| a hypothesis accounting for the effect of the host cell on neutralization-resistant virus. | evidence is presented showing that a monkey anti-enterovirus 71 immune serum contains several antibody populations which differ in their mode of function. one population reduces infectivity, although inefficiently, by interactions at exposed antigenic sites and can be detected by measuring residual virus infectivity after mixtures of virus and antibody have been allowed to interact. another antibody population, which is unaffected by the immunosorbent staphylococcus aureus (cowan i strain), appe ... | 1985 | 2995563 |
| monoplegia caused by enterovirus 71: an outbreak in hong kong. | | 1987 | 3562141 |
| ultrastructural changes of motoneurons in monkeys infected with enterovirus 71. brief report. | tissues of the central nervous system (cns) of cynomolgus monkeys were examined by electron microscopy after intraspinal inoculation of enterovirus 71 (e71). a characteristic finding was the appearance of numerous membrane-bound vesicles (mbvs) in affected motoneurons. similar mbvs were also present in e71-infected cynomolgus monkey kidney (cmk) cells in culture. virus-like particles were found within or around mbvs in motoneurons as well as in infected cmk cells in culture. neither mbvs nor e71 ... | 1985 | 4038070 |
| enterovirus type 71 infection in melbourne. | between november 1972 and may 1973, 60 strains of a new enterovirus were isolated from 49 patients investigated at fairfield hospital for communicable diseases, melbourne. of these patients 39 were admitted to hospital with aseptic meningitis (which was accompanied by a rash in 6), 5 others had rash alone, 4 had acute respiratory tract infections, and 1 had infective polyneuritis. a representative strain from this outbreak had the physicochemical properties of an enterovirus but could not be ide ... | 1974 | 4377551 |
| leads from the mmwr. case of paralytic illness associated with enterovirus 71 infection. | | 1988 | 3343765 |
| a survey of virus infections in new zealand, 1982-6. | between 1982 and 1986 virus infections were identified in 16,372 cases. these identifications were based on virus isolation and/or serological evidence of infection by the main virus diagnostic laboratories at auckland, waikato, christchurch and dunedin hospitals, and at the national health institute. the most frequent virus identifications reported were herpes simplex (46.7%), rotavirus (11.8%), respiratory syncytial virus (5.7%), and adenovirus (5.6%). during this period of surveillance, the m ... | 1988 | 3173872 |
| case of paralytic illness associated with enterovirus 71 infection. | | 1988 | 3123912 |
| isolation of echovirus type 11 and enterovirus type 71 in a day care winter outbreak. | | 1987 | 3038834 |
| protective effect of interferon on infections with hand, foot, and mouth disease virus in newborn mice. | the protective effect of interferon on infection with coxsackievirus type a 16 (ca-16) or enterovirus type 71 (ev-71) in newborn mice was examined. subcutaneous administration of murine interferon (muifn-alpha/beta) into the infected mice produced a protective effect against infection with ca-16 or ev-71. it was found that the time of administration of muifn was important in relation to the cycle of infection. protection was observed when muifn was given once daily for several days, from one day ... | 1986 | 3005425 |
| outbreak of enterovirus 71 infection in victoria, australia, with a high incidence of neurologic involvement. | an outbreak of infections caused by enterovirus 71 occurred in southeastern australia during the winter of 1986. infection was confirmed by virus isolation or serology in 114 patients, 65 of whom were admitted to hospital. fifty-one percent of inpatients were infants younger than 12 months old and 85% were younger than 5 years old. many cases of hand, foot and mouth disease occurred in the community during the epidemic, but 51% (33 of 65) of patients admitted to hospital had central nervous syst ... | 1988 | 2841639 |
| outbreak of poliomyelitis-like paralysis associated with enterovirus 71. | in the summer of 1987 five children were seen at the children's hospital of philadelphia because of acute onset of flaccid paralysis of an arm or leg(s). although there were documented exposures to oral poliovirus vaccine and coxsackievirus b3 in some of the cases, the clinical, epidemiologic and laboratory findings indicate that enterovirus 71 was the common etiologic agent for this unusual outbreak of poliomyelitis-like paralysis. of the five children three recovered completely; the other two ... | 1989 | 2797956 |
| genetic diversity of enterovirus subgroups. | enterovirus serotypes were studied using nucleic acid hybridization and nucleotide sequence analysis. a great majority of enteroviruses could be roughly divided into two larger subgroups the first consisting of poliovirus and certain coxsackievirus a serotypes. the second subgroup included coxsackie b viruses, most echo viruses, enterovirus 71 and representatives of coxsackie a viruses. enterovirus 70 showed low homology to the viruses in both groups. interestingly, echo virus 22 failed to react ... | 1989 | 2539795 |
| nucleic acid sequence relationships between enterovirus serotypes. | forty-eight different enterovirus serotypes were analysed by a nucleic-acid hybridization test using probes derived from the 3' end of coxsackievirus a21 (ca21) and b3 (cb3), poliovirus 3 (p3) and enterovirus 70 (e70). more than 90% of the serotypes could be detected with this collection of reagents. the cb3 probe reacted with all the coxsackie b viruses, with all three poliovirus serotypes, and with almost all of the 30 echo virus types tested. in addition some of the coxsackie a viruses and th ... | 1987 | 2456458 |
| evidence of enterovirus 71 infections in brazil. | | 1990 | 2170817 |
| detection of enteroviruses in faeces by polymerase chain reaction. | a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique for the detection of human enteroviruses in stool specimens was developed. the test was based on the synthesis of cdna, followed by pcr and slot blot hybridization. the primers used were selected from a highly conserved sequence in the 5'non-coding region of the enteroviral genome. by this method 27 different enterovirus serotypes (15 echo, 6 coxsackie a, 4 coxsackie b, poliovirus type 2 and enterovirus 71) from 89 patients could be detected. using pos ... | 1992 | 1324520 |
| [enterovirus 71: epidemiological and clinical aspects]. | | 1979 | 545573 |
| epidemiological, clinical, and pathomorphological characteristics of epidemic poliomyelitis-like disease caused by enterovirus 71. | in may-september, 1975, an outbreak of epidemic disease clinically and pathomorphologically simulating nearly all known forms of poliomyelitis occurred predominantly among young infants in bulgaria. most cases presented benign aseptic meningitis, sometimes with a short period of general cerebra- symptoms. paralytic forms, such as bulbar polioencephalitis, anterior poliomyelitis, isolated pareses of the facial nerve, occasional cases of encephalomyocarditis, etc., were observed in about 21% of al ... | 1979 | 231067 |
| investigation of physicochemical properties of bulgarian strain 258 of enterovirus type 71. brief report. | in the present report some general physicochemical properties and rna characteristics of strain 258 of enterovirus (ev) 71, isolated in 1975 from cases of poliomyelitis-like disease in bulgaria (1), are described. it is concluded, that the features of the virus are consistent with the previous identification, based on biological studies, of this virus strain as a member of enterovirus subgroup of picornaviridae family. | 1979 | 228641 |
| enterovirus 71 isolated from cases of epidemic poliomyelitis-like disease in bulgaria. | virological and serological studies of an epidemic disease in bulgaria, 1975, were carried out. epidemiologically, clinically and pathomorphologically, the disease simulated almost all known forms of poliomyelitis, acute stem encephalitis, encephalomyocarditis and aseptic meningitis. the studies completely rules out the participation of polioviruses and provided comprehensive evidence for the etiological role of a peculiar enterovirus subsequently identified as enterovirus (ev) type 71 known in ... | 1979 | 228639 |
| seroepidemiology of enterovirus 71 among healthy children near tokyo. | | 1979 | 223018 |
| neutralization of aggregated strains of enterovirus 71 and echovirus type 4 in rd and vero or gmk-ah1 cells. | strains of enterovirus 71 and echovirus type 4 containing aggregates which were poorly neutralized by antibody in cell lines of green monkey kidney origin such as vero and gmk-ah1, were as easily neutralized as non-aggregated strains when grown in human rd cells, the explanation for this may be a lesser degree of aggregation of viral materials originating from rd cells and/or the use of lower doses of virus for neutralization tests in such cells. the latter was a consequence of a higher sensitiv ... | 1979 | 219662 |
| [isolation of type 71 enterovirus from patients with a poliomyelitis-like disease during an outbreak in bulgaria]. | virological examinations of 72 specimens obtained during an outbreak of a poliomyelitis-like disease in bulgaria, 1975, yielded 23 strains of enterovirus type 71 (e71) and 5 strains of enteroviruses of other types. the viruses were isolated in green monkey kidney cell cultures, in newborn cotton rats, newborn white mice and in monkeys. most of e71 strains (16 out of 23) were isolated from the autopsy materials (brains and spinal cords) from 9 children dying of poliomyelitis, meningoencephalitis, ... | 1978 | 216154 |
| common antigen between coxsackievirus a 16 and enterovirus 71. | cross immunofluorescence revealed that coxsackievirus a 16 (ca 16) shared a common antigen with enterovirus 71 (e 71). the cross reactivity of these two serotypes was also examined by complement fixation test with purified virus preparations fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and two peaks of antigenicity were detected, one being type-specific and the other cross-reacting. the common antigen was heat-stable and attributable to empty capsids. immuno-diffusion also revealed th ... | 1978 | 209293 |
| neurovirulence in cynomolgus monkeys of enterovirus 71 isolated from a patient with hand, foot and mouth disease. | six cynomolgus monkeys were inoculated subcutaneously with enteroviurs 71 (e71), isolated from the stools of a patient with hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). clinical symptoms were observed in three of the six monkeys. one monkey showed complete paralysis of the lower extremities and two animals showed weakness in the hind limbs 4 to 7 days after inoculation. lesions were found in the central nervous system (cns) of all monkeys. mild to moderate vascular lesions, perivascular cuffings, degene ... | 1978 | 205198 |
| epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease associated with enterovirus 71 infection. | viruses isolated from patients with hand, foot and mouth disease in widespread outbreaks in japan in 1973 were identified as enterovirus 71. although cases with aseptic meningitis were observed concurrently, the main clinical symptom associated with enterovirus 71 infection was hand, foot and mouth disease. | 1978 | 202573 |
| [an epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease]. | five patients with hand-, foot- and mouth disease, caused by infection with coxsackievirus type a16, are described in an epidemic outbreak of this disease. hand-, foot- and mouth disease, is characterized by a most distinctive enanthem-exanthemcomplex. in 65% of the cases a vesiculopapular exanthem is noted. most cases are described in epidemic outbreaks. although the vast majority of occurrences of the disease have been due to coxsackie a16 viral infections, occasionally coxsackie a5, a10 and e ... | 1984 | 6095486 |
| elimination of some enteroviruses in the excrements of experimentally infected rats (rattus norvegicus) and gulls (larus ridibundus). | young rats of both sexes, weight 150-170 g, the first laboratory progeny of captured wild parent pairs, were used throughout this experiment. rats in two experimental groups comprising a total of 34 animals were infected orally with type 2 poliovirus vaccine strain given in each group at doses of 500, 5000 or 50,000 tcd50. in the first experiment, the presence of poliovirus in rat excrements was detectable irregularly till day 13, in the second experiment till day 2 after infection. small quanti ... | 1984 | 6092458 |
| [2 cases of meningeal syndrome, probably caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71)]. | | 1985 | 4085024 |
| neutralizing antibody and interferon-alpha in cerebrospinal fluids and sera of acute aseptic meningitis. | cerebrospinal fluids (csfs) and sera from 20 patients with echovirus 30 (e 30) meningitis, 4 patients with enterovirus 71 (ev 71) meningitis, and 5 patients with acute aseptic meningitis (am) of unknown etiology were investigated at the acute and the convalescent phases of the disease to elucidate the roles of neutralizing antibody (nt) and interferon-alpha (ifn-alpha) in the central nervous system (cns) in cases of am in humans. viruses were isolated from the csfs at the acute phase of am, but ... | 1985 | 3981146 |
| identification of bulgarian strain 258 of enterovirus 71. | in 1975 in bulgaria a severe epidemic of central nervous system (cns) disease occurred. clinically, histopathologically, and epidemiologically the cases resembled poliomyelitis, aseptic meningitis, meningoencephalitis, and, in some cases, encephalomyocarditis. about 21% of the 700 reported cases developed paralysis, 44 with fatal outcome [ref. 1]. in 65 cases, 92 strains of enterovirus of the same serologic type were isolated: 38 strains from the cns, 10 from mesenteric lymph nodes and tonsils, ... | 1980 | 6244233 |
| improvement of enterovirus neutralization by treatment with sodium deoxycholate or chloroform. | enterovirus strains which could be neutralized only partially or not at all by specific antiserum were readily accessible to the antibodies after treatment with sodium deoxycholate or chloroform. the latter treatment is simple and can be performed with crude virus suspensions of low titer. the method was particularly successful for routine typing of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus types a7 and a16. | 1980 | 6244237 |
| structural proteins of hand, foot and mouth disease viruses. | coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) and enterovirus 71 (e71), which cause hand, foot and mouth disease, were compared with respect to their polypeptide composition by page. only three proteins were resolved for ca16, whereas the four characteristic structural proteins of e71, (vp1, vp2, vp3 and vp4) were separated. the distribution of labeled proteins suggested that the molecular weights of vp2 and vp3 of ca16 were very similar. the smallest protein, vp4, of ca16 and e71 had the same molecular weight, but ... | 1980 | 6246027 |
| [enterovirus type 71 pathogenicity for laboratory animals]. | enterovirus type 71 (e71) strains isolated from specimens of the brain and feces of children during an outbreak of poliomyelitis-like infection in bulgaria in 1975 produce paralytic disease in newborn and adult cotton rats, newborn white mice, and monkeys. by the type of the myo- and neurotropic properties manifested in animal experiments the bulgarian e71 strains are very close to neuropathogenic strains of coxsackie a7, a14, and a16 viruses. the infection induced by the bulgarian e71 strains i ... | 1980 | 6247845 |
| outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease by enterovirus 71. high incidence of complication disorders of central nervous system. | in japan we have had two outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with disorders of the central nervous system, one in 1973 and the other in 1978. the isolated virus in both outbreaks was enterovirus 71. central nervous system disorders were present in 24% of patients in 1973 and in 8% of patients in 1978. these disorders were localised encephalitis with cerebellar signs as the main feature, aseptic meningitis, and polio-like paresis. the enterovirus 71 isolated in japan had strong ... | 1980 | 6254449 |
| serologic evidence of an association between enteroviruses and the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus. pittsburgh diabetes research group. | serum was collected from 128 patients < or = 18 years of age admitted to the children's hospital of pittsburgh with new-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (iddm) and from 120 control-patients who were frequency-matched to case-patients for age, sex, and date of bleed. serum was tested for igm against 14 enterovirus serotypes: coxsackieviruses b1-b6 and a9, echoviruses 4, 6, 9, 11, 30, and 34, and enterovirus 71. case-children 13-18 years of age were more likely than control-patients to be ... | 1995 | 7594655 |
| epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease in gifu prefecture in 1978. | during the period from may to august, 1978, an epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) occurred in gifu prefecture. epidemiological, virological and serological investigations were performed. cases involved ranged from 0 to 31 years of age, and 80.2% of them were under 5 years of age. the incidence of hfmd with neurological complication (3.7%) was lower than that in 1973. enterovirus 71 (ev71) was isolated from 83 of 108 cases (75.9%) and a significant rise in the neutralization antibody ... | 1980 | 6259389 |
| serologic diagnosis of enterovirus type 71 infections using selected plaque mutants. | mutants of enterovirus type 71 with respect to plaque size were selected from two american and two japanese strains, and the antigenic relationship between the mutants was analyzed using immune animal and patients' sera. all four strains were mixtures of m+ (big) and m (minute) plaque mutants that were serologically different from each other. thus, it appears that selected m+ and m mutants must be used for identification and antigenic analysis of isolates of enterovirus type 71. in patients with ... | 1981 | 6260865 |
| intracytoplasmic crystals of enterovirus 71 in cultured cells. | | 1981 | 6270225 |
| [study on the circulation of enterovirus 71 in the children population of slovakia (author's transl)]. | | 1981 | 6271350 |
| a large-scale epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease associated with enterovirus 71 infection in japan in 1978. | | 1981 | 6273621 |
| virological diagnosis of enterovirus type 71 infections: experiences gained during an epidemic of acute cns diseases in hungary in 1978. | | 1982 | 6285858 |
| isolation of a temperature-sensitive strain of enterovirus 71 with reduced neurovirulence for monkeys. | small- and large-plaque-producing viruses were selected from the enterovirus 71 (e71) prototype, brcr. the small-plaque virus was a temperature-resistant (tr) strain which could multiply at 39.5 degrees c as well as 35 degrees c. the large-plaque virus was temperature-sensitive (ts) and could not grow at 39.5 degrees c. it was shown that the ts strain was much less neurovirulent for monkeys than the tr strain. both tr and ts strains reacted with homologous and heterologous antibodies in cross-ne ... | 1983 | 6300298 |
| prevalence of infection with nonpolio enteroviruses among healthy children from a children's home and in a summer camp. | the sera obtained at 6 samplings between june 1981 and may 1982 from 30 children in a children's home were tested for neutralizing antibodies to coxsackieviruses b1 through b5, echovirus serotypes 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 19, 24, 30 and to enterovirus type 71. another group of examined children comprised 19 individuals from the children's home and 63 children from families who enrolled as participants of a summer camp recreation. samples of their sera were obtained at the beginning and the end of c ... | 1983 | 6309958 |
| comparative studies on the neurovirulence of temperature-sensitive and temperature-resistant viruses of enterovirus 71 in monkeys. | the neurovirulence of strain brcr of enterovirus 71 (e71) was compared in monkeys between temperature-sensitive (ts) and temperature-resistant (tr) viruses. comparisons are made relative to clinical disease, pathologic findings, serum neutralizing antibody titers, cns virus replication as measured by infectivity titrations and immunofluorescence. clinically, ts virus did not produce a clinical disease. the tr virus, however, produced paralysis. pathologically, little or no nerve cell damage was ... | 1983 | 6310928 |
| [role of enterovirus type 71 in the occurrence of poliomyelitis-like diseases in azerbaijan]. | | 1983 | 6318449 |
| ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study on the infection of enterovirus 71 (ev 71) in rhabdomyosarcoma (rd) cells. | rhabdomyosarcoma monolayers were inoculated with enterovirus 71 (ev 71) at 73 degrees c, sampled at intervals during the replicative cycle, and examined in thin sections by electron microscopy, using routine and immunoelectronmicroscopy with polyclonal antibodies against ev 71. the location of ev 71 or its precursors was followed during the viral replicative cycle. the earliest samples (3 h postinoculation) showed a cell shape change, from elongated to rounded. at 6 h postinoculation, the presen ... | 1998 | 9530854 |
| genetic and phenotypic characteristics of enterovirus 71 isolates from patients with encephalitis and with hand, foot and mouth disease. | biological and biochemical characters of seven enterovirus 71 (e71) isolates were compared. four isolates (two from patients with hand, foot and mouth disease [hfmd] and two from patients with encephalitis) grew in cynomolgus monkey kidney cells both at 39.5 and 35 degrees c. however, the remaining three strains (from patients with hfmd) grew at 35 degrees c, but not at 39.5 degrees c. three temperature-resistant and two temperature-sensitive strains were tested for neurovirulence in monkeys. te ... | 1984 | 6320781 |
| a clustering outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by coxsackie virus a10. | a clustering outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) occurred from july, 1981 to january, 1982 in matsue city and gotsu city, shimane prefecture. thirty-seven patients with clinical hfmd were virologically and serologically examined, and coxsackie virus a10 (ca10) was isolated in 18 patients from vesicles (7/16), throat-swabs (9/31) and feces (6/7). during the period, no ca16 or enterovirus 71 were isolated from hfmd patients or from other diseases such as pharyngitis, febrile diseases, ... | 1983 | 6321911 |
| [detection of antibodies against enterovirus 71 in the sera of moscow residents]. | twenty three out of 55 serum samples obtained from subjects aged 20-55 years have proved to be seropositive, 15 of the positive serum samples (i.e. more than 50%) possessing the titer greater than or equal to 1:16. the presence of specific antibodies in the sera of the inhabitants of moscow suggests that either enterovirus 71 or some other virus whose antigens are partly identical to those of enterovirus 71 apparently circulates among the population of moscow. | 1984 | 6328805 |
| eeg study on the effect of anticonvulsant prophylaxis in enterovirus 71 induced morbid conditions. | | 1981 | 6804333 |
| pathogenicity of a poliomyelitis-like disease in monkeys infected orally with enterovirus 71: a model for human infection. | ten cynomolgus monkeys were given enterovirus 71 (e71) by mouth. clinically, only one monkey showed weakness of the lower extremities. histopathologically, vascular lesions of variable intensity, perivascular cuffing, degeneration and necrosis of the neurons and neuronophagia were observed in the cns of 7 monkeys. e71 was recovered from the cns and specific immunofluorescence was detected in the neurons and in associated macrophages in the cns. serum neutralizing antibody titres rose from 14 to ... | 1982 | 7048123 |
| cerebrospinal fluid white blood cell counts and lactic acid dehydrogenase in enterovirus type 71 meningitis. | an outbreak of aseptic meningitis involving 36 children is described. enterovirus type 71, a recently recognized cause of central nervous system and systemic illness in children, was found to be the responsible agent. on initial lumbar puncture, cerebrospinal fluid (csf) polymorphonuclear (pmn) cell predominance was seen in 64%, and greater than 200 csf white blood cells (wbc)/mm3 was seen in 25% of these patients. fifty-four per cent of the patients subjected to repeat lumbar puncture and a sig ... | 1981 | 7226683 |
| enterovirus 71 infection: report of an outbreak with two cases of paralysis and a review of the literature. | enterovirus 71 (e-71) infection was first reported in 19745 in the united states; subsequent outbreaks were reported in worldwide distribution. in the summer of 1977, we identified 12 patients, mostly children, with e-71 infection. the striking feature of this outbreak is the occurrence of two cases with polio-like paralytic disease. other diseases associated with e-71 included aseptic meningitis, meningoencephalitis, respiratory disease, gastroenteritis, and hand-foot-mouth disease. the spectru ... | 1981 | 7254970 |
| [isolation of enterovirus 71 in hand-foot-and mouth disease]. | | 1981 | 7267324 |
| [enterovirus-71 induced meningitis-meningoencephalitis epidemic among children in 1978 (prospective study)]. | | 1980 | 7413199 |
| [neuropathology of encephalomyelitis caused by enterovirus 71]. | | 1980 | 7454285 |
| effect of chloro-, cyano-, and amidino-substituted flavanoids on enterovirus infection in vitro. | synthetic flavans, isoflavans and isoflavenes substituted with chloro, cyano and amidino groups were tested for their in vitro activity against poliovirus type 2, coxsackie virus b4, echovirus type 6 and enterovirus 71. plaque-reduction assays showed that substituted 3-(2h)-isoflavenes, carrying a double bond in the oxygenated ring, possess antiviral activity higher than that of the corresponding isoflavans. the most effective compounds were 4'-chloro-6-cyanoflavan and 6-chloro-4'-cyanoflavan. s ... | 1995 | 7486950 |
| sentinel surveillance for enterovirus 71, taiwan, 1998. | outbreaks of enterovirus 71 have been reported around the world since 1969. the most recent outbreak occurred in taiwan during april-july 1998. this hand, foot, and mouth disease epidemic was detected by a sentinel surveillance system in april at the beginning of the outbreak, and the public was alerted. | 1999 | 10341187 |
| molecular comparison of coxsackie a virus serotypes. | genetic diversity of coxsackie a viruses (cavs) and enteroviruses 68, 69, and 71 was studied by comparing nucleotide and derived amino acid sequences from the 5' untranslated region (5'utr), vp4-vp2 capsid protein and polymerase 3d region, and 3'utr. the data were obtained by sequencing pcr amplicons. according to the molecular analysis of the coding region, cavs belong to three different genetic clusters. cav2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 form a coherent genetic group designated cluster a. n ... | 1995 | 7676647 |
| clinical spectrum of enterovirus 71 infection in children in southern taiwan, with an emphasis on neurological complications. | an outbreak of enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection occurred in taiwan in 1998. the clinical spectrums and laboratory findings for 97 patients with virus culture-proven ev71 infections were analyzed. eighty-seven percent of the patients were younger than age 5 years. hand-foot-and-mouth syndrome occurred in 79% of the children and central nervous system (cns) involvement in 35%, including nine fatal cases. the predominant neurological presentations were myoclonus (68%), vomiting (53%), and ataxia (35 ... | 1999 | 10433583 |
| molecular analysis of coxsackievirus a16 reveals a new genetic group of enteroviruses. | coxsackievirus a16 (cav16) a member of the enterovirus genus of picornaviridae, is associated with hand-foot-and-mouth disease, a febrile papulovesicular rash of childhood. we have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of the prototype strain of cav16 which consists of 7413 nucleotides plus the poly(a) tail. alignment of the sequence with the previously studied enteroviruses showed that the genome organization is typical for a member of this virus genus. however, the predicte ... | 1994 | 8030260 |
| [a study on identification method of coxsackie virus a16 and enterovirus 71]. | the simple and rapid identification method of coxsackie virus a16 (ca16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71), the main cause of hand foot and mouth disease, was described in this report. this method was consists of three steps, those were virus isolation, amplification by rt-pcr, and digestion by restriction enzyme taq i and ecot22 i. in 1990, many virus strains were isolated in vero cell line. but after 1994 the number of isolated viruses in caco-2 cell line increased instead of isolated in vero cell lin ... | 1999 | 10487020 |
| enterovirus 71 infections and neurologic disease--united states, 1977-1991. | since first described in 1974, enterovirus 71 infections have been associated with severe neurologic disease, and widespread infection was suspected in 1987. to investigate enterovirus 71 activity further, data were reviewed for isolations reported nationally during 1977-1991, virology laboratories were contacted regarding isolations during 1985-1989, and medical records were reviewed for respective patients, 1985-1989. from 1977 to 1991, 193 culture-confirmed enterovirus 71 infections were iden ... | 1994 | 8133108 |
| [a survey on enteroviruses-carrying status among healthy population in changle and wucheng counties of shandong province. shandong collaborative group of poliomyelitis]. | four-hundred and fourty-six faecal specimens sampled from healthy carriers between 0 and more than 20 year-old age groups in changle and wucheng counties of shandong province were collected from june to sept. of 1991. from them, 142 (31.84%) isolates of enteroviruses were obtained. there was no significant difference in the enteroviruses isolation rate between changle and wucheng. no poliovirus was isolated. among other enterovirus isolates, 85 were echoviruses, 6 coxsackieviruses, 9 enterovirus ... | 1993 | 8221841 |
| enterovirus 71--emerging infections and emerging questions. | | 1999 | 10498495 |
| chiral discrimination and antipicornavirus activity of 6-oxazolinylisoflavan. | racemic 6-oxazolinylisoflavan, a highly effective inhibitor of rhinovirus serotype 1b in vitro, was resolved by high-performance liquid chromatography on a chiral stationary phase in order to study the activity of the enantiomers against picornaviruses. the absolute configuration of the two isomers was determined by circular dichroism curves. the antipicornavirus activity of each isomer, separately collected, was evaluated in vitro against human rhinovirus serotype 1b, enterovirus 71, echovirus ... | 1993 | 8398593 |
| fatal enterovirus type 71 infection: rapid detection and diagnostic pitfalls. | | 1995 | 8745025 |
| enterovirus 71 isolated from china is serologically similar to the prototype e71 brcr strain but differs in the 5'-noncoding region. | enterovirus 71 h (e71 h), an isolate from an adult patient with hand-food-mouth disease (hfmd) in china, was serologically similar to the prototype strain e71 brcr, which was isolated from a patient with aseptic meningitis. the study further analyzed the similarity of e71 h to e71 brcr at the 5'-noncoding region (ncr), a location in genomic rna that recently was found to be related to neurovirulence in poliovirus and venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. using a reverse transcription-polymerase ... | 1995 | 8830120 |
| complete nucleotide sequence of enterovirus 71 is distinct from poliovirus. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is capable of causing paralytic disease indistinguishable from poliomyelitis due to poliovirus. to determine the relationship of ev71 to poliovirus and other enteroviruses, two strains of ev71 have been cloned and sequenced. the ev71 strains had only 46% amino acid identity with the polioviral p1 capsid region and 55% with the entire polyprotein. there were no regions of high similarity that might account for their respective ability to cause paralytic disease. the two stra ... | 1995 | 8837884 |
| role of enterovirus 71 in acute flaccid paralysis after the eradication of poliovirus in brazil. | | 1996 | 8903236 |
| [serotype determination of enteroviruses that cause hand-foot-mouth disease; identification of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 from clinical specimens by using specific probe]. | coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71) are known to be major causative agents of hand-foot-and-mouth disease prevalent in summer in japan. discrimination and identification of these viruses were often hampered by a nonneutralizable or nontypable virus. therefore, a southern blot hybridization that utilizes mixed probes specific to serotype was developed. firstly, an approximately 650 bases spanning 5'-noncoding region to one third of vp2 including entire vp4 was amplified with a set ... | 1997 | 9311187 |
| enterovirus type 71 infections: a varied clinical pattern sometimes mimicking paralytic poliomyelitis. | not all poliomyelitis-like paralytic illnesses can be attributed to polioviruses. among the most recently recognized agents able to cause severe central nervous system disease with persistent flaccid paralysis is enterovirus type 71. in the 1969-1973 california outbreaks during which strains of this type were first reported, meningitis predominated, but cases of encephalitis were also seen. outbreaks in different regions of the world followed. in some, hand-foot-and-mouth syndrome predominated; ... | 1984 | 6330839 |
| studies on the pathogenesis of and propagation of enterovirus 71 in poliomyelitis-like disease in monkeys. | | 1982 | 6758469 |
| the dynamics of changes in brain bioelectric activity among patients of varying ages with a history of previous diseases, caused by enterovirus 71. | | 1980 | 6777275 |
| immunohistochemical detection of infected neurons as a rapid diagnosis of enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis. | | 1999 | 9989635 |
| outbreak of severe neurologic involvement associated with enterovirus 71 infection. | enterovirus 71 has been associated with several outbreaks, as well as sporadic cases, of central nervous system infection and has a worldwide distribution. seven children with encephalitis and five with aseptic meningitis caused by enterovirus 71 were seen at otsu municipal hospital during the summer of 1997. the infections were confirmed serologically, although detection of the viral genome in cerebrospinal fluid was unsuccessful. seven children were diagnosed as having hand-foot-and-mouth synd ... | 1999 | 10029254 |
| a genotypic characterization of enteroviral antigenic variants isolated in eastern canada. | antigenic variation within serotypes of enteroviruses can have a significant impact on the effectiveness of routine diagnosis by neutralization assays. the focus of this particular study was to initiate a genetic characterization of echovirus type 9 (e9) antigenic variants and nontypeable strains isolated in canada from 1991 to 1993. all variant strains were initially identified by the serological parameter of neutralization 'breakthrough' during conventional serotyping using the lim-benyesh-mel ... | 1999 | 10082385 |
| [foot-and-mouth disease of cattle is not a zoonosis]. | in 1997 there was an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) among cattle in turkey. people visiting that country were warned against importing animal products into the netherlands. this had nothing to do with hazards to human health, as fmd virus is not a zoonotic virus, but with the risk of spread of the disease to livestock in the netherlands, notably to cattle and pigs. a disease with similar clinical symptoms in pigs is swine vesicular disease (svd), which is not a zoonosis either. fmd vir ... | 1999 | 10086115 |
| relationships between simian and human enteroviruses. | partial sequences from two genomic regions of simian enteroviruses were analysed and their relatedness to other picornaviruses was compared. of the 18 simian viruses included in the analysis, sequences were obtained from eleven strains for at least one genomic region. in the 5' non-coding region, sv6, sv19, sv26, sv35, sv43 and sv46 (simian viruses) and ba13 (baboon virus) clearly grouped together with human enteroviruses, whereas sv4, sv28 and sa4 (south african isolate) were more distantly rel ... | 1999 | 10092003 |
| external quality assessment of enterovirus detection and typing. european union concerted action on virus meningitis and encephalitis. | reported are the results of a study of an enterovirus proficiency panel for use in isolation and serotyping and/or the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) carried out by 12 laboratories in nine european countries. eleven laboratories reported results of virus isolation and serotyping. in addition, four laboratories reported results of a pcr for enterovirus detection. correct virus isolation results were obtained for 105 of 110 samples (95.5%, four false-negatives, one false-positive), and correct pc ... | 1999 | 10212511 |
| enterovirus 71 infection in australian expatriate children following an outbreak in malaysia. | | 1999 | 10234649 |
| identification of enterovirus 71 isolates from an outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) with fatal cases of encephalomyelitis in malaysia. | thirteen enterovirus 71 (ev71) isolates were obtained from both fatal and non-fatal infections of patients seen in peninsula malaysia and in sarawak during an outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in malaysia in 1997, with incidences of fatal brainstem encephalomyelitis. the isolates were identified using immunofluorescence staining, neutralization assays, and partial sequencing of the 5' untranslated regions (utr). assessment of the potential genetic relationships of the isolates usin ... | 1999 | 10426204 |
| enterovirus 71 outbreak in western australia associated with acute flaccid paralysis. preliminary report. | | 1999 | 10476610 |
| an epidemic of enterovirus 71 infection in taiwan. taiwan enterovirus epidemic working group. | enteroviruses can cause outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (characterized by vesicular lesions on the hands, feet, and oral mucosa) or herpangina, usually without life-threatening manifestations. in 1998 an epidemic of enterovirus 71 infection caused hand-foot-and-mouth disease and herpangina in thousands of people in taiwan, some of whom died. | 1999 | 10498487 |
| neurologic complications in children with enterovirus 71 infection. | enterovirus 71 infection causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease in young children, which is characterized by several days of fever and vomiting, ulcerative lesions in the oral mucosa, and vesicles on the backs of the hands and feet. the initial illness resolves but is sometimes followed by aseptic meningitis, encephalomyelitis, or even acute flaccid paralysis similar to paralytic poliomyelitis. | 1999 | 10498488 |
| isolation of subgenus b adenovirus during a fatal outbreak of enterovirus 71-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease in sibu, sarawak. | in mid-1997, several children died in sarawak, malaysia, during an epidemic of enterovirus-71 (ev71) hand, foot, and mouth disease. the children who died had a febrile illness that rapidly progressed to cardiopulmonary failure and the cause was not satisfactorily resolved. we describe the isolation and identification of a subgenus b adenovirus from the children who died. | 1999 | 10501361 |
| molecular epidemiology and evolution of enterovirus 71 strains isolated from 1970 to 1998. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) (genus enterovirus, family picornaviridae), a common cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd), may also cause severe neurological diseases, such as encephalitis and poliomyelitis-like paralysis. to examine the genetic diversity and rate of evolution of ev71, we have determined and analyzed complete vp1 sequences (891 nucleotides) for 113 ev71 strains isolated in the united states and five other countries from 1970 to 1998. nucleotide sequence comparisons demonstrated t ... | 1999 | 10559310 |
| clinical features and risk factors of pulmonary oedema after enterovirus-71-related hand, foot, and mouth disease. | in taiwan, from april to july, 1998, an epidemic of hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with enterovirus 71 (ev71) occurred with fatal complications. we did a clinical study of ev71-related diseases in taiwan. | 1999 | 10568570 |
| mr imaging findings of enteroviral encephaloymelitis: an outbreak in taiwan. | an outbreak of enterovirus infection occurred in taiwan from late spring to early fall of 1998. most of the pediatric infections presented as hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) and herpangina. a small portion of patients had symptoms of polio-like encephalitis and paralysis. the purpose of this study was to review the mr imaging findings in cns involvement of enterovirus infection. | 1999 | 10588115 |
| comparison of enterovirus 71 and coxsackie-virus a16 clinical illnesses during the taiwan enterovirus epidemic, 1998. | to compare enterovirus 71 (ev 71) with coxsackievirus a16 (cox a16) clinical illness in patients at chang gung children's hospital during taiwan's enterovirus epidemic of 1998. | 1999 | 10608631 |
| outbreaks of enterovirus 71 infection. | | 2000 | 10660400 |
| enterovirus 71 infection and neurologic complications. | | 2000 | 10660401 |
| enterovirus 71 infection and acute neurological disease among children in brazil (1988-1990). | surveillance for enterovirus 71 (ev-71) infection in children up to 15 years of age was carried out in brazil, from 1988 to 1990. patients with acute neurological diseases (and) such as flaccid paralysis, bell's palsy, acute cerebellar ataxia and guillain-barré syndrome were included in the study. ev-71 infection was detected in 24 of 426 children (5.6%) with and. ev-71 infection was confirmed only by virus isolation in 13 children, by virus isolation and seroconversion in 4, and by seroconversi ... | 1998 | 9692141 |
| rapid shell vial culture technique for detection of enteroviruses and adenoviruses in fecal specimens: comparison with conventional virus isolation method. | detection of enteroviruses and adenoviruses mainly in fecal specimens by rapid culture with inoculation onto cell monolayers in flat-bottom tubes by centrifugation and immunofluorescence staining with genus-specific monoclonal antibodies was compared with that by the conventional virus isolation procedure. for both conventional culture and shell vial culture human lung fibroblast cells and tertiary monkey kidney cells were used. for enterovirus detection, 979 clinical specimens (916 stool specim ... | 1998 | 9738034 |
| neurogenic pulmonary oedema and enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis. | | 1998 | 9802304 |
| fatal enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis. | during an outbreak of hand-foot-mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71 (ev-71) in 1997, 4 children presented with sudden cardiopulmonary collapse and minimal neurologic features. all children received cardiopulmonary resuscitation but died within a few hours of admission. postmortem studies showed infection by ev-71 with extensive damage to the medulla and pons. we postulate an etiologic link between ev-71 and brainstem encephalomyelitis as the cause of pulmonary edema and death. | 1998 | 9842048 |
| mri of enterovirus 71 myelitis with monoplegia. | we report two boys diagnosed as having herpangina and hand-foot-mouth disease complicated by monoplegia during the outbreak enterovirus infection in taiwan in 1998. enterovirus 71 was identified in the stool and throat swab; neither polio nor coxsackie viruses was identified. mri showed unilateral lesions in the anterior horns of the spinal cord at t11-12 and c2-5. although the mri findings and sites of these lesions were similar to those of poliovirus-associated poliomyelitis, the virological d ... | 2000 | 10663490 |
| serotype-specific identification of enterovirus 71 by pcr. | enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 are closely related genetically and are causative agents of hand foot and mouth disease. because enterovirus 71 is more often associated with severe neurological disease, there is a need to rapidly discriminate between enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 during hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreaks. | 2000 | 10720814 |
| enterovirus infections with special reference to enterovirus 71. | the enteroviruses comprise a large group of immunologically distinct serotypes of viruses belonging to the family of picornaviridae. many enteroviruses cause diseases in human, but the infections are generally mild as asymptomatic, therefore, enteroviruses are considered to be unimportant as human pathogens. however, enteroviruses may also result in serious or even fatal disease (as shown in the enterovirus 71 (ev71) epidemic in taiwan in 1998). there are three types of polioviruses, coxsackievi ... | 2000 | 10806956 |
| enterovirus 71 from fatal and nonfatal cases of hand, foot and mouth disease epidemics in malaysia, japan and taiwan in 1997-1998. | enterovirus 71 (ev71), one of the major causative agents for hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), is sometimes associated with severe central nervous system diseases. in 1997, in malaysia and japan, and in 1998 in taiwan, there were hfmd epidemics involving sudden deaths among young children, and ev71 was isolated from the hfmd patients, including the fatal cases. the nucleotide sequences of each ev71 isolate were determined and compared by phylogenetical analysis. ev71 strains from previously r ... | 1999 | 10808253 |