| [spontaneous infestation of phlebotomus dubosqui by promastigotes of leishmania in senegal]. | an epidemiological survey of cutaneous leishmaniasis in senegal revealed the presence of numerous phlebotomus duboscqi in the entrances of rodent burrows. two p. duboscqi out of 45 females dissected showed infection of the gut by promastigotes which could be cultured on nnn medium. | 1978 | 418893 |
| records of phlebotomus duboscqi neveu-lemaire from the gambia. | | 1979 | 473317 |
| [comparison between phlebotomus duboscqi neveu-lemaire, 1906, and phlebotomus papatasi (scopoli, 1786): morphological and isoenzymatic studies]. | phlebotomus duboscqi et p.papatasi are morphologically closely related. both species can be vectors of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in the old world. in some african areas these two species are sympatric. until now the females of the two species could not be differentiated. the authors investigated morphological characters and isoenzymatic characterization. constant differences were observed. moreover three interbreeding attempts were unsuccessful. these two species seemed to be considered a ... | 1991 | 1841233 |
| transmission of rift valley fever virus by the sand fly, phlebotomus duboscqi (diptera: psychodidae). | studies were conducted to determine if the sand fly phlebotomus duboscqi could serve as a vector of rift valley fever (rvf) virus. when 145 p. duboscqi were fed on a hamster with rvf viremia (approximately 10(9) pfu/ml of blood), 72 (50%) became infected. of 5 with disseminated infections (i.e., virus recovered from their legs) 4 transmitted virus to hamsters by bite. sand flies were uniformly infected when rvf virus was inoculated by the intrathoracic route, and each of 31 sand flies so inocula ... | 1990 | 2316789 |
| the distribution of phlebotomine sandflies (diptera: psychodidae) in northern nigeria. | a survey was carried out in northern nigeria to determine the distribution of the species of phlebotomine sandflies in the major vegetation zones: sahel, sudan, northern guinea savanna, and southern guinea savanna. the two old world genera, phlebotomus and sergentomyia, are both represented in the study area, with an overwhelming preponderance of sergentomyia species; about 99% of the entire collection (12, 951 specimens) belong to the genus sergentomyia. out of the thirteen species identified, ... | 1990 | 2382099 |
| development of leishmania major in phlebotomus duboscqi and sergentomyia schwetzi (diptera: psychodidae). | the extrinsic development of leishmania major was observed in 2 man-biting sand flies, phlebotomus duboscqi, a known vector, and sergentomyia schwetzi, an assumed non-vector. flies fed on a leishmanial lesion on the nose of a hamster were examined for infection at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 60 hr and at approximately 24 hr intervals from day 3 to day 14 post-feeding. infection rates, determined by light microscopy, were 47% (n = 258) in p. duboscqi and 5% (n = 162) in s. schwetzi. transformat ... | 1990 | 2382763 |
| experimental transmission of leishmania major to vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops) by bites of phlebotomus duboscqi (diptera: psychodidae). | experimental transmission of leishmania major to vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops) was accomplished by bites of phlebotomus duboscqi sandflies. three-day-old, laboratory-reared p. duboscqi were fed on leishmanial lesions on hamsters infected with l. major. the flies were re-fed on monkeys 10 d after infection. five adult male vervet monkeys were used in concurrent transmission trials. two of the monkeys received subcutaneous inoculations with stationary-phase promastigotes (2 x 10(6) proma ... | 1990 | 2389312 |
| dna hybridizations on squash-blotted sandflies to identify both phlebotomus papatasi and infecting leishmania major. | epidemiological field studies on leishmaniasis have been hampered by the laborious, and often inefficient, methods used to assess the rates of infection of sandfly vectors (diptera; phlebotominae) by species of the causative disease organisms, protozoal parasites of the genus leishmania (kinetoplastida; trypanosomatidae). we report the rapid and accurate identification of both sandfly vector (phlebotomus (phlebotomus) papatasi (scopoli] and infecting leishmania major yakimov & schokov by dna hyb ... | 1988 | 2856540 |
| comparative study of sandfly trapping techniques. | three test oils (castor oil, groundnut oil and engine oil) were used in sticky traps with the view of evaluating their relative efficiency in forming adhesive surfaces for collecting phlebotomine sandflies. although engine oil exhibited maximum efficiency, the performance of all the three oil types compared favourably with one another both quantitatively and qualitatively. the engine oil had additional advantages over the other oils in being less expensive and not attractive to vertebrates (rode ... | 1988 | 3175471 |
| cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania major in baringo district, kenya. | leishmania major was isolated from lesions of a patient suffering from cutaneous leishmaniasis in baringo district of kenya. isoenzyme mobilities of this strain were compared with those of l. major, l. donovani, l. aethiopica and l. tropica reference strains and also l. major from a sand fly, phlebotomus duboscqi, and a rodent, arvicanthis niloticus, trapped in the same region. the patient's isolate had similar banding patterns to the l. major reference strain and also the rodent and the sand fl ... | 1987 | 3445343 |
| laboratory investigations on the survival and fecundity of phlebotomus duboscqi (diptera, psychodidae), a vector of leishmania major in kenya. | the gonotrophic cycle, survival and reproductive potential of adult female phlebotomus duboscqi, a vector of leishmania major in baringo district, kenya was investigated in the laboratory. the sandflies were fed on hamster and apples as a sugar source and were placed in vials for oviposition. the feeding and care for oviposition was repeated for as long as the flies lived. the longest period p. duboscqi survived after taking the first blood meal was 45 days. the flies completed up to eight gonot ... | 1987 | 3629141 |
| new phlebotomine sand-fly colonies. ii. laboratory colonization of phlebotomus duboscqi (diptera: psychodidae). | | 1986 | 3950925 |
| cutaneous leishmaniasis in kenya: transmission of leishmania major to man by the bite of a naturally infected phlebotomus duboscqi. | one leishmanial stock was isolated from a phlebotomus duboscqi female captured in baringo district, kenya, and others from papular lesions that developed at sites where this sandfly had fed on a man. when characterized by cellulose acetate electrophoresis (eight enzymes examined), these isolates proved to be identical to known leishmania major strains from man and a rodent (arvicanthis sp.) and different from l. donovani and l. adleri, which also occur in baringo. this is the first case of human ... | 1984 | 6533846 |
| [interepidemic surveillance of a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in senegal]. | the cutaneous leishmaniasis is rampant in an endemo -epidemic way in the region of thiès, senegal. at the occasion of an epidemic observed between 1975 and 1978, the ecological study of the focus of keur moussa , led by dedet and al., permitted to discover, for the first time in west africa, the structure of a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus. the most important part of the present laboratory work consists in the observation of that wild anthropozoonosis due to leishmania tropica major, having as v ... | 1984 | 6738336 |
| leishmaniasis in the gambia. 2. a study of possible vectors and animal reservoirs, with the first report of a case of canine leishmaniasis in the gambia. | following the detection of two cases of leishmaniasis in the gambia, the possible vectors and animal reservoirs were studied. a total of 5, 158 phlebotomine sandflies, in 20 species and subspecies were captured, including 98 males and 61 females of phlebotomus duboscqi. this species is a vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis in senegal and must be suspected as a vector in the gambia; it was captured close to the dwellings of both patients and from rodent burrows, including those of mastomys erythrol ... | 1983 | 6868093 |
| [ecology of a reservoir of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the region of thiès (senegal, west africa). 6. characterization and types of isolated leishmania strains]. | the authors studied the characterisation and typing of leishmania strains isolated in the keur-moussa focus from human lesions (4 strains), from the digestive tract of phlebotomus duboscqi (i strain) and from the rodents mastomys erythroleucus (2 strains) and tatera gambiana (2 strains). they used the following criteria: amastigote measurements, kinetoplast ultrastructure, pathogenicity in mice and hamsters, isoenzymes, kinetoplast and nuclear dna buoyant densities and the adler test. the result ... | 1982 | 7105287 |
| [ecology of a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the thiès region (senegal, west africa). 4. spontaneous infestation and biology of phlebotomus duboscqi neveu-lemaire 1906]. | following their epidemiological investigation on the cutaneous leishmaniasis focus of keur moussa, the authors study the sandfly fauna. the species phlebotomus duboscqi is abundant (1,532 samples out of 8,411 sandflies collected between december 1976 and june 1979) and located inside the rodent burrows which have been found to be their larval breeding sites. five p. duboscqi females out of 356 dissected were infected by leishmania major promastigotes. | 1982 | 7168882 |
| [ecology of a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the thiès region (senegal, west africa). 6. characterization and typing of the strains of leishmania isolated]. | the authors studied the characterisation and typing of leishmania strains isolated in the keur-moussa focus from human lesions (4 strains), from the digestive tract of phlebotomus duboscqi (i strain) and from the rodents mastomys erythroleucus (2 strains) and tatera gambiana (2 strains). they used the following criteria: amastigote measurements, kinetoplast ultrastructure, pathogenicity in mice and hamsters, isoenzymes, kinetoplast and nuclear dna buoyant densities and the adler test. the result ... | 1982 | 7168884 |
| phlebotomus (phlebotomus) duboscqi from kenya: a new record. | | 1982 | 7179431 |
| [ecology of a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the area of thies, senegal, west africa. 4. spontaneous infestation and biology of phlebotomus duboscqi neveu-lemaire 1906]. | following their epidemiological investigation on the cutaneous leishmaniasis focus of keur moussa, the authors study the sandfly fauna. the species phlebotomus duboscqi is abundant (1532 samples out of 8411 sandflies collected between december 1976 and june 1979) and located inside the rodent burrows which have been found to be their larval breeding sites. five p. duboscqi females out of 356 dissected were infected by leishmania major promastigotes. | 1980 | 7226361 |
| experimental immunization against cutaneous leishmaniasis using leishmania major subcellular fractions alone or in combination with phlebotomus duboscqi gut antigens. | leishmania major-derived flagella and nuclear fractions, and a combination of flagella and sand fly gut antigens were assessed for protection against l. major infection in balb/c mice. mice immunized with flagella antigen developed a severe infection while nuclear fraction-immunized animals were partially protected at the onset of infection from week 1 to 4 post challenge. a combination/cock tail of flagella and sand fly gut antigens protected animals at a later stage from week 10 to 14 post-inf ... | 1995 | 7588148 |
| histologic detection of multiple blood meals in phlebotomus duboscqi (diptera: psychodidae). | a histologic technique was used to detect multiple hamster blood meals taken by phlebotomus duboscqi neveu-lemaire during a 5-d period. forty-eight flies were fed two or three blood meals separated by 48, 72, or 120 h and sampled immediately; multiple meals were detected in 27 flies (56%). double meals separated by 72 h within a single gonotrophic cycle were documented in 11/19 (58%) flies; double meals separated by 120 h were detected in only 4/17 (24%) flies. triple blood meals taken at 0, 72, ... | 1994 | 7815403 |
| experimental infection of domestic goats with leishmania major through bites of infected phlebotomus duboscqi and needle inoculation of culture-derived promastigotes. | | 1994 | 7831760 |
| first isolations of arboviruses from phlebotomine sand flies in west africa. | for the first time in west africa, arboviruses were isolated from phlebotomine sand fly pools. one strain of chandipura virus (a vesiculovirus), four strains of saboya virus (a flavivirus), and one strain of a not yet identified virus were isolated. three hundred twenty-two pools were established from a population of 33,917 sand flies caught in co2 light traps in the ferlo sahelian region of senegal from november 1991 to december 1992. this is the first isolation of chandipura virus from any art ... | 1994 | 8203705 |
| phlebotomus (phlebotomus) duboscqi (diptera: phlebotominae), naturally infected with leishmania major in southern ethiopia. | in a survey of leishmania infections in phlebotomine sandflies in visceral leishmaniasis focus at aba roba, segen valley, southern ethiopia, phlebotomus duboscqi was found naturally infected with l. major (zymodeme mon-74). this is the first isolation of l. major from a vector sandfly in ethiopia, from an area where human and/or rodent infections with l. major are, so far, unknown. | 1993 | 8465376 |
| the chemotactic effect of phlebotomus duboscqi (diptera: psychodidae) salivary gland lysates to murine monocytes. | the possibility that salivary gland lysates of phlebotomus duboscqi are able to attract vertebrate monocytes was investigated. in vitro studies showed that salivary gland lysates of p. duboscqi, the vector of leishmania major in kenya, are chemotactic to mouse peritoneal monocytes. this attraction of monocytes by vector salivary gland lysates may form part of the mechanisms through which sandfly saliva ensures successful parasitization of macrophages in a susceptible host by leishmania parasites ... | 1995 | 8610544 |
| the effect of immune sera from hamsters immunized with sandfly gut and whole body extract antigens on the fecundity and mortality of phlebotomus duboscqi (diptera: psychodidae). | phlebotomus duboscqi were fed on hamsters previously immunized with different concentrations of homogenized crude sandfly gut antigen and supernatant obtained from whole body extract. the humoral response in the rodents was quantified at different times post-immunization by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. sandflies were fed on either immunized or saline control hamsters and the effect of the blood meals on sandfly feeding, survival and fecundity was investigated. the humoral response in i ... | 1996 | 8659326 |
| post-engorgement dynamics of haemagglutination activity in the midgut of phlebotomine sandflies. | haemagglutination activity (ha) was studied in gut extracts of both sexes of adults of six sandfly species. ha was sex dependent, with the activity in males more than 50 times lower than that of unfed females. in females, high ha was demonstrable in both the thoracic and abdominal midgut but not in the hindgut. in unfed flies the activity was similar in the midgut wall and the gut contents whereas, in fed females, a high increase was seen in the midgut contents. after blood-feeding, ha was eleva ... | 1996 | 8887335 |
| the relationship between protein content of the meal and lectin secretion in the midgut of phlebotomus duboscqi. | | 1996 | 8915136 |
| morphometric separation of females of phlebotomus (phlebotomus) duboscqi and p. (p.) bergeroti (diptera:psychodidae). | morphometric evaluation of 27 characters of allopatric females of the closely related species, phlebotomus duboscqi neveu-lemaire and p. bergeroti parrot, was made in ethiopia with the aim of finding reliable means to distinguish sympatric specimens. by applying stepwise discriminant analysis, 100% correct classification was obtained using 8 characters. however, 2 of these characters, c3 and c4 (respective distances from sockets of the longest ascoids on segment 3 and 4 to distal margin of the s ... | 1997 | 9220670 |
| [the pharyngeal dentition of the females of phlebotomus duboscqi neveu-lemaire, 1906 and of phlebotomus papatasi (scopoli, 1786) (diptera: psychodidae)]. | phlebotomus duboscqi and p. papatasi are morphologically closely related species. scanning electron microscopy showed constant differences between pharyngeal teeth of the females. | 1994 | 9235199 |
| phlebotomine sand fly control using bait-fed adults to carry the larvicide bacillus sphaericus to the larval habitat. | sugar meals of plant origin are an important component of the sand fly diet. we show that sugar solution baits have potential as vehicles for phlebotomine sand fly control. in the laboratory, adult phlebotomus duboscqi neveu-lemaire and sergentomyia schwetzi (adler, theodor, and parrot) that have consumed an aqueous sucrose solution containing bacillus sphaericus neide toxins and are subsequently eaten by larvae produce significant larval death (p < 0.01). in the field, when vegetation near anim ... | 1997 | 9249650 |
| sandfly midgut lectin: effect of galactosamine on leishmania major infections. | galactosamine, which has been shown in vitro to specifically inhibit sandfly midgut lectin activity, was fed to phlebotomus duboscqi females with blood containing promastigotes of leishmania major. non-inhibitory sugar, galactose, was added in controls. for two strains of l. major (lv 561 and neal-p), galactosamine substantially enhanced the establishment of infection in the sandfly posterior midgut and significantly increased parasite loads after defaecation, but did not affect anterior migrati ... | 1998 | 9622368 |
| [interepidemic supervision of the leishmania focus of keur moussa (thies, senegal)]. | a supervision of the focus of human cutaneous leishmaniasis of keur moussa has been carried out in 1988-1989 and in 1991-1992. among the 13 species gathering the 10,144 phlebotomine sandflies trapped, two belong to genus phlebotomus, the others to genus sergentomyia. phlebotomus duboscqi, that has been found out by deded et al. in 1980 as the vector of this leishmaniasis in senegal, is the most represented species after sergentomyia schwetzi, with respectively 32.3 and 28.5% of the found during ... | 1998 | 9754297 |
| bacillus sphaericus inhibits hatching of phlebotomine sand fly eggs. | the effect of bacillus sphaericus, at various concentrations, on hatching of phlebotomine sand fly eggs was examined using laboratory bioassays. aqueous suspensions of b. sphaericus, strain 2362, inhibited hatching of eggs of phlebotomus duboscqi and sergentomyia schwetzi by 95% at concentrations as low as 0.05 and 0.11 mg/cm2, respectively. in contrast, b. sphaericus did not affect the ability of pupae to emerge as adults. | 1998 | 9813835 |
| [phlebotomus of senegal: survey of the fauna in the region of kedougou. isolation of arbovirus]. | phlebotomine sand-flies were captured on a bimonthly basis from april 1995 to march 1996 in the kedougou district of south-east senegal. in all, 6,642 specimens were identified belonging to 25 species. eleven species were captured in tree holes, 17 in termites hills, 19 in rodent burrows and 23 on grass. sergentomyia buxtoni, s. clydei, s. dubia, s. squamipleuris et s. schwetzi were the most abundant. species from the genus sergentomyia accounted for 99.3% versus 0.7% for the genus phlebotomus, ... | 1999 | 10399605 |
| leishmania transmission-blocking vaccines: a review. | to review information on transmission-blocking vaccine against leishmania infections. | 1999 | 10442130 |
| vector potential of phlebotomus duboscqi and p. papatasi: a comparison of feeding behaviour, reproductive capacity and experimental infection with leishmania major. | phlebotomus duboscqi and p. papatasi are the incriminated vectors of leishmania major, the causative agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (zcl) in various parts of the world. factors contributing to the vector potential of these two species were investigated in the laboratory. it was found that 90.1% of the p. duboscqi females tested completed feeding in 1 h and they could complete up to eight gonotrophic cycles in their maximum adult life-span in the laboratory of almost 2 months. in contr ... | 1999 | 10562833 |
| leishmania major infections in phlebotomus duboscqi fed on murine models immunized with l. major subcellular antigens and sandfly gut antigens. | the ability of antibodies in bloodmeals of mice and hamsters immunized with leishmania major subcellular fractions and sandfly (phlebotomus duboscqi) gut antigens to inhibit development of l. major in its vector p. duboscqi was examined. antibodies from animals immunized with either l. major subcellular fractions alone or sandfly gut antigen alone were not very effective in inhibiting development of l. major in the sandfly. when p. duboscqi were fed on blood from animals immunized with both para ... | 2000 | 10843323 |
| courtship and mating by the sandfly phlebotomus duboscqi, a vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in the afrotropical region. | courtship behaviour of males of the afrotropical sandfly phlebotomus duboscqi neveu-lemaire (diptera: psychodidae) involved mounting the female and clasping her 'waist' with the male coxites placed between the female's thorax and abdomen. this behaviour, which we call 'piggy-backing', was preceded by male wing beating, perhaps involving mate recognition and contact pheromones. it did not seem to be pre- or postcopulatory mate guarding. piggy-backing was attempted by p. duboscqi males on females ... | 2000 | 10872866 |
| salivary proteins and glycoproteins in phlebotomine sandflies of various species, sex and age. | salivary gland proteins were studied in sandflies (diptera: psychodidae: phlebotominae) by electrophoretic techniques. in phlebotomus duboscqi neveu-lemaire the protein concentration was about 30 times higher in females than in males. sds page revealed eight major bands of 29-62 kda in salivary gland extracts (sge) from females, whereas only one band of 57kda was detected in males. the number of protein components in sge gradually increased with the age of females. in p. papatasi (scopoli) the t ... | 2000 | 11016431 |
| description of madathamugadia hiepei n. sp. (nematoda: splendidofilariinae), a parasite of a south african gecko, and its development in laboratory bred phlebotomus dubosqi (diptera: psychodidae). | madathamugadia hiepei n. sp., splendidofilariinae, a parasite of a south african gecko pachydactylus turneri is described together with its development obtained experimentally in phlebotomus duboscqi (diptera: psychodidae: phlebotominae). this new species differs from the two small, more highly evolved groups with a short tail and atrophied postcloacal papillae, the first group consisting of two madagascan species, m. zonosauri and m. hopluri, parasites of the gerrhosauridae and iguanidae, and t ... | 2000 | 11071156 |
| vervet monkeys vaccinated with killed leishmania major parasites and interleukin-12 develop a type 1 immune response but are not protected against challenge infection. | leishmania major is a protozoan parasite that causes chronic cutaneous lesions that often leave disfiguring scars. infections in mice have demonstrated that leishmanial vaccines that include interleukin-12 (il-12) as an adjuvant are able to induce protective immunity. in this study, we assessed the safety, immunopotency, and adjuvant potential of two doses of il-12 when used with a killed l. major vaccine in vervet monkeys. the induction of cell-mediated immunity following vaccination was determ ... | 2001 | 11119512 |
| bloodmeal digestion and leishmania major infections in phlebotomus duboscqi: effect of carbohydrates inhibiting midgut lectin activity. | the carbohydrates galactosamine and heparin, previously shown to inhibit phlebotomine lectin activity in vitro, were fed to the sandfly phlebotomus duboscqi neveu-lemaire (diptera: psychodidae) with blood, and the effects on mortality, fecundity, protease activity and susceptibility to leishmania major yakimoff & schokhor (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae) were studied. previous study revealed that galactosamine considerably enhanced the establishment of l. major infection in p. duboscqi and sig ... | 2001 | 11583445 |
| transmission blocking vaccine studies in leishmaniasis: i. lipophosphoglycan is a promising transmission blocking vaccine molecule against cutaneous leishmaniasis. | new strategies for control of leishmaniasis is needed as chemotherapy using antimonial drugs is prolonged, expensive, associated with side effects and relapses. vector control has limitations and a vaccine which may be the best approach is not available. | 2001 | 11682952 |
| transmission blocking vaccine studies in leishmaniasis: ii. effect of immunisation using leishmania major derived 63 kilodalton glycoprotein, lipophosphoglycan and whole parasite antigens on the course of l. major infection in balb/c mice. | safe, effective and inexpensive vaccines may be the most practical tool for control of any form of leishmaniasis. leishmaniasis produces a state of pre-immunition which is the underlying mechanism for prolonged immunity to re-infection. low doses of parasites has been shown to be able to induce protection in mice. it is not known, however, how immune sera from a susceptible host immunised with leishmania-derived antigens when taken in by the sandfly affects the development and the subsequent tra ... | 2001 | 11682953 |
| laboratory testing of the insect repellent kbr 3023 against phlebotomus duboscqi (diptera: psychodidae). | the relative efficacy of commercially available formulations of the new repellent kbr 3023 (bayrepel, bayer, germany) was compared against phlebotomus duboscqi. the results provided laboratory evidence of phlebotomine sandfly sensitivity. | 2002 | 12107467 |
| variation of esterase electromorphs associated with bloodmeal digestion in phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae). | esterases are often used to measure genetic variation, yet they may be influenced by external factors. isoelectrofocusing was used to investigate the effects of bloodmeal on the esterase variation in wild populations of phlebotomus (larroussius) ariasi tonnoir and p. (l.) perniciosus newstead and in a colonized population of p. (phlebotomus) duboscqi neveu-lemaire. modified electrophoretic profiles were demonstrated to be associated with blood digestion. the bloodmeal-induced esterase electromor ... | 2002 | 12349853 |
| characterization of the lectin from females of phlebotomus duboscqi sand flies. | lectin from females of the important sand fly vector, phlebotomus duboscqi (diptera: psychodidae), was isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography using a minicolumn with immobilized anti-lectin immunoglobulins. carbohydrate-binding specificity of active fractions corresponded to that of midgut and salivary gland lysates. haemagglutination was inhibited by d-glucosamine, d-galactosamine and d-mannosamine. the homogeneity and molecular mass of the purified lectin was examined by sds/page in both re ... | 2002 | 12473126 |
| phlebotomus (adlerius) halepensis vector competence for leishmania major and le. tropica. | in eurasia, phlebotomine sandflies of the subgenus adlerius (diptera: psychodidae) comprise about 20 known species. some are suspected vectors of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) and at least one species has been implicated as a vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl). we tested phlebotomus (adlerius) halepensis theodor (jordan strain) for cl vector competence, compared with three standard vectors: phlebotomus (phlebotomus) duboscqi n-l. from senegal, phlebotomus (paraphlebotomus) sergenti parrot from ... | 2003 | 12941007 |
| [phlebotomus duboscqi neveu-lemaire, 1906, and phlebotomus roubaudi newstead, 1913 (diptera, psychodidae)]. | | 1958 | 13534800 |
| [phlebotomus duboscqi neveu-lemaire, 1906 (diptera, psychodidae); morphology of the egg and larval forms]. | | 1958 | 13572096 |
| [comparative study of the females of phlebotomus papatasi scopoli, phlebotomus papatasi var. bergeroti parrot & phlebotomus duboscqi neveu-lemaire]. | | 1959 | 13670657 |
| leishmania major-phlebotomus duboscqi interactions: inhibition of anti-lpg antibodies and characterisation of two proteins with shared epitopes. | to assess the effect of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) raised against l. major derived lpg on l. major development in vitro and in its natural vector p. duboscqi. also determine whether lpg molecule and the sand fly the gut lysates have shared epitopes. | 2004 | 15125094 |
| blocked stomodeal valve of the insect vector: similar mechanism of transmission in two trypanosomatid models. | the regurgitation of metacyclic stages from the sand fly cardia is thought to be the prevailing mechanism of leishmania transmission. this regurgitation may result through damage of the stomodeal valve and its mechanical block by the parasites. we found this phenomenon in three sand fly-leishmania models and also in avian trypanosomes transmitted by culex mosquitoes. phlebotomus duboscqi, phlebotomus papatasi, lutzomyia longipalpis, and culex pipiens were membrane-fed on blood containing leishma ... | 2004 | 15491584 |
| laboratory transmission of rift valley fever virus by phlebotomus duboscqi, phlebotomus papatasi, phlebotomus sergenti, and sergentomyia schwetzi (diptera: psychodidae). | we examined the potential for phlebotomus papatasi (scopoli), phlebotomus duboscqi (neveu-lemarie), phlebotomus sergenti (parrot), and sergentomyia schwetzi (adler, theodor, & parrot) to transmit rift valley fever (rvf) virus. after feeding on hamsters that had been inoculated with rvf virus, p. papatasi, p. sergenti, and s. schwetzi became infected and developed disseminated infections. all p. papatasi and p. duboscqi inoculated with rvf virus developed high-titer infections. in contrast, only ... | 2000 | 15535589 |
| characterization of a defensin from the sand fly phlebotomus duboscqi induced by challenge with bacteria or the protozoan parasite leishmania major. | antimicrobial peptides are major components of the innate immune response of epithelial cells. in insect vectors, these peptides may play a role in the control of gut pathogens. we have analyzed antimicrobial peptides produced by the sand fly phlebotomus duboscqi, after challenge by injected bacteria or feeding with bacteria or the protozoan parasite leishmania major. a new hemolymph peptide with antimicrobial activity was identified and shown to be a member of the insect defensin family. intere ... | 2004 | 15557638 |
| phlebotomine sand flies from ouagadougou, burkina faso: first record of phlebotomus (larroussius) longicuspis south of the sahara. | during a brief entomological survey carried out in ouagadougou, burkina faso, in march 2002, 178 phlebotomine sand flies (diptera, psychodidae) were caught using cdc miniature light traps. they were identified as phlebotomus duboscqi neveu-lemaire, p. longicuspis nitzulescu, sergentomyia adleri (theodor), s. affinis vorax (parrot), s. antennata (newstead), s. bedfordi (newstead), s. christophersi (sinton), s. fallax (parrot), s. magna (sinton) and s. schwetzi (adler, theodor & parrot). this is t ... | 2005 | 16134981 |
| laboratory testing of the insect repellents ir3535 and deet against phlebotomus mascittii and p. duboscqi (diptera: psychodidae). | the efficacy of the repellent ir3535 was tested and compared with deet using two laboratory colonies of phlebotomine sand flies, phlebotomus mascittii and phlebotomus duboscqi. p. duboscqi, originating from senegal, is a proven vector of leishmania major. p. mascittii (corsican origin) has never been demonstrated to be a vector of leishmaniasis, but it was reported in 2004 as an anthropophilic species in germany associated with autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis in people and animals. ir3535 a ... | 2006 | 16530004 |
| estimation of the minimum number of leishmania major amastigotes required for infecting phlebotomus duboscqi (diptera: psychodidae). | leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease in which leishmania parasites are transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies. amastigotes are ingested by the sand fly vector with a blood meal taken from an infected host. this is followed by their differentiation into metacyclic promastigotes which are selectively released and permitted to migrate interiorly so as to make them available for transmission by bite. however, the actual number of amastigotes ingested by the sand fly in the blood meal ... | 2006 | 16708876 |
| effects of anti-leishmania monoclonal antibodies on the development of leishmania major in phlebotomus duboscqi (diptera: psychodidae). | research in our laboratory has previously shown that immune-mediated transmission blocking may be applied to leishmania infections and that the lpg molecule and anti-lpg monoclonal antibodies was found to be an excellent candidate against l. major infections. | 2006 | 16708877 |
| virulent and attenuated lines of leishmania major: dna karyotypes and differences in metalloproteinase gp63. | the leishmania metalloproteinase gp63 has been reported to play important roles mainly in resistance of promastigotes to complement-mediated lysis and in interaction with macrophage receptors. on the other hand, its function in insect vectors is still unclear. we compared the structure and dosage of gp63 genes and the activity of gp63 in leishmania major yakimoff et schokhor strains and lines differing in virulence for mice and ability to develop in sand flies. the results demonstrate considerab ... | 2006 | 16898121 |
| leishmania disease development depends on the presence of apoptotic promastigotes in the virulent inoculum. | the obligate intracellular pathogen leishmania major survives and multiplies in professional phagocytes. the evasion strategy to circumvent killing by host phagocytes and establish a productive infection is poorly understood. here we report that the virulent inoculum of leishmania promastigotes contains a high ratio of annexin a5-binding apoptotic parasites. this subpopulation of parasites is characterized by a round body shape, a swollen kinetoplast, nuclear condensation, and a lack of multipli ... | 2006 | 16945916 |
| high degree of conservancy among secreted salivary gland proteins from two geographically distant phlebotomus duboscqi sandflies populations (mali and kenya). | salivary proteins from sandflies are potential targets for exploitation as vaccines to control leishmania infection; in this work we tested the hypothesis that salivary proteins from geographically distant phlebotomus duboscqi sandfly populations are highly divergent due to the pressure exerted by the host immune response. salivary gland cdna libraries were prepared from wild-caught p. duboscqi from mali and recently colonised flies of the same species from kenya. | 2006 | 16952314 |
| identification and characterization of a salivary adenosine deaminase from the sand fly phlebotomus duboscqi, the vector of leishmania major in sub-saharan africa. | two transcripts coding for an adenosine deaminase (ada) were identified by sequencing a phlebotomus duboscqi salivary gland cdna library. adenosine deaminase was previously reported in the saliva of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis but it was not present in the saliva of the sand flies phlebotomus papatasi, p. argentipes, p. perniciosus and p. ariasi, suggesting that this enzyme is only present in the saliva of sand flies from the genus lutzomyia. in the present work, we tested the hypothesis ... | 2007 | 17297134 |
| abundances and nocturnal activities of phlebotomine sandflies (diptera: psychodidae) in termite hills and animal burrows in baringo district, kenya. | the abundance of phlebotomine sandflies was studied in a leishmaniasis endemic area in baringo district, rift valley province, kenya. this was based on sandfly behaviors at night in their natural habitats of termite hills and animal burrows. sandflies were collected with an entry-exit trap which has a sieve fixed at the middle to control sandfly movements. flies were trapped from 1800-0600 hours. phlebotomus martini (parrot) were significantly more abundant in termite hills than in animal burrow ... | 1998 | 17580991 |
| leishmania manipulation of sand fly feeding behavior results in enhanced transmission. | in nature the prevalence of leishmania infection in whole sand fly populations can be very low (<0.1%), even in areas of endemicity and high transmission. it has long since been assumed that the protozoan parasite leishmania can manipulate the feeding behavior of its sand fly vector, thus enhancing transmission efficiency, but neither the way in which it does so nor the mechanisms behind such manipulation have been described. a key feature of parasite development in the sand fly gut is the secre ... | 2007 | 17604451 |
| exploring the midgut transcriptome of phlebotomus papatasi: comparative analysis of expression profiles of sugar-fed, blood-fed and leishmania-major-infected sandflies. | in sandflies, the blood meal is responsible for the induction of several physiologic processes that culminate in egg development and maturation. during blood feeding, infected sandflies are also able to transmit the parasite leishmania to a suitable host. many blood-induced molecules play significant roles during leishmania development in the sandfly midgut, including parasite killing within the endoperitrophic space. in this work, we randomly sequenced transcripts from three distinct high quali ... | 2007 | 17760985 |
| analysis of the immune-inducible transcriptome from microbial stress resistant, rat-tailed maggots of the drone fly eristalis tenax. | the saprophagous and coprophagous maggots of the drone fly eristalis tenax (insecta, diptera) have evolved the unique ability to survive in aquatic habitats with extreme microbial stress such as drains, sewage pools, and farmyard liquid manure storage pits. therefore, they represent suitable models for the investigation of trade-offs between the benefits resulting from colonization of habitats lacking predators, parasitoids, or competitors and the investment in immunity against microbial stress. ... | 2007 | 17875201 |
| prevalence of antibodies against rift valley fever virus in kenyan wildlife. | rift valley fever virus (rvfv) is an arbovirus associated with periodic outbreaks, mostly on the african continent, of febrile disease accompanied by abortion in livestock, and a severe, fatal haemorrhagic syndrome in humans. however, the maintenance of the virus during the inter-epidemic period (iep) when there is low or no disease activity detected in livestock or humans has not been determined. this study report prevalence of rvfv-neutralizing antibodies in sera (n=896) collected from 16 keny ... | 2008 | 17988425 |
| the midgut transcriptome of lutzomyia longipalpis: comparative analysis of cdna libraries from sugar-fed, blood-fed, post-digested and leishmania infantum chagasi-infected sand flies. | in the life cycle of leishmania within the alimentary canal of sand flies the parasites have to survive the hostile environment of blood meal digestion, escape the blood bolus and attach to the midgut epithelium before differentiating into the infective metacyclic stages. the molecular interactions between the leishmania parasites and the gut of the sand fly are poorly understood. in the present work we sequenced five cdna libraries constructed from midgut tissue from the sand fly lutzomyia long ... | 2008 | 18194529 |
| leishmania in sand flies: comparison of quantitative polymerase chain reaction with other techniques to determine the intensity of infection. | quantification of leishmania parasites in the sand fly digestive tract is important for evaluation of vector competence. we compared quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-pcr) with two "traditional" methods, estimation in situ and direct counting with the aid of a hemocytometer, to evaluate their usefulness in different parasite-vector combinations. phlebotomus duboscqi neveu-lemarie and phlebotomus arabicus theodor sand flies were infected with leishmania major and leishmania infantum, resp ... | 2008 | 18283954 |
| phlebotomine salivas inhibit immune inflammation-induced neutrophil migration via an autocrine dc-derived pge2/il-10 sequential pathway. | in the present study, we investigated whether saliva from phlebotomus papatasi and phlebotomus duboscqi inhibited antigen-induced neutrophil migration and the mechanisms involved in these effects. the pretreatment of immunized mice with salivary gland extracts (sge) of both phlebotomines inhibited ova challenge-induced neutrophil migration and release of the neutrophil chemotactic mediators, mip-1alpha, tnf-alpha, and leukotriene b4 (ltb4). furthermore, sge treatment enhanced the production of a ... | 2008 | 18390928 |
| quantification of the infectious dose of leishmania major transmitted to the skin by single sand flies. | leishmaniasis is transmitted between mammalian hosts by the bites of bloodsucking vector sand flies. the dose of parasites transmitted to the mammalian host has never been directly determined. we developed a real-time pcr-based method to determine the number of leishmania major parasites inoculated into the ears of living mice during feeding by individual infected flies (phlebotomus duboscqi). the number of parasites transmitted varied over a wide range in the 58 ears in which leishmania were de ... | 2008 | 18626016 |
| in vivo imaging reveals an essential role for neutrophils in leishmaniasis transmitted by sand flies. | infection with the obligate intracellular protozoan leishmania is thought to be initiated by direct parasitization of macrophages, but the early events following transmission to the skin by vector sand flies have been difficult to examine directly. using dynamic intravital microscopy and flow cytometry, we observed a rapid and sustained neutrophilic infiltrate at localized sand fly bite sites. invading neutrophils efficiently captured leishmania major (l.m.) parasites early after sand fly transm ... | 2008 | 18703742 |
| sand flies, leishmania, and transcriptome-borne solutions. | sand fly-parasite and sand fly-host interactions play an important role in the transmission of leishmaniasis. vector molecules relevant for such interactions include midgut and salivary proteins. these potential targets for interruption of propagation of leishmania parasites have been poorly characterized. transcriptomic analysis has proven to be an effective tool for identification of new sand fly molecules, providing exciting new insights into vector-based control strategies against leishmania ... | 2009 | 18768167 |
| impact of climate change and other factors on emerging arbovirus diseases. | while some skeptics remain unconvinced that global climate change is a reality, there is no doubt that during the past 50 years or so, patterns of emerging arbovirus diseases have changed significantly. can this be attributed to climate change? climate is a major factor in determining: (1) the geographic and temporal distribution of arthropods; (2) characteristics of arthropod life cycles; (3) dispersal patterns of associated arboviruses; (4) the evolution of arboviruses; and (5) the efficiency ... | 2009 | 18799177 |
| demonstration of genetic exchange during cyclical development of leishmania in the sand fly vector. | genetic exchange has not been shown to be a mechanism underlying the extensive diversity of leishmania parasites. we report here evidence that the invertebrate stages of leishmania are capable of having a sexual cycle consistent with a meiotic process like that described for african trypanosomes. hybrid progeny were generated that bore full genomic complements from both parents, but kinetoplast dna maxicircles from one parent. mating occurred only in the sand fly vector, and hybrids were transmi ... | 2009 | 19359589 |
| peritrophic matrix of phlebotomus duboscqi and its kinetics during leishmania major development. | light microscopy of native preparations, histology, and electron microscopy have revealed that phlebotomus duboscqi belongs to a class of sand fly species with prompt development of the peritrophic matrix (pm). secretion of electron-lucent fibrils, presumably chitin, starts immediately after the ingestion of a blood meal and, about 6 h later, is followed by secretion of amorphous electron-dense components, presumably proteins and glycoproteins. the pm matures in less than 12 h and consists of a ... | 2009 | 19471970 |
| analysis of salivary transcripts and antigens of the sand fly phlebotomus arabicus. | sand fly saliva plays an important role in blood feeding and leishmania transmission as it was shown to increase parasite virulence. on the other hand, immunity to salivary components impedes the establishment of infection. therefore, it is most desirable to gain a deeper insight into the composition of saliva in sand fly species which serve as vectors of various forms of leishmaniases. in the present work, we focused on phlebotomus (adlerius) arabicus, which was recently shown to transmit leish ... | 2009 | 19555500 |
| functional characterization of a salivary apyrase from the sand fly, phlebotomus duboscqi, a vector of leishmania major. | two transcripts coding for proteins homologous to apyrases were identified by massive sequencing of a phlebotomus (p.) duboscqi salivary gland cdna library. the sequence analysis revealed that the amino acids important for enzymatic activity including nucleotidase activity and the binding of calcium and nucleotides were well conserved in these molecules. a recombinant p. duboscqi salivary apyrase was expressed in escherichia coli and purified. the resulting protein efficiently hydrolyzed adp and ... | 2009 | 19651132 |
| reverse genetics technology for rift valley fever virus: current and future applications for the development of therapeutics and vaccines. | the advent of reverse genetics technology has revolutionized the study of rna viruses, making it possible to manipulate their genomes and evaluate the effects of these changes on their biology and pathogenesis. the fundamental insights gleaned from reverse genetics-based studies over the last several years provide a new momentum for the development of designed therapies for the control and prevention of these viral pathogens. this review summarizes the successes and stumbling blocks in the devel ... | 2009 | 19682499 |
| comparative attractiveness of co(2)-baited cdc light traps and animal baits to phlebotomus duboscqi sandflies. | in order to understand sandfly bionomics, vector species identification, and to develop methods for sandfly control, there is a need to sample sandflies in any particular habitat. this survey was aimed at determining the best method of sampling phlebotomus (phlebotomus) duboscqi (diptera: psychodidae) in the field. | 2009 | 19724082 |
| differential expression of immune defences is associated with specific host-parasite interactions in insects. | recent ecological studies in invertebrates show that the outcome of an infection is dependent on the specific pairing of host and parasite. such specificity contrasts the long-held view that invertebrate innate immunity depends on a broad-spectrum recognition system. an important question is whether this specificity is due to the immune response rather than some other interplay between host and parasite genotypes. by measuring the expression of putative bumblebee homologues of antimicrobial pept ... | 2009 | 19859547 |
| leishmania major glycosylation mutants require phosphoglycans (lpg2-) but not lipophosphoglycan (lpg1-) for survival in permissive sand fly vectors. | sand fly species able to support the survival of the protozoan parasite leishmania have been classified as permissive or specific, based upon their ability to support a wide or limited range of strains and/or species. studies of a limited number of fly/parasite species combinations have implicated parasite surface molecules in this process and here we provide further evidence in support of this proposal. we investigated the role of lipophosphoglycan (lpg) and other phosphoglycans (pgs) in sand f ... | 2010 | 20084096 |
| proteophosphoglycan confers resistance of leishmania major to midgut digestive enzymes induced by blood feeding in vector sand flies. | leishmania synthesize abundant phosphoglycan-containing molecules made up of [gal-man-po(4)] repeating units, including the surface lipophosphoglycan (lpg), and the surface and secreted proteophosphoglycan (ppg). the vector competence of phlebotomus duboscqi and lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies was tested using l. major knockout mutants deficient in either total phosphoglycans (lpg2(-) or lpg5a(-)/5b(-)) or lpg alone (lpg1(-)) along with their respective gene add-back controls. our results confi ... | 2010 | 20088949 |
| further studies on the phlebotomine sandflies of the kala-azar endemic lowlands of humera-metema (north-west ethiopia) with observations on their natural blood meal sources. | abstract: | 2010 | 20181077 |
| laboratory and semi-field evaluation of long-lasting insecticidal nets against leishmaniasis vector, phlebotomus (phlebotomus) duboscqi in kenya. | phlebotomine sandflies are vectors of leishmaniases and other diseases. long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) as possible tools for control have not been widely tested against them. the objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of olyset net and permanet llins alongside a local brand, k-o tab treated net (supanet) against phlebotomus duboscqi female sandflies. | 2010 | 20231767 |
| immunity to lutzomyia intermedia saliva modulates the inflammatory environment induced by leishmania braziliensis. | during blood feeding, sand flies inject leishmania parasites in the presence of saliva. the types and functions of cells present at the first host-parasite contact are critical to the outcome on infection and sand fly saliva has been shown to play an important role in this setting. herein, we investigated the in vivo chemotactic effects of lutzomyia intermedia saliva, the vector of leishmania braziliensis, combined or not with the parasite. | 2010 | 20559550 |
| leishmania species: detection and identification by nested pcr assay from skin samples of rodent reservoirs. | many rodent species act as reservoir hosts of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in endemic areas. in the present study a simple and reliable assay based on nested pcr was developed for the detection and identification of leishmania parasites from rodent skin samples. we designed leishmania-specific primers that successfully amplified its regions of leishmania major, leishmania gerbilli and leishmania turanica using nested pcr. out of 95 field collected rhombomys opimus, 21 were positive by micros ... | 2010 | 20566364 |
| morphometric and molecular differentiation of phlebotomus (phlebotomus) sandflies. | the closely related sandfly species of the subgenus phlebotomus namely, phlebotomus papatasi (scopoli, 1786), phlebotomus duboscqi neveu-lemair, 1906 and phlebotomus bergeroti parrot, 1934 (diptera: psychodidae), are major vectors of leishmania major (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae), the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the old world. although allopatric in most of their distribution, the three species exist sympatrically in many places in central and eastern sudan. males of the t ... | 2010 | 20633225 |
| the potential of the extracts of tagetes minuta linnaeus (asteraceae), acalypha fruticosa forssk (euphorbiaceae) and tarchonanthus camphoratus l. (compositae) against phlebotomus duboscqi neveu lemaire (diptera: psychodidae), the vector for leishmania major yakimoff and schokhor. | harmful effects of synthetic chemical insecticides including vector resistance, environmental pollution and health hazards have necessitated the current significance in the search for plant-based insecticide products that are environmentally safe and effective to leishmaniases control. the insecticidal activity of tagetes minuta linnaeus (asteraceae), acalypha fruticosa forssk (euphorbiaceae) and tarchonanthus camphoratus l. (compositae) extracts were investigated against phlebotomus duboscqi ne ... | 2010 | 20834087 |
| leishmania major survival in selective phlebotomus papatasi sand fly vector requires a specific scg-encoded lipophosphoglycan galactosylation pattern. | phlebotomine sand flies that transmit the protozoan parasite leishmania differ greatly in their ability to support different parasite species or strains in the laboratory: while some show considerable selectivity, others are more permissive. in "selective" sand flies, leishmania binding and survival in the fly midgut typically depends upon the abundant promastigote surface adhesin lipophosphoglycan (lpg), which exhibits species- and strain-specific modifications of the dominant phosphoglycan (pg ... | 2010 | 21085609 |
| the protective effect against leishmania infection conferred by sand fly bites is limited to short-term exposure. | under laboratory conditions, hosts exposed twice to sand fly saliva are protected against severe leishmaniasis. however, people in endemic areas are exposed to the vector over a long term and may experience sand fly-free periods. therefore, we exposed mice long- or short-term to phlebotomus duboscqi bites, followed by leishmania major infection either immediately or after a sand fly-free period. we showed that protection against leishmaniasis is limited to short-term exposure to sand flies immed ... | 2011 | 21310158 |
| bacterial flora as indicated by pcr-temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (tgge) of 16s rdna gene fragments from isolated guts of phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae). | in this study, we tested the capacity of temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (tgge)-based fingerprinting of 16s rdna pcr fragments to assess bacterial composition in a single isolated sand fly gut. bacterial content was studied in different life stages of a laboratory-reared colony of phlebotomus duboscqi and in a wild-caught phlebotomus papatasi population. our study demonstrates that a major reorganization in the gut bacterial community occurs during metamorphosis of sand flies. chlorofle ... | 2011 | 21366767 |
| pathogenicity of metarhizium anisopliae (metch) sorok and beauveria bassiana (bals) vuill to adult phlebotomus duboscqi (neveu-lemaire) in the laboratory. | biological control of sandflies using entomopathogenic fungi is a possible alternative to the expensive synthetic chemical control. it is potentially sustainable, less hazardous, and relatively inexpensive and merits further investigations. the objective of this study was to identify the most pathogenic fungal isolate(s) to sandflies in the laboratory. | 2011 | 21406735 |
| sandfly-saliva injected during repeated feeding on a sensitized hamster causes fecundity and mortality to female phlebotomus duboscqi (diptera: psychodidae). | | 2011 | 21406740 |
| ecology of phlebotomine sand flies in the rural community of mont rolland (thiès region, senegal): area of transmission of canine leishmaniasis. | different epidemiological studies previously indicated that canine leishmaniasis is present in the region of thiès (senegal). however, the risks to human health, the transmission cycle and particularly the implicated vectors are unknown. | 2011 | 21445295 |
| the midgut transcriptome of phlebotomus (larroussius) perniciosus, a vector of leishmania infantum: comparison of sugar fed and blood fed sand flies. | abstract: | 2011 | 21569254 |
| seasonality and prevalence of leishmania major infection in phlebotomus duboscqi neveu-lemaire from two neighboring villages in central mali. | phlebotomus duboscqi is the principle vector of leishmania major, the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl), in west africa and is the suspected vector in mali. although found throughout the country the seasonality and infection prevalence of p. duboscqi has not been established in mali. we conducted a three year study in two neighboring villages, kemena and sougoula, in central mali, an area with a leishmanin skin test positivity of up to 45%. during the first year, we evaluated the o ... | 2011 | 21572984 |