| fibrinogen binding structures in beta-hemolytic streptococci group a, c, and g. comparisons with receptors for igg and aggregated beta 2-microglobulin. | binding of radiolabelled fibrinogen was measured to 197 strains of 16 different bacterial species. all streptococcal strains belonging to groups a, c, and g isolated from human sources were strongly positive. s. aureus strains showed low binding values. occasional group b streptococci were positive. reactive strains were also noted among group c streptococci of animal origin, streptococcus zooepidemicus and str. equii, and bovine beta-hemolytic group g streptococci. bovine alpha-hemolytic group ... | 1979 | 93400 |
| hemolytic streptococci in supramammary lymph nodes from healthy pigs from the peruvian jungle. | hemolytic streptococci were isolated from 53 percent (18) supramammary lymph nodes from healthy adult pigs raised at the peruvian jungle. the isolates were identified as streptococcus zooepidemicus, streptococcus infrequens, streptococcus faecalis and groups p and s. the possible significance of the findings are discussed. | 1978 | 101478 |
| [rearing of germfree guinea pigs and establishment of an spf guinea pig colony]. | new born guinea pigs of hartley strain derived by hysterectomy were fed commercial pellets, cow's milk, egg yolk and vitamin mixture since 0 days of age, when they were kept at 31 +/- 1 degrees c. out of 33 animals, 30 were reared for 40 days under aseptic state and they were transfered to a barrierred facility to establish an spf colony free from bordetella bronchiseptica, streptococcus zooepidemicus (animal c), salmonella spp., tyzzer's organisms, mycoplasma spp., reo 3 virus, sendai virus, ei ... | 1979 | 155009 |
| [streptococcus zooepidemicus infection in a guinea pig colony]. | | 1979 | 533525 |
| internal abdominal abscesses in the horse: a study of 25 cases. | internal abdominal abscesses in 25 horses, including 8 horses that died or were euthanatized, were found to be caused by streptococcus equi, streptococcus zooepidemicus, or corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. breed or sex predilection was not found. although horses of all ages were affected, those under 5 years of age were more commonly affected. nearly all of the horses had a history of respiratory catarrh or lymphadenitis. horses with internal abdominal abscesses also had intermittent, prolong ... | 1978 | 621178 |
| epidemiology of equine streptococci. | equine tonsillar tissue and the draining regional lymph nodes, as well as deep nasal swabs were examined bacteriologically. group c streptococci, predominantly streptococcus zooepidemicus, were shown to be present in all tissues. the most frequent site for isolation was the tonsil. streptococcus equi was not located in any of the tissues sampled. | 1975 | 1118660 |
| letter: streptococcus zooepidemicus and infertility in horses. | | 1975 | 1164296 |
| measurement of total volume and protein concentration of intrauterine secretion after intrauterine inoculation of bacteria in mares that were either resistant or susceptible to chronic uterine infection. | undiluted uterine secretion was used to determine the concentration of total protein and the accumulated volume of uterine secretion after a bacterial inoculation in mares susceptible and resistant to chronic uterine infection (cui). the uterus of 6 susceptible and 5 resistant mares was inoculated with 5 x 10(6) streptococcus zooepidemicus on the third day of estrus. using a tampon inserted in the uterus, secretions were sampled at 5, 12, 24, and 36 hours after inoculation, followed by intrauter ... | 1992 | 1416370 |
| streptococcus zooepidemicus septic arthritis: case report and review of group c streptococcal arthritis. | | 1992 | 1420701 |
| enap-2, a novel cysteine-rich bactericidal peptide from equine leukocytes. | we purified a novel cysteine-rich antibiotic peptide, enap-2 (m(r), approximately 6,500), from acid extracts of equine neutrophils by sequential gel filtration and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and determined its partial n-terminal amino acid sequence. although its cysteine motif distinguished enap-2 from all other currently known endogenous antibiotic peptides, including defensins and granulins, it showed substantial sequence similarity to wdnm1, a putative member of the ... | 1992 | 1452336 |
| evaluation of progesterone treatment to create a model for equine endometritis. | to investigate a model for equine endometritis, 12 mares with normal reproductive tracts were divided into 2 groups. all mares received progesterone in oil, 250 mg im, daily. at 5 days after initiation of progesterone administration, the uteri were inoculated with 10(6) colony forming units of pseudomonas aeruginosa. the day of inoculation was designated day 0. on day 6, endometrial swab samples yielded p. aeruginosa in 5 mares; samples from the other 7 mares yielded heavy growth of escherichia ... | 1992 | 1459059 |
| equine glomerulonephritis and renal failure associated with complexes of group-c streptococcal antigen and igg antibody. | a 12-year-old thoroughbred gelding died from diffuse global glomerulonephritis, 3 months after a lower respiratory infection from which streptococcus zooepidemicus was isolated. immunopathological studies (immunofluorescence, immunodiffusion, immunoperoxidase testing and immunoblotting) indicated the presence of an immune reactant renal disease associated with igg antibody and streptococcal antigens. | 1992 | 1604803 |
| tracheal obstruction from tracheal collapse associated with pneumonia in a horse. | a 20-month-old quarter horse stallion was admitted for evaluation of labored breathing, honking cough, and bilateral epistaxis that were caused by pneumonia and collapsed trachea. a transtracheal aspiration revealed highly cellular, serosanguineous fluid. radiography revealed a patchy alveolar pattern and a narrowed tracheal lumen. endoscopy confirmed narrowing of the tracheal lumen. streptococcus zooepidemicus was isolated on culture of the transtracheal aspirate. the horse responded to penicil ... | 1992 | 1624350 |
| identification of enap-1, an antimicrobial peptide from equine neutrophils. | endogenous, cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides known as defensins are prominent components of human, rabbit, and rat neutrophils, yet little is known about their occurrence in other mammalian species. although we did not detect mature (i.e., processed) defensins in equine neutrophil granules, we found that these granules contained small amounts of other cysteine-rich peptides with antimicrobial activity. one of these, enap-1, was purified by a combination of gel permeation and reversed-phase h ... | 1992 | 1639474 |
| uterine clearance of non-antigenic markers (51cr) in response to a bacterial challenge in mares potentially susceptible and resistant to chronic uterine infections. | the purpose of this study was to investigate the physical ability of the mare's uterus to eliminate non-antigenic 51cr microspheres during an infectious challenge. mares both potentially susceptible and resistant to chronic uterine infections were used in this study. the procedure described serves as a model of the uterine capacity to clear physically infectious agents and inflammatory products during the acute phase of an infection. based on the results from intra-uterine bacterial challenges, ... | 1991 | 1795272 |
| identification and opsonic activity of immunoglobulins recognizing streptococcus zooepidemicus antigens in uterine fluids of mares. | a direct elisa was used to measure immunoglobulin (ig) isotypes g, gt, a, and m recognizing streptococcus zooepidemicus epitopes in uterine lavage fluids collected during the early post ovulatory period. a s. zooepidemicus isolate, used as the plate antigen in this assay, was inoculated into the uteri of 8 mares (3 resistant and 5 susceptible to endometritis) at oestrus prior to ovulation during oestrous cycles 1, 3 and 5. resistant mares aged 2-5 years were nulliparous, with clinically normal r ... | 1991 | 1795273 |
| two-dimensional echocardiographically guided pericardiocentesis in a horse with traumatic pericarditis. | two-dimensional echocardiographic (2de) examination was performed on a horse with clinical signs of pericardial effusion. thickening of the pericardium, excess amount of pericardial fluid, elevation of the cardiac apex, and right ventricular compression, characteristic of cardiac tamponade, could be seen on 2de recordings. fibrinous pericarditis was suspected by observation of fibrinous strands in the pericardial fluid and epicardial fibrin deposits. echocardiographically guided pericardiocentes ... | 1991 | 1874674 |
| group c streptococcal bacteremia: analysis of 88 cases. | eighty-eight cases of group c streptococcal bacteremia were reviewed retrospectively. most patients had underlying diseases (72.7%), predominantly cardiovascular disease (20.5%) or malignancy (20.5%). the infection originated most often from the upper respiratory tract (20.5%), the gastrointestinal tract (18.2%), or the skin (17.1%). prior exposure to animals or animal products was reported in 23.9% of cases. the most common clinical manifestations of group c streptococcal bacteremia were endoca ... | 1991 | 2041960 |
| [sepsis due to streptococcus zooepidemicus]. | | 1990 | 2102543 |
| group c streptococcal arthritis: case report and review. | streptococci account for approximately 15%-20% of cases of nongonococcal septic arthritis. the majority of these are due to group a streptococci, but group b and group g streptococci are being isolated more frequently. we present a case of group c streptococcal arthritis and summarize nine additional cases reported in the literature. the group c streptococci include the large colony of voges-proskauer-negative bacteria (streptococcus equi, streptococcus equisimilis, streptococcus zooepidemicus, ... | 1990 | 2237126 |
| inflammatory components in uterine fluid from mares with experimentally induced bacterial endometritis. | exudate and uterine flushings were collected at either 30, 60, 120 or 240 mins after intrauterine infusions of streptococcus zooepidemicus in genitally normal mares during oestrus. uteri were also flushed without prior induction of endometritis. protein concentrations in exudate and flushings increased with time and exudate ph decreased with time; the ph of flushings did not alter. lysozyme and lactate dehydrogenase were present in flushings from non-infected uteri, but concentrations increased ... | 1990 | 2269266 |
| streptococcus zooepidemicus (lancefield group c) septicaemia in hong kong. | the clinical findings relating to 11 patients in hong kong (hk) and to 43 patients described elsewhere, all with streptococcus zooepidemicus septicaemia, are reviewed. there was a particular association with cardiovascular disease (27%) with seven cases of endocarditis, three of abdominal aortic aneurysm and two of deep venous thrombosis. associations not previously reported included two cases of pharyngitis and two patients with persistent post-operative fever. the overall mortality was 22%. bo ... | 1990 | 2273271 |
| in vitro susceptibility of selected veterinary bacterial pathogens to ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and norfloxacin. | the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) of ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and norfloxacin were tested for approximately ten clinical isolates of each of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, actinobacillus suis, actinomyces pyogenes, corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, haemophilus parasuis, haemophilus somnus, pasteurella haemolytica, pasteurella multocida, rhodococcus equi, streptococcus equi, streptococcus suis and streptococcus zooepidemicus. ciprofloxacin and enrof ... | 1990 | 2306672 |
| comparison of igg fc receptors from clinical isolates of streptococcus zooepidemicus. | a receptor binding the fc region of equine immunoglobulin g (igg) has been isolated from a heat-extracted preparation of a clinical isolate of streptococcus zooepidemicus. this fc receptor has a mr of 45 x 10(3) and was occasionally seen as an apparent trimer of mr 130 x 10(3). antibodies prepared in horses against the receptor could be adsorbed to and eluted from whole live bacteria, confirming the surface location of this protein. another 11 isolates of s. zooepidemicus from horses with pneumo ... | 1989 | 2521672 |
| bacterial infertility in camels (camelus dromedarius): isolation of campylobacter fetus. | this study constitutes the first reported isolation of c. fetus subsp. venerealis from cervical swabs in breeding camels. 9 of 30 camels which were barren for a long period were found to be positive for c. fetus. the methods of isolation are described. additionally, cervical flora of 30 camels were examined. 9 different bacterial species were isolated of which staphylococcus aureus was most frequently found. all samples were negative for trichomonas sp. and streptococcus zooepidemicus. | 1989 | 2598805 |
| uterine clearance mechanisms during the early postovulatory period in mares. | uterine response to inoculation with streptococcus zooepidemicus organisms, 51cr-labeled 15-microns microspheres, and charcoal was evaluated in 9 mares (4 resistant and 5 susceptible to endometritis) to determine mechanical and cellular clearance rates during the early postovulatory period. mares were inoculated at estrus prior to ovulation during estrous cycles 1, 3, and 5. uterine swab specimens for aerobic and anaerobic bacteriologic culture and serum for progesterone determination were obtai ... | 1989 | 2669573 |
| characterization of a soft-tissue infection model in the horse and its response to intravenous cephapirin administration. | a soft-tissue infection model was created in eight horses by infecting subcutaneous tissue chambers with streptococcus zooepidemicus organisms. responses of the horses to the infections were determined by monitoring changes in the complete blood count and body temperature and by following changes in the cytology and protein content of the tissue chambers. systemic reactions to the infections included a mild neutrophilia, mild pyrexia and mild anemia. there was a marked influx of neutrophils and ... | 1989 | 2704065 |
| [the early chemotactic reaction of the equine uterus to acute inflammatory stimulation]. | the uteri of normal pony mares in oestrus were infected experimentally with streptococcus zooepidemicus. uterine contents were collected 30, 60, 120 or 240 minutes later and were tested for their chemotactic effect on equine-neutrophils both with a morphological assay based on neutrophil shape changes and with a modified boyden chamber technique. by 30 minutes after infection the uterine contents were markedly chemotactic for isolated peripheral neutrophils and remained so at the 240-minute coll ... | 1989 | 2718152 |
| equine mastitis--a review of 28 cases. | mastitis was diagnosed in 28 mares. cytological evaluation of milk samples showed large numbers of neutrophils in 72 per cent and bacteria in 33 per cent. aerobic bacteria were cultured from 71 per cent of samples. streptococcus zooepidemicus was the most common isolate (37 per cent). gram-negative species accounted for 42 per cent. determination of the probability for antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from mares with mastitis indicated that a trimethoprim-sulphonamide combinati ... | 1989 | 2776721 |
| comparison of streptococcus zooepidemicus and influenza virus pathogenicity in mice by three pulmonary exposure routes. | pulmonary infections may be induced in experimental animals by using several exposure routes. inhalation of microbial aerosols is often viewed as the most relevant exposure route, although the comparability of either intranasal (i.n.) or intratracheal (i.t.) inoculation to aerosol inhalation is unclear. in these studies, the infection of mice with either streptococcus zooepidemicus or influenza virus was compared following i.n., i.t., or aerosol challenge. the 50% lethal dose was determined by e ... | 1988 | 2843098 |
| a survey of streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus zooepidemicus, salmonella spp., bordetella bronchiseptica and sendai virus in guinea pig colonies in japan. | s. pneumoniae, s. zooepidemicus, salmonella spp., b. bronchiseptica and sendai virus were examined in a total of 45 guinea pig colonies (17 institutional and 28 breeder's colonies) of hartley strain, and found to be positive in 6, 3, 5, 20 and 14 colonies, respectively. sendai virus was highly prevalent among guinea pigs, showing so high rates positive as 80 to 100% of animals obtained from 11 of the 14 contaminated colonies. b. bronchiseptica was also shown to be prevalent within contaminated c ... | 1986 | 3026817 |
| opsonins in uterine washings influencing in vitro activity of equine neutrophils. | uterine washings were found to promote neutrophil mediated killing of streptococcus zooepidemicus. depletion of complement and/or specific antibody from the washings significantly reduced bactericidal activity. phagocytosis of yeast by uterine washings was complement dependent. inhibition of the classical pathway significantly reduced opsonic activity indicating that, in addition to direct activation via the alternate pathway, antibody may also be involved in yeast phagocytosis. | 1988 | 3063522 |
| influence of ovarian steroids on adherence (in vitro) of streptococcus zooepidemicus to endometrial epithelial cells. | | 1988 | 3181122 |
| equine neutrophil locomotion in response to streptococcus zooepidemicus. | the neutrophil is involved in the defence of the mare's uterus against micro-organisms. the ability of streptococcus zooepidemicus and its growth products to induce shape changes or directional locomotion (chemotaxis) of equine neutrophils was investigated; no effect was found. | 1988 | 3215173 |
| factors affecting uterine clearance of inoculated materials in mares. | twelve acyclic mares of various ages (2-29 years) and parity (maiden-multiparous) were given oestradiol-17 beta i.m. (winter 1982) or progesterone i.m. (winter 1983) to induce changes in the endometrium consistent with oestrus and dioestrus, respectively. after hormone treatment, mares were inoculated intrauterine with 50 ml saline containing 5 x 10(5) streptococcus zooepidemicus bacteria, 51cr-labelled 15-micron microspheres, and 500 mg charcoal (groups e + b and p + b) or microspheres and char ... | 1987 | 3316642 |
| evaluation of cellulose acetate/nitrate filters for the study of stallion sperm motility. | stallion semen was diluted in a hepes-supplemented buffer (cm) (10(6) spermatozoa/ml) and placed in the upper well of a sykes-moore chemotaxis chamber. chambers were incubated in a humidified atmosphere (5% co2 in air) at 37 degrees c for 1 and 2 h and spermatozoa were allowed to swim through filters with a mean pore size of 3,5 or 8 micron. spermatozoa entered filters of all three pore sizes. distance travelled was greater for each increase in pore size (p less than 0.01) but did not differ (p ... | 1987 | 3316643 |
| clinical significance of aerobic bacterial flora of the uterus, vagina, vestibule, and clitoral fossa of clinically normal mares. | swab specimens for bacterial culture were obtained from the uterus, vagina, vestibule, and clitoral fossa of 48 mares that had normal reproductive tracts, no history of reproductive problems, and no inflammation on evaluation of endometrial biopsy. the mares were predominantly thoroughbred and standardbred. swab specimens of the vagina were obtained through a sterile speculum; swab specimens of the uterus were obtained by use of a double-guarded, occluded culture instrument. fifteen (31%) of the ... | 1988 | 3417532 |
| effects of inhalation of ethylene dichloride on pulmonary defenses of mice and rats. | the effects of single or multiple inhalation exposures to ethylene dichloride (dce) on the pulmonary defense systems of mice and rats were evaluated. single exposures of mice to the threshold limit value of dce (10 ppm) resulted in decreased pulmonary bactericidal activity to inhaled klebsiella pneumoniae and increased mortality from streptococcus zooepidemicus respiratory infection. a single exposure to 5 ppm dce caused increased mortality from streptococcal pneumonia although bactericidal acti ... | 1987 | 3424378 |
| effects of susceptibility of mares to endometritis and stage of cycle on phagocytic activity of uterine-derived neutrophils. | fourteen mares, 7 susceptible and 7 resistant to bacterial endometritis, were used to provide circulating and uterine-derived neutrophils. uterine neutrophils were recruited by inoculating cell-free filtrates of streptococcus zooepidemicus, or control vehicle. mares were assigned to schedules for collection of neutrophils at oestrus or dioestrus. phagocytic activity of circulating and uterine cells was evaluated by an assay for chemiluminescence after addition of opsonized streptococci. chemilum ... | 1987 | 3479586 |
| characterization of streptococcus zooepidemicus (lancefield group c) from human and selected animal infections. | we assembled an international collection of strains from sporadic and epidemic human infection with streptococcus zooepidemicus (lancefield group c) for laboratory study. cultural and physiological characteristics of the isolates were determined, including biotyping with the api 20 strep test kit and susceptibility testing with penicillin, erythromycin and tetracycline. the strains were examined for bacteriocin production and sensitivity and typed with a specially developed group-c streptococcal ... | 1987 | 3556444 |
| human infection with streptococcus zooepidemicus (lancefield group c): three case reports. | three unrelated severe infections with streptococcus zooepidemicus occurred in england in 1985. the first patient developed septic arthritis, which has not been recorded before with this organism. the second died with septicaemia, pneumonia and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, the only record so far of nephritis following sporadic s. zooepidemicus infection and of nephritis and systemic sepsis in the same patient. the third patient experienced septicaemia during pregnancy but recovered wit ... | 1987 | 3556445 |
| dna fingerprinting of streptococcus zooepidemicus (lancefield group c) as an aid to epidemiological study. | a collection of streptococcus zooepidemicus strains from human and animal infections was examined for dna banding patterns after nuclease digestion and agarose gel electrophoresis. the large variety of dna fingerprints found revealed the complexity of the species but showed that isolates from clusters of outbreaks had identical prints. the results confirmed the specificity of bacteriocin and bacteriophage typing of s. zooepidemicus; the technique also gave useful profiles on untypable strains. s ... | 1987 | 3572034 |
| effects of stallion seminal plasma on hydrogen peroxide release by leukocytes exposed to spermatozoa and bacteria. | the ability of stallion seminal plasma to modify phagocytosis of spermatozoa and streptococcus zooepidemicus was examined. phagocytosis was monitored indirectly as the h2o2 produced by peripheral blood leukocytes after addition of spermatozoa or bacteria. hydrogen peroxide production after addition of ejaculated spermatozoa was greater (p less than 0.01) than after addition of epididymal sperm. furthermore, pre-incubation of epididymal sperm with 6.25-50% seminal plasma caused a dose-dependent i ... | 1987 | 3598978 |
| suppurative splenitis and peritonitis in a horse after gastric ulceration caused by larvae of gasterophilus intestinalis. | a 12-year-old thoroughbred mare, with a history of anorexia, dramatic weight loss, fluctuating pyrexia and intermittent diarrhoea after an episode of colic, was presented for examination with depression, emaciation and ataxia. thoracic and abdominal paracenteses yielded copious quantities of inflammatory exudate. palpation per rectum revealed an enlarged spleen. the primary alterations in haematology included a severe leucocytosis with a left shift, and a hyperproteinaemia characterised by hypoa ... | 1987 | 3632494 |
| communicable disease associated with milk and dairy products in england and wales: 1983-1984. | during the period 1983-1984 32 outbreaks of disease (ii in 1983 and 21 in 1984) associated with consumption of milk and dairy products and affecting at least 714 people were reported from england and wales. twenty-seven of the outbreaks were attributed to raw milk, two to contaminated pasteurised milk and one each to cheese, cream and ice-cream. twenty-two were due to salmonellas, seven to campylobacters and one each to staphylococcus aureus, yersinia enterocolitica and streptococcus zooepidemic ... | 1986 | 3722841 |
| the functional competence of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmn) from mares resistant and susceptible to chronic uterine infection: a sequential migration analysis. | the functional competence of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmns) from 28 mares was measured for migration responsiveness by use of a chamber (filter) assay. uterine infection was induced with streptococcus zooepidemicus in mares considered resistant to chronic uterine infection (grade i). in sequential analysis of uterine flushings obtained from these mares 5, 12, 15, 20, and 25 h after infection was induced, pmns showed an initial rise at 12 h (from 5), then a general decline i ... | 1986 | 3828432 |
| the effect of dimethylnitrosamine on host resistance and immunity. | adult female b6c3f1 mice were injected ip with 0.2 ml phosphate-buffered saline (pbs) only or pbs containing 1.5, 3, or 5 mg dimethylnitrosamine (dmn)/kg body wt daily for 14 days. on day 16, mice were evaluated for changes in immune status as measured by the antibody response to sheep red blood cells (srbcs), blastogenesis to t- and b-cell mitogens, natural killer (nk) cell function, delayed hypersensitivity, and alveolar macrophage (am) bactericidal activity; and for changes in host resistance ... | 1985 | 3883572 |
| phagocytic and killing capacities of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes from mares resistant and susceptible to chronic endometritis. | the host defense competence of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) from mares considered resistant (grade i uteri) and susceptible (grade iii uteri) to chronic endometritis was evaluated for phagocytic and killing (bactericidal) capacities, using a fluorochrome assay. peripheral blood pmn from noncategorized mares and from grade i and grade iii mares were used as controls. uterine-derived pmn from mares with grade i uteri were functionally competent for phagocytosis and killing of ... | 1985 | 3901839 |
| immunologically reactive proteins of streptococcus equi. | immunologically reactive proteins in acid extracts and culture supernatants of streptococcus equi were recognized through a combination of chromatographic and immunologic procedures. both high- and low-molecular-weight components of each of these protein preparations were protective for mice and were, therefore, presumed to contain a variety of hydrolytic products or fragments of the m protein of s. equi. convalescent horse sera that exhibited strong bactericidal activity for s. equi always reac ... | 1985 | 3980091 |
| susceptibility of equine bacterial isolates to antimicrobial agents. | in vitro antimicrobic susceptibility patterns of commonly isolated aerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial pathogens of equine origin were determined, using the agar-plate dilution method. all organisms were recent clinical isolates and included corynebacterium (rhodococcus) equi, corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, (coagulase positive) staphylococcus sp, streptococcus equi, streptococcus zooepidemicus, actinobacillus sp, enterobacter cloacae, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, p ... | 1985 | 3994111 |
| comparison of peripheral blood and uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes from mares resistant and susceptible to chronic endometritis: chemotactic and cell elastimetry analysis. | the functional competence of peripheral blood and uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) from 12 mares were analyzed for chemotactic responsiveness using a chemotactic chamber (filter) assay and for deformability by cell elastimetry analysis. peripheral blood pmn obtained from control mares and from 8 mares experimentally inoculated via the uterus with 1 x 10(9) streptococcus zooepidemicus had similar normal chemotactic responsiveness and were highly deformable before and at 12 hours ... | 1985 | 4014841 |
| cefadroxil in the horse: pharmacokinetics and in vitro antibacterial activity. | sodium cefadroxil was administered as a single intravenous dose (25 mg/kg) to six healthy adult mares. plasma samples were collected over a 24-h period and cefadroxil concentrations were measured by microbiological assay. the pharmacokinetic behavior of the drug was appropriately described in terms of a one-compartment open model. values for the major pharmacokinetic terms were: extrapolated initial plasma concentration = 59.2 +/- 15.0 micrograms/ml; half-life = 46 +/- 20 min; apparent volume of ... | 1985 | 4057345 |
| opsonization of bacteria by uterine secretions of cyclic mares. | uterine flushings collected from mares before and after bacterial-induced inflammation were assayed for ability to opsonize streptococcus zooepidemicus for phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. opsonization was measured as the peak phagocytic rate of bacteria preincubated with uterine flushings relative to the peak phagocytic rate of unopsonized bacteria. flushings from four mares with noninfected uteri were unable to opsonize bacteria regardless of whether uteri were flushed at estrus o ... | 1985 | 4091170 |
| lack of virus-specific bacterial adherence to bovine embryonic lung cells infected with bovine parainfluenza virus type 3. | infection of bovine embryonic lung cells with bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 did not induce in vitro, virus-specific, hemadsorption-related adherence of corynebacterium pyogenes, haemophilus somnus, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus zooepidemicus, pasteurella haemolytica, listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli, pasteurella multocida, brucella sp., or salmonella typhimurium. | 1983 | 6302133 |
| phenoxymethyl penicillin in the horse: an alternative to parenteral administration of penicillin. | this preliminary study evaluated phenoxymethyl penicillin (penicillin v) as an alternative to parenteral administration of penicillin in horses. penicillin v was administered orally to five horses at two different doses and plasma levels of the drug were determined at timed intervals. the results were evaluated by regression analysis. following the administration of penicillin v at a dose of 66,000 iu/kg or 110,000 iu/kg, the mean peak plasma levels obtained were 1.55 micrograms/ml and 2.34 micr ... | 1983 | 6421470 |
| standardization of an experimental disease model of streptococcus zooepidemicus in the equine. | a reproducible experimental disease model in horses using streptococcus zooepidemicus was developed. an intravenous challenge dose of 1 x 10(10) colony-forming units (cfu), followed 24 h later with another challenge of 1 x 10(8) cfu of strep. zooepidemicus produced the desired disease model. the disease was characterized by depression, pyrexia, anorexia, abnormal lung sounds, inflammation of joints, moderate to severe lameness, gradual loss of condition and emaciation. the effects of the disease ... | 1984 | 6492245 |
| studies on the composition and antibacterial activity of uterine fluid from mares. | forty uterine fluid samples were obtained during oestrus and dioestrus of successive cycles from 4 mares classified as resistant to bacterial infection of the uterus. the flushings were assayed for peroxidase activity and ability to influence phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear neutrophils. uterine fluid volumes and protein concentrations and serum oestrogen values were similar during oestrus and dioestrus. serum progesterone concentrations were depressed during oestrus. equine neutrophils adheren ... | 1982 | 6762436 |
| demonstration of a new type of immunoglobulin g receptor in streptococcus zooepidemicus strains. | forty-seven bacterial strains representing four different group c streptococcal species were tested for binding of human and bovine immunoglobulin g (igg) subclasses. specific binding sites for igg were found in all bacterial species studied. the four species included differed, however, in their capacities to interact with various igg subclasses, indicating the existence of different types of igg receptors. streptococcus equisimilis and streptococcus dysgalactiae were found to carry the same typ ... | 1980 | 6769810 |
| isolation of streptococcus zooepidemicus from a bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus). | | 1984 | 6743182 |
| streptococcus zooepidemicus as the cause of septicemia in racing greyhounds. | | 1981 | 6911912 |
| effect of ovarian hormones on the phagocytic response of ovariectomized mares. | the reaction between ovarian hormones and experimental uterine infection (streptococcus zooepidemicus) was investigated in 3 groups, each containing 6 ovariectomized mares. group 1 served as controls ('anoestrus'), group 2 mares were injected with oestrogen ('oestrus') and group 3 with progesterone ('dioestrus') over a period of 5 weeks. all mares received an intrauterine inoculation of the bacteria 1 week after the start of hormonal treatment, and the results of the challenge were examined by e ... | 1982 | 6962850 |
| influence of bacterial products on the motility of stallion spermatozoa. | sterile filtrates were prepared from equine isolates of klebsiella pneumoniae (genitalium), proteus mirabilis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia coli, streptococcus zooepidemicus, streptococcus equisimilis, actinobacillus equuli, and corynebacterium equi and mixed individually with extended stallion semen. when diluted in the extended semen the filtrates represented bacterial populations of 0.5 x 10(6), 1 x 10(6), 2 x 10(6) and 4 x 10(6) cells/ml. ph values were recorded for each filtrate. spe ... | 1982 | 6962871 |
| binding of human fibronectin to group a, c, and g streptococci. | a total of 387 bacterial strains belonging to 35 species were tested in direct binding experiments for the uptake of purified radiolabeled human fibronectin. positive binding was found in group a, c, and g streptococci and in staphylococcus aureus. the group c streptococcal species streptococcus equisimilis, streptococcus zooepidemicus, streptococcus equi, and streptococcus dysgalactiae were uniformly reactive with fibronectin. beta-hemolytic bovine group g streptococci showed the same degree of ... | 1983 | 6299959 |
| nephritis caused by streptococcus zooepidemicus (lancefield group c). | three cases of nephritis after mild upper-respiratory-tract infection occurred in five members of a family running a small dairy farm in north yorkshire, streptococcus zooepidemicus (lancefield group c) was cultured from the throats of three of those affected. the organisms were shown to produce endostreptosin, a recently discovered cytoplasmic antigen of certain beta-haemolytic streptococci that has been shown to be of prime importance in the development of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis ... | 1983 | 6132267 |
| recovery of microorganisms from synovial and pleural fluids of animals using hyperosmolar media. | l-phase (cwd) broth and plate media were used in parallel with conventional microbiological media during a 3-year period for culturing synovial and pleural fluids of animals. two kinds of recoveries were obtained where parallel conventional methods were negative: (1) parent or normal bacteria, in very low numbers; and (2) type b cwd variants in equally low numbers. organisms in group 1 were: streptococcus zooepidemicus from horses (2x); beta-hemolytic streptococci, lancefield gp. g (2x); staphyl ... | 1982 | 7101719 |
| streptococcus zooepidemicus infection in sheep. | fibrinous pericarditis, fibrinous pleuritis and pneumonia associated with streptococcus zooepidemicus were observed in two lambs in a small flock of sheep. these lesions were reproduced in lambs inoculated intratracheally with streptococcus zooepidemicus. clinical signs included pyrexia, serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge, dyspnea and depression followed by death in six to seven days. histologically the tissue changes were characterized by an acute inflammatory response involving bronchioles ... | 1974 | 4277667 |
| [occurrence of sick animals in conventional guinea pigs obtained from commercial breeders during 1964 to 1982]. | a quarantine was performed on conventional hartley guinea pigs free from streptococcus zooepidemicus, bordetella bronchiseptica and salmonella spp., but infected with eimeria caviae, which were purchased from twenty-five commercial breeders by the national institute of health. physical examinations revealed an incidence of 0.88 per cent or 1,461 sick animals in 166, 050 guinea pigs quarantined during the period 1964 to 1982. the result obtained showed the following significant differences betwee ... | 1985 | 4018153 |
| pasteurisation and the control of milkborne infection in britain. | infections carried in milk, particularly salmonellosis and campylobacter enteritis, have continued to feature in great britain in recent years. less commonly reported infections included an outbreak in 1984 in england due to streptococcus zooepidemicus, in which 12 people, eight of whom died, were admitted to hospital. the implementation of legislation in 1983 requiring heat treatment of cows' milk for sale to the public reduced the incidence of milkborne infection in scotland compared with prev ... | 1985 | 3926238 |
| [streptococcus zooepidemicus infection in laying hens (author's transl)]. | | 1981 | 7268749 |
| streptococcus zooepidemicus (group c) pneumonia in a human. | lancefield group c streptococcal pneumonia appeared in a previously healthy young adult. the patient apparently acquired the infection while caring for her sick horse, and experienced a gradual onset of the illness. there was rapid accumulation of pleural fluid and empyema requiring open drainage. group c pneumonia cannot be distinguished from classic group a pneumonia on clinical grounds. beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from sputum, transtracheal aspirates, pleural fluid, or blood of patie ... | 1980 | 7354128 |
| group c streptococcal meningitis in an adult. probable acquistion from a horse. | although group c streptococci are infrequent pathogens in man, they commonly cause disease in animals. only recently have they been recognized as a causative agent in meningitis in man. to our knowledge, no previous report has documented a source for the infection. we treated a previously healthy young adult with group c streptococcal meningitis, who responded rapidly to antibiotic therapy. the same species (streptococcus zooepidemicus) that was isolated from the csf of the patient also grew fro ... | 1980 | 7387308 |
| effects of toluene inhalation on pulmonary host defenses of mice. | the potential hazards of exposure to vapor-phase toluene on pulmonary host defenses were evaluated. mice exposed to concentrations ranging from 2.5-500 ppm, including the threshold limit value level of 100 ppm, exhibited increased susceptibility to respiratory infection with streptococcus zooepidemicus. the no-measurable-effect level for single, as well as for 5 exposures was 1 ppm. significantly decreased pulmonary bactericidal activity was observed after single exposures to 500, 250, 100 and 2 ... | 1985 | 3887652 |
| comparison of mics of ceftiofur and other antimicrobial agents against bacterial pathogens of swine from the united states, canada, and denmark. | the mics of ceftiofur and other antimicrobial agents, tested for comparison, for 515 bacterial isolates of pigs from the united states, canada, and denmark with various diseases were compared. the organisms tested included actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, escherichia coli, pasteurella multocida, salmonella choleraesuis, salmonella typhimurium, streptococcus suis, streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, streptococcus equi subsp. equi, and streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. in additio ... | 1995 | 7494042 |
| otitis media in guinea pigs: pathology and bacteriology. | in the course of post-mortem examination of conventional random-bred and inbred (immunosuppressed) strain 2/n guineapigs kept in separate quarters, otitis media was diagnosed in 62 of 462 animals (13.4%) and 18 of 66 animals (27.3%) respectively. clinical signs of otitis media were seen in only two random-bred animals but in nearly 50% of affected inbred animals. in random-bred guineapigs, purulent, often bilateral, otitis media was associated mainly with the isolation of streptococcus zooepidem ... | 1986 | 3795863 |
| comparative study of various methods used for determining health effects of inhaled sulfates. | various health effect parameters were compared to determine which tests were the most sensitive indicators of toxic effects of exposure to metallic sulfate aerosols. inhalation studies were conducted involving either single 3-hr exposure to various concentrations of cupric sulfate (0.43-2.64 mg/m3 so4), aluminum sulfate (1.65-2.75 mg/m3 so4), and aluminum ammonium sulfate (1.47-3.81 mg/m3 so4) or multiple (five and ten) daily 3-hr exposures to cupric sulfate (0.1 mg/m3 so4). the test parameters ... | 1986 | 3780648 |
| [susceptibility of bacterial isolates from the equine respiratory tract to trimethoprim, sulfadoxine, sulfadimethoxine and combinations of these compounds]. | using a broth microdilution technique, the in vitro susceptibility of bacterial isolates from the equine respiratory tract to trimethoprim, sulfadoxine, sulfadimethoxine, and combinations of these compounds was determined. the bacterial strains (n = 88) isolated recently from horses with respiratory symptoms belonged to the following species: streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (n = 34), streptococcus equi subsp. equi (n = 22), staphylococcus aureus (n = 9), klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 7), rh ... | 1995 | 7624856 |
| immunisation of mares to control endometritis caused by streptococcus zooepidemicus. | normal mares were immunised by the intramuscular and intrauterine administration of an antigen with adjuvant and they and unimmunised control mares were later challenged by the intrauterine instillation of pathogenic streptococcus zooepidemicus; the response of all the mares was monitored clinically and bacteriologically for seven days. significantly fewer s zooepidemicus were present in cervical swabs taken from the immunised mares than from the control mares (p < 0.01) and the degree of inflam ... | 1995 | 7709066 |
| influence of administration of ovarian steroids on the function of neutrophils isolated from the blood and uterus of ovariectomized mares. | the function of blood and uterine luminal neutrophils from ovariectomized mares treated with ovarian steroids was investigated 18 h after intrauterine infusion of 1 x 10(9) streptococcus zooepidemicus. random migration of blood neutrophils under agarose was reduced by treatment with progesterone compared with that of neutrophils from oestradiol-treated and control mares. in-vitro addition of progesterone to blood neutrophils from acyclic ponies also reduced migration. uterine neutrophils did not ... | 1987 | 3559453 |
| [the fist detection of giardia spp. in horses in the czech republic]. | the first occurrence of giardia spp. in horses in the czech republic is reported. during preventive examination of 360 five-month up to 14-year horses from various parts of the region of central bohemia carried out from january 1993 to june 1994 in the parasitological laboratory of the state veterinary institute in prague, the giardia cysts were detected in the excrements of 18 (5%) horses, mostly 2-4 years of age, and in two foals 3 and 6 weeks old. during the period between march 1993 and june ... | 1995 | 7762123 |
| antiphagocytic properties of uterine isolates of streptococcus zooepidemicus and mechanisms of killing in freshly obtained blood of horses. | a total of 22 clinical streptococcal isolates, predominantly streptococcus zooepidemicus, associated with endometritis in horses were tested for their ability to withstand the natural bactericidal properties of freshly obtained blood. during a 3-hour incubation in blood from a single horse, 8 of these isolates survived and grew, the remainder were killed. to determine whether this ability to grow extended to blood of other horses, 5 of these growing isolates were tested for their ability to grow ... | 1995 | 7771699 |
| comparative treatment of mares susceptible to chronic uterine infection. | four intrauterine treatment strategies were evaluated for effectiveness in mares that were confirmed to be susceptible to chronic uterine infection. pretreatment samples were obtained at detection of estrus, and a genital strain of streptococcus zooepidemicus was infused into the uterus when a preovulatory (> 35 mm) follicle was detected. at 12 hours after inoculation, mares were assigned to 1 of 4 selected treatment groups: autologous plasma, 100 ml (n = 5); potassium penicillin, 5 million u in ... | 1995 | 7785824 |
| pathology of equine pneumonia associated with transport and isolation of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | seven horses that died of pneumonia associated with transport yielded streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (s.z.) from their pulmonary lesions. these lesions were divisible roughly into two types, serous haemorrhagic pneumonia and multiple foci of coagulative necrosis, which were considered to reflect a temporal difference in the process of lesion formation. immunohistologically, s.z. antigen was detected in both types of lesion. acute necrotic lacunar tonsillitis was considered to play an im ... | 1994 | 7806706 |
| isolation and characterization of a novel collagen-binding protein from streptococcus pyogenes strain 6414. | in this report we have analyzed the binding of collagen to streptococcus pyogenes strain 6414. this binding was rapid, specific, and involved a limited number of receptor molecules (11,600 copies per cell). when the proteins in a streptococcal lysate were blotted onto a nitrocellulose filter and probed with 125i-labeled collagen, a prominent collagen-binding protein of 57 kda was identified as well as minor 130-150-kda components. the major 57-kda protein was isolated by affinity chromatography ... | 1995 | 7814395 |
| cloning and sequence analysis of a protective m-like protein gene from streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, a lancefield group c streptococcus, is a frequently isolated opportunist pathogen from a variety of animal hosts, including the horse. previous studies have indicated that equine strains carry antigens with characteristics of the antiphagocytic m proteins on the lancefield groups a and g streptococci. we have cloned a protective m-like protein gene (szpw60) of an equine strain of s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus w60 and determined its sequence. this gene enco ... | 1995 | 7890407 |
| influence of estrous cycle stage on adhesion of streptococcus zooepidemicus to equine endometrium. | equine endometria representative of kenney's categories i, ii, and iii were incubated in vitro with phosphate buffer, streptococcus pneumoniae, or s zooepidemicus. endometrial tissues from mares in estrus and diestrus were first categorized according to kenney's classification, then were tested for adherence of s pneumoniae and s zooepidemicus to the epithelia. bacteria were not observed when the endometrial tissue was incubated with phosphate buffer or s pneumoniae. there was no statistical dif ... | 1994 | 7978620 |
| review of 40 cases of lung abscesses in foals and adult horses. | a retrospective study of 40 horses with primary lung abscesses without pleuropneumonia showed that lung abscesses occurred predominantly in young horses, usually in foals aged < or = 6 months. hyperfibrinogenaemia was present in all but 2 horses, and other common clinical and haematological findings were hyperthermia, tachycardia, polypnoea, and neutrophilic leucocytosis. the most common bacterial species isolated from transtracheal aspirates were streptococcus zooepidemicus (20/34) and rhodococ ... | 1994 | 7988535 |
| a milk-borne outbreak of serious infection due to streptococcus zooepidemicus (lancefield group c). | an outbreak of infection due to streptococcus zooepidemicus (lancefield group c) is described. at least 11 patients were affected and the infection was responsible for, or contributed to, the deaths of seven of these. clinical features included septicaemia, meningitis and endocarditis. the source of infection was unpasteurized milk from a dairy herd with mild intermittent mastitis. | 1988 | 3402548 |
| meningoencephalitis in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) caused by streptococcus zooepidemicus. | | 1988 | 3358286 |
| pharmacokinetics and body fluid and endometrial concentrations of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in mares. | six healthy adult mares were each given a single iv injection of trimethoprim (tmp)-sulfamethoxazole (smz) at a dosage of 2.5 mg of tmp/kg of body weight and 12.5 mg of smz/kg. serum concentrations of each drug were measured serially over a 24-hour period. for tmp, the mean overall elimination rate constant (k) was 0.43/hr and the elimination half-life (t1/2) was 1.9 hours. the apparent volume of distribution (at steady state) was 1.62 l/kg and tmp clearance was 886 ml/hr/kg. for smz, k was 0.22 ... | 1988 | 3261143 |
| selective colony blotting to expand bacterial surface receptors: applications to receptors for rat immunoglobulins. | many bacterial surface receptors demonstrate a heterogeneous expression pattern among individual colonies. methods have been developed to select bacteria expressing high levels of a stable surface receptor. this process is illustrated using a streptococcus zooepidemicus isolate demonstrating a high level of fc receptors for rat immunoglobulins. this strain was selected and expanded to obtain a bacterial isolate demonstrating approximately 100 fold greater reactivity with rat immunoglobulins than ... | 1988 | 2978827 |
| microbiologic changes during antimicrobial treatment and rate of relapse of distal respiratory tract infections in foals. | despite the high incidence of distal respiratory tract infection of undetermined cause on farms, to our knowledge, the microbiologic effects of conventional antimicrobial treatment for this condition have not been studied. we evaluated the possible pathogenic role of bacterial isolates from the distal airways of foals with clinical respiratory tract disease, by correlating changes in their numbers (increase or decrease) with clinical, endoscopic, and pulmonary cytologic signs of disease resoluti ... | 1993 | 8250385 |
| association of microbiologic flora with clinical, endoscopic, and pulmonary cytologic findings in foals with distal respiratory tract infection. | undifferentiated distal respiratory tract disease (nasal discharge, cough, pneumonia) in foals (1 to 8 months old) is a burdensome economic problem on breeding farms; yet, the infective agents associated with these episodes have not been well described. possible causes of these episodes of illness were investigated by culturing specimens of proximal and distal airways of clinically diseased foals (n = 101), prior to any treatment, for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and viruses (rhinoviruses, equ ... | 1993 | 8250386 |
| equine abortion and stillbirth in central kentucky during 1988 and 1989 foaling seasons. | pathologic and microbiologic examinations were performed on 1,211 aborted equine fetuses, stillborn foals, and placentas from premature foals in central kentucky during the 1988 and 1989 foaling seasons to determine the causes of reproductive loss in the mare. placentitis (19.4%) and dystocia-perinatal asphyxia (19.5%) were the 2 most important causes of equine reproductive loss. the other causes (in decreasing order) were contracted foal syndrome and other congenital anomalies (8.5%), twinning ... | 1993 | 8286455 |
| a case of meningitis due to "streptococcus zooepidemicus". | | 1993 | 8286648 |
| sensitivity and specificity of bronchoalveolar lavage and protected catheter brush methods for isolating bacteria from foals with experimentally induced pneumonia caused by klebsiella pneumoniae. | one indication for referral of horses to veterinary hospitals is for diagnosis of the microbiologic cause of pneumonia, particularly when the initial treatment fails. although endoscopic methods have long been available for microbiologic sample collection, accuracy of these methods under these conditions have not been studied in detail. we compared the bacteria isolated from samples obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) with those obtained by protected catheter brush (pcb) from foals with uni ... | 1993 | 8291754 |
| [studies on hemolytic streptococcal infection: 1). outbreak of group c hemolytic streptococcal infection in formosan squirrels]. | between mid-october to mid-november 1992, of 500 freely-ranging formosan and striped squirrels kept at garden y in the suburbs of kanagawa prefecture, 414 (82.8%) suddenly died one after another by bleeding from the nasal and oral cavities after developing a mild facial swelling. isolation of microbes including viruses were carried out from the formosan squirrels that had suddenly died. various organs from these animals were histologically examined. 1. in bacteriological tests, beta-hemolytic st ... | 1993 | 8294764 |
| investigation of milk-borne streptococcus zooepidemicus infection associated with glomerulonephritis in australia. | an outbreak of infection due to streptococcus zooepidermicus is reported. the index case was a patient who suffered an episode of septicaemia complicated by glomerulonephritis. two other persons in his family were found to be asymptomatic throat carriers. the source of the outbreak was unpasteurised milk from a house cow on the farm where the family lived. molecular studies confirmed that the strains isolated from the index case, the other family members and the cow's milk were identical. althou ... | 1993 | 8308327 |
| streptococcus zooepidemicus cellulitis and bacteraemia in a renal transplant recipient. | a case of renal transplant recipient with streptococcus zooepidemicus (lancefield group c) cellulitis and bacteraemia is described. human infections with this organism are very rare and this is the first case report of cellulitis caused by s. zooepidemicus. while animals are the reservoir for most human infections, a source was not defined in this patient. | 1990 | 2344325 |
| in-vitro susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs of bacterial isolates from horses in the netherlands. | minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of 30 antimicrobial agents (including the hitherto unreported antimicrobial agents doxycycline, minocycline, vanomycin, 3 quinolones and 3 combinations of antimicrobial agents) for isolates of salmonella spp. (20), escherichia coli (17), klebsiella spp. (8), proteus spp. (7), pseudomonas aeruginosa (7), actinobacillus equuli (5), rhodococcus equi (4), streptococcus zooepidemicus (23), streptococcus equisimilis (6), streptococcus equi (4), coagulase-positi ... | 1993 | 8354217 |
| streptococci and pasteurella spp. associated with disease of the equine lower respiratory tract. | the likelihood of finding evidence of inflammation in 551 tracheal washes collected endoscopically from 278 thoroughbred racehorses increased with the number of bacterial colony forming units (cfu) per ml of wash (p < 0.001). the aerobic bacteria streptococcus zooepidemicus, pasteurella/actinobacillus-like species and streptococcus pneumoniae were significantly associated with lower airway inflammation whereas coagulase-negative staphylococcus spp., alpha-haemolytic streptococcus spp., acinetoba ... | 1993 | 8354218 |