inside the nose. initial intense social responsiveness to the mirror was followed by habituation, although some social responding persisted. mirror- induced social facilitation of drinking was demonstrated, the first record of such an effect in a nonhuman primate. rather than enhancing th ... | 1985 | 24924238 |
| semi-free breeding of tropical celebes macaques (macaca tonkeana) in a continental european climate. | celebes macaques have been successfully bred for four years in a free-ranging colony in french pre-alps where they are exposed to continental european climate and temperature variation of 65 centigrades. | 1977 | 405494 |
| individual analyses of lévy walk in semi-free ranging tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana). | animals adapt their movement patterns to their environment in order to maximize their efficiency when searching for food. the lévy walk and the brownian walk are two types of random movement found in different species. studies have shown that these random movements can switch from a brownian to a lévy walk according to the size distribution of food patches. however no study to date has analysed how characteristics such as sex, age, dominance or body mass affect the movement patterns of an indivi ... | 2011 | 22046356 |
| are monkeys able to plan for future exchange? | whether or not non-human animals can plan for the future is a hotly debated issue. we investigate this question further and use a planning-to-exchange task to study future planning in the cooperative domain in two species of monkeys: the brown capuchin (cebus apella) and the tonkean macaque (macaca tonkeana). the rationale required subjects to plan for a future opportunity to exchange tokens for food by collecting tokens several minutes in advance. subjects who successfully planned for the excha ... | 2012 | 22532073 |
| tonkean macaques communicate with their right hand. | there are two conflicting hypotheses to explain the origins of language. vocal origin theory states that language results from the gradual evolution of animals' vocal communication, but gestural origin theory considers that language evolved from gestures, with the initial left-hemispheric control of manual gestures gradually encompassing vocalizations. to contribute to this debate, we investigated functional hemispheric specialization related to hand biases when grasping or showing an object thr ... | 2013 | 23748098 |
| occupational transmission of an orthopoxvirus infection during an outbreak in a colony of macaca tonkeana in lazio region, italy, 2015. | orthopoxviruses spill over from animal reservoirs to accidental hosts, sometimes causing human infections. we describe the surveillance and infection control measures undertaken during an outbreak due to an orthopoxvirus occurred in january 2015 in a colony of macaca tonkeana in the province of rieti, latio, italy, which caused a human asymptomatic infection. according to the epidemiological investigation, the human transmission occurred after an unprotected exposure. the contacts among wild, ca ... | 2018 | 29512303 |
| an understanding of third-party friendships in a tolerant macaque. | complex societies are shaped by social relationships between multiple individuals. the pressure to track these relationships has driven the evolution of social cognition in primates. importantly, it can be adaptive to track not only personal relationships, but also those established between third-parties. primates have knowledge about others' dominance hierarchies and kinship, but we do not know to what extent they also understand friendships. in a playback experiment, tonkean macaques were pres ... | 2020 | 32555440 |
| whole genome characterization of orthopoxvirus (opv) abatino, a zoonotic virus representing a putative novel clade of old world orthopoxviruses. | orthopoxviruses (opvs) are diffused over the complete eurasian continent, but previously described strains are mostly from northern europe, and few infections have been reported from italy. here we present the extended genomic characterization of opv abatino, a novel opv isolated in italy from an infected tonkean macaque, with zoonotic potential. phylogenetic analysis based on 102 conserved opv genes (core gene set) showed that opv abatino is most closely related to the ectromelia virus species ... | 2018 | 30301229 |
| calming an aggressor through spontaneous post-conflict triadic contacts: appeasement in macaca tonkeana. | peaceful third-party interventions usually occur after an aggressive encounter and can be directed toward the victim or the aggressor. macaca tonkeana, a cercopithecine species characterized by high levels of tolerance, frequently engage in consolatory contacts, which both calm the victim and reduce the probability of further attacks against him/her. other post-conflict affiliative interventions such as reconciliation and quadratic affiliation are also common in this species. however, little att ... | 2018 | 29665079 |
| prolonged transport and cannibalism of mummified infant remains by a tonkean macaque mother. | observations of animals' responses to dying or dead companions raise questions about their awareness of states of helplessness or death of other individuals. in this context, we report the case of a female tonkean macaque (macaca tonkeana) that transported the body of her dead infant for 25 days and cannibalized its mummified parts. the mother appeared agitated in the first 2 days after the birth. she then took care of her infant's corpse, which progressively dried and became mummified. in a thi ... | 2018 | 28932999 |
| express: do primates flexibly use spatio-temporal cues when foraging? | foraging in seasonal environments can be cognitively demanding. comparative studies have associated large brain size with a frugivorous diet. we investigated the ability of three semi-free ranging primate species with different degrees of frugivory (ntrials: macaca tonkeana=419, m. fascicularis=197, sapajus apella=346) in developing a mental representation of the spatio-temporal distribution of food using foraging experiments. forty-two boxes were fixed on trees and each week ("season") some of ... | 2020 | 33084504 |
| face processing limitation to own species in primates: a comparative study in brown capuchins, tonkean macaques and humans. | most primates live in social groups which survival and stability depend on individuals' abilities to create strong social relationships with other group members. the existence of those groups requires to identify individuals and to assign to each of them a social status. individual recognition can be achieved through vocalizations but also through faces. in humans, an efficient system for the processing of own species faces exists. this specialization is achieved through experience with faces of ... | 2006 | 16690230 |
| are monkeys able to discriminate appearance from reality? | the understanding that the perceptual appearance of the environment can differ in several ways from the reality underlies the ability to discriminate appearance from reality. being able to realize when a misperception can lead us to behave in inappropriate ways confers an evolutionary advantage and may be a prerequisite to develop a theory of mind. understanding that our own perception can differ from reality seems indeed necessary to attribute to others perceptions or beliefs different than our ... | 2020 | 31835097 |
| where and what? frugivory is associated with more efficient foraging in three semi-free ranging primate species. | foraging in seasonal environments can be cognitively challenging. comparative studies have associated brain size with a frugivorous diet. we investigated how fruit distribution (where) and preference (what) affect foraging decisions in three semi-free ranging primate species with different degrees of frugivory: macaca tonkeana (nindiv = 5; ntrials = 430), m. fascicularis (nindiv = 3; ntrials = 168) and sapajus apella (nindiv = 6; ntrials = 288). we used 36 boxes fixed on trees and filled with hi ... | 2019 | 31218025 |
| effects of six-day maternal separation on tonkean macaque infants. | maternal separation may induce a depressive state in infant macaques. however, this does not occur in all macaque species. from present hypotheses, it may be predicted that infants belonging to a species characterized by open and tolerant social relationships should not develop severe depressive symptoms. tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana) stand as such a species. the goal of the study was to verify that the infant's reaction to mother loss is related to the social environment. the mothers of ei ... | 2000 | 30545166 |
| long-term data on basic reproductive parameters and evaluation of endocrine, morphological, and behavioral measures for monitoring reproductive status in a group of semifree-ranging tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana). | cycle and gestation lengths, menstruation patterns, female genital swelling characteristics, and male-female consortship durations are reported in a semifree-ranging group of tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana) studied over a 12 year period. in addition, profiles of urinary estrone conjugates (e1c) and immunoreactive pregnanediol glucuronide (pdg) throughout four complete menstrual cycles in two females and three full-term pregnancies are presented. based on intermenstrual intervals, a mean cycle ... | 1996 | 31918492 |
| food-reinforced yawning in macaca tonkeana. | an operant conditioning paradigm comprising continuous food-reinforcement, fixed-ratio responding, and extinction procedures was used to evaluate the possibility that adult male macaques can control their rate of yawning. two non-food-deprived macaca tonkeana quickly learned to produce yawns for food rewards. they also increased the rate of production according to fixed-ratio requirements, and showed initial response peaks followed by diminished rates of yawning during extinction. the results in ... | 1988 | 31968868 |
| affiliative interference in mounts in a group of tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana). | affiliative interference in mounts was studied in a group of tonkean macaques (macaca tonkeana) living in semi-liberty. over a 4-year period, 545 sexual and noncopulatory mounts accompanied by 367 instances of interference were recorded using behavior-dependent sampling. interference by immature individuals was frequent and occurred mainly when the mother was the mountee. interference by adult females was less common. various behavior patterns were displayed in interference, mainly directed towa ... | 1986 | 31979465 |