| effect of cucurbitacin d on in vitro growth of xenorhabdus and photorhabdus spp., symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes. | in vitro assays were conducted to determine the effect of cucurbitacin d, an oxygenated tetracyclic triterpenoid found in cucurbits, on the growth of xenorhabdus isolated from steinernema carpocapsae (all, mexican, agriotos strains), steinernema riobravis, steinernema glaseri (nc strain, strain 27), and photorhabdus from heterorhabditis bacteriophora (nc, lewiston strains), and heterorhabditis sp. (fl2122 strain). cucurbitacin d inhibited the growth of four isolates, had no effect on the growth ... | 1996 | 8858910 |
| entomopathogenic nematodes as a potential biological control method for ticks. | entomopathogenic nematodes have been used for biological control of certain insect pests. in these studies the nematodes were tested as a possible biological control agent for engorged female ticks. five species of infective juveniles (ijs) were tested initially for their ability to penetrate and kill ticks, including steinernema glaseri (sg), s. riobravus (sr), s. carpocapsae (dt), s. feltiae (sf) and heterorhabiditis bacteriophora (hp88). infective juveniles (ijs) of srs and sfs appeared to be ... | 1998 | 9668486 |
| differences between the pathogenic processes induced by steinernema and heterorhabditis (nemata: rhabditida) in pseudaletia unipuncta (insecta: lepidoptera). | larvae of pseudaletia unipuncta are moderately susceptible to infections caused by entomopathogenic nematodes, being a desirable host to study pathogenic processes caused by heterorhabditis bacteriophora, steinernema carpocapsae, and steinernema glaseri and their associated bacteria. the ability of the infective stage of these nematodes to invade hosts is quite different. s. carpocapsae invades the highest number of insects and presents the highest penetration rate, followed by h. bacteriophora. ... | 2002 | 12234542 |
| interaction of microbial populations in steinernema (steinernematidae, nematoda) infected galleria mellonella larvae. | infection of galleria mellonella larvae with the entomopathogenic nematodes steinernema feltiae (a21 and r strains) and steinernema glaseri (dongrae) resulted in several species of bacteria, including the respective bacterial symbiont, xenorhabdus spp., growing in the infected insect cadavers. these other bacteria were enterococcus in all three nematode infections studied and acinetobacter in the s. feltiae infections. the respective populations of these bacteria changed with time. following inf ... | 2003 | 12788281 |
| cloning and heterologous expression of a novel insecticidal gene (tccc1) from xenorhabdus nematophilus strain. | we have identified and cloned a novel toxin gene (tccc1/xptb1) from xenorhabdus nematophilus strain isolated from korea-specific entomophagous nematode steinernema glaseri mk. the dna sequence of cloned toxin gene (3048 bp) has an open reading frame encoding 1016 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 111058 da. the toxin sequence shares 50-96% identical amino acid residues with the previously reported tccc1 cloned from x. nematophilus, photorhabdus luminescens w14 p. luminescens tto1, a ... | 2004 | 15194482 |
| steinernema aciari sp. n. (nematoda: steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from guangdong, china. | a new species of entomopathogenic nematode, steinernema aciari sp. n. was described. it was recovered from a soil sample collected from haimen town, shantou district in the eastern coast of guangdong province, the people's republic of china during a survey for entomopathogenic nematodes. s. aciari sp. n. belongs to the steinernema glaseri group. it can be separated from all described steinernema species by the combined morphological and morphometrical characters of various stages of the nematode ... | 2004 | 15707870 |
| from metchnikoff to monsanto and beyond: the path of microbial control. | in 125 years since metchnikoff proposed the use of metarhizium anisopliae to control the wheat cockchafer and brought about the first field trials, microbial control has progressed from the application of naturalists' observations to biotechnology and precision delivery. this review highlights major milestones in its evolution and presents a perspective on its current direction. fungal pathogens, the most eye-catching agents, dominated the early period, but major mycological control efforts for ... | 2005 | 16039302 |
| relationship between the successful infection by entomopathogenic nematodes and the host immune response. | reproduction of entomopathogenic nematodes requires that they escape recognition by a host's immune system or that they have mechanisms to escape encapsulation and melanization. we investigated the immune responses of larvae for the greater wax moth (galleria mellonella), tobacco hornworm (manduca sexta), japanese beetle (popillia japonica), northern masked chafer (cyclocephala borealis), oriental beetle (exomala orientalis) and adult house crickets (acheta domesticus), challenged with infective ... | 2007 | 17275827 |
| temperature effects on korean entomopathogenic nematodes, steinernema glaseri and s. longicaudum, and their symbiotic bacteria. | we investigated the temperature effects on the virulence, development, reproduction, and motility of two korean isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes, steinernema glaseri dongrae strain and s. longicaudum nonsan strain. in addition, we studied the growth and virulence of their respective symbiotic bacterium, xenorhabdus poinarii for s. glaseri and xenorhabdus sp. for s. longicaudum, in an insect host at different temperatures. insects infected with the nematode-bacterium complex or the symbioti ... | 2007 | 18050945 |
| compatibility between the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema glaseri (rhabditida: steinernematidae) and an acaricide in the control of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae). | there have been studies of the compatibility between entomopathogenic nematodes and insecticides commonly used to control crop pests, but this same approach has not been widely studied regarding the control of ticks. therefore, this work examines the association between a species of entomopathogenic nematode, steinernema glaseri, and an organophosphate acaricide to control the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus. engorged females were separated into 12 groups, with ten repetitions each, immersed ... | 2008 | 18704497 |
| optimal release rates for attracting meloidogyne incognita, rotylenchulus reniformis, and other nematodes to carbon dioxide in sand. | movement of vermiform stages of meloidogyne incognita, rotylenchulus reniformis, ditylenchus phyllobius, steinernema glaseri, and caenorhabditis elegans in response to carbon dioxide was studied in 40- and 72-mm-long cylinders of moist sand inside 38-mm-d acrylic tubes. meloidogyne incognita, r. reniformis, and s. glaseri were attracted to co when placed on a linear gradient of 0.2%/cm at a mean co concentration of 1.2%. when co was delivered into the sand through a syringe needle at flow rates ... | 1995 | 19277260 |
| movement of five nematode species through sand subjected to natural temperature gradient fluctuations. | temperature gradient fluctuations that occur naturally as a result of heating and cooling of the soil surface were reproduced within 15-cm-d, 15-cm-long acrylic tubes filled with moist sand. sunny and rainy periods during the late summer in eastern texas were simulated. five ecologically different nematode species were adapted to fluctuating temperatures for 20-36 hours at a simulated depth of 12.5 cm before being injected simultaneously into the centers of tubes at that depth. when heat waves w ... | 1994 | 19279868 |
| growth and virulence of steinernema glaseri influenced by different subspecies of xenorhabdus nematophilus. | three xenorhabdus nematophilus subspecies influenced steinernema glaseri growth profiles and growth rates, but this was not necessarily because of different bacterial growth rates. virulence of dauer nematodes in larval galleria mellonella varied with the number of dauers retaining bacteria and the bacterial subspecies. virulence was least for dauers grown on x. nematophilus subsp. bovienii because of the lack of retained bacteria. virulence was subsequently restored by culturing these nematodes ... | 1985 | 19294127 |
| characterization of immunosuppressive surface coat proteins from steinernema glaseri that selectively kill blood cells in susceptible hosts. | surface coat proteins (scps) of entomopathogenic nematodes are implicated in the suppression/evasion of host immune responses, which is required for successful host colonization. steinernema glaseri nc strain scps suppressed immune responses in oriental beetle larvae (exomala orientalis), a susceptible host for s. glaseri, in a dosage-dependent manner, thus protecting heterorhabditis bacteriophora from being killed in the same host. melanization of h. bacteriophora decreased from 92+/-5% in the ... | 2009 | 19428663 |
| biochemical study and in vitro insect immune suppression by a trypsin-like secreted protease from the nematode steinernema carpocapsae. | a trypsin-like serine protease was purified by gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatography from the excretory-secretory products of parasitic phase steinernema carpocapsae. the purified protease exhibited a molecular mass of about 29 kda by sds-page and displayed a pi of 6.3. this protease exhibited high activity with trypsin-specific substrate n-ben-phe-val-arg-p-nitroanilide and was highly sensitive to aprotinin and benzamidine. the purified trypsin protease digested the chromogenic subst ... | 2010 | 20398179 |
| soil moisture effects on the activity of three entomopathogenic nematodes (steinernematidae and heterorhabditidae) isolated from meghalaya, india. | entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) are obligate parasites of insects that are widely distributed in soils throughout the world. they have great potential for use as biological control agents for insect pests. it is known that strains of steinernema and heterorhabditis isolated from different geographical regions exhibit differences in their ecological traits, such as infectivity, establishment, survival, reproduction, etc. a precise knowledge of these factors is therefore an essential pre-requisi ... | 2011 | 23543771 |
| entomopathogenic nematodes for control of insect pests above and below ground with comments on commercial production. | entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) have been utilized in classical, conservation, and augmentative biological control programs. the vast majority of applied research has focused on their potential as inundatively applied augmentative biological control agents. extensive research over the past three decades has demonstrated both their successes and failures for control of insect pests of crops, ornamental plants, trees and lawn and turf. in this paper we present highlights of their development for ... | 2012 | 23482993 |
| do organic amendments enhance the nematode-trapping fungi dactylellina haptotyla and arthrobotrys oligospora? | soil cages (polyvinyl chloride pipe with mesh-covered ends) were used to determine how the quantity of two organic amendments affected the nematode-trapping fungi dactylellina haptotyla and arthrobotrys oligospora, which were studied independently in two different vineyards. each cage contained 80 cm(3) of field soil (120 g dry weight equivalent), fungal inoculum (two alginate pellets, each weighing 1.9 mg and containing assimilative hyphae of one fungus), and dried grape or alfalfa leaves (0, 3 ... | 2004 | 19262815 |
| steinernema glaseri surface enolase: molecular cloning, biological characterization, and role in host immune suppression. | entomopathogenic nematodes are widely used as biological control agents that can suppress or evade the host immune defense upon entry into insects. the surface coat of steinernema glaseri has been shown to play important roles in defeating the host immune system. in this work, a protein fraction with antiphagocytic activity was separated by electro-elution and further analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-de). lc-ms/ms analysis of one protein spot from a 2-de gel gave five peptides that ... | 2012 | 22750626 |
| gold-conjugated reagents for the labeling of carbohydrate-recognition domains and glycoconjugates on nematode surfaces. | various fluorescent conjugated lectins have been used for the detection of glycoconjugates on nematode surfaces under light microscopy. several problems have been experienced with these reagents including penetration of the cuticle by fluorescent lectins, non-glycoconjugate specificity, strong nematode autofluorescence at the emission wavelength of the fluorescent dye, and prevention of persistent visualization due to rapid quenching of the fluorescent components. gold-conjugated reagents combin ... | 1996 | 19277354 |
| aggregative group behavior in insect parasitic nematode dispersal. | movement behavior of foraging animals is critical to the determination of their spatial ecology and success in exploiting resources. individuals sometimes gain advantages by foraging in groups to increase their efficiency in garnering these resources. group movement behavior has been studied in various vertebrates. in this study we explored the propensity for innate group movement behavior among insect parasitic nematodes. given that entomopathogenic nematodes benefit from group attack and infec ... | 2014 | 24184157 |
| evaluation of efficacy of 18 strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (rhabditida) against planococcus citri (risso, 1813) (hemiptera: pseudococcidae) under laboratory conditions. | planococcus citri (risso, 1813) (hemiptera: pseudococcidae) is an important plant virus vector in grapevine crops in brazil and other countries. the mealybug grows in roots and leaves of the grapes. entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) are efficient control agents against insects associated to the soil and could be applied with the same equipment used for chemical insecticides. the aim of this study was to select effective epns for controlling p. citri females in laboratory conditions (25±1°c, ur 6 ... | 2013 | 23458234 |
| directional movement of entomopathogenic nematodes in response to electrical field: effects of species, magnitude of voltage, and infective juvenile age. | entomopathogenic nematodes respond to a variety of stimuli when foraging. previously, we reported a directional response to electrical fields for two entomopathogenic nematode species; specifically, when electrical fields were generated on agar plates steinernema glaseri (a nematode that utilizes a cruiser-type foraging strategy) moved to a higher electric potential, whereas steinernema carpocapsae, an ambush-type forager, moved to a lower potential. thus, we hypothesized that entomopathogenic n ... | 2012 | 21945052 |
| characterization of new entomopathogenic nematodes from thailand: foraging behavior and virulence to the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella l. (lepidoptera: pyralidae). | entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) in the genera steinernema and heterorhabditis and their associated bacteria (xenorhabdus spp. and photorhabdus spp., respectively) are lethal parasites of soil dwelling insects. we collected 168 soil samples from five provinces, all located in southern thailand. eight strains of epns were isolated and identified to species using restriction profiles and sequence analysis. five of the isolates were identified as heterorhabditis indica, and one as heterorhabditis ... | 2010 | 22736860 |
| attraction of four entomopathogenic nematodes to four white grub species. | to better understand the differences in the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematode species against white grub species, we are studying the various steps of the infection process of entomopathogenic nematodes into different white grub species using nematode species/strains with particular promise as white grub control agents. in this study we compared the attraction of the entomopathogenic nematodes steinernema scarabaei (amk001 strain), steinernema glaseri (nc1 strain), heterorhabditis zealandica ... | 2008 | 18597774 |
| effect of soil type on infectivity and persistence of the entomopathogenic nematodes steinernema scarabaei, steinernema glaseri, heterorhabditis zealandica, and heterorhabditis bacteriophora. | we tested the effect of soil type on the performance of the entomopathogenic pathogenic nematodes steinernema scarabaei, steinernema glaseri, heterorhabditis zealandica, and heterorhabditis bacteriophora. soil types used were loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, clay loam, acidic sand, and a highly organic potting mix. infectivity was tested by exposing third-instar anomala orientalis or popillia japonica to nematodes in laboratory and greenhouse experiments and determining nematode establis ... | 2006 | 16563427 |
| parasitism of bark scorpion centruroides exilicauda (scorpiones: buthidae) by entomopathogenic nematodes (rhabditida: steinernematidae; heterorhabditidae). | in laboratory bioassays, steinernema glaseri steiner, steinernema riobrave cabanillas, poinar & raulston, heterorhabditis bacteriophora poinar, and heterorhabditis marelatus liu & berry were capable of infecting and killing the bark scorpion, centruroides exilicauda (wood). steinernema feltiae (filipjev) and steinernema carpocapsae (weiser) failed to infect c. exilicauda at 22 degrees c. s. glaseri, h. marelatus, and h. bacteriophora caused significant mortality at 22 degrees c, indicating the p ... | 2005 | 16334314 |
| screening of entomopathogenic nematodes for virulence against the invasive western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) in europe. | entomopathogenic nematode species available in europe were screened for their efficacy against both the root-feeding larvae and silk-feeding adults of the western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte. laboratory screening tests were aimed at the selection of candidate biological control agents for the management of this invasive alien pest in europe. steinernema glaseri, s. arenarium, s. abassi, s. bicornutum, s. feltiae, s. kraussei, s. carpocapsae and heterorhabditis bacteriop ... | 2005 | 16197568 |
| effect of white grub developmental stage on susceptibility to entomopathogenic nematodes. | the pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic nematodes heterorhabditis bacteriophora poinar and steinernema scarabaei stock & koppenhöfer against different developmental stages of the japanese beetle, popillia japonica newman, and the oriental beetle, anomala (=exomala) orientalis waterhouse, were studied under laboratory conditions. the efficacy of s. scarabaei did not differ between second and third instars in p. japonica or a. orientalis or between small (young) and large (older) third instars i ... | 2004 | 15666735 |
| steinernema glaseri santa rosa strain (rhabditida: steinernematidae) and heterorhabditis bacteriophora cca strain (rhabditida: heterorhabditidae) as biological control agents of boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae). | the present study was carried out to evaluate the action of steinernema glaseri santa rosa strain and heterorhabditis bacteriophora cca strain as biological control agents of boophilus microplus. engorged females ticks were distributed on petri dishes containing different concentrations of infective juvenile (ij) nematodes (0, 375, 500, 750, 1,500, 2,500, 5,000 and 25,000). the data showed a reduction of approximately 90% in the eggs laid at a concentration of 5,000 s. glaseri ijs and approximat ... | 2004 | 15480784 |
| evaluation of a contraction flow field on hydrodynamic damage to entomopathogenic nematodes-a biological pest control agent. | mechanized production and delivery of biological pesticides presents challenges because the biological agents must remain viable during these processes. this study evaluates the effect of flow through an abrupt contraction, where flow characteristics similar to that found within bioprocesses and spray equipment are developed, on damage to a benchmark biological pest control agent, entomopathogenic nematodes (epns). an opposed-pistons, contraction flow device generated volumetric flow rates rangi ... | 2004 | 15007846 |
| distribution patterns of entomopathogenic nematodes applied through drip irrigation systems. | the distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes applied by drip irrigation was evaluated by injecting small volumes of steinernema carpocapsae (weiser) all strain, steinernema feltiae (filipjev) sn strain, steinernema glaseri steiner, and heterorhabditis bacteriophora hp 88 strain poinar suspensions into drip irrigation lines. additionally, steinernema riobrave cabanillas, poinar, & raulston, and s. carpocapsae were injected in a 10-liter volume of water with an injection pump. overall, the nemat ... | 2003 | 14994792 |
| biological and chemical control of the asiatic garden beetle, maladera castanea (coleoptera: scarabaeidae). | the efficacy of chemical and biological control agents against larvae of the asiatic garden beetle, maladera castanea (arrow), in turfgrass under laboratory, greenhouse, and field conditions were determined. in field trials where insecticides were applied preventively against eggs and young larvae, the molt-accelerating compound halofenozide and the neonicotinoids imidacloprid and thiamethoxam were ineffective, whereas another neonicotinoid, clothianidin, provided 62-93% control. in greenhouse e ... | 2003 | 14503577 |
| susceptibility of diamond back moth, plutella xylostella (l) to entomopathogenic nematodes. | eight entomopathogenic nematode species / strains, steinernema glaseri (steiner), s. carpocapsae (weiser), s. feltiae (filipjev), steinernema sp. ecomax strain, heterorhabditis bacteriophora (pioner), heterorhabditis sp. ecomax strain, two locally isolated strains called as jfc and tfc were tested against the final instar larvae of diamond back moth, plutella xylostella (l.). all nematodes were found pathogenic. however, h. bacteriophora was adjudged the most pathogenic amongst the test nematode ... | 2000 | 12561960 |
| host cadavers protect entomopathogenic nematodes during freezing. | the entomopathogenic nematodes heterorhabditis bacteriophora, steinernema carpocapsae, steinernema glaseri, and steinernema feltiae were exposed to freezing while inside their hosts. survival was assessed by observing live and dead nematodes inside cadavers and by counting the infective juveniles (ijs) that emerged after freezing. we (1) measured the effects of 24h of freezing at different times throughout the course of an infection, (2) determined the duration of freezing entomopathogenic nemat ... | 2002 | 12417210 |
| susceptibility of the european chafer (coleoptera: scarabaeidae) to entomopathogenic nematodes (rhabditida: steinernematidae, heterorhabditidae). | the european chafer rhizotrogus majalis (razoumowsky) feeds on turfgrass roots, causing major damage in the urban areas of northeastern north america. a laboratory study was conducted to determine the susceptibility of third-instar chafer larvae to four species of entomopathogenic nematodes (steinernema glaseri, s. feltiae, s. carpocapsae, and heterorhabditis bacteriophora). only s. glaseri was virulent, and only at high numbers (ld(50) = 294 nematodes/larva). prolonged contact with nematodes in ... | 2001 | 19265891 |
| host and penetration site location by entomopathogenic nematodes against japanese beetle larvae | entomopathogenic nematodes are soil-inhabiting parasites of insects. behavioral responses to host and host environmental cues are critical steps in the infection process for some nematode species, such as steinernema glaseri and heterorhabditis bacteriophora, of finding, recognizing, and penetrating insects. we investigated the impact of host and host environmental cues on the infectivity of these two nematodes by testing their response to whole and wounded grass roots and gut fluid and hemolymp ... | 1998 | 9784356 |
| molecular characterization of two species-specific tandemly repeated dnas from entomopathogenic nematodes steinernema and heterorhabditis (nematoda:rhabditida). | two alui tandemly repeated dnas were cloned from two entomopathogenic nematodes: the first one from steinernema glaseri and the second one from heterorhabditis bacteriophora. the monomeric units of these two satellite dnas have a repeat length of 174 and 168 bp, respectively. these alui repeated element families appear to constitute 5.5% of the s. glaseri genome and 5% of the h. bacteriophora genome. their a + t contents were estimated at 55% and 57%. moreover, the monomers of these two families ... | 1996 | 9010841 |
| influence of salinity on survival and infectivity of entomopathogenic: nematodes. | exposure to nac1, kci, and cacl affected the entomopathogenic nematodes heterorhabditis bacteriophora and steinernema glaseri differently. survival, virulence, and penetration efficiency of s. glaseri were not affected by these salts. at high concentrations, however, all three salts inhibited its ability to move through a soil column and locate and infect a susceptible host. calcium chloride and kcl had no effect on h. bacteriophora survival, penetration efficiency, or movement through a soil co ... | 1994 | 19279902 |
| effects of storage temperature on survival and infectivity of three indigenous entomopathogenic nematodes strains (steinernematidae and heterorhabditidae) from meghalaya, india. | three locally isolated strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (epns), viz. heterorhabditis indica, steinernema thermophilum and steinernema glaseri, from meghalaya, india were characterized in terms of storage temperature and survival and infectivity of their infective juveniles (ijs). the survival and infectivity of nematode ijs was studied at, 5 ± 2 and 25 ± 2 °c, for a period of 120 days, using deionized water as storage medium. the viability of nematode ijs was checked by mobility criterion a ... | 2016 | 27876904 |
| evaluation of the efficacy of three indigenous strains of entomopathogenic nematodes from meghalaya, india against mustard sawfly, athalia lugens proxima klug (hymenoptera: tenthredinidae). | the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of three indigenous strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (epn) from meghalaya, india, namely heterorhabditis indica poinar, karunakar and david, steinernema thermophilum ganguly and singh, and steinernema glaseri (steiner) against the last instar larva of mustard sawfly, athalia lugens proxima klug, a serious pest of mustard and radish in india. the larvae of a. lugens proxima were exposed to 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 infective juveniles (ij ... | 2012 | 24082523 |
| efficacy of indigenous entomopathogenic nematodes from meghalaya, india against the larvae of taro leaf beetle, aplosonyx chalybaeus (hope). | the efficacy of three entomopathogenic nematode (epn) species, heterorhabditis indica, steinernema thermophilum, and s. glaseri, from meghalaya, india was studied against the larvae of taro leaf beetle, aplosonyx chalybaeus (hope) (coleoptera: chrysomelidae), under the laboratory conditions. the beetle larvae (grubs) were exposed to 25, 50, 75, 100 and 200 infective juveniles (ijs) of each nematode species for different time periods and they were found to be susceptible to all the epns tested. h ... | 2012 | 24082518 |
| entomopathogenic nematodes, root weevil larvae, and dynamic interactions among soil texture, plant growth, herbivory, and predation. | greenhouse experiments were conducted to assess the influence of soil texture on the persistence, efficacy and plant protection ability of entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) applied to control larvae of the diaprepes root weevil (drw), diaprepes abbreviatus, infesting potted citrus seedlings. seedlings were grown in pots containing either coarse sand, fine sand, or sandy loam. three drw larvae were added to each of 80 pots of each soil type. 24 h later, 20 pots of each soil type that had received ... | 2012 | 22056274 |
| facultative scavenging as a survival strategy of entomopathogenic nematodes. | entomopathogenic nematodes cannot be considered only as parasitic organisms. with dead galleria mellonella larvae, we demonstrated that these nematodes use scavenging as an alternative survival strategy. we consider scavenging as the ability of entomopathogenic nematodes to penetrate, develop and produce offspring in insects which have been killed by causes other than the nematode-bacteria complex. six steinernema and two heterorhabditis species scavenged but there were differences among them in ... | 2008 | 17662985 |
| repulsion of meloidogyne incognita by alginate pellets containing hyphae of monacrosporium cionopagum, m. ellipsosporum, or hirsutella rhossiliensis. | the responses of second-stage juveniles (j2) of meloidogyne incognita race 3 to calcium alginate pellets containing hyphae of the nematophagous fungi monacrosporiura cionopagum, m. ellipsosporum, and hirsutella rhossiliensis were examined using cylinders (38-mm-diam., 40 or 72 mm long) of sand (94% <250-mum particle size). sand was wetted with a synthetic soil solution (10% moisture, 0.06 bar water potential). a layer of 10 or 20 pellets was placed 4 or 20 mm from one end of the cylinder. after ... | 1996 | 19277129 |
| ammonia concentration at emergence and its effects on the recovery of different species of entomopathogenic nematodes. | the life cycle of entomopathogenic nematodes (epn) occurs inside an insect cadaver and an accumulation of ammonia initiates as a consequence of the nematodes defecation. this accumulation reduces the food resources quality and creates a detrimental environment for nematodes. when a given ammonia concentration is reached, the nematodes start their emergence process, searching for a new host. in the present work, this parameter, ammonia triggering point (atp) was measured in 7 steinernema species/ ... | 2014 | 24880156 |
| dynamics of carbon dioxide release from insects infected with entomopathogenic nematodes. | the quality of an insect as a host to an entomopathogenic nematode infective juvenile depends in part on whether or not the insect is already infected and on the stage of that infection. previous research has shown that nematode response to hosts can change after infection and that, for uninfected hosts, co(2) can be an important cue used by infective stage juveniles during attraction. we hypothesized that co(2) production from an insect changes after it is infected, and that these changes could ... | 2007 | 17054978 |
| influence of culture method on steinernema glaseri lipids. | entomopathogenic nematodes can be mass produced in artificial media for use as biological insecticides. nematode in vitro media have been primarily developed on the basis of yield without fully considering nematode nutritional requirements. we investigated the quality and quantity of lipids in the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema glaseri when grown in vivo in popillia japonica (a natural host), galleria mellonella (a factitious host), and in solid and liquid media. nematode yield (infective ... | 1998 | 9576490 |
| density-dependent effects on steinernema glaseri (nematoda: steinernematidae) within an insect host. | increasing densities of steinernema glaseri infective juveniles (ijs) in soil affected penetration efficiency and reproduction of the nematodes in larvae of the greater wax moth galleria mellonella. the penetration efficiency and the proportion of penetrated ijs developing to adults decreased significantly with increasing numbers of ijs present in the soil and entering the hosts, respectively. the number of progeny produced/host cadaver initially increased, with the highest production being betw ... | 1995 | 7472882 |
| influence of soil ph and oxygen on persistence of steinernema spp. | survival of infective juveniles of steinernema carpocapsae and steinernema glaseri gradually declined during 16 weeks of observation as the tested soil ph decreased from ph 8 to ph 4. survival of both species of steinernema dropped sharply after 1 week at ph 10. survival or s. carpocapsae and s. glaseri was similar at ph 4, 6, and 8 during the first 4 weeks, but s. carpocapsae survival was significantly greater than s. glaseri at ph 10 through 16 weeks. steinernema carpocapsae and s. glaseri tha ... | 1990 | 19287743 |
| steinernema feltiae (dd-136) and s. glaseri: persistence in soil and bark compost and their influence on native nematodes. | infective juveniles (j3) of the entomogenous nematodes steinernema feltiae dd-136 (ca. 10,000 j3/100 ml) and s. glaseri (ca. 2,500 j3/100 ml) were incubated in steam-sterilized and nonsterilized sandy soil and bark compost for 8 weeks at 25 c. the nematodes were recovered by a two-step extraction procedure at 1-week intervals, and their infectivity to lepidopterous larvae (spodoptera litura and galleria mellonella) and their effect on the population and community of native nematodes in soil were ... | 1986 | 19294183 |
| concilience in entomopathogenic nematode responses to water potential and their geospatial patterns in florida. | the geospatial patterns of four species of native entomopathogenic nematodes in florida were previously shown to be related to soil properties that affect soil water potential. here we compared the responses to water potential of third stage, infective juvenile (ij), steinernema sp. (sx), and steinernema diaprepesi (sd) in controlled conditions. the two species were selected because they are closely related (steinernema glaseri-group), but tend to occupy different habitats. in columns of sandy s ... | 2016 | 27064422 |
| steinernema brazilense n. sp. (rhabditida: steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from mato grosso, brazil. | a new entomopathogenic nematode, steinernema brazilense n. sp., was isolated from a single soil sample collected from a natural forest in mato grosso do sul state, brazil. s. brazilense n. sp. is characterized morphologically by features of infective juveniles (ij), males and females. for the ij, body length averaging 1157 (1023-1284)microm, distance from anterior end to excretory pore 95 (87-102)microm, from anterior end to end of esophagus 148 (139-153)microm, tail length 85 (80-104)microm, d% ... | 2010 | 19772861 |
| virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes to the western masked chafer cyclocephala hirta (coleoptera: scarabaeidae). | predictability is a key challenge in biological control of white grubs with entomopathogenic nematodes. most field test failures have been attributed to the use of inappropriate nematode strains. we evaluated several species and strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (heterorhabditidae and steinernematidae) against chafer cyclocephala hirta in a soil and pot bioassay at 25 degrees c. the nj65 strain of steinernema glaseri, isolated from new jersey, outperformed all other steinernematid and hetero ... | 1998 | 9589628 |