| indoor winter fumigation with formic acid for control of acarapis woodi (acari: tarsonemidae) and nosema disease, nosema sp. | indoor fumigation of honey bees, apis mellifera l., with formic acid to control varroa mites, varroa destructor anderson & trueman, allows simultaneous fumigation of multiple colonies with little labor input and good efficacy. several experiments were designed to test the efficacy of formic acid as a treatment for honey bee mites, acarapis woodi (rennie) (acari: tarsonemidae), and nosema disease, nosema sp., indoors in winter. the objectives of this study were (1) to determine the efficacy of fo ... | 2009 | 19886435 |
| immune suppression in the honey bee (apis mellifera) following infection by nosema ceranae (microsporidia). | two microsporidia species have been shown to infect apis mellifera, nosema apis and nosema ceranae. this work presents evidence that n. ceranae infection significantly suppresses the honey bee immune response, although this effect was not observed following infection with n. apis. immune suppression would also increase susceptibility to other bee pathogens and senescence. despite the importance of both nosema species in honey bee health, there is no information about their effect on the bees' im ... | 2009 | 19737304 |
| genomic analyses of the microsporidian nosema ceranae, an emergent pathogen of honey bees. | recent steep declines in honey bee health have severely impacted the beekeeping industry, presenting new risks for agricultural commodities that depend on insect pollination. honey bee declines could reflect increased pressures from parasites and pathogens. the incidence of the microsporidian pathogen nosema ceranae has increased significantly in the past decade. here we present a draft assembly (7.86 mb) of the n. ceranae genome derived from pyrosequence data, including initial gene models and ... | 2009 | 19503607 |
| morphological, molecular, and phylogenetic characterization of nosema ceranae, a microsporidian parasite isolated from the european honey bee, apis mellifera. | nosema ceranae, a microsporidian parasite originally described from apis cerana, has been found to infect apis melllifera and is highly pathogenic to its new host. in the present study, data on the ultrastructure of n. ceranae, presence of n. ceranae-specific nucleic acid in host tissues, and phylogenetic relationships with other microsporidia species are described. the ultrastructural features indicate that n. ceranae possesses all of the characteristics of the genus nosema. spores of n. cerana ... | 2009 | 19457054 |
| presence of nosema ceranae in honeybees (apis mellifera) in uruguay. | the microsporidium nosema ceranae is an emergent pathogen of european honeybees apis mellifera. using a pcr-rflp diagnosis, 29 samples of infected honeybees obtained in 2007-2008 (n=26), 2004 (n=2) and before 1990 (n=1) were analyzed for the presence of nosema apis and n. ceranae. only n. ceranae was found in all samples, indicating that this species dispersed to uruguay (and likely the region) at some time before 1990. the presence of n. ceranae in uruguay is not associated with an increase of ... | 2009 | 19358851 |
| energetic stress in the honeybee apis mellifera from nosema ceranae infection. | parasites are dependent on their hosts for energy to reproduce and can exert a significant nutritional stress on them. energetic demand placed on the host is especially high in cases where the parasite-host complex is less co-evolved. the higher virulence of the newly discovered honeybee pathogen, nosema ceranae, which causes a higher mortality in its new host apis mellifera, might be based on a similar mechanism. using proboscis extension response and feeding experiments, we show that bees infe ... | 2009 | 19135448 |
| comparative virulence of nosema ceranae and nosema apis in individual european honey bees. | nosema apis and nosema ceranae are intracellular microsporidian parasites infecting the midgut epithelial cells of adult honey bees. n. ceranae was considered to be restricted to the asian honey bee, apis cerana, but is nowadays a parasite found also in the european honey bee (apis mellifera) across most of the world. recent surveys and experimental work suggest that n. ceranae is a serious threat to the global beekeeping industry. it has been suggested that n. ceranae induces significantly high ... | 2010 | 20299152 |
| how natural infection by nosema ceranae causes honeybee colony collapse. | in recent years, honeybees (apis mellifera) have been strangely disappearing from their hives, and strong colonies have suddenly become weak and died. the precise aetiology underlying the disappearance of the bees remains a mystery. however, during the same period, nosema ceranae, a microsporidium of the asian bee apis cerana, seems to have colonized a. mellifera, and it's now frequently detected all over the world in both healthy and weak honeybee colonies. for first time, we show that natural ... | 2008 | 18647336 |
| behavioural fever in infected honeybees: parasitic manipulation or coincidental benefit? | infection by a parasite often induces behavioural changes in the host and these changes may benefit either the host or the parasite. however, whether these changes are active host defence mechanisms or parasitic manipulations or simply incidental byproducts of the infection is not always clear. it has been suggested that understanding the proximate mechanisms of these changes as well as comparative studies could help distinguish these alternatives better. behavioural fever is a common response t ... | 2010 | 20500914 |
| does fumagillin control the recently detected invasive parasite nosema ceranae in western honey bees (apis mellifera)? | western honey bee (apis mellifera) colonies in nova scotia, canada were sampled in spring and late summer 2007 to evaluate efficacy of fumagillin dicyclohexylammonium (hereafter, fumagillin) against nosema ceranae. colonies treated with fumagillin in september 2006 (n=94) had significantly lower nosema intensity in spring 2007 than did colonies that received no treatment (n=51), but by late summer 2007 no difference existed between groups. molecular sequencing of 15 infected colonies identified ... | 2008 | 18550078 |
| [nosema ceranae (eukaryota: fungi: microsporea)--a new parasite of western honey bee apis mellifera l]. | nosema ceranae was discovered in apis cerana, eastern honeybee first. until recently a. cerana has been considered the only host to this parasite. a few years ago n. ceranae was recorded in honey bee apis mellifera. it appeared that n. ceranae is more pathogenic for a. mellifera than nosema apis. this parasite can cause significant losses in bee colonies. bees die without symptoms observed in nosemosis caused by n. apis such as diarrhea. | 2007 | 18441873 |
| regurgitated pellets of merops apiaster as fomites of infective nosema ceranae (microsporidia) spores. | the importance of transmission factor identification is of great epidemiological significance. the bee-eater (merops apiaster) is a widely distributed insectivorous bird, locally abundant mainly in arid and semi-arid areas of southern europe, northern africa and western asia but recently has been seen breeding in central europe and great britain. bee-eaters predominantly eat insects, especially bees, wasps and hornets. on the other hand, nosema ceranae is a microsporidia recently described as a ... | 2008 | 18218034 |
| first detection of nosema ceranae, a microsporidian parasite of european honey bees (apis mellifera), in canada and central usa. | nosema ceranae is an emerging microsporidian parasite of european honey bees, apis mellifera, but its distribution is not well known. six nosema-positive samples (determined from light microscopy of spores) of adult worker bees from canada (two each from nova scotia, new brunswick, and prince edward island) and two from usa (minnesota) were tested to determine nosema species using previously-developed pcr primers of the 16s rrna gene. we detected for the first time n. ceranae in canada and centr ... | 2008 | 17897670 |
| nosema ceranae is a long-present and wide-spread microsporidian infection of the european honey bee (apis mellifera) in the united states. | honey bee samples collected between 1995 and 2007 from 12 states were examined for the presence of nosema infections. our results showed that nosema ceranae is a wide-spread infection of the european honey bee, apis mellifera in the united states. the discovery of n. ceranae in bees collected a decade ago indicates that n. ceranae was transferred from its original host, apis cerana to a. mellifera earlier than previously recognized. the spread of n. ceranae infection in a. mellifera warrants fur ... | 2008 | 17880997 |
| the comparison of rdna spacer regions of nosema ceranae isolates from different hosts and locations. | nosema ceranae is a common microsporidian pathogen, one of two nosema species that cause "nosema disease" in honeybees, apis cerana and apis mellifera. samples of n. ceranae rdna from isolates collected in different locations were sequenced and one 5s rrna was found to be upstream of ssurrna. the rdna arrangement, 5'-5s rrna-igs-ssurrna-its-lsurrna-3', was found in all isolates. in order to better understand the distribution relationship between n. ceranae isolates from a. cerana and a. mellifer ... | 2008 | 17709115 |
| outcome of colonization of apis mellifera by nosema ceranae. | a multiplex pcr-based method, in which two small-subunit rrna regions are simultaneously amplified in a single reaction, was designed for parallel detection of honeybee microsporidians (nosema apis and nosema ceranae). each of two pairs of primers exclusively amplified the 16s rrna targeted gene of a specific microsporidian. the multiplex pcr assay was useful for specific detection of the two species of microsporidians related to bee nosemosis, not only in purified spores but also in honeybee ho ... | 2007 | 17675417 |
| detection of infective nosema ceranae (microsporidia) spores in corbicular pollen of forager honeybees. | nosema ceranae is a microsporidia recently described as a parasite in apis mellifera honeybees in europe. due to the short time since its description, no epidemiological data are available. in this study, spore detection in both pollen baskets and pollen collected from commercial traps is described (pcm, tem and pcr methods). spore infectivity is shown after artificial infection of nosema-free adult bees. the epidemiological consequences of the presence of nosema spores in corbicular pollen requ ... | 2008 | 17651750 |
| widespread dispersal of the microsporidian nosema ceranae, an emergent pathogen of the western honey bee, apis mellifera. | the economically most important honey bee species, apis mellifera, was formerly considered to be parasitized by one microsporidian, nosema apis. recently, [higes, m., martín, r., meana, a., 2006. nosema ceranae, a new microsporidian parasite in honeybees in europe, j. invertebr. pathol. 92, 93-95] and [huang, w.-f., jiang, j.-h., chen, y.-w., wang, c.-h., 2007. a nosema ceranae isolate from the honeybee apis mellifera. apidologie 38, 30-37] used 16s (ssu) rrna gene sequences to demonstrate the p ... | 2007 | 17428493 |
| experimental infection of apis mellifera honeybees with nosema ceranae (microsporidia). | in this report, an experimental infection of apis mellifera by nosema ceranae, a newly reported microsporidian in this host is described. nosema free honeybees were inoculated with 125,000 n. ceranae spores, isolated from heavily infected bees. the parasite species was identified by amplification and sequencing the ssurrna gene of the administered spores. three replicate cages of 20 honeybees each were prepared, along with one control cage (n=20) supplied with sugar syrup only. the infection rat ... | 2007 | 17217954 |
| nosema ceranae, a new microsporidian parasite in honeybees in europe. | twelve samples of adult honey bees from different regions of spain from colonies with clear signs of population depletion, positive to microsporidian spores using light microscopy (1% of total positive samples analysed), were selected for molecular diagnosis. pcr specific primers for a region of the 16s rrna gene of microsporidia were developed and the pcr products were sequenced and compared to genbank entries. the sequenced products of 11 out of the 12 samples were identical to the correspondi ... | 2006 | 16574143 |
| nosema ceranae in european honey bees (apis mellifera). | nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite described from the asian honey bee, apis cerana. the parasite is cross-infective with the european honey bee, apis mellifera. it is not known when or where n. ceranae first infected european bees, but n. ceranae has probably been infecting european bees for at least two decades. n. ceranae appears to be replacing nosema apis, at least in some populations of european honey bees. this replacement is an enigma because the spores of the new parasite are le ... | 2010 | 19909977 |
| genetic detection and quantification of nosema apis and n. ceranae in the honey bee. | the incidence of nosemosis has increased in recent years due to an emerging infestation of nosema ceranae in managed honey bee populations in much of the world. a real-time pcr assay was developed to facilitate detection and quantification of both nosema apis and n. ceranae in both single bee and pooled samples. the assay is a multiplexed reaction in which both species are detected and quantified in a single reaction. the assay is highly sensitive and can detect single copies of the target seque ... | 2010 | 19850047 |
| identification of transcriptional signals in encephalitozoon cuniculi widespread among microsporidia phylum: support for accurate structural genome annotation. | microsporidia are obligate intracellular eukaryotic parasites with genomes ranging in size from 2.3 mbp to more than 20 mbp. the extremely small (2.9 mbp) and highly compact (approximately 1 gene/kb) genome of the human parasite encephalitozoon cuniculi has been fully sequenced. the aim of this study was to characterize noncoding motifs that could be involved in regulation of gene expression in e. cuniculi and to show whether these motifs are conserved among the phylum microsporidia. | 2009 | 20003517 |
| high-level resistance of nosema ceranae, a parasite of the honeybee, to temperature and desiccation. | resistance of nosema ceranae to different exposure conditions has been evaluated by using sytox green and dapi (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) to test spore viability. high thermotolerance at 60 and 35 degrees c and resistance to desiccation were observed. however, a significant decrease in viability after freezing and a rapid degeneration of spores maintained at 4 degrees c were also detected. | 2009 | 19734329 |
| first detection and dominance of nosema ceranae in hungarian honeybee colonies. | microsporidiosis (nosema disease) of the european honeybee ( apis mellifera l.) is present in bee colonies worldwide. until recently, nosema apis had been regarded as the causative agent of the disease, which may have many negative effects on the colony and cause heavy economic losses in apicultures. another microsporidium species, nosema ceranae , was reported to infest the asian honeybee ( apis ceranae ), but both honeybee species are susceptible to both microsporidia. in the european honeybee ... | 2009 | 19635710 |
| effects at nearctic north-temperate latitudes of indoor versus outdoor overwintering on the microsporidium nosema ceranae and western honey bees (apis mellifera). | in northern temperate climates, western honey bee (apis mellifera) colonies can be wintered outdoors exposed to ambient conditions, or indoors in a controlled setting. because very little is known about how this affects the recently-detected microsporidium nosema ceranae, we investigated effects of indoor versus outdoor overwintering on spring n. ceranae intensity (spores per bee), and on winter and spring colony mortality. for colonies medicated with fumagilin-b(r) to control n. ceranae, overwi ... | 2010 | 20123103 |
| asymmetrical coexistence of nosema ceranae and nosema apis in honey bees. | globalization has provided opportunities for parasites/pathogens to cross geographic boundaries and expand to new hosts. recent studies showed that nosema ceranae, originally considered a microsporidian parasite of eastern honey bees, apis cerana, is a disease agent of nosemosis in european honey bees, apis mellifera, along with the resident species, nosema apis. further studies indicated that disease caused by n. ceranae in european honey bees is far more prevalent than that caused by n. apis. ... | 2009 | 19467238 |
| winter losses of honeybee colonies (hymenoptera: apidae): the role of infestations with aethina tumida (coleoptera: nitidulidae) and varroa destructor (parasitiformes: varroidae). | multiple infections of managed honeybee, apis mellifera, colonies are inevitable due to the ubiquitous ectoparasitic mite varroa destructor and might be an underlying cause of winter losses. here we investigated the role of adult small hive beetles, aethina tumida, alone and in combination with v. destructor for winter losses and for infections with the microsporidian endoparasite nosema ceranae. we found no significant influence of a. tumida and v. destructor alone or in combination on the numb ... | 2010 | 20214362 |
| five-year cohort study of nosema spp. in germany: does climate shape virulence and assertiveness of nosema ceranae? | nosema ceranae and nosema apis are two fungal pathogens belonging to the phylum microsporidia and infecting the european honeybee, apis mellifera. recent studies have suggested that n. ceranae is more virulent than n. apis both at the individual insect level and at the colony level. severe colony losses could be attributed to n. ceranae infections, and an unusual form of nosemosis is caused by this pathogen. in the present study, data from a 5-year cohort study of the prevalence of nosema spp. i ... | 2010 | 20228103 |
| effect of bacterial metabolites on microsporidian nosema ceranae and on its host apis mellifera. | nosemosis, a disease caused by a microsporidian infection, is one of the most frequently observed parasitic pathologies affecting adult honeybees. presently, nosema ceranae seems to be the main microsporidian infection in apis mellifera. the antibiotic fumagillin is the only compound available to treat nosema diseases; however, it is no longer licensed in most eu member states; therefore, the need to identify new molecules/substances prevails. the intent of this paper is to test bacterial metabo ... | 2010 | 20467753 |
| cophylogeny of nosema (microsporidia: nosematidae) and bees (hymenoptera: apidae) suggests both cospeciation and a host-switch. | some microsporidian parasites belonging to the genus nosema infect bees. previous phylogenies of these parasites have produced alternative, conflicting relationships. we analyzed separately, and in combination, large and small subunit ribosomal dna sequences of nosema species infecting bees under neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and bayesian frameworks. we observed a sister relationship between nosema ceranae and nosema bombi, with nosema apis as a basal member to this gr ... | 2009 | 18684016 |
| infections of nosema ceranae in four different honeybee species. | the microsporidium nosema ceranae is detected in honeybees in thailand for the first time. this endoparasite has recently been reported to infect most apis mellifera honeybee colonies in europe, the us, and parts of asia, and is suspected to have displaced the endemic endoparasite species, nosema apis, from the western a. mellifera. we collected and identified species of microsporidia from the european honeybee (a. mellifera), the cavity nesting asian honeybee (apis cerana), the dwarf asian hone ... | 2010 | 20600087 |
| effective gene silencing in a microsporidian parasite associated with honeybee (apis mellifera) colony declines. | honeybee colonies are vulnerable to parasites and pathogens ranging from viruses to vertebrates. an increasingly prevalent disease of managed honeybees is caused by the microsporidian nosema ceranae. microsporidia are basal fungi and obligate parasites with much-reduced genomic and cellular components. a recent genome-sequencing effort for n. ceranae indicated the presence of machinery for rna silencing in this species, suggesting that rna interference (rnai) might be exploited to regulate nosem ... | 2010 | 20622131 |
| parasitic infection leads to decline in hemolymph sugar levels in honeybee foragers. | parasites by drawing nutrition from their hosts can exert an energetic stress on them. honeybee foragers with their high metabolic demand due to flight are especially prone to such a stress when they are infected. we hypothesized that infection by the microsporidian gut parasite nosema ceranae can lower the hemolymph sugar level of an individual forager and uncouple its energetic state from its normally tight correlation with the colony energetic state. we support our hypothesis by showing that ... | 2010 | 20685210 |
| sudden deaths and colony population decline in greek honey bee colonies. | during june and july of 2009, sudden deaths, tremulous movements and population declines of adult honey bees were reported by the beekeepers in the region of peloponnesus (mt. mainalo), greece. a preliminary study was carried out to investigate these unexplained phenomena in this region. in total, 37 bee samples, two brood frames containing honey bee brood of various ages, eight sugar samples and four sugar patties were collected from the affected colonies. the samples were tested for a range of ... | 2010 | 20804765 |
| honeybee glands as possible infection reservoirs of nosema ceranae and nosema apis in naturally infected forager bees. | to determine whether nosema ceranae and nosema apis are present in different gland tissues of honeybee, apis mellifera l. and to monitor spore presence and quantity in these glands in naturally infected hives from july 2009 to july 2010 in quebec, canada. | 2012 | 22053729 |
| iridovirus and microsporidian linked to honey bee colony decline. | in 2010 colony collapse disorder (ccd), again devastated honey bee colonies in the usa, indicating that the problem is neither diminishing nor has it been resolved. many ccd investigations, using sensitive genome-based methods, have found small rna bee viruses and the microsporidia, nosema apis and n. ceranae in healthy and collapsing colonies alike with no single pathogen firmly linked to honey bee losses. | 2010 | 20949138 |
| nosema ceranae, a new parasite in thai honeybees. | adult workers of apis cerana, apis florea and apis mellifera from colonies heavily infected with nosema ceranae were selected for molecular analyses of the parasite. pcr-specific 16s rrna primers were designed, cloned, sequenced and compared to genbank entries. the sequenced products corresponded to n. ceranae. we then infected a. cerana with n. ceranae spores isolated from a. florea workers. newly emerged bees from healthy colonies were fed 10,000, 20,000 and 40,000 spores/bee. there were signi ... | 2010 | 20965196 |
| a cell culture model for nosema ceranae and nosema apis allows new insights into the life cycle of these important honey bee-pathogenic microsporidia. | the population of managed honey bees has been dramatically declining in the recent past in many regions of the world. consensus now seems to be that pathogens and parasites (e.g. the ectoparasitic mite varroa destructor, the microsporidium nosema ceranae and viruses) play a major role in this demise. however, little is known about host-pathogen interactions for bee pathogens and attempts to develop novel strategies to combat bee diseases have been hampered by this gap in our knowledge. one reaso ... | 2010 | 20880328 |
| specific and sensitive detection of nosema bombi (microsporidia: nosematidae) in bumble bees (bombus spp.; hymenoptera: apidae) by pcr of partial rrna gene sequences. | a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based method was developed for the specific and sensitive diagnosis of the microsporidian parasite nosema bombi in bumble bees (bombus spp.). four primer pairs, amplifying ribosomal rna (rrna) gene fragments, were tested on n. bombi and the related microsporidia nosema apis and nosema ceranae, both of which infect honey bees. only primer pair nbombi-ssu-jf1/jr1 could distinguish n. bombi (323bp amplicon) from these other bee parasites. primer pairs nbombi-ssu-jf ... | 2006 | 16376373 |
| comparison of the energetic stress associated with experimental nosema ceranae and nosema apis infection of honeybees (apis mellifera). | nosema ceranae is a relatively new and widespread parasite of the western honeybee apis mellifera that provokes a new form of nosemosis. in comparison to nosema apis, which has been infecting the honeybee for much longer, n. ceranae seems to have co-evolved less with this host, causing a more virulent disease. given that n. apis and n. ceranae are obligate intracellular microsporidian parasites, needing host energy to reproduce, energetic stress may be an important factor contributing to the inc ... | 2011 | 21360094 |
| an exposure study to assess the potential impact of fipronil in treated sunflower seeds on honey bee colony losses in spain. | background: there is great concern about the high losses and strong depopulation of honey bee colonies in some areas of spain. some beekeepers have suggested that sunflower seeds treated with the insecticide fipronil could be an important factor in causing those losses. therefore, an in-depth field study has been carried out in two regions of spain where sunflower production is intense (cuenca and andalucía) and where, for some crops and varieties, fipronil has been used as seed insecticide. res ... | 2011 | 21548002 |
| nosema tolerant honeybees (apis mellifera) escape parasitic manipulation of apoptosis. | apoptosis is not only pivotal for development, but also for pathogen defence in multicellular organisms. although numerous intracellular pathogens are known to interfere with the host's apoptotic machinery to overcome this defence, its importance for host-parasite coevolution has been neglected. we conducted three inoculation experiments to investigate in the apoptotic respond during infection with the intracellular gut pathogen nosema ceranae, which is considered as potential global threat to t ... | 2015 | 26445372 |
| phylogenetic analysis of nosema ceranae isolated from european and asian honeybees in northern thailand. | nosema ceranae was found to infect four different host species including the european honeybee (a. mellifera) and the asian honeybees (apis florea, a. cerana and apis dorsata) collected from apiaries and forests in northern thailand. significant sequence variation in the polar tube protein (ptp1) gene of n. ceranae was observed with n. ceranae isolates from a. mellifera and a. cerana, they clustered into the same phylogenetic lineage. n. ceranae isolates from a. dorsata and a. florea were groupe ... | 2011 | 21600213 |
| nosema ceranae in drone honey bees (apis mellifera). | nosema ceranae is a microsporidian intracellular parasite of honey bees, apis mellifera. previously nosema apis was thought to be the only cause of nosemosis, but it has recently been proposed that n. ceranae is displacing n. apis. the rapid spread of n. ceranae could be due to additional transmission mechanisms, as well as higher infectivity. we analyzed drones for n. ceranae infections using duplex qpcr with species specific primers and probes. we found that both immature and mature drones are ... | 2011 | 21621543 |
| genetic variation and widespread dispersal of nosema ceranae in apis mellifera apiaries from argentina. | using molecular techniques, we documented the presence of nosema ceranae in honeybees (apis mellífera) from argentina. samples were collected from a. mellifera colonies in 38 districts of buenos aires province, argentina. molecular characterization was achieved with a multiplex pcr-based method, which allows parallel diagnosis of n. ceranae and n. osema apis. n. ceranae was identified in all the samples analyzed. moreover, coinfections with n. apis were detected in balcarce and maipú districts. ... | 2011 | 21808980 |
| polar tube protein gene diversity among nosema ceranae strains derived from a greek honey bee health study. | honey bee samples from 54 apiaries originating from 37 geographic locations of greece were screened for nosema apis and nosema ceranae. furthermore 15 samples coming from 12 geographic locations were screened also for paenibacilluslarvae and melissococcus plutonius and seven honey bee virus species, for the first time on a nation-wide level. there was a tendency in finding proportionally higher spore counts in samples from apiaries that suffered important colony losses. p. larvae bacteria were i ... | 2011 | 21802424 |
| exposure to sublethal doses of fipronil and thiacloprid highly increases mortality of honeybees previously infected by nosema ceranae. | background: the honeybee, apis mellifera, is undergoing a worldwide decline whose origin is still in debate. studies performed for twenty years suggest that this decline may involve both infectious diseases and exposure to pesticides. joint action of pathogens and chemicals are known to threaten several organisms but the combined effects of these stressors were poorly investigated in honeybees. our study was designed to explore the effect of nosema ceranae infection on honeybee sensitivity to su ... | 2011 | 21738706 |
| critical aspects of the nosema spp. diagnostic sampling in honey bee (apis mellifera l.) colonies. | nosemosis is one of the most widespread of the adult honey bee diseases and causes major economic losses to beekeepers. two microsporidia have been described infecting honey bees worldwide, nosema apis and nosema ceranae, whose seasonality and pathology differ markedly. an increasing prevalence of microsporidian infections in honey bees has been observed worldwide during the last years. because nosemosis has detrimental effects on both strength and productivity of the infected colonies, an accur ... | 2011 | 22193523 |
| trace analysis of fumagillin in honey by liquid chromatography-diode array-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. | in this work a new liquid chromatography with diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (lc-dad-esi-ms) method has been developed for the determination of fumagillin residues in honey. this procedure involves a solid-phase extraction on polymeric cartridges for the isolation of fumagillin from diluted honey. chromatographic separation of fumagillin was performed in isocratic mode, on a c(18) column (150 mm x 4.60mm i.d., 5 microm), the mobile phase consisted of a mixtur ... | 2008 | 18371976 |
| evidence for emerging parasites and pathogens influencing outbreaks of stress-related diseases like chalkbrood. | in agriculture, honey bees play a critical role as commercial pollinators of crop monocultures which depend on insect pollination. hence, the demise of honey bee colonies in europe, usa, and asia caused much concern and initiated many studies and research programmes aiming at elucidating the factors negatively affecting honey bee health and survival. most of these studies look at individual factors related to colony losses. in contrast, we here present our data on the interaction of pathogens an ... | 2011 | 21906600 |
| Dead or alive: Deformed Wing Virus and Varroa destructor reduce the life span of winter honeybees. | Elevated winter losses of managed honey bee colonies are a major concern, but the underlying mechanisms remain controversial. Among the suspects are the parasitic mite Varroa destructor, the microsporidian Nosema ceranae and associated viruses. Here, we hypothesize that pathogens reduce the life expectancy of winter bees, thereby constituting a proximate mechanism for colony losses. A monitoring of colonies was performed over six months in Switzerland from summer 2007 to winter 2007/2008. Indivi ... | 2011 | 22179240 |
| A comparison of the effectiveness of the microscopic method and the multiplex PCR method in identifying and discriminating the species of Nosema spp. spores in worker bees (Apis mellifera) from winter hive debris. | The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the multiplex PCR method and traditional light microscopy in identifying and discriminating the species of Nosema spp. spores in worker bees from winter hive debris in the Province of Warmia and Mazury (NE Poland). A total of 1000 beesdead after from the bottom of the hive from bee colonies were analyzed. Spores were identified with the use of a light microscope (400-600x magnification). Spores were assigned to species by the multip ... | 2011 | 21957732 |
| Nosema ceranae in age cohorts of the western honey bee (Apis mellifera). | Nosemaceranae intensity (mean spores per bee) and prevalence (proportion of bees infected in a sample) were analyzed in honey bees of known ages. Sealed brood combs from five colonies were removed, emerging bees were marked with paint, released back into their colonies of origin, and collected as recently emerged (0-3days old), as house bees (8-11days old), and as foragers (22-25days old). Fifty bees from each of the five colonies were processed individually at each collection date for the inten ... | 2012 | 22001631 |
| comparison of within hive sampling and seasonal activity of nosema ceranae in honey bee colonies. | nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite of the european honey bee, apis mellifera, that is found worldwide and in multiple apis spp.; however, little is known about the effects of n. ceranae on a. mellifera. previous studies using spore counts suggest that there is no longer a seasonal cycle for n. ceranae and that it is found year round with little variation in infection intensity among months. our goal was to determine whether infection levels differ in bees collected from different areas ... | 2011 | 22085836 |
| the growing prevalence of nosema ceranae in honey bees in spain, an emerging problem for the last decade. | microsporidiosis caused by infection with nosema apis or nosema ceranae has become one of the most widespread diseases of honey bees and can cause important economic losses for beekeepers. honey can be contaminated by spores of both species and it has been reported as a suitable matrix to study the field prevalence of other honey bee sporulated pathogens. historical honey sample collections from the car laboratory (centro apícola regional) were analyzed by pcr to identify the earliest instance o ... | 2011 | 21906767 |
| Diversity of Nosema associated with bumblebees (Bombus spp.) from China. | Bumblebees (Bombus spp.) are important pollinators of many economically important crops and microsporidia are among the most important infections of these hosts. Using molecular markers, we screened a large sample (n=1,009 bees) of workers of 27 different Bombus spp. from China (Sichuan, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia, and Gansu provinces). The results showed that 62 individuals representing 12 Bombus spp. were infected by microsporidia with an overall prevalence of 6.1%. Based on the haplotypes (ssrRN ... | 2012 | 22138016 |
| microsporidia infecting apis mellifera: coexistence or competition. is nosema ceranae replacing nosema apis? | nosema ceranae has been suggested to be replacing nosema apis in some populations of apis mellifera honeybees. however, this replacement from one to the other is not supported when studying the distribution and prevalence of both microsporidia in professional apiaries in spanish territories (transverse study), their seasonal pattern in experimental hives with co-infection or their prevalence at individual level (either in worker bees or drones). nevertheless, n. ceranae has shown to present a hi ... | 2011 | 22176602 |
| comparative analysis of detection limits and specificity of molecular diagnostic markers for three pathogens (microsporidia, nosema spp.) in the key pollinators apis mellifera and bombus terrestris. | global pollinator decline has recently been discussed in the context of honey and bumble bee infections from various pathogens including viruses, bacteria, microsporidia and mites. the microsporidian pathogens nosema apis, nosema ceranae and nosema bombi may in fact be major candidates contributing to this decline. different molecular and non-molecular detection methods have been developed; however, a comparison, especially of the highly sensitive pcr based methods, is currently lacking. here, w ... | 2011 | 21927870 |
| The effect of induced queen replacement on Nosema spp. infection in honey bee (Apis mellifera iberiensis) colonies. | Microsporidiosis of adult honeybees caused by Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae is a common worldwide disease with negative impacts on colony strength and productivity. Few options are available to control the disease at present. The role of the queen in bee population renewal and the replacement of bee losses due to Nosema infection is vital to maintain colony homeostasis. Younger queens have a greater egg laying potential and they produce a greater proportion of uninfected newly eclosed bees to c ... | 2011 | 22118366 |
| a new threat to honey bees, the parasitic phorid fly apocephalus borealis. | honey bee colonies are subject to numerous pathogens and parasites. interaction among multiple pathogens and parasites is the proposed cause for colony collapse disorder (ccd), a syndrome characterized by worker bees abandoning their hive. here we provide the first documentation that the phorid fly apocephalus borealis, previously known to parasitize bumble bees, also infects and eventually kills honey bees and may pose an emerging threat to north american apiculture. parasitized honey bees show ... | 2012 | 22235317 |
| a multiplex pcr assay to diagnose and quantify nosema infections in honey bees (apis mellifera). | correct identification of the microsporidia, nosema apis and nosema ceranae, is key to the study and control of nosema disease of honey bees (apis mellifera). a rapid dna extraction method combined with multiplex pcr to amplify the 16s rrna gene with species-specific primers was compared with a previously published assay requiring spore-germination buffer and a dna extraction kit. when the spore germination-extraction kit method was used, 10 or more bees were required to detect the pathogens, wh ... | 2010 | 20570679 |
| polymorphism and recombination for rdna in the putatively asexual microsporidian nosema ceranae, a pathogen of honeybees. | nosema ceranae is currently one of the major pathogens of honeybees, related to the worldwide colony losses phenomenon. the genotyping of strains based on ribosomal dna (rdna) can be misleading if the repeated units are not identical. the analysis of cloned rdna fragments containing the intergenic spacer (igs) and part of the rdna small-subunit (ssu) gene, from n. ceranae isolates from different european and central asia populations, revealed a high diversity of sequences. the variability involv ... | 2011 | 21199250 |
| prevalence and infection intensity of nosema in honey bee (apis mellifera l.) colonies in virginia. | nosema ceranae is a recently described pathogen of apis mellifera and apis cerana. relatively little is known about the distribution or prevalence of n. ceranae in the united states. to determine the prevalence and potential impact of this new pathogen on honey bee colonies in virginia, over 300 hives were sampled across the state. the samples were analyzed microscopically for nosema spores and for the presence of the pathogen using real-time pcr. our studies indicate that n. ceranae is the domi ... | 2011 | 21345338 |
| susceptibility of four different honey bee species to nosema ceranae. | in this study, we investigated the infectivity of nosema ceranae and the immune response of the european honey bee, apis mellifera and the asian honey bee species, apis cerana, apis dorsata and apis florea when inoculated with two isolates of n. ceranae isolated from different climates (canada and thailand), using cage experiments. the results indicated that the local isolate of n. ceranae (thailand) had high infectivity in a. mellifera, a. cerana and a. dorsata but only a few spores were observ ... | 2012 | 23290277 |
| distribution of nosema ceranae in the european honeybee, apis mellifera in japan. | the microsporidian species, nosema apis and nosema ceranae are both known to infect the european honeybee, apis mellifera. nosema disease has a global distribution and is responsible for considerable economic losses among apiculturists. in this study, 336 honeybee samples from 18 different prefectures in japan were examined for the presence of n. apis and n. ceranae using a pcr technique. although n. ceranae was not detected in most of the apiaries surveyed, the parasite was detected at three of ... | 2010 | 21056042 |
| negative correlation between nosema ceranae spore loads and deformed wing virus infection levels in adult honey bee workers. | interactions between pathogens might contribute to honey bee colony losses. here we investigated if there is an association between the microsporidian nosema ceranae and the deformed wing virus (dwv) in different body sections of individual honey bee workers (apis mellifera ligustica) under exclusion of the vector varroa destructor. our data provide correlational evidence for antagonistic interactions between the two pathogens in the midgut of the bees. | 2011 | 21939664 |
| pathological effects of the microsporidium nosema ceranae on honey bee queen physiology (apis mellifera). | nosema ceranae, a microsporidian parasite originally described in the asian honey bee apis cerana, has recently been found to be cross-infective and to also parasitize the european honey bee apis mellifera. since this discovery, many studies have attempted to characterize the impact of this parasite in a. mellifera honey bees. nosema species can infect all colony members, workers, drones and queens, but the pathological effects of this microsporidium has been mainly investigated in workers, desp ... | 2010 | 21156180 |
| the genome of nosema sp. isolate ynpr: a comparative analysis of genome evolution within the nosema/vairimorpha clade. | the microsporidian parasite designated here as nosema sp. isolate ynpr was isolated from the cabbage butterfly pieris rapae collected in honghe prefecture, yunnan province, china. the genome was sequenced by illumina sequencing and compared to those of two related members of the nosema/vairimorpha clade, nosema ceranae and nosema apis. based upon assembly statistics, the nosema sp. ynpr genome is 3.36 x 106bp with a g+c content of 23.18% and 2,075 protein coding sequences. an "accctt" motif is p ... | 2016 | 27598992 |
| bee pathogens found in bombus atratus from colombia: a case study. | bombus atratus bumblebees from colombia that were caught in the wild and from breeding programs were screened for a broad set of bee pathogens. we discovered for the first time lake sinai virus and confirmed the infection by other common viruses. the prevalence of apicystis bombi, crithidia bombi and nosema ceranae was remarkably high. according to other studies the former two could have been co-introduced in south america with exotic bumble bees as bombus terrestris or bombus ruderatus. given t ... | 2015 | 26031564 |
| molecular and phylogenetic characterization of honey bee viruses, nosema microsporidia, protozoan parasites, and parasitic mites in china. | china has the largest number of managed honey bee colonies, which produce the highest quantity of honey and royal jelly in the world; however, the presence of honey bee pathogens and parasites has never been rigorously identified in chinese apiaries. we thus conducted a molecular survey of honey bee rna viruses, nosema microsporidia, protozoan parasites, and tracheal mites associated with nonnative apis mellifera ligustica and native apis cerana cerana colonies in china. we found the presence of ... | 2013 | 23467539 |
| parasite-insecticide interactions: a case study of nosema ceranae and fipronil synergy on honeybee. | in ecosystems, a variety of biological, chemical and physical stressors may act in combination to induce illness in populations of living organisms. while recent surveys reported that parasite-insecticide interactions can synergistically and negatively affect honeybee survival, the importance of sequence in exposure to stressors has hardly received any attention. in this work, western honeybees (apis mellifera) were sequentially or simultaneously infected by the microsporidian parasite nosema ce ... | 2012 | 22442753 |
| genome-wide identification and comprehensive analyses of the kinomes in four pathogenic microsporidia species. | microsporidia have attracted considerable attention because they infect a wide range of hosts, from invertebrates to vertebrates, and cause serious human diseases and major economic losses in the livestock industry. there are no prospective drugs to counteract this pathogen. eukaryotic protein kinases (epks) play a central role in regulating many essential cellular processes and are therefore potential drug targets. in this study, a comprehensive summary and comparative analysis of the protein k ... | 2014 | 25549259 |
| the honey bee pathosphere of mongolia: european viruses in central asia. | parasites and pathogens are apparent key factors for the detrimental health of managed european honey bee subspecies, apis mellifera. apicultural trade is arguably the main factor for the almost global distribution of most honey bee diseases, thereby increasing chances for multiple infestations/infections of regions, apiaries, colonies and even individual bees. this imposes difficulties to evaluate the effects of pathogens in isolation, thereby creating demand to survey remote areas. here, we co ... | 2016 | 26959221 |
| nosema ceranae escapes fumagillin control in honey bees. | fumagillin is the only antibiotic approved for control of nosema disease in honey bees and has been extensively used in united states apiculture for more than 50 years for control of nosema apis. it is toxic to mammals and must be applied seasonally and with caution to avoid residues in honey. fumagillin degrades or is diluted in hives over the foraging season, exposing bees and the microsporidia to declining concentrations of the drug. we showed that spore production by nosema ceranae, an emerg ... | 2013 | 23505365 |
| comprehensive bee pathogen screening in belgium reveals crithidia mellificae as a new contributory factor to winter mortality. | since the last decade, unusually high honey bee colony losses have been reported mainly in north-america and europe. here, we report on a comprehensive bee pathogen screening in belgium covering 363 bee colonies that were screened for 18 known disease-causing pathogens and correlate their incidence in summer with subsequent winter mortality. our analyses demonstrate that, in addition to varroa destructor, the presence of the trypanosomatid parasite crithidia mellificae and the microsporidian par ... | 2013 | 23991113 |
| large pathogen screening reveals first report of megaselia scalaris (diptera: phoridae) parasitizing apis mellifera intermissa (hymenoptera: apidae). | as it is most likely that global warming will also lead to a shift in pollinator-habitats northwards, the study of southern species becomes more and more important. pathogen screenings in subspecies of apis mellifera capable of withstanding higher temperatures, provide an insight into future pathogen host interactions. screenings in different climate regions also provide a global perspective on the prevalence of certain pathogens. in this project, we performed a pathogen screening in apis mellif ... | 2016 | 27130035 |
| honey bee infecting lake sinai viruses. | honey bees are critical pollinators of important agricultural crops. recently, high annual losses of honey bee colonies have prompted further investigation of honey bee infecting viruses. to better characterize the recently discovered and very prevalent lake sinai virus (lsv) group, we sequenced currently circulating lsvs, performed phylogenetic analysis, and obtained images of lsv2. sequence analysis resulted in extension of the lsv1 and lsv2 genomes, the first detection of lsv4 in the us, and ... | 2015 | 26110586 |
| bees under stress: sublethal doses of a neonicotinoid pesticide and pathogens interact to elevate honey bee mortality across the life cycle. | microbial pathogens are thought to have a profound impact on insect populations. honey bees are suffering from elevated colony losses in the northern hemisphere possibly because of a variety of emergent microbial pathogens, with which pesticides may interact to exacerbate their impacts. to reveal such potential interactions, we administered at sublethal and field realistic doses one neonicotinoid pesticide (thiacloprid) and two common microbial pathogens, the invasive microsporidian nosema ceran ... | 2015 | 25611325 |
| holistic screening of collapsing honey bee colonies in spain: a case study. | here we present a holistic screening of collapsing colonies from three professional apiaries in spain. colonies with typical honey bee depopulation symptoms were selected for multiple possible factors to reveal the causes of collapse. | 2014 | 25223634 |
| honey bee apis mellifera parasites in the absence of nosema ceranae fungi and varroa destructor mites. | few areas of the world have western honey bee (apis mellifera) colonies that are free of invasive parasites nosema ceranae (fungi) and varroa destructor (mites). particularly detrimental is v. destructor; in addition to feeding on host haemolymph, these mites are important vectors of several viruses that are further implicated as contributors to honey bee mortality around the world. thus, the biogeography and attendant consequences of viral communities in the absence of v. destructor are of sign ... | 2014 | 24955834 |
| sex-specific differences in pathogen susceptibility in honey bees (apis mellifera). | sex-related differences in susceptibility to pathogens are a common phenomenon in animals. in the eusocial hymenoptera the two female castes, workers and queens, are diploid and males are haploid. the haploid susceptibility hypothesis predicts that haploid males are more susceptible to pathogen infections compared to females. here we test this hypothesis using adult male (drone) and female (worker) honey bees (apis mellifera), inoculated with the gut endoparasite nosema ceranae and/or black quee ... | 2014 | 24465518 |
| the prevalence of parasites and pathogens in asian honeybees apis cerana in china. | pathogens and parasites represent significant threats to the health and well-being of honeybee species that are key pollinators of agricultural crops and flowers worldwide. we conducted a nationwide survey to determine the occurrence and prevalence of pathogens and parasites in asian honeybees, apis cerana, in china. our study provides evidence of infections of a. cerana by pathogenic deformed wing virus (dwv), black queen cell virus (bqcv), nosema ceranae, and c. bombi species that have been li ... | 2012 | 23144838 |
| species-specific diagnostics of apis mellifera trypanosomatids: a nine-year survey (2007-2015) for trypanosomatids and microsporidians in serbian honey bees. | in this study, honey bees collected in serbia over 9 consecutive years (2007-2015) were retrospectively surveyed to determine the prevalence of eukaryotic gut parasites by molecular screening of archival dna samples. we developed species-specific primers for pcr to detect the two known honey bee trypanosomatid species, crithidia mellificae and the recently described lotmaria passim. these primers were validated for target specificity under single and mixed-species conditions as well as against t ... | 2016 | 27392956 |
| single and mixed-species trypanosome and microsporidia infections elicit distinct, ephemeral cellular and humoral immune responses in honey bees. | frequently encountered parasite species impart strong selective pressures on host immune system evolution and are more apt to concurrently infect the same host, yet molecular impacts in light of this are often overlooked. we have contrasted immune responses in honey bees to two common eukaryotic endoparasites by establishing single and mixed-species infections using the long-associated parasite crithidia mellificae and the emergent parasite nosema ceranae. quantitative polymerase chain reaction ... | 2013 | 23529010 |
| parasites modulate within-colony activity and accelerate the temporal polyethism schedule of a social insect, the honey bee. | task allocation in social insect colonies is generally organised into an age-related division of labour, termed the temporal polyethism schedule, which may in part have evolved to reduce infection of the colony's brood by pests and pathogens. the temporal polyethism schedule is sensitive to colony perturbations that may lead to adaptive changes in task allocation, maintaining colony homeostasis. though social insects can be infected by a range of parasites, little is known of how these parasites ... | 2017 | 27397965 |
| pathogens as predictors of honey bee colony strength in england and wales. | inspectors with the uk national bee unit were asked for 2007-2008 to target problem apiaries in england and wales for pathogen screening and colony strength measures. healthy colonies were included in the sampling to provide a continuum of health conditions. a total of 406 adult bee samples was screened and yielded 7 viral, 1 bacterial, and 2 microsporidial pathogens and 1 ectoparasite (acarapis woodi). in addition, 108 samples of brood were screened and yielded 4 honey bee viruses. virus preval ... | 2015 | 26186735 |
| first detection of nosema ceranae, a microsporidian protozoa of european honeybees (apis mellifera) in iran. | nosemosis of european honey bee (apis mellifera) is present in bee colonies worldwide. until recently, nosema apis had been regarded as the causative agent of the disease, that causes heavy economic losses in apicultures. nosema ceranae is an emerging microsporidian parasite of european honeybees, a. mellifera, but its distribution is not well known. previously, nosemosis in honeybees in iran was attributed exclusively to n. apis. | 2011 | 22347302 |
| flight performance of actively foraging honey bees is reduced by a common pathogen. | sudden and severe declines in honey bee (apis mellifera) colony health in the us and europe have been attributed, in part, to emergent microbial pathogens, however, the mechanisms behind the impact are unclear. using roundabout flight mills, we measured the flight distance and duration of actively foraging, healthy-looking honey bees sampled from standard colonies, before quantifying the level of infection by nosema ceranae and deformed wing virus complex (dwv) for each bee. neither the presence ... | 2016 | 27337097 |
| evaluation of large-scale dissemination of nosema ceranae spores by european bee-eaters merops apiaster. | identification of transmission routes and of factors affecting the spatial positions of pathogens, hosts and vectors is basic to an adequate disease management. nosema ceranae is a microsporidian recently described as a parasite of apis mellifera honeybees and is currently considered the aetiological agent of an emergent illness named nosemosis type c. in this article we evaluate the role of a bird species, the european bee-eater, merops apiaster, as a large-scale dispersive agent of n. ceranae. ... | 2011 | 23761230 |
| disease associations between honeybees and bumblebees as a threat to wild pollinators. | emerging infectious diseases (eids) pose a risk to human welfare, both directly and indirectly, by affecting managed livestock and wildlife that provide valuable resources and ecosystem services, such as the pollination of crops. honeybees (apis mellifera), the prevailing managed insect crop pollinator, suffer from a range of emerging and exotic high-impact pathogens, and population maintenance requires active management by beekeepers to control them. wild pollinators such as bumblebees (bombus ... | 2014 | 24553241 |
| do the honeybee pathogens nosema ceranae and deformed wing virus act synergistically? | the honeybee pathogens nosema ceranae and deformed wing virus (dwv) cause the collapse of honeybee colonies. therefore, it is plausible that these two pathogens act synergistically to increase colony losses, since n.ceranae causes damage to the mid-gut epithelial ventricular cells and actively suppresses the honeybees' immune response, either of which could increase the virulence of viral pathogens within the bee. to test this hypothesis we exploited 322 hawaiian honeybee colonies for which dwv ... | 2013 | 23864563 |
| comparative analysis of the proteins with tandem repeats from 8 microsporidia and characterization of a novel endospore wall protein colocalizing with polar tube from nosema bombycis. | as a common feature of eukaryotic proteins, tandem amino acid repeat has been studied extensively in both animal and plant proteins. here, a comparative analysis focusing on the proteins having tandem repeats was conducted in 8 microsporidia, including four mammal-infecting microsporidia (encephalitozoon cuniculi, encephalitozoon intestinalis, encephalitozoon hellem and encephalitozoon bieneusi) and four insect-infecting microsporidia (nosema apis, nosema ceranae, vavraia culicis and nosema bomb ... | 2017 | 28321967 |
| antimicrosporidian activity of sulphated polysaccharides from algae and their potential to control honeybee nosemosis. | nosemosis is one of the most common and widespread diseases of adult honeybees. the causative agents, nosema apis and nosema ceranae, belong to microsporidia some obligate intracellular eukaryotic parasites. in this study, 10 sulphated polysaccharides from algae were evaluated for their antimicrosporidian activity. they were first shown to inhibit the in vitro growth of the mammal microsporidian model, encephalitozoon cuniculi. the most efficient polysaccharides were then tested for their abilit ... | 2015 | 26344274 |
| comparative analysis of codon usage bias patterns in microsporidian genomes. | the sub-3 mbp genomes from microsporidian species of the encephalitozoon genus are the smallest known among eukaryotes and paragons of genomic reduction and compaction in parasites. however, their diminutive stature is not characteristic of all microsporidia, whose genome sizes vary by an order of magnitude. this large variability suggests that different evolutionary forces are applied on the group as a whole. in this study, we have compared the codon usage bias (cub) between eight taxonomically ... | 2015 | 26057384 |
| morphological and molecular characterization of nosema pernyi, a microsporidian parasite in antheraea pernyi. | nosema pernyi is a lethal pathogen that causes microsporidiosis in the chinese oak silkworm, antheraea pernyi. in this study, we presented its morphological and some molecular characteristics. the mature spores were measured to be 4.36 × 1.49 μm. the spore wall consisted of an electron-dense exospore (ex) and electron-lucent endospore (en) layer. the polar filament (pf) was isofilar with 10-12 coils that were frequently arranged in a single row. investigation results indicated that n. pernyi can ... | 2015 | 26044882 |
| new evidence on the relationship between microsporidia and fungi: a genome-wide analysis by darkhorse software. | microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular eukaryotic parasites that infect a wide variety of species, including humans. phylogenetic analysis indicates a relationship between the microsporidia and the fungi. however, most results are based on the analysis of relatively few genes. darkhorse analysis involves the transformation of blast results into a lineage probability index (lpi) value and allows for the comparison of genes for an entire genome with those of other genomes. thus, we ca ... | 2014 | 25134955 |
| ribosomal gene polymorphism in small genomes: analysis of different 16s rrna sequences expressed in the honeybee parasite nosema ceranae (microsporidia). | to date, few organisms have been shown to possess variable ribosomal rna, otherwise considered a classic example of uniformity by concerted evolution. the polymorphism for the 16s rrna in nosema ceranae analysed here is striking as microsporidia are intracellular parasites which have suffered a strong reduction in their genomes and cellular organization. moreover, n. ceranae infects the honeybee apis mellifera, and has been associated with the colony-loss phenomenon during the last decade. the v ... | 2014 | 24102764 |
| brain transcriptomes of honey bees (apis mellifera) experimentally infected by two pathogens: black queen cell virus and nosema ceranae. | regulation of gene expression in the brain plays an important role in behavioral plasticity and decision making in response to external stimuli. however, both can be severely affected by environmental factors, such as parasites and pathogens. in honey bees, the emergence and re-emergence of pathogens and potential for pathogen co-infection and interaction have been suggested as major components that significantly impaired social behavior and survival. to understand how the honey bee is affected ... | 2016 | 27747157 |
| pathogen prevalence and abundance in honey bee colonies involved in almond pollination. | honey bees are important pollinators of agricultural crops. since 2006, us beekeepers have experienced high annual honey bee colony losses, which may be attributed to multiple abiotic and biotic factors, including pathogens. however, the relative importance of these factors has not been fully elucidated. to identify the most prevalent pathogens and investigate the relationship between colony strength and health, we assessed pathogen occurrence, prevalence, and abundance in western us honey bee c ... | 2017 | 27053820 |