| plasmids and phase variation in xenorhabdus spp. | three strains of xenorhabdus nematophilus (a24, f1, nc116) and strain dan of xenorhabdus bovienii were tested to evaluate whether the phase variation observed in these bacteria was in any way connected with plasmids. the plasmid patterns of both phases of a24 and f1 strains were the same, whereas the two nc116 phases had only one band each. no difference was observed between the undigested or digested plasmid patterns of the two phases from the three strains. no plasmid was detected in either ph ... | 1991 | 1768133 |
| antimicrobial metabolites from a bacterial symbiont. | two types of antibiotics, namely, indoles and dithiolopyrrolones, have been isolated and identified from xenorhabdus bovienii a2. compounds 1 and 2 showed strong activity against cryptococcus neoformans, compounds 3 and 4 showed strong activity against botrytis cinerea, and compounds 1, 3, and 4 showed significant activity against phytophthora infestants (2 was not tested). in addition, two lower homologues of xenorhabdins 5 and 6, namely, 6-(n-3'-methylbutanamido)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-dithiolo[4,3-b ... | 1995 | 7561900 |
| chitinase activity of xenorhabdus and photorhabdus species, bacterial associates of entomopathogenic nematodes. | xenorhabdus nematophilus (three strains), xenorhabdus bovienii (one strain), and photorhabdus luminescens (one strain) showed both exo- and endochitinase activity using p-nitrophenyl-n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminide and p-nitrophenyl-beta-d-n,n',n'-triacetylchitotriose, respectively, as substrates. one to three bands were detected on page gel with glycol chitin after electrophoresis. variation in exo- and endochitinase activity among different species and strains was detected with the strongest act ... | 1996 | 8858906 |
| pathogenicity of axenic steinernema feltiae, xenorhabdus bovienii, and the bacto-helminthic complex to larvae of tipula oleracea (diptera) and galleria mellonella (lepidoptera). | the pathogenicity of the nematode-bacterium complex steinernema feltiae-xenorhabdus bovienii to larvae of tipula oleracea and galleria mellonella was investigated by injection of dauer juvenile nematodes carrying their bacterial symbiont cells (monoxenic nematodes). axenic nematodes (free of bacteria) and the symbiotic bacteria themselves were tested. the lc50 of x. bovienii in t. oleracea was 15,700 colony forming units (cfu)/larva compared to < or = 8 cfu in g. mellonella. xenorhabdus bovienii ... | 1997 | 9170346 |
| encapsulation of the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema feltiae in tipula oleracea. | the encapsulation response of tipula oleracea to the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema feltiae was investigated by exposing the insects to nematode dauer juveniles (djs) and by injecting djs with and without the symbiotic bacteria xenorhabdus bovienii. the encapsulation response varied considerably between individual insect larvae. the variation could not be attributed to a more or less scattered nematode invasion over time since it was also recorded after simultaneous injection of a fixed d ... | 1997 | 9170347 |
| isolation and entomotoxic properties of the xenorhabdus nematophilus f1 lecithinase. | xenorhabdus spp. and photorhabdus spp., entomopathogenic bacteria symbiotically associated with nematodes of the families steinernematidae and heterorhabditidae, respectively, were shown to produce different lipases when they were grown on suitable nutrient agar. substrate specificity studies showed that photorhabdus spp. exhibited a broad lipase activity, while most of the xenorhabdus spp. secreted a specific lecithinase. xenorhabdus spp. occur spontaneously in two variants, phase i and phase i ... | 1998 | 9647801 |
| phenotypic characterization of the xenorhabdus bacterial symbiont of a texas strain of the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema riobrave, and characterization of the xenorhabdus bovienii bacterial symbiont of a newfoundland strain of steinernema feltiae. | two bacterial symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes, one of which originated from texas, u.s.a., and the other from newfoundland, canada, were characterized phenotypically. these strains belonged to the genus xenorhabdus. the newfoundland (nf) strain was shown to be x. bovienii but the texas (tx) strain was not identified at the species level. four additional cultures of xenorhabdus were included in the study. these were a strain of x. bovienii (umeå), which was from a nematode of european ori ... | 2000 | 10932355 |
| xenorhabdus bovienii t228 phase variation and virulence are independent of reca function. | colony pleomorphism, or phase variation, expressed by entomopathogenic bacteria belonging to the genus xenorhabdus, is an important factor which determines the association of the bacteria with their nematode symbiont and the outcome of infection of susceptible insect larvae by the bacterium- nematode parasitic complex. the mechanism underlying phase variation is unknown. to determine whether reca-mediated processes are linked to phase variation, the reca gene of xenorhabdus bovienii was cloned a ... | 2000 | 11065360 |
| the effect of temperature on the fatty acids and isozymes of a psychrotrophic and two mesophilic species of xenorhabdus, a bacterial symbiont of entomopathogenic nematodes. | in the first part of this study, generation times relative to temperature, together with cardinal and conceptual temperatures, were determined for four strains of xenorhabdus bacteria that represented three geographically distinct species. the data showed that the nf strain of xenorhabdus bovienii, like the umeå strain of the same species, is psychrotrophic, while xenorhabdus sp. tx strain resembles xenorhabdus nematophila all strain in being mesophilic. in the second part, the capacity of these ... | 2001 | 11400727 |
| characterisation of symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes by universally primed-pcr (up-pcr) and up-pcr product cross-hybridisation. | this work introduces and demonstrates the applicability of universally primed-pcr (up-pcr) for differentiating bacterial symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes. furthermore, typing by up-pcr product cross-hybridisation was successfully introduced to cluster the bacterial strains. the work was initiated by isolating 10 isolates of photorhabdus temperata (s172) from the nematode host heterorhabditis sp. (dk172) and 12 isolates of xenorhabdus bovienii (s1) from the nematode steinernema feltiae (dk ... | 2002 | 12393202 |
| invasion of insect blood tissue by xenorhabdus bovienii. | xenorhabdus species are entomopathogenic gram-negative bacteria that belong to the family enterobacteriaceae. they exist in two main phenotypic variations referred to as phase i and phase ii. invasion studies showed that xenorhabdus bovienii phase i, unlike phase ii, adhered to and were phagocytosed by drosophila melanogaster malignant blood neoplasm, mbn-2. the ingested bacteria within the phagosome multiplied and escaped into the mbn-2 cytoplasm. further bacterial multiplication occurred withi ... | 2003 | 12706507 |
| bacteriophage lambda as a delivery vector for tn10-derived transposons in xenorhabdus bovienii. | xenorhabdus bovienii wild-type strains lack a functional receptor protein (lamb) in the outer membrane and as a result are unable to adsorb coliphage lambda (lambda). introduction of plasmids encoding lamb into x. bovienii t228 results in constitutive expression of lamb in the outer membrane of this organism. lamb-expressing strains of x. bovienii adsorb lambda bacteriophage particles and can be used as hosts for lambda::tn constructs. a tn10-derived transposon, element 9 (j. c. way, d. davis, d ... | 1993 | 16349047 |
| analysis of the pixa inclusion body protein of xenorhabdus nematophila. | the symbiotic pathogenic bacterium xenorhabdus nematophila produces two distinct intracellular inclusion bodies. the pixa gene, which encodes the 185-residue methionine-rich pixa inclusion body protein, was analyzed in the present study. the pixa gene was optimally expressed under stationary-phase conditions but its expression did not require rpos. analysis of a pixa mutant strain showed that pixa was not required for virulence towards the insect host or for colonization of or survival within th ... | 2006 | 16547059 |
| steinernema sichuanense n. sp. (rhabditida, steinernematidae), a new species of entomopathogenic nematode from the province of sichuan, east tibetan mts., china. | steinernema sichuanense n. sp. is characterized by male, female and ij. for male, the spicules are robust with prominent rostrum; gubernaculum has blunt anterior end; cuneus is arrow-shaped, pointed posteriorly. second-generation male has a prominent mucron. for female, tail usually has one to four papillae-like projections on tail tip; post anal swelling is absent. for ij, body length is about 710 microm; lateral field has six ridges; the formula of lateral field is 2, 5, 6, 4, 2 with two promi ... | 2006 | 16934830 |
| identification, typing, and insecticidal activity of xenorhabdus isolates from entomopathogenic nematodes in united kingdom soil and characterization of the xpt toxin loci. | xenorhabdus strains from entomopathogenic nematodes isolated from united kingdom soils by using the insect bait entrapment method were characterized by partial sequencing of the 16s rrna gene, four housekeeping genes (asd, ompr, reca, and serc) and the flagellin gene (flic). most strains (191/197) were found to have genes with greatest similarity to those of xenorhabdus bovienii, and the remaining six strains had genes most similar to those of xenorhabdus nematophila. generally, 16s rrna sequenc ... | 2006 | 16957209 |
| entomopathogenic nematodes and bacteria applications for control of the pecan root-knot nematode, meloidogyne partityla, in the greenhouse. | meloidogyne partityla is a parasite of pecan and walnut. our objective was to determine interactions between the entomopathogenic nematode-bacterium complex and m. partityla. specifically, we investigated suppressive effects of steinernema feltiae (strain sn) and s. riobrave (strain 7-12) applied as infective juveniles and in infected host insects, as well as application of s. feltiae's bacterial symbiont xenorhabdus bovienii on m. partityla. in two separate greenhouse trials, the treatments wer ... | 2006 | 19259462 |
| influence of cell density and phase variants of bacterial symbionts (xenorhabdus spp.) on dauer juvenile recovery and development of biocontrol nematodes steinernema carpocapsae and s. feltiae (nematoda: rhabditida). | the rhabditid nematodes steinernema carpocapsae and steinernema feltiae are used in biological control of insect pests. mass production is done in liquid culture media pre-incubated with their bacterial symbionts xenorhabdus nematophila and xenorhabdus bovienii, respectively, before nematode dauer juveniles (djs) are inoculated. as a response to food signals produced by the bacterial symbionts, the djs exit from the developmentally arrested dauer stage (they recover development) and grow to adul ... | 2009 | 19319521 |
| effect of temperature on the development of steinernema carpocapsae and steinernema feltiae (nematoda: rhabditida) in liquid culture. | for commercial use of the entomopathogenic nematodes steinernema carpocapsae and steinernema feltiae in biological control of insect pests, they are produced in liquid culture on artificial media pre-incubated with their symbiotic bacteria xenorhabdus nematophila and xenorhabdus bovienii, respectively. after 1 day of the bacterial culture, nematode dauer juveniles (djs) are inoculated, which recover development. the adult nematodes produce dj offspring, which are harvested and can be sprayed. th ... | 2009 | 19455323 |
| influence of inoculum density on population dynamics and dauer juvenile yields in liquid culture of biocontrol nematodes steinernema carpocapsae and s. feltiae (nematoda: rhabditida). | for improvement of mass production of the rhabditid biocontrol nematodes steinernema carpocapsae and steinernema feltiae in monoxenic liquid culture with their bacterial symbionts xenorhabdus nematophila and xenorhabdus bovienii, respectively, the effect of the initial nematode inoculum density on population development and final concentration of dauer juveniles (djs) was investigated. symbiotic bacterial cultures are pre-incubated for 1 day prior to inoculation of djs. djs are developmentally a ... | 2010 | 19597815 |
| characterization of xenorhabdus isolates from la rioja (northern spain) and virulence with and without their symbiotic entomopathogenic nematodes (nematoda: steinernematidae). | eighteen xenorhabdus isolates associated with spanish entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus steinernema were characterized using a polyphasic approach including phenotypic and molecular methods. two isolates were classified as xenorhabdus nematophila and were associated with steinernema carpocapsae. sixteen isolates were classified as xenorhabdus bovienii, of which fifteen were associated with steinernema feltiae and one with steinernema kraussei. two x. bovienii phase ii were also isolated, o ... | 2009 | 19682458 |
| manifold aspects of specificity in a nematode-bacterium mutualism. | coevolution in mutualistic symbiosis can yield, because the interacting partners share common interests, to coadaptation: hosts perform better when associated with symbionts of their own locality than with others coming from more distant places. however, as the two partners of a symbiosis might also experience conflicts over part of their life cycle, coadaptation might not occur for all life-history traits. we investigated this issue in symbiotic systems where nematodes (steinernema) and bacteri ... | 2009 | 19732258 |
| spiteful interactions in a natural population of the bacterium xenorhabdus bovienii. | an individual behaves spitefully when it harms itself in the act of harming other individuals. one of the clearest potential examples of spite is the costly production and release of toxins called bacteriocins. bacteriocins are toxins produced by bacteria that can kill closely related strains of the same species. theoretical work has predicted that bacteriocin-mediated interactions could play an important role in maintaining local genetic and/or species diversity, but these interactions have not ... | 2010 | 20095826 |
| metabolically engineered soybean seed with enhanced threonine levels: biochemical characterization and seed-specific expression of lysine-insensitive variants of aspartate kinases from the enteric bacterium xenorhabdus bovienii. | threonine (thr) is one of a few limiting essential amino acids (eaas) in the animal feed industry, and its level in feed rations can impact production of important meat sources, such as swine and poultry. threonine as well as eaas lysine (lys) and methionine (met) are all synthesized via the aspartate family pathway. here, we report a successful strategy to produce high free threonine soybean seed via identification of a feedback-resistant aspartate kinase (ak) enzyme that can be over-expressed ... | 2011 | 20633240 |
| the first record of entomopathogenic nematodes (rhabiditiae: steinernematidae and heterorhabditidae) in natural ecosystems in lebanon: a biogeographic approach in the mediterranean region. | a survey of entomopathogenic nematodes in lebanon was conducted for the first time during 2008-2009. samples were collected on the coastal strip and in nine vegetation types extending from the coastal line to 3088m above sea level. wooded and herbaceous ecosystems were considered for sampling purposes. a total of 570 samples were taken, out of which 1% were positive for entomopathogenic nematodes. approximately, 15.8% out of the 19 sites sampled revealed entomopathogenic nematodes presence (repr ... | 2011 | 21241704 |
| in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of xenorhabdus bovienii yl002 against phytophthora capsici and botrytis cinerea. | aims: developing new bio-agents to control plant disease is desirable. entomopathogenic bacteria xenorhabdus spp. have potential antimicrobial activity in agriculture. this work was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of xenorhabdus bovienii yl002 on plant pathogenic fungi and oomycete in vitro and the efficiency of this strain to reduce the in vivo incidence of grey mould rot on tomato plants caused by botrytis cinerea and leaf scorch on pepper plants caused by phytophthora capsic ... | 2011 | 21554568 |
| the entomopathogenic bacterial endosymbionts xenorhabdus and photorhabdus: convergent lifestyles from divergent genomes. | members of the genus xenorhabdus are entomopathogenic bacteria that associate with nematodes. the nematode-bacteria pair infects and kills insects, with both partners contributing to insect pathogenesis and the bacteria providing nutrition to the nematode from available insect-derived nutrients. the nematode provides the bacteria with protection from predators, access to nutrients, and a mechanism of dispersal. members of the bacterial genus photorhabdus also associate with nematodes to kill ins ... | 2011 | 22125637 |
| Phenotypic variation and host interactions of Xenorhabdus bovienii SS-2004, the entomopathogenic symbiont of Steinernema jollieti nematodes. | Xenorhabdus bovienii (SS-2004) bacteria reside in the intestine of the infective-juvenile (IJ) stage of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema jollieti. The recent sequencing of the X. bovienii genome facilitates its use as a model to understand host - symbiont interactions. To provide a biological foundation for such studies, we characterized X. bovienii in vitro and host interaction phenotypes. Within the nematode host X. bovienii was contained within a membrane bound envelope that also en ... | 2011 | 22151385 |
| improvement of antibiotic activity of xenorhabdus bovienii by medium optimization using response surface methodology. | abstract: | 2011 | 22082189 |
| comparative genomics between two xenorhabdus bovienii strains highlights differential evolutionary scenarios within an entomopathogenic bacterial species. | bacteria of the genus xenorhabdus are symbionts of soil entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus steinernema. this symbiotic association constitutes an insecticidal complex active against a wide range of insect pests. within xenorhabdus bovienii species, the x. bovienii cs03 strain (xb cs03) is nonvirulent when directly injected into lepidopteran insects, and displays a low virulence when associated with its steinernema symbiont. the genome of xb cs03 was sequenced and compared with the genome of ... | 2016 | 26769959 |
| activating and attenuating the amicoumacin antibiotics. | the amicoumacins belong to a class of dihydroisocoumarin natural products and display antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. amicoumacins are the pro-drug activation products of a bacterial nonribosomal peptide-polyketide hybrid biosynthetic pathway and have been isolated from gram-positive bacillus and nocardia species. here, we report the stimulation of a "cryptic" amicoumacin pathway in the entomopathogenic gram-negative bacterium xenorhabdus bovienii, a stra ... | 2016 | 27347911 |
| [an idp16 protein from xenorhabdus bovienii depresses the immune response in galleria mellonella]. | a protein with insect immunodepressive activity was purified from xenorhabdus bovienii, a bacterial symbiosis of entomopathogenic nematode. to determine the function of this protein in the pathogenesis of bacterium-nematode symbiosis, we detected the effect of this protein on immune response in galleria mellonella. | 2012 | 23115973 |
| evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes and the supernatants of the in vitro culture medium of their mutualistic bacteria for the control of the root-knot nematodes meloidogyne incognita and m. arenaria. | the suppressive effects of various formulations of four entomopathogenic nematode (epn) species and the supernatants of their mutualistic bacteria on the root-knot nematodes (rkns) meloidogyne incognita and m. arenaria in tomato roots were evaluated. the epns steinernema carpocapsae, s. feltiae, s. glaseri and heterorhabditis bacteriophora were applied as either live infective juveniles (ijs) or infected insect cadavers. spent medium from culturing the bacterial symbionts xenorhabdus bovienii an ... | 2016 | 25721911 |
| the effects of nutrient concentration, addition of thickeners, and agitation speed on liquid fermentation of steinernema feltiae. | entomopathogenic nematode production in liquid fermentation still requires improvements to maximize efficiency, yield, and nematode quality. therefore, this study was aimed at developing a more suitable liquid medium for mass production of steinernema feltiae, by assessing the effects of nutrient concentration, thickeners (primarily agar), and agitation speed on infective juvenile (ij) yield. base medium (bm) contained yeast extract (2.3%), egg yolk (1.25%), nacl (0.5%), and corn oil (4%). all m ... | 2016 | 27418706 |
| molecular and phenotypic characterization of xenorhabdus bovienii symbiotically associated with steinernema silvaticum. | steinernema silvaticum is a common entomopathogenic nematode in soil of europe; however, little is known about the bacteria living in symbiosis with this animal. in this study, we have isolated four bacterial strains from s. silvaticum and identified them as members of the species xenorhabdus bovienii. this study was based on 16s rrna and concatenated reca, dnan, gltx, and gyrb gene sequence analysis. in addition, phenotypic traits have been considered, indicating that the tested strains are the ... | 2016 | 27342112 |
| r-type bacteriocins in related strains of xenorhabdus bovienii: xenorhabdicin tail fiber modularity and contribution to competitiveness. | r-type bacteriocins are contractile phage tail-like structures that are bactericidal towards related bacterial species. the c-terminal region of the phage tail fiber protein determines target-binding specificity. the mutualistic bacteria xenorhabdus nematophila and x. bovienii produce r-type bacteriocins (xenorhabdicins) that are selectively active against different xenorhabdus species. we analyzed the p2-type remnant prophage clusters in draft sequences of nine strains of x. bovienii the c-term ... | 2017 | 27737947 |
| production of para-aminobenzoate by genetically engineered corynebacterium glutamicum and non-biological formation of an n-glucosyl byproduct. | para-aminobenzoate (paba), a valuable chemical raw material, can be synthesized by most microorganisms. this aromatic compound is currently manufactured from petroleum-derived materials by chemical synthesis. to produce paba from renewable resources, its production by fermentation was investigated. the evaluation of the sensitivity to paba toxicity revealed that corynebacterium glutamicum had better tolerance to paba than several other microorganisms. to produce paba from glucose, genetically en ... | 2016 | 27471069 |
| life history trait analysis of the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema feltiae provides the basis for prediction of dauer juvenile yields in monoxenic liquid culture. | entomopathogenic nematodes (steinernema spp.) are used in integrated pest management to control insect pests in cryptic environments. the nematodes are mass produced in monoxenic liquid culture with their symbiotic bacteria xenorhabdus spp. for a better understanding of nematode population dynamics, the life history traits (lhts) of the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema feltiae were assessed at 25 °c by observing single pairs of male and female nematodes using a hanging drop technique. to in ... | 2016 | 26701359 |
| comparison of xenorhabdus bovienii bacterial strain genomes reveals diversity in symbiotic functions. | xenorhabdus bacteria engage in a beneficial symbiosis with steinernema nematodes, in part by providing activities that help kill and degrade insect hosts for nutrition. xenorhabdus strains (members of a single species) can display wide variation in host-interaction phenotypes and genetic potential indicating that strains may differ in their encoded symbiosis factors, including secreted metabolites. | 2015 | 26525894 |
| xenorhabdus bovienii strain diversity impacts coevolution and symbiotic maintenance with steinernema spp. nematode hosts. | microbial symbionts provide benefits that contribute to the ecology and fitness of host plants and animals. therefore, the evolutionary success of plants and animals fundamentally depends on long-term maintenance of beneficial associations. most work investigating coevolution and symbiotic maintenance has focused on species-level associations, and studies are lacking that assess the impact of bacterial strain diversity on symbiotic associations within a coevolutionary framework. here, we demonst ... | 2015 | 26045536 |
| xenorhabdus bovienii cs03, the bacterial symbiont of the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema weiseri, is a non-virulent strain against lepidopteran insects. | xenorhabdus bacteria (γ-proteobacteria: enterobacteriaceae) have dual lifestyles. they have a mutualistic relationship with steinernema nematodes (nematoda: steinernematidae) and are pathogenic to a wide range of insects. each steinernema nematode associates with a specific xenorhabdus species. however, a xenorhabdus species can have multiple nematode hosts. for example, xenorhabdus bovienii (xb) colonizes at least nine steinernema species from two different phylogenetic clades. the steinernema- ... | 2015 | 25315609 |
| biosynthesis of the insecticidal xenocyloins in xenorhabdus bovienii. | the biosynthesis gene cluster for the production of xenocyloins was identified in the entomopathogenic bacterium xenorhabdus bovienii ss-2004, and their biosynthesis was elucidated by heterologous expression and in vitro characterization of the enzymes. xcla is an s-selective thdp-dependent acyloin-like condensation enzyme, and xclb and xclc are examples of the still-rare acylating ketosynthases that catalyze the acylation of the xcla-derived initial xenocyloins with acetyl-, propionyl-, or malo ... | 2014 | 24488732 |
| effects of a protease inhibitor protein from xenorhabdus bovienii on physiology of pea aphid (acyrthosiphon pisum). | the effects of a protease inhibitor protein from xenorhabdus bovienii strain xbi1 (xbpi-1) on biochemistry and physiology of pea aphid (acyrthosiphon pisum) were studied, and the effects of xbpi-1 on the activities of aphid aminopeptidase and the concentrations of carbohydrates, free amino acids and lipids in a. pisum were determined. the results showed that the activity of aminopeptidase was reduced 18.30% by xbpi-1 in vitro assays. in addition, the total sugar, glycogen, and lipid concentratio ... | 2014 | 24485320 |
| bacteriocin-mediated interactions within and between coexisting species. | bacteriocins are bacteriocidal toxins released by almost all bacteria. they are thought to have a narrow range of killing, but as bacteriocin-mediated interactions have been rarely studied at biologically relevant scales, whether this narrow range of action falls mostly within or mostly between coexisting species in natural communities is an open question with important ecological and evolutionary implications. in a previous study, we systematically sampled xenorhabdus bacteria along a hillside ... | 2012 | 23145336 |
| statistical optimization of process variables for antibiotic activity of xenorhabdus bovienii. | the production of secondary metabolites with antibiotic properties is a common characteristic to entomopathogenic bacteria xenorhabdus spp. these metabolites not only have diverse chemical structures but also have a wide range of bioactivities of medicinal and agricultural interests. culture variables are critical to the production of secondary metabolites of microorganisms. manipulating culture process variables can promote secondary metabolite biosynthesis and thus facilitate the discovery of ... | 2012 | 22701637 |
| comparative analysis of p2-type remnant prophage loci in xenorhabdus bovienii and xenorhabdus nematophila required for xenorhabdicin production. | the xnp1 remnant p2-type prophage of xenorhabdus nematophila produces xenorhabdicin that is active against closely related species. xenorhabdicin had not been characterized previously in other xenorhabdus species. here, we show xenorhabdicin production in six different strains of xenorhabdus bovienii. the sequenced genome of x. bovienii ss-2004 was found to possess a highly conserved remnant p2-type cluster (xbp1). inactivation of the xbps1 sheath gene resulted in loss of bacteriocin activity, i ... | 2012 | 22612724 |
| a new gene from xenorhabdus bovienii and its encoded protease inhibitor protein against acyrthosiphon pisum. | aphids are insect pests with significant importance worldwide for agricultural and horticultural crops. the chemical pesticides used to control aphids could result in pesticide residues in agricultural and horticultural products as well as in negative effects on the environment. therefore, alternative control methods are urgently needed. this study identified a new gene from strain bjfs526 of the symbiotic bacterium xenorhabdus bovienii and expressed the protease inhibitor protein encoded by the ... | 2012 | 22566467 |
| spiteful interactions between sympatric natural isolates of xenorhabdus bovienii benefit kin and reduce virulence. | spite occurs when an individual harms itself in the act of harming others. spiteful behaviour may be more pervasive in nature than commonly thought. one of the clearest examples of spite is the costly production and release of bacteriocins, antimicrobial toxins noted for their ability to kill conspecifics. a key question is to what extent these toxins provide a fitness advantage to kin of the producer cell, especially in natural communities. additionally, when bacteria are involved in parasitic ... | 2012 | 22221661 |