| serological responses in rabbits used to maintain uninfected, laboratory-reared tsetses (glossina morsitans morsitans westwood) (diptera: glossinidae). | | 1979 | 117892 |
| lethal effect of tetracycline on tsetse flies following damage to bacterioid symbionts. | high mortality was observed in tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans, that had had a single blood meal on rabbits which had previously been administered tetracycline complex salts. the death of the flies was apparently effected by the killing of the fly symbionts and the destruction of the mycetomes of the gut. it is suggested that tetracycline complex salts in the food or drink of livestock may be tried for the control of tsetse flies. | 1977 | 405237 |
| cyclical transmission of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and trypanosoma congolense by tsetse flies infected with culture-form procyclic trypanosomes. | culture procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and trypanosoma congolense were fed to glossina morsitans morsitans through artificial membranes. a very high percentage of the flies so fed produced established midgut infections, a proportion of which went on to develop into mature metacyclic trypanosomes capable of infecting mammalian hosts. the method offers a safe, clean way of infecting tsetse flies with african trypanosomes which reduces the need for trypanosome-infected animals in ... | 1979 | 536930 |
| infectivity of trypanosoma brucei cultivated at 28 c with tsetse fly salivary glands. | when transformed procyclic noninfective trypanosomes of several unrelated stocks of trypanosoma brucei were cultivated in t-30 falcon flasks at 28 c in a liquid medium containing head-salivary gland explants of glossina morsitans morsitans some of the organisms developed into forms infective for mice. infective trypanosomes were detected 7 to 14 days after the cultures were prepared and they persisted for varying periods of up to 88 days when the cultures were terminated. a few of the salivary g ... | 1979 | 536931 |
| effects of host anemia, local skin factors, and circulating antibodies upon biology of laboratory reared glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae). | | 1979 | 540275 |
| monthly and seasonal variations in size of uterine contents of wild female glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera: glossinidae) in the republic of zambia, africa. | | 1977 | 606813 |
| sex pheromone of the tsetse fly: isolation, identification, and synthesis of contact aphrodisiacs. | sex pheromones isolated from the cuticle of the female tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, release mating behavior in the male fly at ultrashort range or upon contact with baited decoys. three active components were identified as 15,19-dimethylheptatriacontane, 17,21-dimethylheptatriacontane, and 15,19,23-trimethylheptatriacontane. chemical and biological comparisons show that the natural and synthetic compounds are identical. | 1978 | 675256 |
| aposymbiotic tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans obtained by feeding on rabbits immunized specifically with symbionts. | | 1978 | 701841 |
| sumbionts in the female tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. | a rickettsia-like symbiont, located in the ovaries of g. m. morsitans is maternally transmitted to the offspring via the egg. it is suggested that they may be essential for normal ovarian development. | 1975 | 806465 |
| digestive processes of haematophagous insects. xii. secretion of trypsin and carboxypeptidase b gy glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae). | | 1977 | 837276 |
| observations of resting sites of glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera: muscidae) during the wet season in the republic of zambia, africa. | | 1977 | 845902 |
| host preference and trypanosome infection rates of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood in the republic of zambia. | examination of data on the host preference and trypanosome infection rates of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood in central zambia showed a marked preference for suids (62%); bovids (17%), 'other mammals' (14%), primates (4%), reptiles (3%) and birds (less than 1%) accounted for the remaining feeds. trypanosome infection rates in g. m. morsitans were very low (0-3-66%), with higher rates in males; only vivax-type trypanosomes were encountered. the heterogeneity of monthly and seasonal infecti ... | 1977 | 849014 |
| penetration of mid-gut cells of glossina morsitans morsitans by trypanosoma brucei rhodesianse. | | 1975 | 1202348 |
| inhibitory effect of trypanosoma brucei brucei on glossina morsitans midgut trypsin in vitro. | the ability of trypanosoma brucei brucei to inhibit trypsin or trypsin-like enzymes in crude midgut homogenates of glossina morsitans morsitans was studied in vitro. the isolated parasites caused a concentration-dependent decrease in midgut trypsin activity. furthermore, trypanosomes lysed by repeated freeze-thawing had a similar effect on trypsin activity. in both cases, the inhibition by either intact or lysed parasites was partial as revealed by dixon plots. similarly, trypanosome membrane pr ... | 1992 | 1409526 |
| studies on tsetse midgut factors that induce differentiation of blood-stream trypanosoma brucei brucei in vitro. | an in vitro system for studying the transformation of bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei brucei into procylic (midgut) forms is described. in this system, transformation of the parasites was stimulated by glossina morsitans morsitans midgut homogenates at 27 degrees c but not at 4 degrees c. the transformation-stimulating capacity was irreversibly destroyed by heating the midgut homogenates at 60 degrees c for 1 h. a correlation was established between the transformation activity of the mid ... | 1992 | 1584740 |
| pathogenicity of tsetse-transmitted trypanosoma congolense for waterbuck (kobus defassa) and boran cattle (bos indicus). | five waterbuck (kobus defassa) and four boran cattle (bos indicus) were infected with trypanosoma congolense il2895 using glossina morsitans morsitans. at the same time, two waterbuck and two cattle were inoculated intravenously with bloodstream forms. with both methods of challenge, cattle had short prepatent periods followed by a continuous high parasitaemia. all cattle became severely anaemic and had to be treated with trypanocidal drugs to prevent death. in contrast, tsetse and intravenous c ... | 1991 | 1685298 |
| infection rates in glossina morsitans morsitans fed on waterbuck and boran cattle infected with trypanosoma congolense. | teneral glossina morsitans morsitans were fed on waterbuck (kobus defassa) and boran cattle (bos indicus) infected experimentally with trypanosoma congolense clone il2895. infection rates in tsetse varied from 9 to 31% when fed on cattle, and from 2 to 59% when fed on waterbuck. in waterbuck, infections were often detected through the development of parasites in tsetse at times when parasitaemia could not be detected through microscopic examination of blood. male and female, and 1- and 2-day-old ... | 1991 | 1685299 |
| surface coat synthesis and turnover from epimastigote to bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei. | monoclonal antibodies to metacyclic surface coat glycoproteins of trypanosoma brucei brucei stib 247lg were produced for a study of the synthesis of metacyclic variable surface glycoproteins (vsgs) within the salivary gland of glossina morsitans morsitans, and of the first exchange of the surface glycoproteins after infection in mice. immunofluorescence antibody tests and protein a-gold labelling revealed that the vsgs are continuously integrated into the whole surface of the trypanosome while i ... | 1991 | 1686146 |
| lipophorin from the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans. | 1. lipophorin was isolated from the haemolymph of adult tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, by ultracentrifugation in a potassium bromide density gradient. 2. the tsetse fly lipophorin (mr congruent to 600,000) has a density of congruent to 1.11 g/ml and consists of two apoproteins, apolipophorin-i (apolp-i, mr congruent to 250,000) and apolipophorin-ii (apolp-ii, mr congruent to 80,000), both of which are glycosylated as shown by staining with periodate-schiff reagent. the protein complex ... | 1991 | 1790674 |
| effect of polyclonal anti-procyclic antibodies on development of trypanosoma brucei brucei in tsetse flies. | results obtained in experiments testing the efficacy of anti-procyclic-form rabbit sera on the development of homologous and heterologous stocks of trypanosoma brucei brucei in glossina morsitans morsitans indicated that this development was affected little, or not at all, by such sera. the absence of effect of anti-procyclic stage antibodies can be explained by the failure to detect by either direct or indirect fluorescent antibody methods the presence of antibodies acquired in vivo by either t ... | 1991 | 1994370 |
| formulation of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, for tsetse control. | a topical dose, in 1 microliter acetone, of 0.02 microgram-2-[1-methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy) ethoxy] pyridine, the juvenile hormone mimic pyriproxyfen (s-31183, sumitomo chemical co.), caused an adult female tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, to produce non-viable offspring for the whole of her life. using 14c labelled pyriproxyfen it was determined that as little as 0.001 microgram transferred to the in utero larva was sufficient to arrest development in the pupal stage. a formulatio ... | 1990 | 2132975 |
| comparison of the susceptibility to deltamethrin of female glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, 1850 (diptera: glossinidae) uninfected and infected with trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense broden, 1904 (kinetoplastida, trypanosomatidae). | the susceptibility of pregnant female glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, 1850 infected with trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense broden, 1904 to deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, was compared to that of pregnant uninfected females. the results showed that infected flies have a significantly higher mortality rate than uninfected ones, and have a reduced longevity compared with uninfected control flies. these experiments suggest that the effects of trypanosome infection on gloss ... | 1990 | 2256771 |
| production of metacyclic forms by cyclical transmission of west african trypanosoma (t.) brucei isolates from man and animals. | fifteen west african trypanosoma (t.) brucei isolates from man and animals were cyclically transmitted. five stocks, belonging to the non-gambiense group, could easily be transmitted through glossina morsitans morsitans or glossina m. centralis infected on mice, whereas successful transmission of the 10 isolates, identified as trypanosoma brucei gambiense, was performed using g. palpalis gambiensis as vector. glossina p. gambiensis was infected with culture-derived procyclic trypanosomes by repe ... | 1988 | 2467539 |
| responses of tsetse flies (glossina spp.) to compounds on the skin surface of an ox: a laboratory study. | the behaviour of male glossina morsitans morsitans westwood and glossina pallidipes austen (diptera: glossinidae) alighting on targets with or without ox sebum was compared. the presence of ox sebum did not increase significantly the number of flies alighting on the target in either species. however, after contact with the sebum coated target, both species showed an increase in flight activity, and g. m.morsitans showed a greater tendency to return to the target. this behaviour resulted in a num ... | 1989 | 2519690 |
| glossina morsitans morsitans: mortalities caused in adults by experimental infection with entomopathogenic fungi. | various strains of the entomopathogenic fungi: beauveria bassiana, metarhizium anisopliae, paecilomyces fumosoroseus and p. farinosus were found to be pathogenic for adult tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans but b. bassiana and m. anisopliae were the most pathogenic, often causing mortalities of up to 100%. dose-mortality relationships were demonstrated for both b. bassiana and m. anisopliae and male tsetse were observed to be more susceptible to infection than females. pure cultures of b. bass ... | 1989 | 2565071 |
| mechanical transmission of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense by glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera:glossinidae). | interrupted feedings of teneral, laboratory-reared glossina morsitans morsitans were used to study mechanical transmission of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. intervals between exposure of individual flies on parasitaemic rats and refeeding on clean rats were varied from five minutes to 24 hours. direct transmissions were demonstrated at each interval up to 160 minutes after exposure. proboscis dissections showed that active trypanosomes were present up to 320 minutes after exposure. no mechanica ... | 1989 | 2619386 |
| mortality in adult tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans, caused by entomopathogenic bacteria. | mortality in adult tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans, caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa, serratia marcescens, bacillus sphaericus, bacillus cereus, bacillus thuringiensis h-14, b. thuringiensis 1, b. thuringiensis 5, b. thuringiensis var. insraelensis, and providentia rettgeri was determined. when bacteria were smeared on rabbit skin and tsetse allowed to feed only once on the contaminated area, mortality 8 days postingestion was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in tsetse fed on p. aeru ... | 1989 | 2738417 |
| an enterokinase in the gut of pharate adult of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae). | an enterokinase (enteropeptidase, ec. 3.4.21.9) has been described in the pharate adult of glossina mositans morsitans. the enzyme is present in pharate adults, 21 days after pupation. it activated commercial crystalline bovine trypsinogen to trypsin. it showed affinity for concanavalin a bound to sepharose and was reversibly sensitive to boiling at ph 6.0. the apparent molecular weight, as determined by gel permeation on sepharose 6b-cl, suggests self-aggregation or an association with a large ... | 1985 | 2859754 |
| characterization of cyclically transmitted trypanosoma (t.) brucei isolates from man. | four different trypanosome isolates from human patients isolated in 1979 during the epidemic of sleeping sickness in busoga, south-east uganda, were characterized by the following methods: isoenzyme analyses of bloodstream forms by isoelectric focusing; in vitro tests of human serum resistance of bloodstream as well as metacyclic forms; tsetse fly transmission through glossina morsitans centralis and glossina morsitans morsitans to compare the above characteristics of parasite populations before ... | 1986 | 2872784 |
| defence reactions of glossina morsitans morsitans against different species of bacteria and trypanosoma brucei brucei. | tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans, fed on rats infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei showed wide fluctuations in total and differential haemocyte counts. similar fluctuations occurred in controls fed on non-infected rats and also between the two groups without showing any difference which could be attributed to the infection. trypanosome infection of the tsetse haemocoel occurred in 16.25% of the flies, starting from the second day after feeding on the infected rats, but salivary glan ... | 1986 | 2872785 |
| immunoelectron microscopic demonstration of pancreatic polypeptide in midgut epithelium of hematophagous dipterans. | midguts of mosquitoes, aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi, and of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, as well as guinea pig pancreas, were prepared for electron microscopy by using low-temperature embedding in lowicryl k4m. rabbit antiserum to bovine pancreatic polypeptide (pp) crossreacted with secretory granules of pancreatic pp-producing cells and of the clear cells in mosquito gut. rabbit antiserum to human somatostatin crossreacted with the control tissue, guinea pig pancreas d ... | 1987 | 2885369 |
| influence of the salmon mutant of glossina morsitans morsitans on the susceptibility to infection with trypanosoma congolense. | four phenotypes of a sex-linked, maternally influenced semi-lethal eye color mutant of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood were fed on trypanosoma congolense broden infected guinea pigs. infection rates were evaluated 25 days later by means of dissection. procyclic as well as mature infections were significantly more common among females with salmon-colored eyes (sal/sal) than among heterozygous (+/sal, phenotypically wild-type) females. a tendency was found for more mature infections among sa ... | 1985 | 2862776 |
| a new method for isolating trypanosoma brucei gambiense from sleeping sickness patients. | low infectivity to laboratory mammals and low virulence make trypanosoma brucei gambiense difficult to isolate and grow in amounts sufficient for biochemical characterization. we report the isolation of t.b. gambiense by feeding cryopreserved primary isolates to laboratory-reared glossina morsitans morsitans, followed by rapid cultivation in vitro of procyclic forms dissected from infected tsetse fly midguts. this technique allows the characterization of hitherto unsampled populations and avoids ... | 1989 | 2617625 |
| the roles of vision and olfaction in mate location by males of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. | the roles of visual and/or olfactory stimuli in eliciting mating responses from male glossina morsitans morsitans westwood were examined, using a system for automatically recording the number and duration of mating strikes made towards decoys, under controlled conditions. the results confirm that there is no olfactory component of the female sex recognition pheromone sensed by the male antennae, and the attraction of males to females appears to be visual. the absence of male-male mating strikes ... | 1989 | 2519658 |
| survival and reproductive performance of female glossina morsitans morsitans when maintained on the blood of different species of wild mammals. | a study was carried out to determine the effect on the reproductive performance of female glossina morsitans morsitans westwood when allowed to feed, in vitro, for 63 days on fresh defibrinated blood of buffalo, bushbuck, cattle, eland, oryx, warthog, waterbuck or wildebeest. there were marginal differences in the survival and reproductive performance between eight different groups of tsetse, 200 per group, when fed on the blood of these mammalian species. when allowed to feed for 14 consecutive ... | 1988 | 2980193 |
| tryptophan metabolism in tsetse flies and the consequences of its derangement. | literature comparing salmon and wild type glossina morsitans morsitans and that comparing tan and wild type glossina palpalis palpalis is reviewed. new information is presented on behaviour and biochemistry of salmon and wild type g. m. morsitans. the eye color mutants result from two lesions in the tryptophan to xanthommatin pathway: lack of tryptophan oxygenase in g. m morsitans and failure to produce or retain xanthommatin in eyes (but not in testes) of g. p. palpalis. the salmon allele in g. ... | 1987 | 2473378 |
| ultrastructural changes in salivary glands of tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans, infected with virus and rickettsia-like organisms. | electron microscope observations on enlarged hypertrophied salivary glands dissected from adult laboratory-reared male glossina morsitans morsitans show a concurrent infection of the salivary gland tissue with rod-shaped virus particles and intracellular rickettsia-like organisms. the latter are found intracellular in the epithelium and in the gland lumen enclosed within lytic zones. the virus particles are found within the degenerating cytoplasm, nuclei, and lumen of the cell where they are esp ... | 1990 | 2250102 |
| [effects of sublethal doses of deltamethrin on the pair glossina morsitans morsitans-trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense]. | the presence of trypanosoma in glossina morsitans morsitans induced a decrease in the physiological activity which is expressed in particular by a statistically higher mortality rate of infected flies. a similar effect appears with sublethal doses of deltamethrin either in infected or non infected insects. a cumulative activity of both effects was also observed in infected and treated flies. sublethal doses of the pyrethroid compound showed a delay in feeding, abortions and larval clampings. mor ... | 1988 | 3142654 |
| secondary structure constraints on the evolution of drosophila 28 s ribosomal rna expansion segments. | eukaryotic ribosomal rna genes contain rapidly evolving regions of unknown function termed expansion segments. we present the comparative analysis of the primary and secondary structure of two expansion segments from the large subunit rrna gene of ten species of drosophila and the tsetse fly species glossina morsitans morsitans. at the primary sequence level, most of the differences observed in the sequences obtained are single base substitutions. this is in marked contrast with observations in ... | 1991 | 1904940 |
| [trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolese broden, 1904 (kinetoplastida, trypanosomatidae) in epithelial cells of the anterior segment of the midgut of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, 1850 (diptera, glossinidae)]. | | 1988 | 3217562 |
| the humoral defense system in tsetse: differences in response due to age, sex and antigen types. | inoculation of live escherichia coli into tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans, stimulated a higher antibacterial immune response in females than in males. it increased with age in females from emergence to approximately 2 weeks and thereafter declined. in males, there was also a significant decrease in immune response with aging. inoculation of killed bacteria failed to stimulate antibacterial activity but stimulated a lysozyme response which was weaker than that stimulated by live bacter ... | 1988 | 3384155 |
| structural studies on the major milk gland protein of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans. | 1. the major protein in the milk gland secretions of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, was isolated by a combination of gel permeation chromatography and crystallization. 2. it has a native mr approximately 47,000 and is composed of two identical polypeptide chains (mr approximately 21,000) as determined by chemical cross-linking studies. the protein has no covalently-bound carbohydrates or lipids. amino acid analysis of the protein revealed relatively high amounts of the aromatic am ... | 1991 | 1790673 |
| isolation and properties of 600-kda and 23-kda haemolymph proteins from the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans: their possible role as biological insecticides. | the haemolymph of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, contains a high (lipophorin) and a low molecular weight protein of high densities, 1.11 and 1.29 g/ml, respectively. the purification of the proteins was achieved by a combination of density gradient ultracentrifugation and reported gel permeation chromatography. the lipophorin is of high molecular weight (m(r) integral of 600,000) and consists of two apoproteins, apolipophorin i (m(r) integral of 250,000) and apolipophorin ii (m(r) ... | 1992 | 1514048 |
| activation of three species of tsetse (glossina spp.) in response to host derived stimuli. | recordings were made of the activation of hungry glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, g. pallidipes austen, and g. austeni newstead in response to odours from ox breath and ox urine, and a moving visual stimulus, in a wind tunnel. the spontaneous activity of g.m.morsitans was very low (less than 4% of males and 2% of females active per min during control periods). that of g.austeni and g.pallidipes was in the region of 20% except for g.pallidipes females when in excess of 40% were active durin ... | 1992 | 1463900 |
| extrachromosomal inheritance of susceptibility to trypanosome infection in tsetse flies. ii. susceptibility of selected lines of glossina morsitans morsitans to different stocks and species of trypanosome. | two lines of glossina m. morsitans, selected for susceptibility and refractoriness to infection with a single stock of trypanosoma congolense, have now been shown to be susceptible or refractory to different stocks of t. congolense and, also, to different stocks of t. b. brucei and t. b. gambiense. the mean midgut infection rates of the susceptible line obtained in different experiments with t. congolense, t. b. brucei and t. b. gambiense were, respectively, 66%, 56% and 55%; the corresponding m ... | 1986 | 3729601 |
| an analysis of supernumerary or b-chromosomes of wild and laboratory strains of glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1992 | 1421491 |
| the nature of the teneral state in glossina and its role in the acquisition of trypanosome infection in tsetse. | teneral glossina morsitans morsitans from outbred and susceptible stocks infected with trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense developed, respectively, three and six times higher midgut infection rates than flies of the same stock which had previously taken a bloodmeal. non-teneral g. m. morsitans remained relatively refractory to infection when infected at subsequent feeds. differences in susceptibility to midgut infection between teneral flies from susceptible and outbred lines of g. m. morsitans ... | 1992 | 1288435 |
| survival and reproductive performance of female glossina morsitans morsitans when maintained on livestock infected with salivarian trypanosomes. | | 1985 | 4096568 |
| comparative analysis of the polytene chromosomes of glossina austeni and glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1974 | 4140779 |
| amino acid analyses of haemolymph of glossina morsitans morsitans (westwood). | | 1974 | 4151040 |
| comparisons between three small collections of glossina morsitans morsitans (machado) (diptera: glossinidae) from the kilombero river valley, tanzania. 1. characteristics of flies exhibiting different patterns of behaviour. | | 1972 | 4404250 |
| productivity of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood maintained in the laboratory, with particular reference to the sterile-insect release method. | glossina morsitans is of great economic importance in africa and if a mass-rearing project were to be undertaken with a view to control by the release of sterilized males it would be necessary to know the productivity that could be obtained from this species in the laboratory. data for life tables and age-specific fecundity schedules of g. m. morsitans fed on goats or lop-eared rabbits are used to calculate outputs of viable pupae or of young adult males that would be available for disposal.for ... | 1972 | 4537332 |
| polytene chromosomes of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1973 | 4682086 |
| a second incident of reproductive abnormalities in colonized glossina morsitans morsitans westw. caused by a maternally acting toxicant in rabbit food. | | 1973 | 4784097 |
| chromosome ultrastructure at meiosis in glossina austeni and glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1973 | 4784115 |
| [breeding in france, of glossina morsitans morsitans west. and gl. tachinoides west]. | | 1965 | 4955621 |
| the meiotic sequence in glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1972 | 5048064 |
| the optimum use of males in colonies of glossina morsitans morsitans west and g. austeni newst. | | 1972 | 5048822 |
| the meiotic sequence in glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1972 | 5048833 |
| inhibition of diuresis in the tsetse fly (glossina morsitans) by ouabain and acetazolamide. | acetazolamide and ouabain, metabolic inhibitors which interfere with certain membrane transport systems, reduce the rate of water elimination by male glossina morsitans morsitans. the results suggest that water is transported across membranes during diuresis and that a ouabain sensitive na+k+atpase and an acetazolamide-sensitive carbonic anhydrase are involved in diuresis. | 1975 | 1157860 |
| distribution and attachment of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense in the proximal part of the proboscis of glossina morsitans morsitans. | the distribution and attachment of trypanosoma congolense were investigated in the proximal part of the proboscis of glossina m. morsitans. in the food canal, epimastigotes and trypomastigotes formed tufts or compact layers. trypanosomes were attached to the cuticle by their flagella, which formed zonar hemidesmosomes. the flagella were mostly attached parallel to the axis of the labrum and often pointed to its tip. foot-like processes of the flagella came into contact with adjacent flagella lea ... | 1980 | 6106351 |
| the appearance of trypanosoma (duttonella) vivax in lymph following challenge of goats with infected glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1980 | 6110327 |
| storage and sexual separation of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood puparia. | maintenance of unknown-age tsetse puparia at 4 degrees c for six days substantially reduced emergence; normal emergence occurred when puparia were held at temperatures of 12 degrees, 14 degrees, or 16 degrees c for two, three or four weeks, respectively. in-storage eclosion of adults was either suppressed completely at the temperatures used or was slight. weight, puparial duration, and density of puparia were examined in an attempt to detect sexual differences in puparia. there appeared to be no ... | 1975 | 1155998 |
| tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans produces ultrasound related to behavior. | the spectrum of the sounds produced by the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans extends to above 80 khz and the energy distribution between 20 and 70 khz is related to behavior. | 1975 | 1140314 |
| effects of maintaining glossina morsitans morsitans on different hosts upon the vector's subsequent infection rates with pathogenic trypanosomes. | the percentage infection rates of trypanosoma vivax in glossina morsitans morsitans maintained after the infected meal on a cow, goats, rabbit, rats or mice were 88.0, 86.7, 94.8, 76.4 and 6.1, respectively. there were not significant differences between the males and females in this respect. the mortality rates of the tsetse maintained on mice or sheep were relatively high; the infection rate of the few survivors (5%) maintained on the latter host was 44.4%. the rates of t. congolense infection ... | 1981 | 6115552 |
| studies on transmission of two east african stocks of trypanosoma vivax to cattle, goats, rabbits, rats and mice. | transmission studies were conducted using two trypanosoma vivax stocks isolated from bovines in uganda. parasitaemia was low and transient in rabbits and rats; it persisted for relatively longer in nmri mice. the parasitaemia developed to a peak in a few a/j and balb/c mice; in nmri, c57b and c3h/he it was low and fleeting. lethally irradiated a/j, c57b and c3h/he mice with caesium 137 at 900 gy showed a high peak of parasitaemia; nmri and balb/c mice succumbed very rapidly to a similar radiatio ... | 1982 | 6122363 |
| the transmission of mixed infections of pathogenic trypanosoma species to susceptible hosts by glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1982 | 6131589 |
| trypanosoma congolense: susceptibility of cattle to cyclical challenge. | cattle primed by cyclical infection with glossina morsitans morsitans infected with cloned derivatives of trypanosoma congolense and treated with the trypanocidal drug berenil after 3 or 4 weeks were immune to cyclical challenge with homologous clones 3 to 5 weeks later. in these animals, localized skin reactions (chancres) and parasitemia did not develop. the same results were obtained in cattle given a homologous superinfection without prior treatment. on the other hand, cattle subjected to a ... | 1983 | 6133773 |
| sound production in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1975 | 1133267 |
| trypanosoma vivax, t. congolense or t. brucei infection rates in glossina morsitans when maintained in vitro on the blood of goat or calf. | tenerals of glossina morsitans morsitans and g. m. centralis were infected with trypanosoma vivax, t. congolense or t. brucei by feeding mainly on infected goats and then maintained either in vivo on uninfected calves, goats or rabbits, or fed in vitro upon heparinised or defibrinated blood of goats or calves for 21 days for t. vivax and t. congolense and 30 days for t. brucei and then dissected. the observed differences in the infection rates for all three trypanosome species maintained on diff ... | 1984 | 6143482 |
| digestive processes of haematophagous insects. xi. partial purification and some properties of six proteolytic enzymes from the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae). | | 1976 | 991018 |
| failure of trypanosomal membrane antigens to induce protection against tsetse-transmitted trypanosoma vivax or t. brucei in goats and rabbits. | a purified protein, relative molecular weight 83 kilodalton (kd), and plasma membranes from trypanosoma brucei were tested as potential vaccines against tsetse-transmitted t. vivax and t. brucei in goats and rabbits. the 83 kd protein was found in lysates of all clones of t. brucei examined, as well as in lysates of t. vivax, t. congolense and t. rhodesiense. rabbits and goats were immunized with various amounts of antigen in freund's complete adjuvant and boosted twice with antigen in freund's ... | 1984 | 6150617 |
| maintenance of glossina morsitans morsitans on antiserum to procyclic trypanosomes reduces infection rates with homologous and heterologous trypanosoma congolense stocks. | three experimental groups of male glossina morsitans morsitans were infected at their first feed with procyclic forms of different stocks of trypanosoma congolense and subsequently maintained on a diet containing rabbit antiserum to one of these stocks. control flies were similarly infected but were then maintained on normal rabbit serum. dissection of the flies 19-21 days post infection showed a reduction in both immature and mature infection rates in all groups fed on antiserum by comparison w ... | 1984 | 6150620 |
| passage of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense through the peritrophic membrane of glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1977 | 895841 |
| insemination, pregnancy and suspected abortion rates in a natural population of glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera: glossinidae) in the republic of zambia. | | 1977 | 561849 |
| ultrastructural studies of certain aspects of the development of trypanosoma congolense in glossina morsitans morsitans. | the course of trypanosoma congolense infections in glossina morsitans morsitans was followed by electron-microscopic examination of ultrathin sections of the guts and proboscises of infected flies. guts dissected from flies 7 days after infection with culture procyclic forms of t. congolense had heavy trypanosome infections in the midgut involving both the endo- and ectoperitrophic spaces. trypanosomes were also seen in the process of penetrating the fully formed peritrophic membrane in the cent ... | 1979 | 544799 |
| effects of tsetse (glossina morsitans morsitans westw.) (diptera: glossinidae) salivary gland homogenate on coagulation and fibrinolysis. | the saliva of the tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, has antithrombin anticoagulant activity and inhibits thrombin's esterolytic activity. it has no other detectable anticoagulant properties. the anticoagulant elutes in a single peak on sephadex fraction, is immediately acting, heat and storage stable, and has a molecular weight of 11-13,000. unlike heparin it is not neutralized by protamine sulphate or toluidine blue and does not require the co-factor, antithrombin iii, for optimal ... | 1979 | 505376 |
| genetics of glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera: glossinidae). vii. location of g6pd in linkage group i, and alkph in linkage group ii. | in glossina morsitans morsitans westwood the locus for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, g6pd, was found to be in linkage group i, approximately 35 to 42 map units to the left of ocra, the locus for body color. the locus for midgut alkaline phosphatase, alkph, was found to be in linkage group ii, within 0.41 map units of the locus for xanthine oxidase, xo. the distance from xo to the locus for aldehyde oxidase, ao, was confirmed to be about 42 map units. no evidence for genetical recombination ... | 1983 | 6340805 |
| the acquisition of human serum resistance during cyclical passage of a trypanosoma brucei brucei clone through glossina morsitans morsitans maintained on human serum. | | 1984 | 6464124 |
| tsetse fly feeding preference as determined by vehicular trapping in tanzania. | in eastern tanzania an electric grid trap carried in the back of a moving pick-up truck was used to capture engorged glossina morsitans morsitans and g. pallidipes for an analysis of their food sources. although 12 000 head of domestic cattle represented c. 75% of the animal biomass in the survey area, they provided only 5.6% of the total blood meals, while 74.8% were from warthogs and bushpigs. the percentage of females among the captured flies was 12 and 47 for g. m. morsitans and g. pallidipe ... | 1984 | 6486936 |
| genetic relationships between subspecies of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans inferred from variation in mitochondrial dna sequences. | a 750 base pair segment of dna from the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans was isolated by means of molecular cloning. it was shown by dna hybridization to have substantial sequence homology with a defined region of the mitochondrial genomes of several drosophila species. when used as a probe against dna prepared from single tsetse flies, the cloned sequence revealed local restriction site variation between members of the g. morsitans subspecies complex. this feature was used to demonstrate ... | 1984 | 6525570 |
| genetics of glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera: glossinidae). x. a mutant (sabr) having long scutellar apical bristles in females. | a line of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood was established in which females have scutellar apical bristles approximately three times as long as normal. in other respects the flies appear normal. the mutant allele, sabr, is recessive to the wild-type allele. the locus for sabr is located in linkage group iii, 50 or more map units from the locus for malic dehydrogenase. scutellar apical bristles in mutant flies are longer in flies emerging from puparia maintained at 30 degrees c than in flies ... | 1984 | 6525573 |
| mechanical transmission of leishmania major by glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera: glossinidae). | | 1984 | 6726762 |
| some effects of uninfected laboratory-reared tsetses (glossina morsitans morsitans westw.) (diptera: glossinidae) on host-rabbits. | rabbits (flemish giant x french lop-eared) exposed to 300 to 500 tsetses (glossina morsitans morsitans westw.) a day, 2 or 3 days a week, did not show significant differences from littermates receiving no exposure, with respect to weight changes, haematocrits, red and white blood cell counts or whole blood clotting times. in other rabbits, the same daily exposure, 6 days a week, resulted in sharp decreases in haematocrit levels and in some, changes in weights, but no change in citrated plasma th ... | 1978 | 32754 |
| cyclical transmission of pathogenic trypanosoma species by gamma-irradiated sterile male glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1982 | 7070842 |
| early events following challenge of cattle with tsetse infected with trypanosoma congolense: development of the local skin reaction. | a local skin reaction (chancre) was elicited in susceptible cattle after the successful feeding of glossina morsitans morsitans infected with one of two different cloned isolates of trypanosoma congolense. the chancre first appeared as a small 2 to 3 mm nodule at the site of the challenge as early as day 5 and reached maximum activity by days 10 to 13 when it had developed into a raised, indurated, hot, painful swelling measuring up to 100 mm in diameter. thereafter it declined in size and activ ... | 1982 | 7072104 |
| the behaviour of glossina morsitans morsitans near roads. | | 1982 | 7101414 |
| studies on the infection rates of a west african stock of trypanosoma vivax in glossina morsitans morsitans and g. m. centralis. | | 1982 | 7125759 |
| a preliminary investigation of the effect of age, sex and time of collection on the feeding patterns of glossina morsitans morsitans westw. in zambia. | glossina morsitans morsitans were collected during the dry season of 1975 from two areas in the luangwa valley (zambia) and from one of the areas in the wet season of 1976. in all, 1,190 flies were analysed for sex, wing fray category and source of bloodmeal. differences in the feeding patterns in the morning and afternoon collections reflected host behaviour. warthog consistently emerged as a major host but there appeared to be some local variation resulting from seasonal and diurnal availabili ... | 1982 | 7200644 |
| studies on the transmission of a west african stock of trypanosoma vivax to rabbits, rats, mice and goats by glossina morsitans morsitans and g. m. centralis. | | 1981 | 7275475 |
| probing by glossina morsitans morsitans and transmission of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense. | successive probings on nine mice each by 32 glossina morsitans morsitans infected with trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense resulted in 54% of the mice (156/288) becoming parasitemic. a second trial with 25 surviving infected flies resulted in transmission by probing to 37.3% (84/225) of the host mice. the patterns of transmission were similar in the two trials, with transmission rates in the first and second probings higher than those for feedings to repletion after nine consecutive probings. in ... | 1981 | 7283013 |
| studies on trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense ii. observations on the cyclical transmission of three field isolates by glossina morsitans morsitans. | teneral flies of glossina morsitans morsitans were fed on mice infected with cloned and uncloned derivatives of three recent field isolates of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense. flies with mature infections were identified by the warm-slide probe method and phase-contrast microscopy. high infection rates were achieved when such flies were fed on mice at peak parasitaemia. the infection rates were low when flies were fed on mice prior to or late after peak parasitaemia. the duration of the deve ... | 1978 | 32753 |
| physiology of an atp receptor in labellar sensilla of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westw. (diptera: glossinidae). | electrophysiological recordings have been made from cells in the eight large, labellar sensilla of g. morsitans. one of these cells in each sensillum was shown to respond to atp over a concentration range of 10(-6)-10(-3) m. it was also sensitive to several other adenosine phophates, but much less sensitive to ctp, gtp and itp. the activity of the receptor was depressed below ph 7, and sometimes considerably increased above ph 9. these aspects the receptor's physiology support the results of beh ... | 1976 | 11268 |
| wigglesworthia gen. nov. and wigglesworthia glossinidia sp. nov., taxa consisting of the mycetocyte-associated, primary endosymbionts of tsetse flies. | the primary endosymbionts (p-endosymbionts) of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) are harbored inside specialized cells (mycetocytes) in the anterior region of the gut, and these specialized cells form a white, u-shaped organelle called mycetome. the p-endosymbionts of five tsetse fly species belonging to the glossinidae have been characterized morphologically, and their 16s ribosomal dna sequences have been determined for phylogenetic analysis. these organisms were found to belong to a distinc ... | 1995 | 7547309 |
| trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: variation in human serum resistance after transmission between bushbuck and domestic ruminants by glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1995 | 7572432 |
| the kinetics of maturation of trypanosome infections in tsetse. | estimates of the time delay between the infective bloodmeal and maturation (incubation or maturation time) for 4 trypanosome stocks (2 trypanozoon and 2 trypanosoma congolense) show that maturation time in tsetse is not a parasite species-specific constant. the mean incubation time of a trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense stock (eatro 2340 - 18 days) was not significantly different from one t. congolense stock (sikuda88 - 15.5 days) but was significantly greater than another (1/148 fly9 - 12.5 days). ... | 1995 | 7675533 |
| relationships between host blood factors and proteases in glossina morsitans subspecies infected with trypanosoma congolense. | host blood effects on trypanosoma congolense establishment in glossina morsitans morsitans and glossina morsitans centralis were investigated using goat, rabbit, cow and rhinoceros blood. meals containing goat erythrocytes facilitated infection in g.m.morsitans, whereas meals containing goat plasma facilitated infection in g.m.centralis. goat blood effects were not observed in the presence of complementary rabbit blood components. n-acetyl-glucosamine (a midgut-lectin inhibitor) increased infect ... | 1995 | 7787223 |
| selection for drug resistance in trypanosoma congolense during cyclic transmissions through glossina morsitans morsitans and drug treated rabbits. | a drug-sensitive trypanosoma congolense (il 1180 strain), with a known cd50 and cd90 (doses required to cure 50 and 90% of the infected animals) was cyclically passaged through tsetse flies. the infected flies were then fed on rabbits which received weekly prophylactic treatment of samorin. it was observed that the infections arising from flies maintained for over 60 days on drug-treated rabbits required higher curative doses to achieve a 50 and 90% cure. the results of this work suggest that a ... | 1988 | 2896442 |
| the effect of trypanosoma brucei infection of the localization of salivary gland cholinesterase in glossina morsitans morsitans. | when salivary glands of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, are stained for cholinesterase (che) activity, a net-like pattern of reaction product is observed surrounding each epithelial cell of the gland's secretory region. glands infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei show a progressive reduction in this che activity as the parasites develop. when the infection is mature, che is rarely detected in the epithelial layer but appears in the lumen of gland. the luminal che responds to sub ... | 1987 | 2892368 |
| the isolation and genetic heterogeneity of trypanosoma brucei gambiense from north-west uganda. | fifty-two samples of blood were taken from sleeping sickness patients in north-west uganda. all samples failed to infect immunosuppressed mice. ten cryopreserved blood samples were fed to laboratory bred glossina morsitans morsitans; eight flies developed midgut infections from which procyclic cultures were established in vitro. isoenzyme electrophoretic analysis of 9 enzymes revealed that 7 of the 8 trypanosome isolates had a combination of enzyme patterns already described for trypanosoma bruc ... | 1993 | 8103626 |