| pneumonia associated with bordetella bronchiseptica in captive koalas. | bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated from 12 cases of purulent bronchopneumonia from a captive koala colony near brisbane, queensland. an initial epizootic in march 1967 causing 13% mortality was followed by annual outbreaks causing 2% mortality usually in newly weaned and aged koalas in late winter to early spring. high population density and a low plane of nutrition in winter were thought to predispose to the occurrence of the disease. | 1979 | 543834 |
| comparison of nine antigen detection kits for diagnosis of urogenital infections due to chlamydia psittaci in koalas. | chlamydia psittaci is the major cause of infectious disease in the koala (phascolarctos cinereus). it causes four disease syndromes in the koala, namely, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, cystitis, and infertility (females only). diagnosis of chlamydial infections in koalas relies primarily on isolation of the organism in cell culture. serology has generally not been useful, and little use has previously been made of the commercially available antigen detection kits. we examined the sensitivity, specifi ... | 1992 | 1452703 |
| microflora of the pouch of the koala (phascolarctos cinereus). | microflora of the pouch epithelium of 17 female koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) were examined in relation to their current reproductive status and recent reproductive history. no microbial growth was observed in pouch swabs from 13 of 17 (76%) koalas, including four females without young, seven with pouch young and two with back young (i.e. permanently emerged from the pouch). growth of bacteria or yeasts was observed in pouch swabs from four koalas, each of which had experienced mortality of it ... | 1992 | 1602580 |
| tannin-protein complex-degrading enterobacteria isolated from the alimentary tracts of koalas and a selective medium for their enumeration. | tannin-protein complex (t-pc)-degrading enterobacteria (t-pcde) were isolated from the feces and from a layer of bacteria attached to the cecal wall of koalas. the t-pcde were facultatively anaerobic, gram-negative, pleomorphic, nonmotile bacilli. the bacteria were also oxidase and catalase negative and resistant to vancomycin, reduced nitrates to nitrites, and grew on macconkey agar. growth on tannin-treated agar media showed a distinctive clear zone around the colony. from these observations, ... | 1992 | 1622248 |
| phenotypic characterization of co2-requiring strains of streptococcus bovis from koalas. | we examined phenotypic characteristics of six mannitol-fermenting strains of streptococcus bovis, including two unusual co2-requiring strains isolated from koala feces. these strains did not grow in air, but grew in air supplemented with co2 and under reduced oxygen conditions. all six strains had the same biochemical characteristics, except that the co2-requiring strains did not produce beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase. | 1991 | 1746961 |
| 1h nmr spectroscopic survey of plasma and erythrocytes from selected marsupials and domestic animals of australia. | 1. 1h nmr spectra were acquired from whole plasma, intact erythrocytes, and ultrafiltrates of erythrocytes from nine native and eight introduced (domestic) australian animals; single-pulse, spin-echo and 2-dimensional spectra were obtained. the aim was to detect and at least semi-quantify metabolites in the samples and compare the profiles amongst the species. 2. the australian natives that were studied were all marsupials: greater brown bandicoot; bettong; eastern grey kangaroo; red kangaroo; k ... | 1991 | 1769206 |
| tyzzer's disease (bacillus piliformis) in australian marsupials. | tyzzer's disease (bacillus piliformis infection) was diagnosed in nine marsupials (six possums, a koala, a wombat and a dasyurid). all but two of the possums were captive. five of the seven marsupials, for which ages were recorded, were juvenile. affected marsupials were either found dead or were showing non-specific illness for up to two days before death. affected livers and hearts showed gross haemorrhage and scattered areas of white discolouration. microscopically, areas of coagulative necro ... | 1991 | 1779038 |
| formation of a clear zone on tannin-treated brain heart infusion agar by a streptococcus sp. isolated from feces of koalas. | gram-positive cocci, isolated from the feces of koalas and identified as streptococcus bovis biotype i, formed a distinct clear zone on tannin-treated brain heart infusion agar, suggesting that this isolate has the unique characteristic of degrading the tannin-protein complex. | 1990 | 2180375 |
| review of animal mycoses in australia. | this review covers the available literature on the mycoses of animals in australia since the last review published in 1967. of the cutaneous infections, dermatophytoses have been recorded in a wide range of animals: cattle, horses, goats, pigs, sheep, cats, dogs, mice, guinea-pigs, rabbits, a lion, kangaroos, a camel, koalas and wallabies. these infections were caused by several species and varieties of the genera, microsporum and trichophyton. eight agents of ringworms have been recorded in the ... | 1990 | 2233984 |
| lesions of toxoplasmosis in australian marsupials. | this report describes toxoplasmosis lesions in australian marsupials. clinical signs, necropsy findings and histopathological changes are summarized for 43 macropods, two common wombats, two koalas, six possums, 15 dasyurids, two numbats, eight bandicoots and one bilby. animals either died suddenly without clinical signs or exhibited signs associated with respiratory, neurological or enteric disease. at necropsy, many marsupials had no visible lesions. where present, common necropsy findings inc ... | 1990 | 2246391 |
| fatal toxoplasmosis in koalas (phascolarctos cinereus). | toxoplasma gondii-like organisms were seen in the heart, kidney, liver, lung, lymph node, spleen, small intestine, and stomach from 2 koalas that died suddenly in a fauna park in sydney, australia. diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining. this is the first confirmed report of toxoplasmosis in an arboreal marsupial. | 1990 | 2319430 |
| liver function in normal koalas and macropods. | | 1990 | 2375730 |
| a tissue culture procedure for the isolation of chlamydia psittaci from koalas (phascolarctos cinereus). | | 1985 | 2415101 |
| pyogranulomatous pneumonias due to nocardia asteroides and staphylococcus epidermidis in two koalas (phascolarctos cinereus). | pyogranulomatous pneumonia was detected in two koalas (phascolarctos cinereus). nocardia asteroides was isolated from one koala with extensive pneumonia, pleurisy and splenitis. staphylococcus epidermidis was isolated from a second koala with pneumonia restricted to the left cranial lobe. both koalas were in poor condition and had underlying urogenital disease. it was concluded that each organism had acted as an opportunistic pathogen in its compromised host. | 1989 | 2681845 |
| detection of chlamydia psittaci in free-ranging koalas (phascolarctos cinereus): dna hybridization and immuno-slot blot analyses. | dna-slot hybridization and immuno-slot blot analyses were compared for the detection of chlamydia psittaci in crude swab material from free-ranging koalas. immuno-slot blot analysis detected chlamydiae in 43 out of 68 koalas, with the sensitivity of the assay varying from 52 to 73% depending on the site of infection. gene probe analysis was also used employing a genus-specific probe pcko-10 isolated from a koala chlamydial gene library (ocular strain) and a plasmid probe pcku cloned from a uroge ... | 1989 | 2696197 |
| a survey of urinary tract disease in new south wales koalas. | from 1980 to 1988 235 koalas were necropsied and 67 were found to have urinary tract disease. six affected koalas out of 48 were derived from wildlife parks around sydney while 61 of 187 were derived from free living populations on the central and north coasts of new south wales. sixteen had cystitis alone, 5 had cystitis and associated renal disease only, 16 females had cystitis with genital disease, 23 had urinary disease in combination with other systemic disease and 7 had renal disease only. ... | 1989 | 2730473 |
| comparison of chlamydia psittaci isolates by restriction endonuclease and dna probe analyses. | dnas from eight chlamydia psittaci isolates (koala conjunctivitis, avian psittacosis, avian ornithosis, ovine abortion, ovine polyarthritis, sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis, and feline conjunctivitis) and one chlamydia trachomatis isolate (lymphogranuloma venereum) were compared by restriction endonuclease and dna probe analyses. digestion with hindiii yielded a series of discrete fragments which allowed the differentiation of most isolates. a gene probe, pfen207, which encodes the chlamydia-s ... | 1988 | 2826336 |
| cholecystitis and bronchopneumonia associated with pseudomonas aeruginosa in a koala. | | 1986 | 3099739 |
| chlamydia and the demise of the koala. | | 1986 | 3153575 |
| chlamydial disease in koalas. | | 1987 | 3328978 |
| evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay test for the diagnosis of chlamydia psittaci infection in free-ranging koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) in southeastern queensland, australia. | the ideia chlamydia test, a commercially available antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) test, based on a monoclonal antibody for the detection of chlamydia in clinical specimens, was evaluated in a population of 65 free-ranging koalas in southeastern queensland determined to be infected with chlamydia psittaci. compared to isolation of the organism in tissue culture, the sensitivity of the ideia test ranged from 3 to 11%, and the specificity from 90 to 97%. the results indic ... | 1988 | 3373632 |
| aspects of the epidemiology of chlamydia psittaci infection in a population of koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) in southeastern queensland, australia. | a population of free-ranging koalas in southeastern queensland was examined to determine the prevalence of chlamydia psittaci infections. although c. psittaci was isolated from 46 of 65 (71%) koalas studied, only six (9%) of these had clinical signs of disease. most adult females (82%) had back or pouch young present even though 67% of them were infected. there were no significant correlations between age, sex or site of sampling (urogenital versus conjunctival tissues) and the isolation of c. p ... | 1988 | 3373633 |
| two distinct forms of chlamydia psittaci associated with disease and infertility in phascolarctos cinereus (koala). | while several diseases associated with chlamydia psittaci infection have been reported in phascolarctos cinereus (koala), it is still unclear whether one or more chlamydial strains are responsible. in this study, we provide evidence, obtained by restriction enzyme and gene probe analysis, that two quite distinct strains of c. psittaci infect koalas; one strain was isolated from the conjunctivae, and the other was isolated from the urogenital tract and the rectum. a gene probe, pfen207, containin ... | 1988 | 3397180 |
| causes of morbidity and mortality in 75 free-ranging and captive koalas in south east queensland, australia. | | 1987 | 3433649 |
| epidemiology of mycobacterium ulcerans infection in koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) on raymond island, southeastern australia. | mycobacterium ulcerans infections were found in 11 koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) between 1980 and 1985, in a population of approximately 200 koalas on raymond island in southeastern australia. ulcers caused by the infection occurred on the face, forearm, rump, groin and footpads. seven koalas had multiple ulcers. all the infected animals were mature (age classes 4, 5 and 6), and eight were male. the distribution of ulcers corresponded with the distribution of wounds in a sample of 87 koalas. m ... | 1987 | 3625894 |
| a disease outbreak involving pneumonia in captive koalas. | | 1986 | 3800806 |
| cutaneous and respiratory tract infection with mycobacterium ulcerans in two koalas (phascolarctos cinereus). | | 1985 | 3999251 |
| letter: sarcoptes scabiei infestation of a koala (phascolarctos cinereus), with probable human involvement. | | 1974 | 4217173 |
| letter: isolation of a chlamydia from cases of keratoconjunctivitis in koalas. | | 1974 | 4826002 |
| levels of trace elements in the liver and diet of free-living koalas, phascolarctos cinereus (goldfuss). | the mean liver concentrations of copper, manganese, zinc and cobalt were 0.25, 0.20, 2.97 mmol/kg and 2.81 mumol/kg respectively in free-living koalas in victoria, australia. the mean plasma copper concentration was 9.2 mmol/liter which was somewhat below the level in other hindgut fermenters. the mean concentrations of copper, manganese and zinc in their diet (eucalyptus spp.) were 0.08, 4.46 and 0.27 mmol/kg respectively. analysis of the data established a significant correlation between the a ... | 1984 | 6492324 |
| skin ulcers caused by mycobacterium ulcerans in koalas near bairnsdale, australia. | skin ulcers were found in 7 koalas from raymond island in the gippsland lakes of southeastern australia. ulcers in 4 koalas showed loss and underrunning of cutaneous tissue, with coagulative necrosis of subcutaneous tissue. these lesions contained large numbers of acid-fast bacilli, and areas of granulation tissue formation and superficial inflammation were present. mycobacterium ulcerans was isolated from 2 of these animals. the ulcers from the other 3 koalas contained both m. ulcerans and m. s ... | 1984 | 6514393 |
| chlamydia infection and infertility in the female koala (phascolarctos cinereus). | | 1984 | 6523716 |
| ctenocephalides felis felis infestation of koalas. | | 1983 | 6651687 |
| positional distribution of fatty acids in triglycerides from milk of several species of mammals. | milk triglycerides from the echidna, koala, tammar wallaby, guinea pig, dog, cat, weddell seal, horse, pig and cow were subjected to fatty acid and stereospecific analysis to determine the positional distribution of the fatty acids in the triglycerides. the samples presented a wide range of fatty acids, most of which varied in content among species. the compositions of the acids at the 3 positions also varied among species, reflecting the content of these acids in the triglycerides. however, the ... | 1982 | 7109856 |
| parasitic pneumonia in a koala (phascolarctos cinereus) from victoria, australia. | | 1982 | 7154224 |
| isolation of chlamydia psittaci from koalas (phascolarctos cinereus). | | 1984 | 6534365 |
| biochemical and antigenical characterization of tannin-protein complex degrading enterobacteria isolated from koalas, phascolarctos cinereus. | biochemical and antigenical characteristics of tannin-protein complex degrading enterobacteria (t-pcde) isolated from koalas, phascolarctos cinereus, were investigated. t-pcde had a specific profile of characteristics, and t-pcde was distinguished from those of 12 type strains of enterobacteriaceae used. | 1995 | 7548421 |
| evolution of marsupials traced by their neurohypophyseal hormones: microidentification of mesotocin and arginine vasopressin in two australian families, dasyuridae and phascolarctidae. | neurohypophyseal hormones of two species belonging to the family dasyuridae, namely dasyurus viverrinus (eastern native cat) and dasyuroides byrnei (kowari), and of the single living member of the family phascolarctidae, phascolarctos cinereus (koala) have been isolated and characterized by their retention times in high-pressure reverse-phase partition chromatography and either amino acid composition or amino acid sequence through a gas-phase microsequencer. mesotocin and arginine vasopressin ha ... | 1987 | 3666414 |
| chronic vascular catheterisation of the koala and the rabbit. | vascular access ports were surgically placed, first in rabbits maintained under laboratory conditions, and then in koalas maintained in a wildlife park. the ports remained patent for 9 months in rabbits and for up to 13 months in the koalas and were removed successfully. they allowed collection of blood samples without assistance or disturbance in koalas, and without stress as reflected by plasma cortisol concentration. the use of retention rings on the cannula tubing is recommended. | 1995 | 7779033 |
| evolution of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase 1 peroxisomal and mitochondrial targeting. a survey of its subcellular distribution in the livers of various representatives of the classes mammalia, aves and amphibia. | as part of a wider study on the molecular evolution of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase 1 (agt1) intracellular compartmentalization, we have determined the subcellular distribution of immunoreactive agt1, using postembedding protein a-gold immunoelectron microscopy, in the livers of various members of the classes mammalia, aves, and amphibia. as far as organellar distribution is concerned, three categories could be distinguished. in members of the first category (type i), all, or nearly all, ... | 1994 | 7813517 |
| immunocytochemical demonstration of gastric endocrine cells in the stomach gland patch of the koala, phascolarctos cinerus. | the relative frequency and topographical distribution of endocrine cells containing gut hormones were studied by immunocytochemistry in the stomach gland patch of the koala. numerous somatostatin- and a moderate number of bovine pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive cells were found primarily in the lower two-thirds of the oxyntic glands. 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive cells were few in number and scattered throughout these glands. glucagon-immunoreactive cells were observed only rarely and ... | 1987 | 2888419 |
| further characterisation of the immune response of the koala. | sensitive enzyme immunoassays (eia) were developed to monitor antibody (ab) production in the koala, in response to both soluble and particulate antigens (ag). when compared with a eutherian mammal, the rabbit, both the dynamics and kinetics of ab production in the koala were found to be severely retarded. in vitro, ag specific lymphocyte proliferative responses were demonstrated for the first time in this animal by sensitising koalas in vivo with bacillus calmet-guerin (bcg), with the level and ... | 1994 | 8042284 |
| dna fingerprint analysis of a free-range koala population. | thirty-six koalas in a free-range queensland population were fingerprinted using an m13 probe in combination with mspi digestion. the technique was found to be highly repeatable, with estimates of 0.1-1.6% within-gel error and 0.1-2.5% between-gel error. of the 43 different-size fingerprint bands produced in the population, only 2 bands were common to all 36 koalas. ten bands were quite rare, occurring at a frequency of 0.2 or less. all 36 koalas had unique dna fingerprints (probability of 1.88 ... | 1993 | 8122995 |
| remarkable sequence relatedness in the dna encoding the major outer membrane protein of chlamydia psittaci (koala type i) and chlamydia pneumoniae. | dna encoding the major outer membrane protein (momp) of the koala type-i strain of chlamydia psittaci (pathogen responsible for blindness and infertility in koalas) was cloned and sequenced. comparison with momp gene sequences from other chlamydial species revealed a remarkable degree of homology (> 97%) with that of the human pathogen, chlamydia pneumoniae. in comparison, the sequence only shared 75% dna sequence homology with other c. psittaci members and 69% homology with c. trachomatis. the ... | 1994 | 8125292 |
| immuno-dot blot as a rapid diagnostic method for detection of chlamydial infection in koalas (phasolarctos cinereus). | the sensitivity and specificity of an immunoscreening test for anti-chlamydial antibodies in koala (phasolarctos cinereus) serum were determined after the adsorption of non-specific antibodies. the results of the test were compared with complement fixation tests, tissue culture, gene probe analysis and dot blot immunoscreening for host-borne chlamydial antigen. the immunoscreening test was the most sensitive test for the identification of chlamydial infection in koala serum samples, furthermore ... | 1993 | 8236690 |
| evidence for chlamydia pneumoniae of non-human origin. | this paper describes the characterization and taxonomic status of n16, a chlamydial isolate from the respiratory tract of a horse. n16 contains plasmid dna, has normal elementary body morphology and its inclusions do not stain with iodine. its major outer-membrane protein (momp) gene was completely sequenced and compared with the momp genes of chlamydia pneumoniae, c. psittaci, c. trachomatis and c. pecorum. this analysis revealed that n16 is closely related to the twar strain of c. pneumoniae ( ... | 1993 | 8277245 |
| haematological and biochemical investigations of diseased koalas (phascolarctos cinereus). | haematological and biochemical investigations were performed on 14 koalas with uncomplicated cystitis, 8 with complicated cystitis, 8 with conjunctivitis, 8 with lymphosarcoma, and 14 with miscellaneous diseases. changes were limited and inconsistent in individual koalas with uncomplicated cystitis and conjunctivitis. in contrast, individual koalas with complicated cystitis were more likely to have anaemia, leukocytosis due to neutrophilia, hypoproteinaemia due to hypoalbuminaemia, and azotaemia ... | 1989 | 2818369 |
| use of a dietary supplement in koalas during systemic antibiotic treatment of chlamydial infection. | | 1990 | 2222379 |
| melioidosis in a koala. | | 1990 | 2222378 |
| an immunohistochemical study of endocrine cells in the proximal duodenum of eight marsupial species. | the proximal duodenum of eight marsupial species, (koala, common brushtail possum, ring-tailed possum, common wombat, great grey kangaroo, parma wallaby, short-nosed bandicoot and tiger cat) were investigated immunohistochemically using 12 specific antisera for gut hormones. several types of immunoreactive cells were seen on the intestinal villi and in crypts of these species: 9 types in the koala; 8 types in the common brushtail possum; 7 types in the common wombat; 6 types in the short-nosed b ... | 1990 | 2182587 |
| an investigation of gram-negative tannin-protein complex degrading bacteria in fecal flora of various mammals. | gram-negative tannin-protein complex degrading bacteria (t-pcdb) were first isolated from animals except for the koala. the occurrence of t-pcdb in feces of 15 species of mammals with different feeding habits was investigated. t-pcdb occurred in 7 of 54 horses but they could not be isolated from other mammals tested. these t-pcdb comprised less than 0.1% of the facultative anaerobic microflora in horse feces and it was much less than that previously reported in koala feces ( > 60%). a total of 7 ... | 1995 | 8593303 |
| detection of chlamydia psittaci using dna probes and the polymerase chain reaction. | fewer than 10(5) elementary bodies of chlamydia psittaci could be detected by using dna hybridisation with a plasmid probe specific for avian chlamydial strains. pcr amplification of chlamydial dna using primers specific for conserved regions of the major outer membrane protein gene enabled the detection of fewer than 10 elementary bodies. dna could be amplified from 22 of the 24 chlamydial strains tested including avian, feline, ovine, caprine, koala and lymphogranuloma venereum strains. | 1991 | 2037227 |
| identification of koala t lymphocytes using an anti-human cd3 antibody. | previous attempts to identify t lymphocytes in the koala using cross reacting monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against other species t cell antigens (ags) and classical t cell lectins have proved unsuccessful. recently a polyclonal rabbit ab preparation directed at the epsilon chain of the human cd3 complex (anti-cd3) has become commercially available and has been shown to have broad cross-species reactivity. we have demonstrated that this anti-cd3 is suitable for labelling t cells from peripheral b ... | 1995 | 8773202 |
| purification and initial characterisation of koala immunoglobulins. | the production of koala immunoglobulins (ig) was elicited by the immunisation of a koala (phascolarctos cinereus) with bovine serum albumin. this ig was then purified using the highly specific techniques of affinity chromatography. the purified protein was compared with a "potential" koala ig protein which was subsequently purified by protein g chromatography and both proteins were further characterised by agarose/sds-page and immunoelectrophoresis. results indicate that koalas do produce ig in ... | 1991 | 1949580 |
| concentrations of thyroid hormones and iodothyronine binding proteins in serum of the koala (phascolarctos cinereus). | to examine circulating total and free thyroid hormone (t3 and t4) concentrations, determine serum iodothyronine binding characteristics and estimate thyroid stimulating hormone (tsh) activity in sera of coastal and inland koalas. | 1996 | 8894007 |
| proctitis associated with chlamydial infection in a koala. | to describe proctitis associated with chlamydial infection in a koala. | 1996 | 8894023 |
| thymic lymphosarcoma of t cell lineage in a koala (phascolarctos cinereus). | to diagnose and characterise thymic lymphosarcoma in a koala. | 1996 | 8894024 |
| a latex cryptococcal antigen agglutination test for diagnosis and monitoring of therapy for cryptococcosis. | a latex cryptococcal antigen agglutination test (lcat) was performed on sera obtained during the first 14 days of treatment from 58 animals (46 cats, 9 dogs, 2 koalas and 1 long billed corella) with cryptococcosis. the same commercial kit was used for all samples, and most serum samples were treated with pronase before testing. sera from all 58 cases tested positive with the qualitative lcat protocol (using undiluted sera), while sera from all 26 cats without cryptococcosis tested negative. titr ... | 1996 | 8941415 |
| phylogenetic analysis of the genus chlamydia based on 16s rrna gene sequences. | the phylogenetic relationships among chlamydia spp. were investigated by comparing 16s rrna gene sequences. in this analysis we used 14 strains of chlamydia psittaci, including seven feline isolates, two avian isolates, two human isolates, one bovine isolates, one ovine isolate, and one koala isolate; and nine strains of chlamydia trachomatis, including six human isolates, two swine isolates, and one mouse isolate. a phylogenetic analysis of the 16s rrna gene sequences of these organisms and sev ... | 1997 | 9103632 |
| histopathological and immunohistochemical investigation of naturally occurring chlamydial conjunctivitis and urogenital inflammation in koalas (phascolarctos cinereus). | formalin-fixed conjunctival and urogenital (urinary bladder, urogenital sinus and prostate or penis, or both) samples obtained from 29 free-living koalas were examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically for the presence and character of inflammation and for evidence of chlamydiae. five koalas had no inflammation at any site examined and were chlamydia-negative. twenty-four koalas had inflammation at one or more sites and 18 were positive for chlamydiae by serology or antigen detection ... | 1997 | 9147246 |
| conservation genetics of the koala (phascolarctos cinereus): low mitochondrial dna variation amongst southern australian populations. | koala (phascolarctos cinereus) populations in southern australia have a history of bottlenecks-earlier this century the species became extinct in south australia, and almost so in victoria. subsequently large numbers of animals from island populations (founded from very few animals) have been translocated back to mainland sites and to other islands in the region. as part of a larger study of the genetic structure of koala populations in southern australia, we have undertaken a survey of mitochon ... | 1997 | 9164173 |
| evolutionary relationships among members of the genus chlamydia based on 16s ribosomal dna analysis. | nucleotide sequences from strains of the four species currently in the genus chlamydia, c. pecorum, c. pneumoniae, c. psittaci, and c. trachomatis were investigated. in vitro-amplified rna genes of the ribosomal small subunit from 30 strains of c. pneumoniae and c. pecorum were subjected to solid-phase dna sequencing of both strands. the human isolates of c. pneumoniae differed in only one position in the 16s rrna gene, indicating genetic homogeneity among these strains. interestingly, horse iso ... | 1997 | 9209033 |
| nasopharyngeal cryptococcosis. | naturally occurring cryptococcosis in five cats, a dog and a koala is described. involvement of the nasopharynx was documented in all patients, and nasopharyngeal mass lesions accounted for the major presenting complaints in four. signs referable to nasopharyngeal disease included snoring, stertor, inspiratory dyspnoea and aerophagia. diagnoses were made by caudal rhinoscopy using a retroverted flexible endoscope, vigorous orthograde flushing with saline, or at necropsy. concurrent cryptococcal ... | 1997 | 9258419 |
| comparison of the omp i gene of chlamydia psittaci between isolates in victorian koalas and other animal species. | the objective of this study is to compare the strain of chlamydia causing genital infection in koalas from victoria with isolates from other animal species. | 1997 | 9293340 |
| differentiation between human and animal isolates of cryptosporidium parvum using rdna sequencing and direct pcr analysis. | sequence analysis of a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-amplified 298-bp region of the cryptosporidium parvum 18s rrna gene was carried out on 10 human and 9 animal isolates. eight of the 9 animal isolates and 3 human isolates displayed the recognition sequence tatattt, whereas 7/10 human isolates exhibited the recognition sequence ttttttttttt. sequence analysis of the ninth animal isolate, which was recovered from a koala, revealed this isolate to be different from both human and animal isolates ... | 1997 | 9379285 |
| chlamydial infection in a colony of captive koalas. | forty three koalas in a captive colony were investigated for the presence of chlamydia psittaci infection and associated disease. swabs were taken from conjunctivae and urogenital sites for cell culture isolation of c psittaci and for cytological examination (direct smears) for chlamydial inclusions and evidence of inflammation. on the basis of cell culture isolation, 28 samples from 25 koalas were positive for c psittaci (that is, infected). three koalas were positive from both sites, 5 from co ... | 1991 | 1883294 |
| diabetes mellitus in a koala (phascolarctos cinereus). | to describe a case of diabetes mellitus in a koala (phascolarctos cinereus). | 1998 | 9578758 |
| evaluation of an immunofluorescence test on direct smears of conjunctival and urogenital swabs taken from koalas for the detection of chlamydia psittaci. | the chlamydia-cel vet if test (ccvit), a commercially available immunofluorescence test for use on direct smears of clinical specimens, was evaluated in a colony of 43 captive koalas. the test is based on a monoclonal antibody directed against the chlamydial common group specific lipopolysaccharide antigen. swabs were taken from conjuncitva and penis or urogenital sinus and used for direct smear evaluation and cell culture isolation. compared with isolation of the organism in cell culture, the c ... | 1991 | 1883293 |
| antibiotics for the preservation of koala (phascolarctos cinereus) semen. | to determine the normal microbial flora of the koala ejaculate and prepuce in order to select appropriate antibiotics for addition into diluents designed for the preservation of semen. | 1998 | 9631702 |
| lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis genes in koala type i chlamydia: cloning and characterization. | we showed in 1988 that there are two strains of chlamydia psittaci which infect the koala (phascolarctos cinereus). in order to further investigate the role of these chlamydial strains in pathogenesis, we have attempted to identify genes of koala type i strain chlamydia which are involved in the immunogenic response. transformation of escherichia coli with a plasmid containing a 6.3-kb fragment (pkoc-10) of c. psittaci dna caused the appearance of a specific chlamydial lipopolysaccharide (lps) e ... | 1997 | 9765820 |
| the effect of oestrus and the presence of pouch young on aerobic bacteria isolated from the pouch of the tammar wallaby, macropus eugenii. | qualitative changes in the culturable, aerobic bacterial flora isolated from the tammar pouch have been documented over the period leading up to oestrus, at the time of anticipated birth and in absence and presence of pouch young of varying ages. in a group of 12 animals studied thirty species of aerobic bacteria were isolated. twenty five species were found in pouches with no pouch young, 9 in pouches with young less than 3 weeks of age and 9 in pouches containing older animals. gram positive o ... | 1998 | 9775355 |
| species and strain-specific typing of cryptosporidium parasites in clinical and environmental samples. | cryptosporidiosis has recently attracted attention as an emerging waterborne and foodborne disease as well as an opportunistic infection in hiv infected individuals. the lack of genetic information, however, has resulted in confusion in the taxonomy of cryptosporidium parasites and in the development of molecular tools for the identification and typing of oocysts in environmental samples. phylogenetic analysis of the small subunit ribosomal rna (ssu rrna) gene has shown that the genus cryptospor ... | 1998 | 9830539 |
| lymphoid neoplasia in the koala. | correlation of immunophenotype with history, anatomical and morphological features of lymphoid neoplasia in the koala. | 1998 | 9972434 |
| sequence and pcr-rflp analysis of the internal transcribed spacers of the rdna repeat unit in isolates of cryptosporidium from different hosts. | the cryptosporidium its1, 5.8s and its2 rdna regions from a number of cryptosporidium isolates from different hosts and geographical areas were cloned and sequenced in order to investigate the extent of sequence heterogeneity between human and cattle-derived isolates from different geographical locations and also between isolates of cryptosporidium from different hosts such as cats, pigs, mice and a koala. calf-derived isolates from different continents were virtually identical as were human-der ... | 1999 | 10070661 |
| characterization of the koala biovar of chlamydia pneumoniae at four gene loci--ompavd4, ompb, 16s rrna, groesl spacer region. | koalas are infected with two species of chlamydia, c. pecorum and c. pneumoniae. while it is known that significant genetic diversity occurs in the c. pecorum strains infecting koalas, very little is known about the c. pneumoniae strains that infect this host. in the current study, 10 isolates of koala c. pneumoniae were analysed at four gene loci and found to be different to both the human and horse c. pneumoniae strains at all loci (biovar differences ranging from 0.3% at groesl up to 9.0% at ... | 1999 | 10188275 |
| serum antibody response to cryptococcus neoformans in cats, dogs and koalas with and without active infection. | anti-cryptococcal antibodies were measured in normal cats, dogs, horses and koalas, and cats, dogs and koalas with cryptococcosis using an enzyme immunoassay. antibody levels were expressed as absorbance readings. over 80% of cats and dogs with cryptococcal infection had elevated antibody levels at the time of diagnosis, during or after successful therapy. antibody levels in these patients either remained elevated or declined slowly after treatment. for cats, anti-cryptococcal antibody levels we ... | 1999 | 10200933 |
| serological assessment of chlamydial infection in the koala by a slide eia technique. | a rapid and simplified slide enzyme immunosorbent assay (eia) was developed for the diagnosis of chlamydial infection in the koala. hela 229 cells infected with koala strain chlamydia psittaci were fixed on the surface of multiwell slides and used as the antigen. the assay consisted of first reacting koala antiserum with the fixed c psittaci antigen, followed by reaction with biotinylated rabbit anti-koala igg, abc reagent and substrate. the chlamydial eia antibody titres obtained were compared ... | 1991 | 1807246 |
| randomly amplified polymorphic dna variation in populations of eastern australian koalas, phascolarctos cinereus. | randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) variation in populations of the koala, phascolarctos cinereus, was investigated, revealing significant differences in the level of diversity between southern and northern regions of eastern australia. of the 20 polymorphic rapd markers identified in koalas, 4-7 were polymorphic in southern populations, while 12-17 were polymorphic in northern populations. analysis of molecular variance revealed a significant difference in the estimated variance between k ... | 1998 | 10230519 |
| chlamydia pneumoniae in a free-ranging giant barred frog (mixophyes iteratus) from australia. | the koala biovar of chlamydia pneumoniae was identified in lung tissue from a sick, free-ranging giant barred frog (mixophyes iteratus) by using electron microscopy, c. pneumoniae-specific fluorescent-antibody staining, cell culture, and sequencing of the ompa, ompb and 16s rrna genes. this is the first report of a chlamydial strain infecting both a homeotherm and a poikilotherm and only the fourth host (in addition to humans, koalas, and horses) to be naturally infected with this species of chl ... | 1999 | 10364623 |
| retinal topography in the koala (phascolarctos cinereus). | nissl-stained retinal wholemounts were used to investigate the topographical organization of the ganglion cell layer of the koala (phascolarctos cinereus); the visual resolution limit of this animal was subsequently estimated from retinal ganglion cell density data. two types of cells could be differentiated on the basis of their size and staining characteristics: a subpopulation of presumed ganglion cells, consisting of medium to large cells with nissl substance in the cytoplasm and pale unifor ... | 1992 | 1537048 |
| isolation and characterization of marsupial il5 genes. | the genomic nucleotide sequence and chromosomal position of the interleukin 5 (il5) gene has been described for the model marsupial macropus eugenii (tammar wallaby). a 272 base pair genomic il5 polymerase chain reaction (pcr) product spanning exon 3, intron 3, and exon 4 was generated using stripe-faced dunnart (sminthopsis macroura) dna. this pcr product was used to isolate a genomic lambda clone containing the complete il5 gene from a tammar wallaby embl3 lambda library. sequencing revealed t ... | 1999 | 10501836 |
| asymptomatic carriage of cryptococcus neoformans in the nasal cavity of the koala (phascolarctos cinereus). | over a 22-month period, sequential nasal and skin swabs were obtained from 52 healthy captive koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) from the sydney region. cryptococcus neoformans was isolated in 17 koalas from 64 of 262 (24%) nasal swabs and from nine of 262 (3%) skin swabs. prevalence of nasal colonization varied seasonally from 12% (3/25) to 38% (10/26). cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii alone was cultured from 37, var. neoformans alone from 22 and both varieties from five nasal swabs. of 33 koal ... | 1999 | 10520157 |
| ultrastructural observations on in vivo fertilisation in the brushtail possum, trichosurus vulpecula, following pmsg/lh superovulation and artificial insemination. | information on the dynamics of gamete interaction in marsupials is very limited and not available for any species from the major australian order diprotodontia which includes most of the more familiar animals such as kangaroos, possums and the koala. this study addressed this deficiency by examining the ultrastructure of in vivo fertilised eggs from common brushtail possums (trichosurus vulpecula). females were superovulated by treatment with 15 iu pmsg and then 4 mg porcine lh 3 days later, and ... | 1999 | 10717949 |
| ophthalmologic examination of the normal eye of the koala. | the ophthalmic examination of the koala (phascolarctos cinereus) was undertaken to describe the normal in vivo structure. twenty-two of 28 koalas examined were found to have normal eyes. slit-lamp examination revealed unusual lamellae in the cornea, and mean keratometric readings were 59.3 +/- 3 diopters, corneal endothelial cell area of 381.4 microns2 +/- with a standard deviation of 46.8 microns2. no particular features were seen which would explain the susceptibility of this animal to ocular ... | 1992 | 1512874 |
| detection of chlamydia pneumoniae dna and antigen in the circulating mononuclear cell fractions of humans and koalas. | chlamydia pneumoniae is a common respiratory pathogen of humans which, in addition to causing disease at the respiratory site, has recently been linked to disease at other body sites. if c. pneumoniae does contribute to disease at nonrespiratory sites, then it must have a mechanism by which it reaches these sites. we analyzed the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (pbmc) fractions from 60 healthy human blood donors for the presence of c. pneumoniae dna (by ompa pcr) and chlamydial antigens (by ge ... | 2000 | 10768968 |
| koala lymphoid cells: analysis of antigen-specific responses. | bovine serum albumin (bsa) and ovine immunoglobulin (ovigg) were used to induce humoral immune responses in two koalas which were also painted with 2-4-dinitrofluorobenzene (dnfb) and subsequently tested for local delayed-type hypersensitivity (dth) reactions. the responses observed support the suggestion that the koala is 'immunologically lazy'. antibody responses to bsa and ovigg were not detected until 12 weeks after the initial antigen injection and antigen-specific in vitro proliferative re ... | 1992 | 1387489 |
| keratitis in free-ranging koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) on magnetic island, townsville. | seventy free-ranging koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) from magnetic island (queensland, australia) underwent an ocular examination, blood collection and serological examination for chlamydia psittaci antibodies, and an examination of their teeth and genitalia. in 12 koalas long-standing unilateral keratitis was noted and in another 10 animals long-standing bilateral keratitis was observed. all animals were seronegative for chlamydia psittaci and apart from some nasal discharge and a variety of as ... | 1992 | 1380994 |
| streptobacillary pleuritis in a koala (phascolarctos cinereus). | a case of streptobacillus moniliformis pleuritis in a koala (phascolarctos cinereus) is reported. lesions were granulomatous in nature. s. moniliformis was recovered in pure culture, and found by experimental inoculation to be pathogenic for mice but not for a rat. | 1979 | 501842 |
| blood corticosteroids in australian marsupial and placental mammals and one monotreme. | peripheral blood corticosteroid levels were determined in nine species of australian marsupial (eastern grey kangaroo, black-tailed, bennett's and pademelon wallabies, quokka, wombat, koala and western native and tiger cats), one species of monotreme (echidna) and one placental australian mammal (dingo). animals were obtained or bled with minimal disturbance and came from areas considered to have adequate sodium content of the vegetation. aldosterone, corticosterone, cortisol, 11-deoxycorticoste ... | 1976 | 181514 |
| immunohistological staining of lymphoid tissue in four australian marsupial species using species cross-reactive antibodies. | antibodies raised against evolutionarily conserved intracytoplasmic peptide sequences of human t and b lymphocyte antigens and an antibody raised specifically against koala serum igg were assessed for their capacity for immunoperoxidase staining of formalin fixed lymphoid tissues of koalas (phascolarctos cinereus), common brushtail possums (trichosurus vulpecula), common ringtail possums (pseudocheirus peregrinus) and tammar wallabies (macropus eugenii). utilizing microwave pretreatment and a st ... | 1995 | 7493768 |
| marsupial, insectivore, and chiropteran anesthesia. | this article covers the manual restraint and anesthesia of marsupials, insectivores, and chiroptera. marsupials commonly kept as pets in the u.s. [e.g., eastern gray kangaroos (macropus giganteus), bennett's wallabies (macropus rufogriseus), and sugar gliders (petaurus breviceps)] are covered in detail. marsupial species kept in zoological parks [e.g., tasmanian devils, koalas (phascolarctos cinereus), and common wombats (vombatus ursinus)] are covered in less detail. of the insectivores, only t ... | 2001 | 11217462 |
| cytochrome p450 4a, peroxisomal enzymes and nicotinamide cofactors in koala liver. | we have examined hepatic levels of microsomal lauric acid hydroxylase activity and cyanide-insensitive palmitoyl coenzyme a oxidative activity in koala (phascolarctos cinereus) and tammar wallaby (macropus eugenii) and compared our results to those determined in rat. microsomal lauric acid hydroxylation was significantly higher in koala than in tammar wallaby or rat. however, cyanide-insensitive palmitoyl-coa oxidation was absent in the koala. we have also determined the hepatic nicotinamide cof ... | 2000 | 11246504 |
| pathology of the female reproductive tract in the koala, phascolarctos cinereus (goldfuss), from victoria, australia. | lesions occurred in the female genital tract of 10 of 16 (63%) koalas, phascolarctos cinereus, examined in victoria. inflammation of the uterine horns was seen in all 10 affected koalas; six of these had vaginitis and eight also had salpingitis. cystic dilation of the ovarian bursa, occasionally with hydrosalpinx, was seen in six koalas with concurrent inflammatory lesions of the lower tract. cystic lesions were considered to have developed as chronic sequelae to previous inflammation in the ova ... | 1981 | 7338982 |
| keratoconjunctivitis of the koala, phascolarctos cinereus, caused by chlamydia psittaci. | chlamydia psittaci was cultured from 29 of 35 koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) with keratoconjunctivitis. the disease progressed from acute to chronic stages over some months, with a known duration of at least 2 years. one recovered carrier was found. up to 29% of koalas in some populations were clinically affected. a seasonal spread of infection was indicated by the high percentage of acutely affected cases found in summer. there was no evidence of susceptibility being related to age or sex. the ... | 1981 | 7338971 |
| the prevalence of anti-leptospiral agglutinins in sera of wildlife in southeastern australia. | anti-leptospiral agglutinins were found in the serum from 18 (7 species) of 419 (25 species) animals sampled from various areas of southeastern australia. positive serologic reactions were observed in 5 of 25 (20%) brush-tailed possum (trichosurus vulpecula), 1 of 26 (3.8%) tammar wallaby (macropus eugenii), 2 of 12 (16.7%) swamp wallaby (wallabia bicolor), 1 of 3 (33.3%) koala (phascolarctos cinereus), 3 of 41 (7.3%) common wombat (vombatus ursinus), 2 of 100 (2%) bush rat (rattus fuscipes) and ... | 1981 | 7241704 |
| genetic characterization of a chlamydophila pneumoniae isolate from an african frog and comparison to currently accepted biovars. | the amphibian isolate de177 identified as chlamydophila (c.) pneumoniae was sequenced in five genomic regions: 16s ribosomal rna gene, 16-23s intergenic spacer, ompa, ompb, and groesl genes. comparison with corresponding sequences of the currently accepted equine, human and koala biovars of c. pneumoniae revealed that koala strains represented the most closely related taxon, although sequence dissimilarities in the ompa (vd4) and ompb gene regions were noted. in this respect, the present isolate ... | 2001 | 11403400 |
| observations on diseases of free-living and captive koalas. | | 1981 | 6895306 |
| causes of mortality and morbidity of wild koalas, phascolarctos cinereus (goldfuss), in victoria, australia. | between 1975 and 1980, necropsy investigations were conducted on 44 wild koalas (24 males, 20 females) from several localities in victoria, australia. an additional 11 (5 males, 6 females) were presented for clinical appraisal and treatment. traumatic injuries resulting from motor vehicle accidents and intra-specific conflict were the commonest reason for submission (19 of 55; 35%). keratoconjunctivitis (8 of 55; 15%), ascending urinary tract infections (6 of 20 females; 30%), ascending genital ... | 1983 | 6887434 |
| pyometra and pyovagina in koalas. | four female koalas were found to have pyometra and pyovagina at autopsy. all had soiling of fur around the cloaca and were in poor condition. one koala had cystic ovaries in addition to the pyometra while another had extensive peritonitis due to rupture of one of the uterine horns. chronic cystitis was present in all koalas while one also had pyelonephritis. microbiological examination revealed a mixed flora of both aerobes and anaerobes. | 1983 | 6667212 |
| some aspects of the immune response of koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) and in vitro neutralization of chlamydia psittaci (koala strains). | western-blot analysis was used to study the reaction of koala antisera, two specific polyclonal antibodies and one monoclonal antibody, with chlamydial antigens in koalas infected with chlamydia psittaci. the koala sera recognized four c. psittaci surface antigens, corresponding to the major outer membrane protein (39.5 kda), 31 kda protein, 18 kda protein and lipopolysaccharide. the s25-23 lps specific monoclonal antibody inhibited chlamydial infection (55-67%) with both koala strains (type i a ... | 1993 | 7682465 |