| evaluation of immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase methods for antibody determination against chikungunya, west nile and yellow fever viruses. | | 1979 | 391161 |
| seroepidemiologic studies in oaxaca, mexico. ii. survey for arbovirus antibody. | a serologic survey was conducted in south-western mexico to obtain information on human experience with arbovirus infections. sera were collected from two semitropical areas along the pacific coast of oaxaca state, two mountain areas above 1,700 meters and the interior valley at 1,500 meters. of the 610 sera tested for group a antibody, 4.9 per cent were positive in the hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) test to venezuelan (ve), 11 per cent to eastern, and none to western encephalitis viruses. in ... | 1979 | 539866 |
| global climate change and infectious diseases. | the effects of global climate change on infectious diseases are hypothetical until more is known about the degree of change in temperature and humidity that will occur. diseases most likely to increase in their distribution and severity have three-factor (agent, vector, and human being) and four-factor (plus vertebrate reservoir host) ecology. aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquitoes may move northward and have more rapid metamorphosis with global warming. these mosquitoes transmit dengue v ... | 1991 | 1820262 |
| comparative immunochemical and biological analysis of african and south american yellow fever viruses. | four geographic variants (topotypes) of yellow fever (yf) virus from africa and south america previously determined by rna oligonucleotide mapping were analyzed for their structural, antigenic and virulence characteristics. the electrophoretic migration mobility and carbohydrate content of the envelope protein e characterized yf virus strains of south america. the ns 1 protein of south american and central african yf virus strains was not precipitated by anti-ns 1 monoclonal antibodies (mab) tha ... | 1987 | 2437890 |
| complement fixing antibodies against arboviruses in horses at lagos, nigeria. | sixty-two sera horse collected from two stables at lagos, nigeria, were tested for complement fixing antibody to 8 arbovirus antigens; chikungunya, igbo-ora, yellow fever, wesselsbron, west nile, potiskum, uganda s and rift valley fever. ten per cent of the horse sera examined contained cf antibody to one or more of the test antigens and indicated considerable arbovirus activity in the two stables. reactions with flavivirus antigens were most common and the highest antibody titres were obtained ... | 1989 | 2485538 |
| terminal sequences of the replicative form of rna of the japanese encephalitis virus. | the 5' and 3' terminal sequences of the replicative form (rf) of rna of a flavivirus, the japanese encephalitis (je) virus, strain ja0ars982, have been determined by in vitro labelling and mobility shift analysis. the plus strand sequence was 5'agaaguuuaucugugugaa...ucuoh3', while the minus strand sequence was 5'agauccuguguucuuccuca...ucuoh3'. these sequences were similar to those of west nile (wn) virus being identical in 12 nucleotides at the 5'terminal of the minus strand, and in the 5'termin ... | 1988 | 2897776 |
| cross-infection enhancement among african flaviviruses by immune mouse ascitic fluids. | cross-infection enhancement of seven african flaviviruses by subneutralising concentrations of antibody in immune ascitic fluids was investigated in p388d1 cell culture. infection by all the seven flaviviruses tested was enhanced by homologous and at least one of six heterologous immune mouse ascitic fluids (imaf) tested. enhancement ratios and enhancing antibody titres were higher in homologous than in heterologous enhancement. zika, wesselsbron, uganda s and west nile viruses were enhanced in ... | 1987 | 3028713 |
| [serological study of the virus responsible for hemorrhagic fever in an urban population of cameroon]. | a sero-epidemiological study of hemorrhagic fever viruses in a urban population of cameroon. the authors report the results of a sero-epidemiological survey undertaken in a urban population of cameroon and concerning congo, rift (rvf), lassa, ebola, marburg and yellow fever viruses. on 375 human sera tested, 1.06% show antibodies against rvf virus and 1.87% are positive for anti-ebola antibodies thus yielding evidence that these two viruses are present in this area of cameroon. 33.75% have antib ... | 1988 | 3064937 |
| cross-reactive killer t lymphocytes in a flavivirus infection. | splenocytes from mice immunized intravenously with one dose of langat or yellow fever viruses were cytotoxic for target cells infected with virulent tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus; cytotoxicity was measured by 51cr release from target l929 cells. no significant lysis of the tbe virus-infected taget cells with splenocytes from sindbis virus-infected mice was noted. | 1980 | 6106380 |
| nucleotide sequence variation of the envelope protein gene identifies two distinct genotypes of yellow fever virus. | the evolution of yellow fever virus over 67 years was investigated by comparing the nucleotide sequences of the envelope (e) protein genes of 20 viruses isolated in africa, the caribbean, and south america. uniformly weighted parsimony algorithm analysis defined two major evolutionary yellow fever virus lineages designated e genotypes i and ii. e genotype i contained viruses isolated from east and central africa. e genotype ii viruses were divided into two sublineages: iia viruses from west afri ... | 1995 | 7637022 |
| rapid, single-step rt-pcr typing of dengue viruses using five ns3 gene primers. | in order to detect and type dengue viruses in serum specimens, four type-specific downstream primers were designed for use with a consensus upstream primer in a reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay. rt-pcr using these five primers amplified ns3 gene fragments of diagnostic sizes of 169, 362, 265 and 426 base pairs for dengue virus types 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, but not for japanese encephalitis, kunjin and yellow fever viruses. the conventional two-step rt-pcr p ... | 1995 | 7738139 |
| geographic distribution and evolution of yellow fever viruses based on direct sequencing of genomic cdna fragments. | we have compared the nucleotide sequence of an envelope protein gene fragment encoding amino acids 291 to 406 of 22 yellow fever (yf) virus strains of diverse geographic and host origins isolated over a 63 year time span. the nucleotide fragment of viral rna was examined by direct sequencing of a pcr product derived from complementary dna. alignment with the prototype asibi strain sequence showed divergence of 0 to 21.5% corresponding to a maximum of 5.2% divergence in the amino acid sequence. t ... | 1994 | 8113765 |
| use of ns3 consensus primers for the polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of dengue viruses and other flaviviruses. | consensus primers for the polymerase chain reaction were designed based on conserved motifs within the serine protease and rna helicase domains encoded by the ns 3 genes of dengue and other flaviviruses. target fragments of 470 bp were amplified on cdna templates synthesized from rnas of dengue types 1, 2, 3, and 4, japanese encephalitis, kunjin, and yellow fever viruses using random or specific downstream primers. pcr of oligo(dt)-primed cdnas from japanese encephalitis and kunjin viral rnas di ... | 1993 | 8240006 |
| perspectives for the treatment of infections with flaviviridae. | the family flaviviridae contains three genera: hepacivirus, flavivirus, and pestivirus. worldwide, more than 170 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis c virus and are at risk of developing cirrhosis and/or liver cancer. in addition, infections with arthropod-borne flaviviruses (such as dengue fever, japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, st. louis encephalitis, murray valley encephalitis, west nile, and yellow fever viruses) are emerging throughout the world. the pestiv ... | 2000 | 10627492 |
| recombinant yellow fever viruses are effective therapeutic vaccines for treatment of murine experimental solid tumors and pulmonary metastases. | we have genetically engineered an attenuated yellow fever (yf) virus to carry and express foreign antigenic sequences and evaluated the potential of this type of recombinant virus to serve as a safe and effective tumor vaccine. live-attenuated yf vaccine is one of the most effective viral vaccines available today. important advantages include its ability to induce long-lasting immunity, its safety, its affordability, and its documented efficacy. in this study, recombinant live-attenuated (strain ... | 2000 | 10982366 |
| detection of west nile virus in mosquitoes by rt-pcr. | a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay employing <<taqman>> detection technology was developed to identify west nile virus in experimentally infected mosquitoes. the specificity of the assay was evaluated with the following viruses: eastern equine encephalitis, ilheus, west nile and yellow fever viruses. the limits of detection were determined using west nile viral rna extracted from serial dilutions of virus culture in infected mosquitoes. limit of detection was 5 pfu ... | 2001 | 11352595 |
| why do female aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) feed preferentially and frequently on human blood? | adult female aedes aegypti (l.), the vector of dengue and yellow fever viruses, have an affinity for feeding on human blood and a tendency to forego feeding on sugar. this observation challenges two tenets of mosquito biology: (1) mosquitoes imbibe plant carbohydrates for synthesis of energy reserves and blood for reproduction and (2) egg production is reduced when mosquitoes feed on human blood compared with blood from other species. sub-optimal amounts of the amino acid isoleucine in human blo ... | 2001 | 11372967 |
| large genetic differentiation and low variation in vector competence for dengue and yellow fever viruses of aedes albopictus from brazil, the united states, and the cayman islands. | we conducted a population genetic analysis of aedes albopictus collected from 20 sites in brazil, the united states (florida, georgia, and illinois), and the cayman islands. using isoenzyme analysis, we examined genetic diversity and patterns of gene flow. high genetic differentiation was found among brazilian samples, and between them and north american samples. regression analysis of genetic differentiation according to geographic distances indicated that ae. albopictus samples from florida we ... | 2003 | 12932107 |
| uganda s and yellow fever viruses; a slight relationship shown by experiments in rhesus monkeys and white mice. | | 1953 | 13093910 |
| hemagglutination with arthropod-borne viruses. | through the use of acetone and ether extraction of brain tissue from newborn mice infected with certain arthropod-borne viruses, it has been possible to demonstrate hemagglutinins for chick erythrocytes associated with the following viruses: dengue type 1, dengue type 2, eastern equine encephalitis, ilhéus, japanese b, ntaya, st. louis, sindbis, uganda s, venezuelan equine encephalitis, west nile (egypt 101 strain), western equine encephalitis, and yellow fever (viscerotropic and neurotropic str ... | 1954 | 13163320 |
| clinical and serologic response of man to immunization with attenuated dengue and yellow fever viruses. | | 1956 | 13385504 |
| experimental infection of new world monkeys with dengue and yellow fever viruses. | | 1958 | 13559592 |
| effects of cortisone on in vitro viral infection. i. inhibition of cytopathogenesis by polio, rabies and yellow fever viruses in human embryonic cells. | | 1965 | 14297833 |
| aedes aegypti in brazil: genetically differentiated populations with high susceptibility to dengue and yellow fever viruses. | aedes aegypti was eliminated from brazil in 1955, but re-infested the country in the 1970s. dengue outbreaks have occurred since 1981 and became endemic in several cities in brazil after 1986. urban yellow fever has not occurred since 1942, and only jungle yellow fever cases have been reported. a population genetic analysis using isoenzyme variation combined with an evaluation of susceptibility to both yellow fever and dengue 2 viruses was conducted among 23 a. aegypti samples from 13 brazilian ... | 2004 | 14702837 |
| genetic relationships and evolution of genotypes of yellow fever virus and other members of the yellow fever virus group within the flavivirus genus based on the 3' noncoding region. | genetic relationships among flaviviruses within the yellow fever (yf) virus genetic group were investigated by comparing nucleotide sequences of the 3' noncoding region (3'ncr). size heterogeneity was observed between members and even among strains of the same viral species. size variation between yf strains was due to duplications and/or deletions of repeated nucleotide sequence elements (ryf). west african genotypes had three copies of the ryf (ryf1, ryf2, and ryf3); the angola and the east an ... | 2004 | 15331698 |
| duration of infectivity and rna of venezuelan equine encephalitis, west nile, and yellow fever viruses dried on filter paper and maintained at room temperature. | samples of laboratory propagated venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee), west nile (wn), and yellow fever (yf) viruses were blotted onto filter paper discs, air-dried, and stored at room temperature. at regular intervals over a 90-day period, the dried virus samples were eluted, tested for infectivity by culture and titration in vero cells, and examined for viral rna by a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. the vee, wn, and yf viral rna was detected throughout the 90-day period in all ... | 2005 | 15827290 |
| inhibition of alpha/beta interferon signaling by the ns4b protein of flaviviruses. | flaviviruses are insect-borne, positive-strand rna viruses that have been disseminated worldwide. their genome is translated into a polyprotein, which is subsequently cleaved by a combination of viral and host proteases to produce three structural proteins and seven nonstructural proteins. the nonstructural protein ns4b of dengue 2 virus partially blocks activation of stat1 and interferon-stimulated response element (isre) promoters in cells stimulated with interferon (ifn). we have found that t ... | 2005 | 15956546 |
| phylogeography of aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (l.) and aedes (stegomyia) albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) based on mitochondrial dna variations. | aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (l.) and aedes (stegomyia) albopictus (skuse) are the most important vectors of the dengue and yellow-fever viruses. both took advantage of trade developments to spread throughout the tropics from their native area: a. aegypti originated from africa and a. albopictus from south-east asia. we investigated the relationships between a. aegypti and a. albopictus mosquitoes based on three mitochondrial-dna genes (cytochrome b, cytochrome oxidase i and nadh dehydrogenase subu ... | 2005 | 16181519 |
| host range, amplification and arboviral disease emergence. | etiologic agents of arboviral diseases are primarily zoonotic pathogens that are maintained in nature in cycles involving arthropod transmission among a variety of susceptible reservoir hosts. in the simplest form of human exposure, spillover occurs from the enzootic cycle when humans enter zoonotic foci and/or enzootic amplification increases circulation near humans. examples include eastern (eeev) and western equine encephalitis viruses (weev), as well as west nile (wnv), st. louis encephaliti ... | 2005 | 16358422 |
| dengue virus utilizes a novel strategy for translation initiation when cap-dependent translation is inhibited. | viruses have developed numerous mechanisms to usurp the host cell translation apparatus. dengue virus (den) and other flaviviruses, such as west nile and yellow fever viruses, contain a 5' m7gpppn-capped positive-sense rna genome with a nonpolyadenylated 3' untranslated region (utr) that has been presumed to undergo translation in a cap-dependent manner. however, the means by which the den genome is translated effectively in the presence of capped, polyadenylated cellular mrnas is unknown. this ... | 2006 | 16501107 |
| manipulation of the yellow fever virus non-structural genes 2a and 4b and the 3'non-coding region to evaluate genetic determinants of viral dissemination from the aedes aegypti midgut. | although much is known about the ecology, epidemiology, and molecular biology of mosquito-borne viruses, the viral factors that allow transmission by mosquitoes to humans or animals remain unknown. using infectious clones of disseminating (asibi) and non-disseminating (17d) yellow fever viruses (yfv), we produced chimeric viruses to evaluate the role of different viral genes in dissemination. previously, we showed that virus produced from an infectious clone containing the structural genes of 17 ... | 2006 | 17172386 |
| age and body size influence male sperm capacity of the dengue vector aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae). | understanding mosquito mating biology is essential for studies of mosquito behavior, gene flow, population structure, and genetic control. in the current study, we examine the effect of age and body size on spermatozoa number in two laboratory strains of the dengue vector, aedes aegypti (l.), thailand and rockefeller (rock), and in wild-collected mosquitoes from thailand. body size was a major predictor of total spermatozoa number, with significantly greater sperm numbers in large (2.27-mm wing ... | 2007 | 17547226 |
| identity and transfer of male reproductive gland proteins of the dengue vector mosquito, aedes aegypti: potential tools for control of female feeding and reproduction. | male reproductive gland proteins (mrgps) impact the physiology and/or behavior of mated females in a broad range of organisms. we sought to identify mrgps of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, the primary vector of dengue and yellow fever viruses. earlier studies with ae. aegypti demonstrated that "matrone" (a partially purified male reproductive accessory gland substance) or male accessory gland fluid injected into virgin female ae. aegypti affect female sexual refractoriness, blood feed ... | 2008 | 18207079 |
| a single-amino acid substitution in west nile virus 2k peptide between ns4a and ns4b confers resistance to lycorine, a flavivirus inhibitor. | lycorine potently inhibits flaviviruses in cell culture. at 1.2-microm concentration, lycorine reduced viral titers of west nile (wnv), dengue, and yellow fever viruses by 10(2)- to 10(4)-fold. however, the compound did not inhibit an alphavirus (western equine encephalitis virus) or a rhabdovirus (vesicular stomatitis virus), indicating a selective antiviral spectrum. the compound exerts its antiviral activity mainly through suppression of viral rna replication. a val-->met substitution at the ... | 2009 | 19062063 |
| membrane and envelope virus proteins co-expressed as lysosome associated membrane protein (lamp) fused antigens: a potential tool to develop dna vaccines against flaviviruses. | vaccination is the most practical and cost-effective strategy to prevent the majority of the flavivirus infection to which there is an available vaccine. however, vaccines based on attenuated virus can potentially promote collateral side effects and even rare fatal reactions. given this scenario, the development of alternative vaccination strategies such as dna-based vaccines encoding specific flavivirus sequences are being considered. endogenous cytoplasmic antigens, characteristically plasmid ... | 2009 | 19893892 |
| transmission of yellow fever vaccine virus through breast-feeding - brazil, 2009. | in april, 2009, the state health department of rio grande do sul, brazil, was notified by the cachoeira do sul municipal health department of a case of meningoencephalitis requiring hospitalization in an infant whose mother recently had received yellow fever vaccine during a postpartum visit. the field epidemiology training program of the secretariat of surveillance in health of the brazilian ministry of health assisted state and municipal health departments with an investigation. this report su ... | 2010 | 20150888 |
| microclimate and human factors in the divergent ecology of aedes aegypti along the arizona, u.s./sonora, mx border. | this study examined the association of human and environmental factors with the presence of aedes aegypti, the vector for dengue fever and yellow fever viruses, in a desert region in the southwest united states and northwest mexico. sixty-eight sites were longitudinally surveyed along the united states-mexico border in tucson, az, nogales, az, and nogales, sonora during a 3-year period. aedes aegypti presence or absence at each site was measured three times per year using standard oviposition tr ... | 2010 | 20232228 |
| gb virus type c envelope protein e2 elicits antibodies that react with a cellular antigen on hiv-1 particles and neutralize diverse hiv-1 isolates. | broadly neutralizing abs to hiv-1 are well described; however, identification of ags that elicit these abs has proven difficult. persistent infection with gb virus type c (gbv-c) is associated with prolonged survival in hiv-1-infected individuals, and among those without hiv-1 viremia, the presence of ab to gbv-c glycoprotein e2 is also associated with survival. gbv-c e2 protein inhibits hiv-1 entry, and an antigenic peptide within e2 interferes with gp41-induced membrane perturbations in vitro, ... | 2010 | 20826757 |
| molecular phylogeny of edge hill virus supports its position in the yellow fever virus group and identifies a new genetic variant. | edge hill virus (ehv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus isolated throughout australia during mosquito surveillance programs. while not posing an immediate threat to the human population, ehv is a taxonomically interesting flavivirus since it remains the only member of the yellow fever virus (yfv) sub-group to be detected within australia. here we present both an antigenic and genetic investigation of collected isolates, and confirm taxonomic classification of the virus within the yfv-group. isolate ... | 2010 | 20938485 |
| worldwide patterns of genetic differentiation imply multiple 'domestications' of aedes aegypti, a major vector of human diseases. | understanding the processes by which species colonize and adapt to human habitats is particularly important in the case of disease-vectoring arthropods. the mosquito species aedes aegypti, a major vector of dengue and yellow fever viruses, probably originated as a wild, zoophilic species in sub-saharan africa, where some populations still breed in tree holes in forested habitats. many populations of the species, however, have evolved to thrive in human habitats and to bite humans. this includes ... | 2011 | 21227970 |
| why dengue and yellow fever coexist in some areas of the world and not in others? | urban yellow fever and dengue coexist in africa but not in asia and south america. in this paper, we examine four hypotheses (and various combinations thereof) to explain the absence of yellow fever in urban areas of asia and south america. in addition, we examine an additional hypothesis that offers an explanation of the coexistence of the infections in africa while at the same time explaining their lack of coexistence in asia. the hypotheses we tested to explain the nonexistence of yellow feve ... | 2011 | 21839800 |
| Mosquito genomics: progress and challenges. | The whole-genome sequencing of mosquitoes has facilitated our understanding of fundamental biological processes at their basic molecular levels and holds potential for application to mosquito control and prevention of mosquito-borne disease transmission. Draft genome sequences are available for Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Collectively, these represent the major vectors of African malaria, dengue fever and yellow fever viruses, and lymphatic filariasis, respectiv ... | 2012 | 21942845 |
| efficient, trans-complementing packaging systems for chimeric, pseudoinfectious dengue 2/yellow fever viruses. | in our previous studies, we have stated to build a new strategy for developing defective, pseudoinfectious flaviviruses (pivs) and applying them as a new type of vaccine candidates. pivs combined the efficiency of live vaccines with the safety of inactivated or subunit vaccines. the results of the present work demonstrate further development of chimeric pivs encoding dengue virus 2 (den2v) glycoproteins and yellow fever virus (yfv)-derived replicative machinery as potential vaccine candidates. t ... | 2010 | 20137799 |
| Alterations in the Aedes aegypti transcriptome during infection with West Nile, dengue and yellow fever viruses. | West Nile (WNV), dengue (DENV) and yellow fever (YFV) viruses are (re)emerging, mosquito-borne flaviviruses that cause human disease and mortality worldwide. Alterations in mosquito gene expression common and unique to individual flaviviral infections are poorly understood. Here, we present a microarray analysis of the Aedes aegypti transcriptome over time during infection with DENV, WNV or YFV. We identified 203 mosquito genes that were = 5-fold differentially up-regulated (DUR) and 202 genes t ... | 2011 | 21909258 |
| structural basis for the preferential recognition of immature flaviviruses by a fusion-loop antibody. | flaviviruses are a group of human pathogens causing severe encephalitic or hemorrhagic diseases that include west nile, dengue and yellow fever viruses. here, using x-ray crystallography we have defined the structure of the flavivirus cross-reactive antibody e53 that engages the highly conserved fusion loop of the west nile virus envelope glycoprotein. using cryo-electron microscopy, we also determined that e53 fab binds preferentially to spikes in noninfectious, immature flavivirions but is una ... | 2009 | 19713934 |
| impact of wolbachia on infection with chikungunya and yellow fever viruses in the mosquito vector aedes aegypti. | incidence of disease due to dengue (denv), chikungunya (chikv) and yellow fever (yfv) viruses is increasing in many parts of the world. the viruses are primarily transmitted by aedes aegypti, a highly domesticated mosquito species that is notoriously difficult to control. when transinfected into ae. aegypti, the intracellular bacterium wolbachia has recently been shown to inhibit replication of denvs, chikv, malaria parasites and filarial nematodes, providing a potentially powerful biocontrol st ... | 2012 | 23133693 |
| cooler temperatures destabilize rna interference and increase susceptibility of disease vector mosquitoes to viral infection. | the impact of global climate change on the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases is the subject of extensive debate. the transmission of mosquito-borne viral diseases is particularly complex, with climatic variables directly affecting many parameters associated with the prevalence of disease vectors. while evidence shows that warmer temperatures often decrease the extrinsic incubation period of an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus), exposure to cooler temperatures often predisposes disease ... | 2013 | 23738025 |
| current perspectives in transfusion-transmitted infectious diseases: emerging and re-emerging infections. | in august 2009, a group from the aabb (stramer et al., transfusion 2009;99:1s-29s, emerging infectious disease agents and their potential threat to transfusion safety; http://www.aabb.org/resources/bct/eid/pages/default.aspx) published a supplement to transfusion that reviewed emerging infectious disease (eid) agents that pose a real or theoretical threat to transfusion safety, but for which an existing effective intervention is lacking. the necessary attributes for transfusion transmission were ... | 2014 | 25210533 |
| liposomal systems as nanocarriers for the antiviral agent ivermectin. | rna virus infections can lead to the onset of severe diseases such as fever with haemorrhage, multiorgan failure, and mortality. the emergence and reemergence of rna viruses continue to pose a significant public health threat worldwide with particular attention to the increasing incidence of flaviviruses, among others dengue, west nile virus, and yellow fever viruses. development of new and potent antivirals is thus urgently needed. ivermectin, an already known antihelminthic drug, has shown pot ... | 2016 | 27242902 |
| flaviviruses in europe: complex circulation patterns and their consequences for the diagnosis and control of west nile disease. | in europe, many flaviviruses are endemic (west nile, usutu, tick-borne encephalitis viruses) or occasionally imported (dengue, yellow fever viruses). due to the temporal and geographical co-circulation of flaviviruses in europe, flavivirus differentiation by diagnostic tests is crucial in the adaptation of surveillance and control efforts. serological diagnosis of flavivirus infections is complicated by the antigenic similarities among the flavivirus genus. indeed, most flavivirus antibodies are ... | 2013 | 24225644 |
| incubation periods of mosquito-borne viral infections: a systematic review. | mosquito-borne viruses are a major public health threat, but their incubation periods are typically uncited, non-specific, and not based on data. we systematically review the published literature on six mosquito-borne viruses selected for their public health importance: chikungunya, dengue, japanese encephalitis, rift valley fever, west nile, and yellow fever viruses. for each, we identify the literature's consensus on the incubation period, evaluate the evidence for this consensus, and provide ... | 2014 | 24639305 |
| the two-component ns2b-ns3 proteinase represses dna unwinding activity of the west nile virus ns3 helicase. | similar to many flavivirus types including dengue and yellow fever viruses, the nonstructural ns3 multifunctional protein of west nile virus (wnv) with an n-terminal serine proteinase domain and an rna triphosphatase, an ntpase domain, and an rna helicase in the c-terminal domain is implicated in both polyprotein processing and rna replication and is therefore a promising drug target. to exhibit its proteolytic activity, ns3 proteinase requires the presence of the cofactor encoded by the upstrea ... | 2008 | 18442976 |
| urbanization and geographic expansion of zoonotic arboviral diseases: mechanisms and potential strategies for prevention. | arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) mainly infect people via direct spillover from enzootic cycles. however, dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever viruses have repeatedly initiated urban transmission cycles involving human amplification and peridomestic mosquito vectors to cause major epidemics. here, i review these urban emergences and potential strategies for their prevention and control. | 0 | 23910545 |
| vector competence in west african aedes aegypti is flavivirus species and genotype dependent. | vector competence of aedes aegypti mosquitoes is a quantitative genetic trait that varies among geographic locations and among different flavivirus species and genotypes within species. the subspecies ae. aegypti formosus, found mostly in sub-saharan africa, is considered to be refractory to both dengue (denv) and yellow fever viruses (yfv) compared to the more globally distributed ae. aegypti aegypti. within senegal, vector competence varies with collection site and denv-2 viral isolate, but kn ... | 2014 | 25275366 |
| yellow fever-more a policy and planning problem than a biological one. | | 2016 | 27479749 |
| microsatellite loci cross-species transferability in aedes fluviatilis (diptera:culicidae): a cost-effective approach for population genetics studies. | aedes fluviatilis is a neotropical mosquito species thought to be a potential vector of yellow fever viruses and can be infected with plasmodium gallinaceum in laboratory. a better understanding of its genetic structure is very important to understand its epidemiologic potential and how it is responding to urbanization. the objective of this study was to survey the transferability of microsatellites loci developed for other aedes to ae. fluviatilis. | 2015 | 26667177 |
| late-acting dominant lethal genetic systems and mosquito control. | reduction or elimination of vector populations will tend to reduce or eliminate transmission of vector-borne diseases. one potential method for environmentally-friendly, species-specific population control is the sterile insect technique (sit). sit has not been widely used against insect disease vectors such as mosquitoes, in part because of various practical difficulties in rearing, sterilization and distribution. additionally, vector populations with strong density-dependent effects will tend ... | 2007 | 17374148 |
| mitochondrial physiology in the major arbovirus vector aedes aegypti: substrate preferences and sexual differences define respiratory capacity and superoxide production. | adult females of aedes aegypti are facultative blood sucking insects and vectors of dengue and yellow fever viruses. insect dispersal plays a central role in disease transmission and the extremely high energy demand posed by flight is accomplished by a very efficient oxidative phosphorylation process, which take place within flight muscle mitochondria. these organelles play a central role in energy metabolism, interconnecting nutrient oxidation to atp synthesis, but also represent an important s ... | 2015 | 25803027 |
| imaginal discs--a new source of chromosomes for genome mapping of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti. | the mosquito aedes aegypti is the primary global vector for dengue and yellow fever viruses. sequencing of the ae. aegypti genome has stimulated research in vector biology and insect genomics. however, the current genome assembly is highly fragmented with only ~31% of the genome being assigned to chromosomes. a lack of a reliable source of chromosomes for physical mapping has been a major impediment to improving the genome assembly of ae. aegypti. | 2011 | 21991400 |
| sodium channel mutations and pyrethroid resistance in aedes aegypti. | pyrethroid insecticides are widely used to control insect pests and human disease vectors. voltage-gated sodium channels are the primary targets of pyrethroid insecticides. mutations in the sodium channel have been shown to be responsible for pyrethroid resistance, known as knockdown resistance (kdr), in various insects including mosquitoes. in aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the principal urban vectors of dengue, zika, and yellow fever viruses, multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms in the sodium c ... | 2016 | 27809228 |
| aegepuci: a database of gene expression in the dengue vector mosquito, aedes aegypti. | aedes aegypti is the principal vector of dengue and yellow fever viruses. the availability of the sequenced and annotated genome enables genome-wide analyses of gene expression in this mosquito. the large amount of data resulting from these analyses requires efficient cataloguing before it becomes useful as the basis for new insights into gene expression patterns and studies of the underlying molecular mechanisms for generating these patterns. | 2010 | 20920356 |
| surveillance of aedes aegypti: comparison of house index with four alternative traps. | the mosquito aedes aegypti, vector of dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever viruses, is an important target of vector control programs in tropical countries. most mosquito surveillance programs are still based on the traditional household larval surveys, despite the availability of new trapping devices. we report the results of a multicentric entomological survey using four types of traps, besides the larval survey, to compare the entomological indices generated by these different surveillance to ... | 2015 | 25668559 |
| survival and swimming behavior of insecticide-exposed larvae and pupae of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti. | the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti is essentially a container-inhabiting species that is closely associated with urban areas. this species is a vector of human pathogens, including dengue and yellow fever viruses, and its control is of paramount importance for disease prevention. insecticide use against mosquito juvenile stages (i.e. larvae and pupae) is growing in importance, particularly due to the ever-growing problems of resistance to adult-targeted insecticides and human safety concern ... | 2014 | 24761789 |
| the aquaporin gene family of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. | the mosquito, aedes aegypti, is the principal vector of the dengue and yellow fever viruses. during feeding, an adult female can take up more than its own body weight in vertebrate blood. after a blood meal females excrete large amounts of urine through their excretion system, the malpighian tubules (mt). diuresis starts within seconds after the mosquito starts feeding. aquaporins (aqps) are a family of membrane transporters that regulate the flow of water, glycerol and other small molecules acr ... | 2010 | 21249121 |
| the dengue vector aedes aegypti contains a functional high mobility group box 1 (hmgb1) protein with a unique regulatory c-terminus. | the mosquito aedes aegypti can spread the dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever viruses. thus, the search for key molecules involved in the mosquito survival represents today a promising vector control strategy. high mobility group box (hmgb) proteins are essential nuclear factors that maintain the high-order structure of chromatin, keeping eukaryotic cells viable. outside the nucleus, secreted hmgb proteins could alert the innate immune system to foreign antigens and trigger the initiation of ho ... | 2012 | 22802955 |
| the impact of temperature on the bionomics of aedes (stegomyia) aegypti, with special reference to the cool geographic range margins. | the mosquito aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (l.), which occurs widely in the subtropics and tropics, is the primary urban vector of dengue and yellow fever viruses, and an important vector of chikungunya virus. there is substantial interest in how climate change may impact the bionomics and pathogen transmission potential of this mosquito. this forum article focuses specifically on the effects of temperature on the bionomics of ae. aegypti, with special emphasis on the cool geographic range margins w ... | 2014 | 24897844 |
| population genomics reveals that an anthropophilic population of aedes aegypti mosquitoes in west africa recently gave rise to american and asian populations of this major disease vector. | the mosquito aedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue, zika, chikungunya and yellow fever viruses. this major disease vector is thought to have arisen when the african subspecies ae. aegypti formosus evolved from being zoophilic and living in forest habitats into a form that specialises on humans and resides near human population centres. the resulting domestic subspecies, ae. aegypti aegypti, is found throughout the tropics and largely blood-feeds on humans. | 2017 | 28241828 |
| identification of novel small-molecule inhibitors of west nile virus infection. | west nile virus (wnv) has spread throughout the united states and canada and now annually causes a clinical spectrum of human disease ranging from a self-limiting acute febrile illness to acute flaccid paralysis and lethal encephalitis. no therapy or vaccine is currently approved for use in humans. using high-throughput screening assays that included a luciferase expressing wnv subgenomic replicon and an ns1 capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we evaluated a chemical library of over 80,00 ... | 2007 | 17715228 |
| infection of mosquito cells (c6/36) by dengue-2 virus interferes with subsequent infection by yellow fever virus. | dengue is one of the most important diseases caused by arboviruses in the world. yellow fever is another arthropod-borne disease of great importance to public health that is endemic to tropical regions of africa and the americas. both yellow fever and dengue viruses are flaviviruses transmitted by aedes aegypti mosquitoes, and then, it is reasonable to consider that in a given moment, mosquito cells could be coinfected by both viruses. therefore, we decided to evaluate if sequential infections o ... | 2016 | 26808727 |
| detection and subtyping of dengue 1-4 and yellow fever viruses by means of a multiplex rt-nested-pcr using degenerated primers. | differential diagnosis of infections that cause similar diseases and may be active simultaneously in the same geographical areas is greatly needed. dengue and yellow fever viruses (denv and yfv) are transmitted by the same species of mosquito and both can cause haemorrhagic fever symptoms. these viruses are active mainly in regions where expensive and sophisticated technologies are not available. our objective was to develop a simple, reliable and easy-to-perform method to detect and identify th ... | 2006 | 16930266 |
| vaccine development against malaria. | malaria vaccine development aims to significantly reduce mortality and morbidity in the two high-risk groups: young children and pregnant women in sub-saharan africa. a pre-erythrocytic subunit vaccine, rts,s, was recently evaluated in a first phase iib clinical trial in young children that live in a mesoendemic area of malaria transmission. the identification of a major parasite-encoded ligand that was found to be involved in pregnancy-associated malaria allows for the rational development of a ... | 2006 | 16765576 |
| mechanism for maturation-related reorganization of flavivirus glycoproteins. | flaviviruses, such as dengue, west nile, and yellow fever viruses, assemble as fusion-incompetent particles and subsequently undergo a large reorganization of their glycoprotein envelope resulting in formation of mature infectious virions. here we used a combination of three-dimensional cryo-electron tomography and two-dimensional image analysis to study pleomorphic maturation intermediates of dengue virus 2. icosahedral symmetries of immature and mature regions within one particle were mismatch ... | 2014 | 24252771 |
| aedes (stegomyia) aegypti in the continental united states: a vector at the cool margin of its geographic range. | after more than a half century without recognized local dengue outbreaks in the continental united states, there were recent outbreaks of autochthonous dengue in the southern parts of texas (2004-2005) and florida (2009-2011). this dengue reemergence has provoked interest in the extent of the future threat posed by the yellow fever mosquito, aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (l.), the primary vector of dengue and yellow fever viruses in urban settings, to human health in the continental united states. a ... | 2013 | 23802440 |
| shifting epidemiology of flaviviridae. | the dengue, west nile, japanese encephalitis and yellow fever viruses are important mosquito-borne viruses whose epidemiology is shifting in response to changing societal factors, such as increasing commerce, urbanization of rural areas, and population growth. all four viruses are expanding geographically, as exemplified by the emergence of west nile virus in the americas and japanese encephalitis virus in australasia. the large, recent global outbreaks of severe neurological disease caused by w ... | 2005 | 16225801 |
| a newly discovered flavivirus in the yellow fever virus group displays restricted replication in vertebrates. | a novel flavivirus, provisionally named bamaga virus (bgv), was isolated from culex annulirostris mosquitoes collected from northern australia. phylogenetic analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence of the bgv genome revealed it clustered with the yellow fever virus (yfv) group, and was most closely related to edge hill virus (ehv), another australian flavivirus, with 61.9% nucleotide and 63.7% amino acid sequence identity. antigenic analysis of the envelope and pre-membrane proteins of bgv f ... | 2016 | 26878841 |
| hospital-based surveillance for viral hemorrhagic fevers and hepatitides in ghana. | viral hemorrhagic fevers (vhf) are acute diseases associated with bleeding, organ failure, and shock. vhf may hardly be distinguished clinically from other diseases in the african hospital, including viral hepatitis. this study was conducted to determine if vhf and viral hepatitis contribute to hospital morbidity in the central and northern parts of ghana. | 2013 | 24069490 |
| dengue virus m protein contains a proapoptotic sequence referred to as apoptom. | the induction of apoptotic cell death is a prominent cytopathic effect of dengue (den) viruses. one of the key questions to be addressed is which viral components induce apoptosis in den virus-infected cells. this study investigated whether the small membrane (m) protein was involved in the induction of apoptosis by den virus. this was addressed by using a series of enhanced green fluorescent protein-fused den proteins. evidence is provided that intracellular production of the m ectodomains (res ... | 2003 | 13679613 |
| [occurrence of aedes albopictus in the state of pará, brazil]. | it is first reported the detection of aedes (stg) albopictus mosquitoes in state of par , brazil, in the urban area of medicil ndia, a municipality far 90 km from altamira, where 42 adult mosquitoes were baited using human attraction. all mosquitoes were pooled and inoculated into c6/36 and suckling mice in attempts for virus isolation. no virus was isolated. the occurrence of aedes albopictus in urban areas of the amazon region is of concern since dengue and yellow fever viruses are endemic in ... | 2003 | 12792693 |
| [serological diagnosis of dengue and yellow fever infections in suspected cases from pará state, brazil, 1999]. | from june to december 1999, 785 serum samples were obtained from patients clinically suspected of having dengue or yellow fever. the patients were referred by public health centers distributed within the six mesoregions of par state, brazil. serum samples were tested for flavivirus antibodies by hemagglutination inhibition test and for dengue and yellow fever viruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for igm detection. of the sera collected, 563 (71.7%) were positive by hi test and out of th ... | 2003 | 12612738 |
| health evaluation of translocated free-ranging primates in french guiana. | among over 40 mammal species threatened by the filling of a hydroelectric dam reservoir in french guiana, three species of primates have been translocated, comprising 124 red howler monkeys, six white-faced sakis, and 95 golden-handed tamarins. health status of the animals was evaluated by direct physical examination and by hematological, biochemical, virological, and parasitological surveys of collected blood. the physical condition of the howlers was slightly worse toward the end of the captur ... | 2001 | 11329164 |
| zika virus: an emerging flavivirus. | zika virus (zikv) is a previously little-known flavivirus closely related to japanese encephalitis, west nile, dengue, and yellow fever viruses, all of which are primarily transmitted by blood-sucking mosquitoes. since its discovery in uganda in 1947, zikv has continued to expand its geographic range, from equatorial africa and asia to the pacific islands, then further afield to south and central america and the caribbean. currently, zikv is actively circulating not only in much of latin america ... | 2017 | 28243937 |
| flavivirus transmission focusing on zika. | flaviviruses are among the most diverse viruses with over 85 species recognized. taxonomically, this genus is one of the 4 recognized genera within the family flaviviridae. most flaviviruses of human public health significance, for example, dengue, yellow fever and zika viruses, are arthropod-borne (arboviruses) and have two evolutionarily and ecologically distinct transmission cycles: a sylvatic transmission cycle, where the virus circulates between zoonotic vertebrate reservoir and amplificati ... | 2017 | 27936448 |
| zika virus: history, emergence, biology, and prospects for control. | zika virus (zikv), a previously obscure flavivirus closely related to dengue, west nile, japanese encephalitis and yellow fever viruses, has emerged explosively since 2007 to cause a series of epidemics in micronesia, the south pacific, and most recently the americas. after its putative evolution in sub-saharan africa, zikv spread in the distant past to asia and has probably emerged on multiple occasions into urban transmission cycles involving aedes (stegomyia) spp. mosquitoes and human amplifi ... | 2016 | 26996139 |
| transmission of zika virus through sexual contact with travelers to areas of ongoing transmission - continental united states, 2016. | zika virus is a flavivirus closely related to dengue, west nile, and yellow fever viruses. although spread is primarily by aedes species mosquitoes, two instances of sexual transmission of zika virus have been reported, and replicative virus has been isolated from semen of one man with hematospermia. on february 5, 2016, cdc published recommendations for preventing sexual transmission of zika virus. updated prevention guidelines were published on february 23. during february 6-22, 2016, cdc rece ... | 2016 | 26937739 |
| imidacloprid impairs the post-embryonic development of the midgut in the yellow fever mosquito stegomyia aegypti (=aedes aegypti). | the mosquito stegomyia aegypti (=aedes aegypti) (diptera: culicidae) is a vector for the dengue and yellow fever viruses. as blood digestion occurs in the midgut, this organ constitutes the route of entry of many pathogens. the effects of the insecticide imidacloprid on the survival of st. aegypti were investigated and the sub-lethal effects of the insecticide on midgut development were determined. third instar larvae were exposed to different concentrations of imidacloprid (0.15, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0 ... | 2015 | 25968596 |
| bioactivity of plant extracts on the larval and pupal stages of aedes aegypti (diptera, culicidea). | aedes aegypti is responsible for the transmission of the dengue and yellow fever viruses. this study evaluated the effects of extracts from cnidosculos phyllacanthus, ricinus communis, and coutarea hexandra on the developmental periods of a.aegypti larvae and pupae. crude extracts of c. phyllacanthus and c. hexandra and oil from r. communis and c. phyllacanthus were used. | 2013 | 23982096 |
| oral receptivity of aedes aegypti from cape verde for yellow fever, dengue, and chikungunya viruses. | at the end of 2009, 21,313 cases of dengue-3 virus (denv-3) were reported in the islands of cape verde, an archipelago located in the atlantic ocean 570 km from the coast of western africa. it was the first dengue outbreak ever reported in cape verde. mosquitoes collected in july 2010 in the city of praia, on the island of santiago, were identified morphologically as aedes aegypti formosus. using experimental oral infections, we found that this vector showed a moderate ability to transmit the ep ... | 2013 | 23199267 |
| proof of concept for a novel insecticide bioassay based on sugar feeding by adult aedes aegypti (stegomyia aegypti). | aedes aegypti l. (stegomyia aegypti) (diptera: culicidae) is the principal vector of dengue and yellow fever viruses in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. disease management is largely based on mosquito control achieved by insecticides applied to interior resting surfaces and through space sprays. population monitoring to detect insecticide resistance is a significant component of integrated disease management programmes. we developed a bioassay method for assessing insecticide susce ... | 2013 | 23077986 |
| phylogeography of aedes aegypti in argentina: long-distance colonization and rapid restoration of fragmented relicts after a continental control campaign. | aedes (stegomyia) aegypti, the main vector of dengue and yellow fever viruses, is present in all the northern and central provinces of argentina. during 2009, a dengue outbreak spread broadly throughout the country, causing 27,752 infections in 13 provinces. in argentina, little is known about the demographic history of this vector, which suffered a drastic decrease in abundance and distribution during a major control campaign performed in the americas between 1950 and 1960. with the aim of unco ... | 2012 | 22022812 |
| structure-activity relationships of 33 carboxamides as toxicants against female aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae). | aedes aegypti l. is the primary vector of dengue and yellow fever viruses, and use of aerosolized insecticides is one of the primary ways to control this medically important mosquito. however, few new insecticides have been developed for mosquito control in recent years. as a part of our effort to search for new insecticides to control mosquitoes, toxicities of 33 carboxamides were evaluated against female a. aegypti by topical application. this group included nine different categories of compou ... | 2010 | 20380297 |
| a mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene associated with pyrethroid resistance in latin american aedes aegypti. | pyrethroids are commonly used as mosquito adulticides and evolution of resistance to these compounds is a major threat to public health. 'knockdown resistance' to pyrethroids (kdr) is frequently caused by nonsynonymous mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel transmembrane protein (para) that reduce pyrethroid binding. early detection of kdr is critical to the development of resistance management strategies in mosquitoes including aedes aegypti, the most prevalent vector of dengue and yello ... | 2007 | 18093007 |
| cloning and daily expression of the timeless gene in aedes aegypti (diptera:culicidae). | molecular approaches for studying biological rhythms in insects have been well investigated in the model drosophila melanogaster, in which a number of genes have been characterized in terms of sequence, expression, protein interactions and involvement in the control of locomotor activity and eclosion rhythms. however, only scattered information is available for insect vectors of diseases. in this paper, we report the cloning and expression analysis of the clock gene timeless in the mosquito aede ... | 2006 | 17046601 |
| [prevalence of flavivirus antibodies in alouatta caraya primate autochthonous of argentina]. | flavivirus constitute a human health problem in our country. primates are known to participate in the maintenance of dengue and yellow fever viruses. however, these animals play a role which still remains to be determined in the maintenance of other viruses with potential pathogenicity for human beings and/or animals. detección of antibodies was performed for different flavivirus in 105 sera samples of alouatta caraya primates by the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test. the neutralization (nt) ... | 2000 | 11050814 |
| differing infection patterns of dengue and yellow fever viruses in a human hepatoma cell line. | dengue (den) and yellow fever (yf) viruses are responsible for human diseases with symptoms ranging from mild fever to hepatitis and/or hemorrhages. whereas den virus typically induces only limited foci of necrosis in the liver, yf virus infection is characterized by devastating lesions. in a human hepatoma cell line (hepg2), the kinetics of den and yf virus replication and release from the cells and the nature of host cell response to viral infection were compared. den virus infection was chara ... | 1998 | 9780246 |
| identification of brazilian flaviviruses by a simplified reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method using flavivirus universal primers. | we report a simplified reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) method for identification of brazilian flaviviruses based on the patterns of electrophoretic separation of the amplicons. the rt-pcr was done on the culture fluids of aedes albopictus c6/36 cells infected with brazilian flaviviruses, without previous extraction of viral rna, using flavivirus universal primers that anneal to highly conserved sequences within the nonstructural protein 5 and 3'- non translated region of ... | 1998 | 9749625 |
| molecular pathogenesis of viral hemorrhagic fever. | the clinical syndrome referred to as viral hemorrhagic fever (vhf) can be caused by several different families of rna viruses, including select members of the arenaviruses, bunyaviruses, filoviruses, and flaviviruses. vhf is characterized by malaise, fever, vascular permeability, decreased plasma volume, coagulation abnormalities, and varying degrees of hemorrhage. study of the filovirus ebola virus has demonstrated a critical role for suppression of innate antiviral defenses in viral pathogenes ... | 2017 | 28555386 |
| understanding the role of micrornas in the interaction of aedes aegypti mosquitoes with an insect-specific flavivirus. | the flavivirus genus contains some of the most prevalent vector-borne viruses, such as the dengue, zika and yellow fever viruses that cause devastating diseases in humans. however, the insect-specific clade of flaviviruses is restricted to mosquito hosts, albeit they have retained the general features of the genus, such as genome structure and replication. the interactions between insect-specific flaviviruses (isfs) and their mosquito hosts are largely unknown. pathogenic flaviviruses are known ... | 2017 | 28699859 |
| imported yellow fever in a united states citizen. | the last imported case of yellow fever seen in this country was in 1924. we report a case of yellow fever acquired by an american tourist who visited the jungles of brazil along the rio negro and amazon rivers. the patient died 6 days after hospital admission and 10 days after his first symptoms appeared. yellow fever virus was recovered from clinical specimens, and the isolate was genetically similar to the e genotype iib of south american yellow fever viruses. this patient's illness represents ... | 1997 | 9402373 |
| detection of west nile virus by the polymerase chain reaction and analysis of nucleotide sequence variation. | a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was developed to rapidly detect and identify west nile (wn) virus. the rna from seven isolates of wn virus from six countries and four other flaviviruses (kunjin, japanese encephalitis, st. louis encephalitis, and yellow fever viruses) was reverse-transcribed (rt) and amplified by pcr. the nucleotide sequences of the amplified products were determined by a rapid, automated dna sequencing method. the wn virus rt/pcr assay detected the target gene segment of ... | 1993 | 8470779 |
| dengue virus-specific human cd4+ t-lymphocyte responses in a recipient of an experimental live-attenuated dengue virus type 1 vaccine: bulk culture proliferation, clonal analysis, and precursor frequency determination. | we analyzed the cd4+ t-lymphocyte responses to dengue, west nile, and yellow fever viruses 4 months after immunization of a volunteer with an experimental live-attenuated dengue virus type 1 vaccine (den-1 45az5). we examined bulk culture proliferation to noninfectious antigens, determined the precursor frequency of specific cd4+ t cells by limiting dilution, and established and analyzed cd4+ t-cell clones. bulk culture proliferation was predominantly dengue virus type 1 specific with a lesser d ... | 1993 | 8371350 |