| antigenic and molecular characterization of bat rabies virus in europe. | the predominant role of eptesicus serotinus in the epizootic of bat rabies in europe was further outlined by the first isolation of the rabies virus from this species in france. the distribution of the virus was studied in naturally infected e. serotinus bats at the time of death and suggested that the papillae of the tongue and the respiratory mucosa may play a role in virus production and excretion. the analysis of 501 french rabies virus isolates from various animal species by antinucleocapsi ... | 1992 | 1401009 |
| a modified rapid enzyme immunoassay for the detection of rabies and rabies-related viruses: rreid-lyssa. | this paper presents a modification of the previously described rapid rabies enzyme immuno-diagnosis test (rreid) by using biotinylated antibodies, streptavidin conjugate and a mixture of monospecific polyclonal antibodies against several lyssaviruses. in the modified technique (rreid-lyssa), microplates were sensitized with a mixture of purified antibodies against ribonucleoprotein (rnp) from pasteur virus (lyssavirus serotype 1), european bat lyssavirus (ebl, unclassified) and mokola virus (lys ... | 1992 | 1610558 |
| rabies-specific production of interleukin-2 by peripheral blood lymphocytes from human rabies vaccinees. | cell-mediated immunity induced by rabies vaccination was studied in humans by the determination of specific interleukin-2 (il-2) production in a large number of donors (postexposure immunized patients and pre-exposure immunized laboratory workers). peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) from 35 donors were tested for il-2 production after in vitro stimulation by different rabies and rabies-related viruses. il-2 responses were compared to antibody recognition of these different virus serotypes by ser ... | 1991 | 1771968 |
| t and b cell human responses to european bat lyssavirus after post-exposure rabies vaccination. | t and b cell human responses to european bat lyssavirus (ebl1) induced by post-exposure rabies vaccination (pm virus vaccine) were evaluated by measuring plasmatic titres of ebl1-specific neutralizing antibodies; specific ebl1-binding antibodies; and proliferation indices of peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated in vitro with ebl1. these parameters for vaccination efficacy were compared with those obtained with vaccine-related viruses (cvs and era) and with a non-vaccine-related virus. mokola ... | 1991 | 1864001 |
| a reduced panel of anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies for bat rabies virus identification in europe. | a reduced panel of 4 anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies (mab) was set up to distinguish viruses of terrestrial mammal origin from viruses of bat origin in europe. four additional mab were necessary to identify each one of the four serotypes of lyssavirus. these 8 mab were selected out of 25 mab secreted by hybridomas obtained from mice immunized with either serotype 1 lyssavirus (rabies virus pv4) or serotype 3 lyssavirus (mokola). they were screened with 32 viruses representative of the fo ... | 1990 | 2277871 |
| human monoclonal antibodies specific for the rabies virus glycoprotein and n protein. | human monoclonal antibodies to rabies virus were established by epstein-barr virus infection of peripheral blood lymphocytes collected from a rabies-vaccinated donor, and fusion with a heteromyeloma line. two human monoclonal antibodies, hum1 and hum2, both igg2, reacted with the envelope glycoprotein of the rabies virus. the antibody hum1 neutralized rabies virus (lyssavirus serotype 1) and mokola virus (lyssavirus serotype 3), but did not neutralize european bat lyssavirus, suggesting that som ... | 1990 | 2391499 |
| monoclonal antibody studies on rabies-related viruses. | rabies and rabies-related viruses are divided into four serotypes, although it has been suggested that the inclusion of european bat lyssaviruses results in six genotypes. sixty-four rabies-related viruses were tested against a panel of 36 anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies prepared from the immunization of balb/c mice with five prototypic rabies-related viruses. reaction patterns obtained confirmed the original distinction between serotype 1-4 viruses and revealed multiple variants of lago ... | 1993 | 7777312 |
| protective activity of a murine monoclonal antibody against european bat lyssavirus 1 (ebl1) infection in mice. | a mouse model was designed to test in vivo the efficacy of rabies immune globulins and specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to prevent european bat lyssavirus 1 infection. human or equine rabies immune globulins previously found to contain variable amounts of neutralizing bat lyssavirus crossreactive antibodies were passively transferred to mice receiving intramuscularly a lethal dose of bat lyssavirus type 1. immune globulins did not protect mice well against bat lyssavirus 1 whereas the ... | 1993 | 8256507 |
| lyssavirus in eptesicus serotinus (chiroptera: vespertilionidae). | to determine the prevalence of european bat lyssavirus 1 (ebl1), antibodies plasma samples were obtained from 175 serotine bats (eptesicus serotinus) from four colonies in southern spain between september of 1991 and september 1992. five bats were detected with ebl1 virus in one colony in 1989. the prevalence of antibodies rose to 74% in one of the colonies studied (villarrasa) in the spring of 1992. after a few months the prevalence declined to under 10%. individuals with a high antibody level ... | 1995 | 8592359 |
| the antigen-specific cell-mediated immune response in mice is suppressed by infection with pathogenic lyssaviruses. | responsiveness of t cells (rtc) was studied in balb/c mice intramuscularly infected with various lyssaviruses. after infection by this peripheral route, two types of viruses could be classified according to their effects: 1) pathogenic viruses, including fixed rabies pasteur virus (serogenotype 1) and wild viruses belonging to serogenotype 1 (from a rabid fox in france and from a cow infected by a vampire bat in brazil) or to serogenotype 5 (european bat lyssavirus 1); and 2) non-pathogenic viru ... | 1996 | 8880998 |
| ten-year survey of british bats for the existence of rabies. | in 1985, a notable increase in the number of recorded cases of rabies in european bats was observed, indicating a possible spread of the rabies virus in these bats. because of concern that the disease could be introduced into the united kingdom by bats crossing from mainland europe, a programme of screening dead bats for the presence of rabies and rabies-related viruses was initiated at the rabies research and diagnostic unit at the central veterinary laboratory. over a period of 10 years (janua ... | 1996 | 8950819 |
| dna-based immunization for exploring the enlargement of immunological cross-reactivity against the lyssaviruses. | dna-based immunization was used for studying the cross-reactivity of lyssavirus neutralizing antibodies and for exploring the induction of a wider range of protection against lyssaviruses. in order to immunize mice with homogeneous and chimeric genes of glycoproteins (g) from two divergent lyssaviruses, we used for the first time a new plasmid (pci-neo) known to be a highly efficient vector for in vitro expression. the homogeneous plasmids pgpv and pgmok encoded the pasteur virus (pv: genotype 1 ... | 1998 | 9607065 |
| chimeric lyssavirus glycoproteins with increased immunological potential. | the rabies virus glycoprotein molecule (g) can be divided into two parts separated by a flexible hinge: the nh2 half (site ii part) containing antigenic site ii up to the linear region (amino acids [aa] 253 to 275 encompassing epitope vi [aa 264]) and the cooh half (site iii part) containing antigenic site iii and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. the structural and immunological roles of each part were investigated by cell transfection and mouse dna-based immunization with homogeneous ... | 1999 | 9847325 |
| is there an advantage to including the nucleoprotein in a rabies glycoprotein subunit vaccine? | the pv rabies (genotype 1) g and n proteins were produced by recombinant baculoviruses in insect cells. we tested the ability of recombinant antigens to synergistically induce an immune response and, particularly, to broaden the spectrum of lyssavirus-neutralizing antibodies produced. cell-free preparations of recombinant proteins caused an immune response. recombinant rabies g protein (rrg) from infected cell extract or supernatant induced virus neutralizing antibodies (vnab) against rabies (cv ... | 1999 | 10195792 |
| lyssavirus glycoproteins expressing immunologically potent foreign b cell and cytotoxic t lymphocyte epitopes as prototypes for multivalent vaccines. | truncated and chimeric lyssavirus glycoprotein (g) genes were used to carry and express non-lyssavirus b and t cell epitopes for dna-based immunization of mice, with the aim of developing a multivalent vaccine prototype. truncated g (gpviii) was composed of the c-terminal half (aa 253-503) of the pasteur rabies virus (pv: genotype 1) g containing antigenic site iii and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. the chimeric g (gebl1-pv) was composed of the n-terminal half (aa 1-250) of the europ ... | 1999 | 10501486 |
| characterisation of a recently isolated lyssavirus in frugivorous zoo bats. | in july 1997 a lyssavirus was isolated in denmark from a colony of egyptian flying foxes (rousettus aegyptiacus) originating from a dutch zoo. sequencing of a 400 nucleotides coding region of the nucleoprotein and of a major part of the g-protein ectodomain encoding region of the newly isolated virus, revealed a very high similarity with european bat lyssavirus subtype 1a (ebl-1a). for characterisation of the recently isolated lyssavirus in frugivorous zoo bats, 16 frugivorous bats (rousettus ae ... | 2000 | 11043951 |
| first isolation of a rabies-related virus from a daubenton's bat in the united kingdom. | on may 30, 1996, a sick daubenton's bat (myotis daubentonii) was recovered from the cellar of a public house in newhaven, east sussex. its condition deteriorated rapidly, and it was euthanased and examined. positive results, establishing the presence of a rabies or rabies-related virus in its brain, were obtained from the fluorescent antibody test, the rabies tissue culture isolation test, and a hemi-nested reverse-transcription pcr. the complete sequence of the nucleoprotein gene was determined ... | 2000 | 11073000 |
| evidence of two lyssavirus phylogroups with distinct pathogenicity and immunogenicity. | the genetic diversity of representative members of the lyssavirus genus (rabies and rabies-related viruses) was evaluated using the gene encoding the transmembrane glycoprotein involved in the virus-host interaction, immunogenicity, and pathogenicity. phylogenetic analysis distinguished seven genotypes, which could be divided into two major phylogroups having the highest bootstrap values. phylogroup i comprises the worldwide genotype 1 (classic rabies virus), the european bat lyssavirus (ebl) ge ... | 2001 | 11238853 |
| experimental utility of rabies virus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies in post-exposure prophylaxis. | rabies immune globulin (rig) is essential for post-exposure prophylaxis but is expensive and not widely available. rabies virus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were evaluated in vitro and in a syrian hamster model as a potential future alternative. seven mabs neutralized representative rabies virus variants. however, a european bat lyssavirus was not neutralized by either mabs or rig. moreover, duvenhage virus was neutralized by rig, but not by mabs, and lagos bat and mokola viru ... | 2001 | 11427255 |
| interaction of lyssaviruses with the low-affinity nerve-growth factor receptor p75ntr. | the low-affinity nerve-growth factor receptor p75ntr interacts in vitro with the rabies virus (rv) glycoprotein and serves as a receptor for rv. the lyssavirus genus comprises seven genotypes (gts) of rabies and rabies-related viruses. the ability of p75ntr to interact with the glycoprotein of representative lyssaviruses from each gt was investigated. this investigation was based on a specific binding assay between bsr cells infected with a lyssavirus and spodoptera frugiperda (sf21) cells expre ... | 2001 | 11714960 |
| a novel expression cassette of lyssavirus shows that the distantly related mokola virus can rescue a defective rabies virus genome. | by comparing three expression vectors for the rabies virus (rv) minigenome, we show that the characteristic of the rv rna is important for efficient rescue despite its not being crucial for replication. moreover, we show that the coexpression of the viral proteins from helper rv and mokola virus could rescue the rv minigenome while rv-related european bat lyssavirus 1 could not, suggesting that the signals controlling transcription and replication are conserved in the distantly related rv and mo ... | 2002 | 11799201 |
| presence of european bat lyssavirus rnas in apparently healthy rousettus aegyptiacus bats. | apparently healthy rousettus aegyptiacus bats were randomly chosen from a dutch colony naturally infected with european bat lyssavirus subgenotype 1a (ebl1a). these bats were euthanised three months after the first evidence of an ebl1a infection in the colony. ebl1a genomic and antigenomic rnas of the nucleoprotein gene were detected by nested reverse transcriptase pcr in 75% of the examined rousettus aegyptiacus bats. the ebl1a rnas of the nucleoprotein gene were detected mainly in brain tissue ... | 2002 | 11892688 |
| european bat lyssavirus infection in spanish bat populations. | from 1992 to 2000, 976 sera, 27 blood pellets, and 91 brains were obtained from 14 bat species in 37 localities in spain. specific anti-european bat lyssavirus 1 (ebl1)-neutralizing antibodies have been detected in myotis myotis, miniopterus schreibersii, tadarida teniotis, and rhinolophus ferrumequinum in the region of aragon and the balearic islands. positive results were also obtained by nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction on brain, blood pellet, lung, heart, tongue, and es ... | 2002 | 11971777 |
| european bat lyssavirus type 2 in a bat found in lancashire. | | 2002 | 12408333 |
| new lyssavirus genotype from the lesser mouse-eared bat (myotis blythi), kyrghyzstan. | the aravan virus was isolated from a lesser mouse-eared bat (myotis blythi) in the osh region of kyrghyzstan, central asia, in 1991. we determined the complete sequence of the nucleoprotein (n) gene and compared it with those of 26 representative lyssaviruses obtained from databases. the aravan virus was distinguished from seven distinct genotypes on the basis of nucleotide and amino acid identity. phylogenetic analysis based on both nucleotide and amino acid sequences showed that the aravan vir ... | 2003 | 12643828 |
| how dangerous is the european bat lyssavirus? | | 2003 | 12658904 |
| isolation of a european bat lyssavirus type 2 from a daubenton's bat in the united kingdom. | european bat lyssavirus type 2 (eblv-2) has been isolated once previously from a bat in the uk in june 1996. in september 2002, a daubenton's bat (myotis daubentonii) found in lancashire developed abnormal behaviour, including unprovoked aggression, while it was in captivity. brain samples from the bat were tested for virus of the lyssavirus genus, which includes eblv-2 (genotype 6), and classical rabies virus (genotype 1). a positive fluorescent antibody test confirmed that it was infected with ... | 2003 | 12696703 |
| cross-reactive antigenicity of nucleoproteins of lyssaviruses recognized by a monospecific antirabies virus nucleoprotein antiserum on paraffin sections of formalin-fixed tissues. | diagnosis of rabies is routinely confirmed by detection of rabies virus antigens in acetone-fixed frozen brain tissues or imprint smears using an immunofluorescence method with commercial antirabies virus antibodies. since recent molecular analyses disclosed wide heterogeneity in the genome sequences of rabies virus strains and related lyssaviruses, it is necessary to confirm the presence of common epitopes in these lyssaviruses. in this study we confirmed the presence of cross-reactive antigens ... | 2003 | 12895231 |
| fatal human rabies caused by european bat lyssavirus type 2a infection in scotland. | we wish to report the first recorded case of indigenous human rabies caused by a bat bite in the united kingdom in 100 years. this instructive case report highlights a number of key lessons: first, bites from insectivorous bats indiginous to the united kingdom can cause rabies in humans; second, rabies immunization is essential for bat-handlers, and postexposure treatment for rabies is essential for patients bitten by bats; third, patients able to give a history who present with acute flaccid pa ... | 2003 | 12905146 |
| case report: isolation of a european bat lyssavirus type 2a from a fatal human case of rabies encephalitis. | a 55-year-old bat conservationist was admitted to ninewells hospital, dundee, scotland, on november 11, 2002, with an acute haematemesis. he gave a 5-day history of pain and paraesthesia in the left arm, followed by increasing weakness of his limbs with evidence of an evolving encephalitis with cerebellar involvement. the patient had never been vaccinated against rabies and did not receive postexposure treatment. using a hemi-nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), saliv ... | 2003 | 12938204 |
| spill-over of european bat lyssavirus type 1 into a stone marten (martes foina) in germany. | european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1, genotype 5) is known to endemically circulate in insectivorous bat populations in germany. in august 2001, a rabies suspect stone marten (martes foina) was found in the city of burg (saxony-anhalt, germany) and was sent to the regional veterinary laboratory for routine rabies diagnosis. whereas brain samples repeatedly tested negative in the fluorescent antibody test for classical rabies virus (genotype 1), the mouse inoculation test and the rabies tissue ... | 2004 | 15030600 |
| rabies and other lyssavirus diseases. | the full scale of the global burden of human rabies is unknown, owing to inadequate surveillance of this fatal disease. however, the terror of hydrophobia, a cardinal symptom of rabies encephalitis, is suffered by tens of thousands of people each year. the recent discovery of enzootic european bat lyssavirus infection in the uk is indicative of our expanding awareness of the lyssavirus genus. the main mammalian vector species vary geographically, so the health problems created by the lyssaviruse ... | 2004 | 15043965 |
| development of a hemi-nested rt-pcr method for the specific determination of european bat lyssavirus 1. comparison with other rabies diagnostic methods. | a simplified hemi-nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (hnrt-pcr) has been developed to determine specifically the european bat lyssavirus 1 (eblv-1) nucleoprotein gene. the specificity of this method was determined by using the seven genotypes of lyssavirus by rt-pcr, southern blot and sequence analysis. compared to the rabies diagnostic methods, the hnrt-pcr showed a higher sensitivity for the detection of small amounts of eblv-1 virus. in view of these results, we suggest th ... | 2004 | 15121304 |
| genetic analysis of european bat lyssavirus type 1 isolates from france. | european bat lyssavirus type 1a (eblv-1a) was first identified in central france from a serotine bat (eptesicus serotinus) collected at the end of 2002. rabies was diagnosed by reference rabies diagnosis methods and molecular tools. phylogenetic analysis of 14 viral isolates obtained from french bats infected with eblv-1 between 1989 and the end of 2002 against 47 nucleoprotein sequences showed a north-west to east distribution of eblv-1a virus and a south to north distribution of eblv-1b virus, ... | 2004 | 15160845 |
| audit of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in england and wales in 1990 and 2000. | the objectives were to compare rabies post-exposure prophylaxis issued by the public health laboratory service (phls) in 1990 and in 2000, to evaluate their appropriateness, and to make recommendations for future issue of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in england and wales. the method was to review all rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin issues by phls in 1990 and 2000 with evaluation against department of health recommendations. the phls issued prophylaxis to 656 people in 1990 and 295 people i ... | 2004 | 15259410 |
| identification of a european bat lyssavirus type 2 in a daubenton's bat found in staines, surrey, uk. | | 2004 | 15508848 |
| rabies in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) experimentally infected with european bat lyssavirus type 1. | the susceptibility of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) to european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) infection was examined. eight foxes were inoculated intramuscularly (i.m.) with 10(4.9) foci-forming units (ffu) (n = 4) and 10(5.1) ffu (n = 4) and observed for up to 90 days. all foxes showed manifestations of a neurologic disorder (e.g. seizures, myoclonus, agitation), starting as early as 5 days post-infection (p.i.). subsequently, all animals showed improvement followed by one or more relapses. one fo ... | 2004 | 15525359 |
| identification of a european bat lyssavirus type 2 in a daubenton's bat found in lancashire. | | 2004 | 15573955 |
| european bat lyssavirus in scottish bats. | we report the first seroprevalence study of the occurrence of specific antibodies to european bat lyssavirus type 2 (eblv-2) in daubenton's bats. bats were captured from 19 sites across eastern and southern scotland. samples from 198 daubenton's bats, 20 natterer's bats, and 6 pipistrelle's bats were tested for eblv-2. blood samples (n = 94) were subjected to a modified fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test to determine antibody titer. from 0.05% to 3.8% (95% confidence interval) of dau ... | 2005 | 15829196 |
| european bat lyssaviruses, the netherlands. | to study european bat lyssavirus (eblv) in bat reservoirs in the netherlands, native bats have been tested for rabies since 1984. for all collected bats, data including species, age, sex, and date and location found were recorded. a total of 1,219 serotine bats, eptesicus serotinus, were tested, and 251 (21%) were positive for lyssavirus antigen. five (4%) of 129 specimens from the pond bat, myotis dasycneme, were positive. recently detected eblv rna segments encoding the nucleoprotein were sequ ... | 2005 | 16485470 |
| natural and experimental infection of sheep with european bat lyssavirus type-1 of danish bat origin. | in 1998 and 2002, european bat lyssavirus type-1 (eblv-1) was demonstrated in brain tissue of five danish sheep suffering from neurological disorders. four of the five sheep also had encephalic listeriosis. the animals originated from four flocks on pastures within a limited area of western jutland. in a serological investigation in two of the herds, from which three of the diseased animals originated, eblv-1 neutralizing antibodies were detected in only one of 69 sheep. in follow-up surveys, 21 ... | 2006 | 16545840 |
| airborne transmission of lyssaviruses. | in 2002, a scottish bat conservationist developed a rabies-like disease and subsequently died. this was caused by infection with european bat lyssavirus 2 (eblv-2), a virus closely related to rabies virus (rabv). the source of this infection and the means of transmission have not yet been confirmed. in this study, the hypothesis that lyssaviruses, particularly rabv and the bat variant eblv-2, might be transmitted via the airborne route was tested. mice were challenged via direct introduction of ... | 2006 | 16687600 |
| [a new case of bat rabies in france]. | bat rabies represents an emerging zoonosis in europe and the only endemic cause of rabies in france. | 2006 | 16797796 |
| european bat lyssavirus type 2 rna in myotis daubentonii. | organ distribution of european bat lyssavirus type 2 viral rna in its reservoir host, myotis daubentonii (daubenton's bat), was measured with a novel quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. high levels of genomic rna were found in the brain and were also detectable in the tongue, bladder, and stomach. | 2006 | 16836837 |
| cross reactive antigenicity in orally vaccinated foxes and raccoon dogs against european bat lyssavirus type 1 and 2. | for the first time, the effectiveness of oral rabies vaccines against european bat lyssaviruses type 1 (eblv-1) and type 2 (eblv-2) by means of cross-neutralization assays was investigated. sera from orally vaccinated red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) with the street alabama dufferin (sad) b19 and sad p5/88 live-modified vaccine viruses were used to study the cross reactive antigenicity against cvs-11 (genotype 1), eblv-1 (genotype 5) and eblv-2 (genotype 6). ... | 2006 | 16878477 |
| bat rabies surveillance in the former soviet union. | more than 3,000 bats were examined for lyssaviruses in the territory of the former soviet union (fsu) over the past 41 years (1964-2004). european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) was registered in the ukraine and the european part of russia. lyssaviruses aravan (arav, kyrgyzstan, 1991), khujand (khuv, tajikistan, 2001), irkut (irkv, irkutsk region, 2002) and west caucasian bat virus (wcbv, krasnodar region, 2002) were proposed as new lyssavirus genotypes. all reports on rabies virus (rabv; seroty ... | 2006 | 16878485 |
| bat rabies surveillance in france, from 1989 through may 2005. | in france, the passive surveillance of lyssaviruses in bats started in 1989, with the first positive case found in the east of the country. in 2000, the french bat rabies surveillance network in france was improved on the basis of the one used for the surveillance of fox rabies. the objectives of this network are to improve bat rabies surveillance by increasing the number of specimens and to provide an estimation of rabies incidence in bat populations across the country. the surveillance network ... | 2006 | 16878486 |
| epidemiology of bat rabies in germany. | rabies in european bats was first reported in germany in 1954. in concordance with denmark and the netherlands, germany has reported one of the highest numbers (n = 187) of european bat lyssavirus (eblv)-positive cases in bats in europe so far (1954-2005). a combined descriptive epidemiological and phylogenetic analysis on bat rabies and prevailing eblvs is presented, comprising the past 50 years. so far, only the two lineages of eblv-1 (genotype 5), a and b, have been detected. although only 50 ... | 2007 | 17066249 |
| public health awareness of emerging zoonotic viruses of bats: a european perspective. | bats classified in the order chiroptera are the most abundant and widely distributed non-human mammalian species in the world. several bat species are reservoir hosts of zoonotic viruses and therefore can be a public health hazard. lyssaviruses of different genotypes have emerged from bats in america (genotype 1 rabies virus; rabv), europe (european bat lyssavirus; eblv), and australia (australian bat lyssavirus; ablv), whereas nipah virus is the most important recent zoonosis of bat origin in a ... | 2006 | 17187565 |
| comparative analysis of the full genome sequence of european bat lyssavirus type 1 and type 2 with other lyssaviruses and evidence for a conserved transcription termination and polyadenylation motif in the g-l 3' non-translated region. | we report the first full-length genomic sequences for european bat lyssavirus type-1 (eblv-1) and type-2 (eblv-2). the eblv-1 genomic sequence was derived from a virus isolated from a serotine bat in hamburg, germany, in 1968 and the eblv-2 sequence was derived from a virus isolate from a human case of rabies that occurred in scotland in 2002. a long-distance pcr strategy was used to amplify the open reading frames (orfs), followed by standard and modified race (rapid amplification of cdna ends) ... | 2007 | 17374776 |
| identification of european bat lyssavirus isolates with short genomic insertions. | molecular typing has consistently identified european bat lyssaviruses from germany as eblv type 1a (eblv-1a). this report confirms the presence of the closely related eblv-1b in southern germany, a group previously reported from the netherlands, france and spain. furthermore, two of three german eblv-1b isolates contain a 6 base pair insertion within the 3' untranslated region (utr) of the nucleoprotein gene. this feature was shared with a third eblv-1b isolate from a region of france adjacent ... | 2007 | 17521764 |
| temporal dynamics of european bat lyssavirus type 1 and survival of myotis myotis bats in natural colonies. | many emerging rna viruses of public health concern have recently been detected in bats. however, the dynamics of these viruses in natural bat colonies is presently unknown. consequently, prediction of the spread of these viruses and the establishment of appropriate control measures are hindered by a lack of information. to this aim, we collected epidemiological, virological and ecological data during a twelve-year longitudinal study in two colonies of insectivorous bats (myotis myotis) located i ... | 2007 | 17593965 |
| antigenic characterisation of yeast-expressed lyssavirus nucleoproteins. | in europe, three genotypes of the genus lyssavirus, family rhabdoviridae, are present, classical rabies virus (rabv, genotype 1), european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1, genotype 5) and european bat lyssavirus type 2 (eblv-2, genotype 6). the entire authentic nucleoprotein (n protein) encoding sequences of rabv (challenge virus standard, cvs, strain), eblv-1 and eblv-2 were expressed in yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae at high level. purification of recombinant n proteins by caesium chloride gradi ... | 2007 | 17619134 |
| [bat rabies in europe and the czech republic]. | in 2005, six children were treated in our department who had been in contact with a bat infected with european bat lyssavirus 1 (ebl1). in the czech republic, this was the first confirmed case of rabies since 2002, but the fourth case of bat rabies since 1994. all the cases were related to southern moravia and bat species which almost do not migrate. this suggests only endemic prevalence of ebl1 in this country. bat rabies is different from rabies in terrestic mammals. based on genetic analyses, ... | 2007 | 17703400 |
| susceptibility of sheep to european bat lyssavirus type-1 and -2 infection: a clinical pathogenesis study. | european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs) have been known to cross the species barrier from their native bat host to other terrestrial mammals. in this study, we have confirmed eblv-1 and eblv-2 susceptibility in sheep (ovis ammon) following intracranial and peripheral (intramuscular) inoculation. notably, mild clinical disease was observed in those exposed to virus via the intramuscular route. following the intramuscular challenge, 75% of the animals infected with eblv-1 and 100% of those that were cha ... | 2007 | 17706900 |
| isolation of european bat lyssavirus type 2 from a daubenton's bat (myotis daubentonii) in shropshire. | | 2007 | 17873269 |
| european bat lyssavirus type 2: human exposure in england. | | 2007 | 17900428 |
| public health risk analysis of european bat lyssavirus infection in the netherlands. | we present the frequency and the nature of contact incidents of the serotine bat, eptesicus serotinus, with humans and with companion animals (specifically cats and dogs), in the netherlands between 2000 and 2005. out of 17 bats in bite contact with humans, five tested positive for european bat lyssavirus (eblv) type 1a. cats had the most numerous contacts with bats (49 times) but a relatively low number of these bats were eblv positive (six times). we estimated that the average incidence of hum ... | 2009 | 18205973 |
| first isolation of eblv-2 in germany. | in europe, rabies in bats is caused by european bat lyssavirus (eblv) type 1 (eblv-1) or type 2 (eblv-2) which form two distinct genotypes (gt 5 and 6) within the genus lyssavirus of the family of rhadoviridae. spill-over infections of eblv in humans have caused fatal rabies encephalitis and highlighted the relevance of this wildlife disease for public health. the vast majority of the 831 european bat rabies cases reported between 1977 and 2006 were identified as eblv-1. only few virus isolates ... | 2008 | 18424021 |
| spatial distribution of mitochondrial and microsatellite dna variation in daubenton's bat within scotland. | daubenton's bat (myotis daubentonii) is a known reservoir for european bat lyssavirus type 2 (eblv-2). an appreciation of the potential for epidemiological spread and disease risk requires an understanding of the dispersal of the primary host, and any large-scale geographical barriers that may impede gene flow. the spatial pattern of microsatellite and mitochondrial dna variation was examined to infer patterns of dispersal of bats among 35 populations across scotland. dna sequence variation at t ... | 2008 | 18565113 |
| up-regulation of chemokine gene transcripts and t-cell infiltration into the central nervous system and dorsal root ganglia are characteristics of experimental european bat lyssavirus type 2 infection of mice. | european bat lyssaviruses (eblv) types 1 and 2 are closely related to classical rabies virus (rabv), and are capable of causing rabies in terrestrial mammals, including humans. the authors have investigated the murine host innate immune response in the brain, salivary gland, spinal cord, and blood, following peripheral inoculation with eblv-2. in the brain, increases in toll-like receptor-3 (tlr-3) transcript preceded overt disease, with a range of inflammatory gene transcripts increasing during ... | 2008 | 18569456 |
| susceptibility of north american big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) to infection with european bat lyssavirus type 1. | the aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility of insectivorous bats (using the big brown bat as a model) to infection with european bat lyssavirus type 1a (eblv-1a), to assess the dynamics of host immune responses and to evaluate the opportunity for horizontal viral transmission within colonies. two isolates of eblv-1a, originating from slovakia (eblv-1ask) and germany (eblv-1age), were tested. four different routes of inoculation were used with isolate eblv-1ask [10(4.8) mouse intra ... | 2008 | 18632972 |
| active monitoring of eblv infection in natural colonies of the mouse-eared bat (myotis myotis). | bats are important reservoir hosts of rna viruses, including lyssaviruses, which can cross the species barrier to infect humans and other domestic and wild non-flying mammals. six of the seven lyssavirus genotypes described to date infect bats. in europe, two genotypes of lyssavirus, european bat lyssavirus types 1 and 2 (eblv-1 and eblv-2), circulate among several bat species and numerous bats are found infected every year. to provide epidemiologists and public health officials with data to eff ... | 2008 | 18634518 |
| endemic circulation of european bat lyssavirus type 1 in serotine bats, spain. | to determine the presence of european bat lyssavirus type 1 in southern spain, we studied 19 colonies of serotine bats (eptesicus isabellinus), its main reservoir, during 1998-2003. viral genome and antibodies were detected in healthy bats, which suggests subclinical infection. the different temporal patterns of circulation found in each colony indicate independent endemic circulation. | 2008 | 18680651 |
| a reassessment of the emergence time of european bat lyssavirus type 1. | the previous study of the evolutionary rates of european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) used a strict molecular clock to estimate substitution rates of the nucleoprotein gene and in turn times of the most recent common ancestor (tmrca) of the entire genotype and the two major eblv-1 lineages (eblv-1a and eblv-1b). the results of that study suggested that the evolutionary rate of eblv-1 was one of the lowest recorded for rna viruses and that genetic diversity of eblv-1 arose 500-750 years ago. he ... | 2008 | 18773973 |
| experimental study of european bat lyssavirus type-2 infection in daubenton's bats (myotis daubentonii). | european bat lyssavirus type 2 (eblv-2) can be transmitted from daubenton's bats to humans and cause rabies. eblv-2 has been repeatedly isolated from daubenton's bats in the uk but appears to be present at a low level within the native bat population. this has prompted us to investigate the disease in its natural host under experimental conditions, to assess its virulence, dissemination and likely means of transmission between insectivorous bats. with the exception of direct intracranial inocula ... | 2008 | 18931061 |
| european bat lyssavirus transmission among cats, europe. | we identified 2 cases of european bat lyssavirus subtype 1 transmission to domestic carnivores (cats) in france. bat-to-cat transmission is suspected. low amounts of virus antigen in cat brain made diagnosis difficult. | 2009 | 19193273 |
| detection of high levels of european bat lyssavirus type-1 viral rna in the thyroid gland of experimentally-infected eptesicus fuscus bats. | two common bat lyssavirus species have been identified in many european countries: european bat lyssavirus type-1 and -2 (eblv-1 and eblv-2). only limited knowledge on the susceptibility of the natural eblv-hosts, insectivorous bats, to lyssavirus infection is available. our study was undertaken to evaluate the susceptibility and pathology associated with an eblv-1 infection in eptesicus fuscus following different routes of virus inoculation including intracranial (n = 6), intramuscular (n = 14) ... | 2009 | 19497087 |
| experimental infection of serotine bats (eptesicus serotinus) with european bat lyssavirus type 1a. | the serotine bat (eptesicus serotinus) accounts for the vast majority of bat rabies cases in europe and is considered the main reservoir for european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1, genotype 5). however, so far the disease has not been investigated in its native host under experimental conditions. to assess viral virulence, dissemination and probable means of transmission, captive bats were infected experimentally with an eblv-1a virus isolated from a naturally infected conspecific from germany. ... | 2009 | 19515825 |
| antibodies induced by vaccination with purified chick embryo cell culture vaccine (pcecv) cross-neutralize non-classical bat lyssavirus strains. | tissue-culture vaccines like purified chick embryo cell vaccine (pcecv) have been shown to provide protection against classical rabies virus (rabv) via pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis. a cross-neutralization study was conducted using a panel of 100 human sera, to determine, to what extent after vaccination with pcecv protection exists against non-classical bat lyssavirus strains like european bat lyssavirus (eblv) type 1 and 2 and australian bat lyssavirus (ablv). virus neutralizing an ... | 2009 | 19615958 |
| european bat lyssavirus type 2 in a daubenton's bat in scotland. | | 2009 | 19783855 |
| repeated detection of european bat lyssavirus type 2 in dead bats found at a single roost site in the uk. | in august 2007, european bat lyssavirus type 2 (eblv-2) was isolated from a daubenton's bat found at stokesay castle. in september 2008, another bat from the same vicinity of stokesay castle also tested positive for eblv-2. this is the first occurrence of repeated detection of eblv-2 from a single site. here, we report the detection of low levels of viral rna in various bat organs by qrt-pcr and detection of viral antigen by immunohistochemistry. we also report sequence data from both cases and ... | 2009 | 19841859 |
| targeted surveillance for european bat lyssaviruses in english bats (2003-06). | in 2003-06, targeted (active) surveillance for european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs) was undertaken throughout england, focusing on two species most likely to host these viruses, myotis daubentonii and eptesicus serotinus. blood was sampled for the detection of eblv-specific neutralizing antibodies and oropharyngeal swabs were taken for the detection of viral rna or infectious virus in saliva. between 2003 and 2006, 273 e. serotinus and 363 m. daubentonii blood samples were tested by the eblv-1 or e ... | 2009 | 19901379 |
| intergenotypic replacement of lyssavirus matrix proteins demonstrates the role of lyssavirus m proteins in intracellular virus accumulation. | lyssavirus assembly depends on the matrix protein (m). we compared lyssavirus m proteins from different genotypes for their ability to support assembly and egress of genotype 1 rabies virus (rabv). transcomplementation of m-deficient rabv with m from european bat lyssavirus (eblv) types 1 and 2 reduced the release of infectious virus. stable introduction of the heterogenotypic m proteins into rabv led to chimeric viruses with reduced virus release and intracellular accumulation of virus genomes. ... | 2010 | 19955305 |
| first encounter of european bat lyssavirus type 2 (eblv-2) in a bat in finland. | in finland, rabies in bats was suspected for the first time in 1985 when a bat researcher, who had multiple bat bites, died in helsinki. the virus isolated from the researcher proved to be antigenically related to rabies viruses previously detected in german bats. later, the virus was typed as eblv-2b. despite an epidemiological study in bats 1986 and subsequent rabies surveillance, rabies in bats was not detected in finland until the first case in a daubenton's bat (myotis daubentonii) was conf ... | 2010 | 20196902 |
| reassessing the risk from rabies: a continuing threat to the uk? | the threat of re-introduction of rabies virus into the united kingdom exists on several levels. firstly, importation of live animals into the uk continues to challenge the regulations in place to ensure that the virus does not enter the country. secondly, the indigenous bat population is known to carry a virus genetically related to rabies virus, the european bat lyssavirus (eblv). molecular characterization of this virus has further characterized it as being eblv type 2, genetically distinct fr ... | 2010 | 20558215 |
| generation of recombinant european bat lyssavirus type 1 and inter-genotypic compatibility of lyssavirus genotype 1 and 5 antigenome promoters. | bat lyssaviruses (fam. rhabdoviridae) represent a source for the infection of terrestial mammals and the development of rabies disease. molecular differences in the replication of bat and non-bat lyssaviruses and their contribution to pathogenicity, however, are unknown. one reason for this is the lack of reverse genetics systems for bat-restricted lyssaviruses. to investigate bat lyssavirus replication and host adaptation, we developed a reverse genetics system for european bat lyssavirus type ... | 2010 | 20614145 |
| surveillance for european bat lyssavirus in swiss bats. | most countries in western europe are currently free of rabies in terrestrial mammals. nevertheless, rabies remains a residual risk to public health due to the natural circulation of bat-specific viruses, such as european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs). european bat lyssavirus types 1 and 2 (eblv-1 and eblv-2) are widely distributed throughout europe, but little is known of their true prevalence and epidemiology. we report that only three out of 837 brains taken from bats submitted to the swiss rabies ... | 2010 | 20803042 |
| bat population genetics and lyssavirus presence in great britain. | summarymost lyssaviruses appear to have bat species as reservoir hosts. in europe, of around 800 reported cases in bats, most were of european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) in eptesicus serotinus (where the bat species was identified). about 20 cases of eblv-2 were recorded, and these were in myotis daubentonii and m. dasycneme. through a passive surveillance scheme, britain reports about one case a year of eblv-2, but no cases of the more prevalent eblv-1. an analysis of e. serotinus and m. da ... | 2010 | 21205436 |
| phylogeny of european bat lyssavirus 1 in eptesicus isabellinus bats, spain. | to better understand the epidemiology of european bat lyssavirus 1 (eblv-1) in europe, we phylogenetically characterized lyssavirus from eptesicus isabellinus bats in spain. an independent cluster of eblv-1 possibly resulted from geographic isolation and association with a different reservoir from other european strains. eblv-1 phylogeny is complex and probably associated with host evolutionary history. | 2011 | 21392449 |
| pathology associated with a human case of rabies in the united kingdom caused by european bat lyssavirus type-2. | human infection with the rabies-related virus european bat lyssavirus type-2 (eblv-2) has only been reported on two occasions. here we report the pathology observed within spinal cord and visceral tissues associated with eblv-2 infection for the first time. neuronal labelling with an anti-rabies nucleocapsid monoclonal antibody was observed and appeared indistinguishable from the labelling reported from human infection with rabies virus. © 2011 crown copyright. published by s. karger ag, basel. | 2011 | 22142887 |
| pathobiology of rabies virus and the european bat lyssaviruses in experimentally infected mice. | a comparison of the clinicopathology of european bat lyssavirus (eblv) types-1 and -2 and of rabies virus was undertaken. following inoculation of mice at a peripheral site with these viruses, clinical signs of rabies and distribution of virus antigen in the mouse brain were examined. the appearance of clinical signs of disease varied both within and across the different virus species, with variation in incubation periods and weight loss throughout disease progression. the distribution of viral ... | 2012 | 23274107 |
| enhanced arbovirus surveillance with deep sequencing: identification of novel rhabdoviruses and bunyaviruses in australian mosquitoes. | viral metagenomics characterizes known and identifies unknown viruses based on sequence similarities to any previously sequenced viral genomes. a metagenomics approach was used to identify virus sequences in australian mosquitoes causing cytopathic effects in inoculated mammalian cell cultures. sequence comparisons revealed strains of liao ning virus (reovirus, seadornavirus), previously detected only in china, livestock-infecting stretch lagoon virus (reovirus, orbivirus), two novel dimarhabdov ... | 2013 | 24314645 |
| companion animals as a source of viruses for human beings and food production animals. | companion animals comprise a wide variety of species, including dogs, cats, horses, ferrets, guinea pigs, reptiles, birds and ornamental fish, as well as food production animal species, such as domestic pigs, kept as companion animals. despite their prominent place in human society, little is known about the role of companion animals as sources of viruses for people and food production animals. therefore, we reviewed the literature for accounts of infections of companion animals by zoonotic viru ... | 2016 | 27522300 |
| [rabies in bats]. | rabies is a zoonosis ending fatally in all mammals, including humans. unlike the other mammals, this disease is usually not fatal in bats. rabies is caused by lyssaviruses which are divided into several distinct phylogroups comprising 15 known viruses. it is believed that the original hosts of all lyssaviruses are bats. classical rabies virus (rabv) occurs in bats across americas and represents the major cause of rabies in humans and domestic animals there. european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1 ... | 2016 | 27450525 |
| analysis of the complete genome of the first irkut virus isolate from china: comparison across the lyssavirus genus. | the genome of irkut virus, isolate irkv-thchina12, the first non-rabies lyssavirus from china (of bat origin), has been completely sequenced. in general, coding and non-coding regions of this viral genome are similar to those of other lyssaviruses. however, alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences of the structural proteins of irkv-thchina12 with those of other lyssavirus representatives revealed significant variability between viral species. the nucleoprotein and matrix protein were found ... | 2013 | 23872529 |
| cross-neutralization of antibodies induced by vaccination with purified chick embryo cell vaccine (pcecv) against different lyssavirus species. | rabies is a neglected zoonotic disease caused by viruses belonging to the genus lyssavirus. in endemic countries of asia and africa, where the majority of the estimated 60,000 human rabies deaths occur, it is mainly caused by the classical rabies virus (rabv) transmitted by dogs. over the last decade new species within the genus lyssavirus have been identified. meanwhile 15 (proposed or classified) species exist, including australian bat lyssavirus (ablv), european bat lyssavirus (eblv-1 and -2) ... | 2014 | 25483634 |
| serological evidence of lyssaviruses among bats on southwestern indian ocean islands. | we provide serological evidence of lyssavirus circulation among bats on southwestern indian ocean (swio) islands. a total of 572 bats belonging to 22 species were collected on anjouan, mayotte, la réunion, mauritius, mahé and madagascar and screened by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test for the presence of neutralising antibodies against the two main rabies related lyssaviruses circulating on the african continent: duvenhage lyssavirus (duvv) and lagos bat lyssavirus (lbv), representing ... | 2016 | 27501458 |
| population genetic structure of serotine bats (eptesicus serotinus) across europe and implications for the potential spread of bat rabies (european bat lyssavirus eblv-1). | understanding of the movements of species at multiple scales is essential to appreciate patterns of population connectivity and in some cases, the potential for pathogen transmission. the serotine bat (eptesicus serotinus) is a common and widely distributed species in europe where it frequently harbours european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1), a virus causing rabies and transmissible to humans. in the united kingdom, it is rare, with a distribution restricted to south of the country and so far t ... | 2015 | 25832817 |
| cross-platform evaluation of commercial real-time sybr green rt-pcr kits for sensitive and rapid detection of european bat lyssavirus type 1. | this study evaluates the performance of five two-step sybr green rt-qpcr kits and five one-step sybr green qrt-pcr kits using real-time pcr assays. two real-time thermocyclers showing different throughput capacities were used. the analysed performance evaluation criteria included the generation of standard curve, reaction efficiency, analytical sensitivity, intra- and interassay repeatability as well as the costs and the practicability of kits, and thermocycling times. we found that the optimise ... | 2015 | 25785274 |
| complete genomic sequence of european bat lyssavirus 1, isolated from eptesicus isabellinus in spain. | all members of the lyssavirus genus cause the disease rabies. european bat lyssavirus 1 (eblv-1) viruses are divided genetically into three groups according to geographic location and host reservoir. we report here the first genome sequence for an eblv-1 isolated from eptesiscus isabellinus in the iberian peninsula, spain. | 2015 | 25676752 |
| seroprevalence dynamics of european bat lyssavirus type 1 in a multispecies bat colony. | we report an active surveillance study of the occurrence of specific antibodies to european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) in bat species, scarcely studied hitherto, that share the same refuge. from 2004 to 2012, 406 sera were obtained from nine bat species. blood samples were subjected to a modified fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test to determine the antibody titer. eblv-1-neutralizing antibodies were detected in six of the nine species analyzed (pipistrellus pipistrellus, p. kuhlii ... | 2014 | 25192547 |
| insights into persistence mechanisms of a zoonotic virus in bat colonies using a multispecies metapopulation model. | rabies is a worldwide zoonosis resulting from lyssavirus infection. in europe, eptesicus serotinus is the most frequently reported bat species infected with lyssavirus, and thus considered to be the reservoir of european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1). to date, the role of other bat species in eblv-1 epidemiology and persistence remains unknown. here, we built an eblv-1-transmission model based on local observations of a three-cave and four-bat species (myotis capaccinii, myotis myotis, miniopte ... | 2014 | 24755619 |
| molecular double-check strategy for the identification and characterization of european lyssaviruses. | the "gold standard" for post-mortem rabies diagnosis is the direct fluorescent antibody test (fat). however, in the case of ante-mortem non-neural sample material or decomposed tissues, the fat reaches its limit, and the use of molecular techniques can be advantageous. in this study, we developed and validated a reverse transcription pcr cascade protocol feasible for the classification of samples, even those for which there is no epidemiological background knowledge. this study emphasises on the ... | 2014 | 24681051 |
| ecological factors associated with european bat lyssavirus seroprevalence in spanish bats. | bats have been proposed as major reservoirs for diverse emerging infectious viral diseases, with rabies being the best known in europe. however, studies exploring the ecological interaction between lyssaviruses and their natural hosts are scarce. this study completes our active surveillance work on spanish bat colonies that began in 1992. herein, we analyzed ecological factors that might affect the infection dynamics observed in those colonies. between 2001 and 2011, we collected and tested 2,39 ... | 2013 | 23700480 |
| favourable outcome in a patient bitten by a rabid bat infected with the european bat lyssavirus-1. | the classic rabies virus (genotype 1) has been eliminated in western europe, but related lyssaviruses still circulate in local bats. in august 2010, a belgian photographer was bitten upon provocation of a disoriented eptesicus serotinus bat in spain. the bat was infected with european bat lyssavirus-1 (genotype 5). the isolate proved highly neurovirulent in mice. the patient had received preventive rabies immunisations years before the incident and received two boosters with the hdcv rabies vacc ... | 2016 | 23627196 |
| a step forward in molecular diagnostics of lyssaviruses--results of a ring trial among european laboratories. | rabies is a lethal and notifiable zoonotic disease for which diagnostics have to meet the highest standards. in recent years, an evolution was especially seen in molecular diagnostics with a wide variety of different detection methods published. therefore, a first international ring trial specifically designed on the use of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for detection of lyssavirus genomic rna was organized. the trial focussed on assessment and comparison of the perform ... | 2013 | 23520505 |
| membrane and inclusion body targeting of lyssavirus matrix proteins. | lyssavirus matrix proteins (m) support virus budding and have accessory functions that may contribute to host cell manipulation and adaptation to specific hosts. here, we show that rabies virus (rabv) and european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) m proteins differ in targeting and accumulation at cellular membranes. in contrast to rabv m, eblv-1 m expressed from authentic eblv-1 or chimeric rabv accumulated at the golgi apparatus. chimeric m proteins revealed that golgi association depends on the ... | 2013 | 23046288 |
| molecular epidemiology of bat lyssaviruses in europe. | bat rabies cases in europe are principally attributed to two lyssaviruses, namely european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) and european bat lyssavirus type 2 (eblv-2). between 1977 and 2011, 961 cases of bat rabies were reported to rabies bulletin europe, with the vast majority (>97%) being attributed to eblv-1. there have been 25 suspected cases of eblv-2, of which 22 have been confirmed. in addition, two single isolations of unique lyssaviruses from european insectivorous bats were reported in ... | 2013 | 22937876 |
| erratum to: evolutionary trends of european bat lyssavirus type 2 including genetic characterization of finnish strains of human and bat origin 24 years apart. | | 2015 | 26041725 |