| physiology of an atp receptor in labellar sensilla of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westw. (diptera: glossinidae). | electrophysiological recordings have been made from cells in the eight large, labellar sensilla of g. morsitans. one of these cells in each sensillum was shown to respond to atp over a concentration range of 10(-6)-10(-3) m. it was also sensitive to several other adenosine phophates, but much less sensitive to ctp, gtp and itp. the activity of the receptor was depressed below ph 7, and sometimes considerably increased above ph 9. these aspects the receptor's physiology support the results of beh ... | 1976 | 11268 |
| studies on trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense ii. observations on the cyclical transmission of three field isolates by glossina morsitans morsitans. | teneral flies of glossina morsitans morsitans were fed on mice infected with cloned and uncloned derivatives of three recent field isolates of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense. flies with mature infections were identified by the warm-slide probe method and phase-contrast microscopy. high infection rates were achieved when such flies were fed on mice at peak parasitaemia. the infection rates were low when flies were fed on mice prior to or late after peak parasitaemia. the duration of the deve ... | 1978 | 32753 |
| some effects of uninfected laboratory-reared tsetses (glossina morsitans morsitans westw.) (diptera: glossinidae) on host-rabbits. | rabbits (flemish giant x french lop-eared) exposed to 300 to 500 tsetses (glossina morsitans morsitans westw.) a day, 2 or 3 days a week, did not show significant differences from littermates receiving no exposure, with respect to weight changes, haematocrits, red and white blood cell counts or whole blood clotting times. in other rabbits, the same daily exposure, 6 days a week, resulted in sharp decreases in haematocrit levels and in some, changes in weights, but no change in citrated plasma th ... | 1978 | 32754 |
| serological responses in rabbits used to maintain uninfected, laboratory-reared tsetses (glossina morsitans morsitans westwood) (diptera: glossinidae). | | 1979 | 117892 |
| lethal effect of tetracycline on tsetse flies following damage to bacterioid symbionts. | high mortality was observed in tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans, that had had a single blood meal on rabbits which had previously been administered tetracycline complex salts. the death of the flies was apparently effected by the killing of the fly symbionts and the destruction of the mycetomes of the gut. it is suggested that tetracycline complex salts in the food or drink of livestock may be tried for the control of tsetse flies. | 1977 | 405237 |
| effects of tsetse (glossina morsitans morsitans westw.) (diptera: glossinidae) salivary gland homogenate on coagulation and fibrinolysis. | the saliva of the tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, has antithrombin anticoagulant activity and inhibits thrombin's esterolytic activity. it has no other detectable anticoagulant properties. the anticoagulant elutes in a single peak on sephadex fraction, is immediately acting, heat and storage stable, and has a molecular weight of 11-13,000. unlike heparin it is not neutralized by protamine sulphate or toluidine blue and does not require the co-factor, antithrombin iii, for optimal ... | 1979 | 505376 |
| cyclical transmission of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and trypanosoma congolense by tsetse flies infected with culture-form procyclic trypanosomes. | culture procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and trypanosoma congolense were fed to glossina morsitans morsitans through artificial membranes. a very high percentage of the flies so fed produced established midgut infections, a proportion of which went on to develop into mature metacyclic trypanosomes capable of infecting mammalian hosts. the method offers a safe, clean way of infecting tsetse flies with african trypanosomes which reduces the need for trypanosome-infected animals in ... | 1979 | 536930 |
| infectivity of trypanosoma brucei cultivated at 28 c with tsetse fly salivary glands. | when transformed procyclic noninfective trypanosomes of several unrelated stocks of trypanosoma brucei were cultivated in t-30 falcon flasks at 28 c in a liquid medium containing head-salivary gland explants of glossina morsitans morsitans some of the organisms developed into forms infective for mice. infective trypanosomes were detected 7 to 14 days after the cultures were prepared and they persisted for varying periods of up to 88 days when the cultures were terminated. a few of the salivary g ... | 1979 | 536931 |
| effects of host anemia, local skin factors, and circulating antibodies upon biology of laboratory reared glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae). | | 1979 | 540275 |
| ultrastructural studies of certain aspects of the development of trypanosoma congolense in glossina morsitans morsitans. | the course of trypanosoma congolense infections in glossina morsitans morsitans was followed by electron-microscopic examination of ultrathin sections of the guts and proboscises of infected flies. guts dissected from flies 7 days after infection with culture procyclic forms of t. congolense had heavy trypanosome infections in the midgut involving both the endo- and ectoperitrophic spaces. trypanosomes were also seen in the process of penetrating the fully formed peritrophic membrane in the cent ... | 1979 | 544799 |
| insemination, pregnancy and suspected abortion rates in a natural population of glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera: glossinidae) in the republic of zambia. | | 1977 | 561849 |
| monthly and seasonal variations in size of uterine contents of wild female glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera: glossinidae) in the republic of zambia, africa. | | 1977 | 606813 |
| sex pheromone of the tsetse fly: isolation, identification, and synthesis of contact aphrodisiacs. | sex pheromones isolated from the cuticle of the female tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, release mating behavior in the male fly at ultrashort range or upon contact with baited decoys. three active components were identified as 15,19-dimethylheptatriacontane, 17,21-dimethylheptatriacontane, and 15,19,23-trimethylheptatriacontane. chemical and biological comparisons show that the natural and synthetic compounds are identical. | 1978 | 675256 |
| aposymbiotic tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans obtained by feeding on rabbits immunized specifically with symbionts. | | 1978 | 701841 |
| sumbionts in the female tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. | a rickettsia-like symbiont, located in the ovaries of g. m. morsitans is maternally transmitted to the offspring via the egg. it is suggested that they may be essential for normal ovarian development. | 1975 | 806465 |
| digestive processes of haematophagous insects. xii. secretion of trypsin and carboxypeptidase b gy glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae). | | 1977 | 837276 |
| observations of resting sites of glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera: muscidae) during the wet season in the republic of zambia, africa. | | 1977 | 845902 |
| host preference and trypanosome infection rates of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood in the republic of zambia. | examination of data on the host preference and trypanosome infection rates of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood in central zambia showed a marked preference for suids (62%); bovids (17%), 'other mammals' (14%), primates (4%), reptiles (3%) and birds (less than 1%) accounted for the remaining feeds. trypanosome infection rates in g. m. morsitans were very low (0-3-66%), with higher rates in males; only vivax-type trypanosomes were encountered. the heterogeneity of monthly and seasonal infecti ... | 1977 | 849014 |
| passage of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense through the peritrophic membrane of glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1977 | 895841 |
| digestive processes of haematophagous insects. xi. partial purification and some properties of six proteolytic enzymes from the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae). | | 1976 | 991018 |
| sound production in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1975 | 1133267 |
| tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans produces ultrasound related to behavior. | the spectrum of the sounds produced by the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans extends to above 80 khz and the energy distribution between 20 and 70 khz is related to behavior. | 1975 | 1140314 |
| storage and sexual separation of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood puparia. | maintenance of unknown-age tsetse puparia at 4 degrees c for six days substantially reduced emergence; normal emergence occurred when puparia were held at temperatures of 12 degrees, 14 degrees, or 16 degrees c for two, three or four weeks, respectively. in-storage eclosion of adults was either suppressed completely at the temperatures used or was slight. weight, puparial duration, and density of puparia were examined in an attempt to detect sexual differences in puparia. there appeared to be no ... | 1975 | 1155998 |
| inhibition of diuresis in the tsetse fly (glossina morsitans) by ouabain and acetazolamide. | acetazolamide and ouabain, metabolic inhibitors which interfere with certain membrane transport systems, reduce the rate of water elimination by male glossina morsitans morsitans. the results suggest that water is transported across membranes during diuresis and that a ouabain sensitive na+k+atpase and an acetazolamide-sensitive carbonic anhydrase are involved in diuresis. | 1975 | 1157860 |
| penetration of mid-gut cells of glossina morsitans morsitans by trypanosoma brucei rhodesianse. | | 1975 | 1202348 |
| the nature of the teneral state in glossina and its role in the acquisition of trypanosome infection in tsetse. | teneral glossina morsitans morsitans from outbred and susceptible stocks infected with trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense developed, respectively, three and six times higher midgut infection rates than flies of the same stock which had previously taken a bloodmeal. non-teneral g. m. morsitans remained relatively refractory to infection when infected at subsequent feeds. differences in susceptibility to midgut infection between teneral flies from susceptible and outbred lines of g. m. morsitans ... | 1992 | 1288435 |
| inhibitory effect of trypanosoma brucei brucei on glossina morsitans midgut trypsin in vitro. | the ability of trypanosoma brucei brucei to inhibit trypsin or trypsin-like enzymes in crude midgut homogenates of glossina morsitans morsitans was studied in vitro. the isolated parasites caused a concentration-dependent decrease in midgut trypsin activity. furthermore, trypanosomes lysed by repeated freeze-thawing had a similar effect on trypsin activity. in both cases, the inhibition by either intact or lysed parasites was partial as revealed by dixon plots. similarly, trypanosome membrane pr ... | 1992 | 1409526 |
| an analysis of supernumerary or b-chromosomes of wild and laboratory strains of glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1992 | 1421491 |
| activation of three species of tsetse (glossina spp.) in response to host derived stimuli. | recordings were made of the activation of hungry glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, g. pallidipes austen, and g. austeni newstead in response to odours from ox breath and ox urine, and a moving visual stimulus, in a wind tunnel. the spontaneous activity of g.m.morsitans was very low (less than 4% of males and 2% of females active per min during control periods). that of g.austeni and g.pallidipes was in the region of 20% except for g.pallidipes females when in excess of 40% were active durin ... | 1992 | 1463900 |
| isolation and properties of 600-kda and 23-kda haemolymph proteins from the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans: their possible role as biological insecticides. | the haemolymph of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, contains a high (lipophorin) and a low molecular weight protein of high densities, 1.11 and 1.29 g/ml, respectively. the purification of the proteins was achieved by a combination of density gradient ultracentrifugation and reported gel permeation chromatography. the lipophorin is of high molecular weight (m(r) integral of 600,000) and consists of two apoproteins, apolipophorin i (m(r) integral of 250,000) and apolipophorin ii (m(r) ... | 1992 | 1514048 |
| studies on tsetse midgut factors that induce differentiation of blood-stream trypanosoma brucei brucei in vitro. | an in vitro system for studying the transformation of bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei brucei into procylic (midgut) forms is described. in this system, transformation of the parasites was stimulated by glossina morsitans morsitans midgut homogenates at 27 degrees c but not at 4 degrees c. the transformation-stimulating capacity was irreversibly destroyed by heating the midgut homogenates at 60 degrees c for 1 h. a correlation was established between the transformation activity of the mid ... | 1992 | 1584740 |
| pathogenicity of tsetse-transmitted trypanosoma congolense for waterbuck (kobus defassa) and boran cattle (bos indicus). | five waterbuck (kobus defassa) and four boran cattle (bos indicus) were infected with trypanosoma congolense il2895 using glossina morsitans morsitans. at the same time, two waterbuck and two cattle were inoculated intravenously with bloodstream forms. with both methods of challenge, cattle had short prepatent periods followed by a continuous high parasitaemia. all cattle became severely anaemic and had to be treated with trypanocidal drugs to prevent death. in contrast, tsetse and intravenous c ... | 1991 | 1685298 |
| infection rates in glossina morsitans morsitans fed on waterbuck and boran cattle infected with trypanosoma congolense. | teneral glossina morsitans morsitans were fed on waterbuck (kobus defassa) and boran cattle (bos indicus) infected experimentally with trypanosoma congolense clone il2895. infection rates in tsetse varied from 9 to 31% when fed on cattle, and from 2 to 59% when fed on waterbuck. in waterbuck, infections were often detected through the development of parasites in tsetse at times when parasitaemia could not be detected through microscopic examination of blood. male and female, and 1- and 2-day-old ... | 1991 | 1685299 |
| surface coat synthesis and turnover from epimastigote to bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei. | monoclonal antibodies to metacyclic surface coat glycoproteins of trypanosoma brucei brucei stib 247lg were produced for a study of the synthesis of metacyclic variable surface glycoproteins (vsgs) within the salivary gland of glossina morsitans morsitans, and of the first exchange of the surface glycoproteins after infection in mice. immunofluorescence antibody tests and protein a-gold labelling revealed that the vsgs are continuously integrated into the whole surface of the trypanosome while i ... | 1991 | 1686146 |
| structural studies on the major milk gland protein of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans. | 1. the major protein in the milk gland secretions of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, was isolated by a combination of gel permeation chromatography and crystallization. 2. it has a native mr approximately 47,000 and is composed of two identical polypeptide chains (mr approximately 21,000) as determined by chemical cross-linking studies. the protein has no covalently-bound carbohydrates or lipids. amino acid analysis of the protein revealed relatively high amounts of the aromatic am ... | 1991 | 1790673 |
| lipophorin from the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans. | 1. lipophorin was isolated from the haemolymph of adult tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, by ultracentrifugation in a potassium bromide density gradient. 2. the tsetse fly lipophorin (mr congruent to 600,000) has a density of congruent to 1.11 g/ml and consists of two apoproteins, apolipophorin-i (apolp-i, mr congruent to 250,000) and apolipophorin-ii (apolp-ii, mr congruent to 80,000), both of which are glycosylated as shown by staining with periodate-schiff reagent. the protein complex ... | 1991 | 1790674 |
| secondary structure constraints on the evolution of drosophila 28 s ribosomal rna expansion segments. | eukaryotic ribosomal rna genes contain rapidly evolving regions of unknown function termed expansion segments. we present the comparative analysis of the primary and secondary structure of two expansion segments from the large subunit rrna gene of ten species of drosophila and the tsetse fly species glossina morsitans morsitans. at the primary sequence level, most of the differences observed in the sequences obtained are single base substitutions. this is in marked contrast with observations in ... | 1991 | 1904940 |
| effect of polyclonal anti-procyclic antibodies on development of trypanosoma brucei brucei in tsetse flies. | results obtained in experiments testing the efficacy of anti-procyclic-form rabbit sera on the development of homologous and heterologous stocks of trypanosoma brucei brucei in glossina morsitans morsitans indicated that this development was affected little, or not at all, by such sera. the absence of effect of anti-procyclic stage antibodies can be explained by the failure to detect by either direct or indirect fluorescent antibody methods the presence of antibodies acquired in vivo by either t ... | 1991 | 1994370 |
| formulation of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, for tsetse control. | a topical dose, in 1 microliter acetone, of 0.02 microgram-2-[1-methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy) ethoxy] pyridine, the juvenile hormone mimic pyriproxyfen (s-31183, sumitomo chemical co.), caused an adult female tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, to produce non-viable offspring for the whole of her life. using 14c labelled pyriproxyfen it was determined that as little as 0.001 microgram transferred to the in utero larva was sufficient to arrest development in the pupal stage. a formulatio ... | 1990 | 2132975 |
| ultrastructural changes in salivary glands of tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans, infected with virus and rickettsia-like organisms. | electron microscope observations on enlarged hypertrophied salivary glands dissected from adult laboratory-reared male glossina morsitans morsitans show a concurrent infection of the salivary gland tissue with rod-shaped virus particles and intracellular rickettsia-like organisms. the latter are found intracellular in the epithelium and in the gland lumen enclosed within lytic zones. the virus particles are found within the degenerating cytoplasm, nuclei, and lumen of the cell where they are esp ... | 1990 | 2250102 |
| comparison of the susceptibility to deltamethrin of female glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, 1850 (diptera: glossinidae) uninfected and infected with trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense broden, 1904 (kinetoplastida, trypanosomatidae). | the susceptibility of pregnant female glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, 1850 infected with trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense broden, 1904 to deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, was compared to that of pregnant uninfected females. the results showed that infected flies have a significantly higher mortality rate than uninfected ones, and have a reduced longevity compared with uninfected control flies. these experiments suggest that the effects of trypanosome infection on gloss ... | 1990 | 2256771 |
| production of metacyclic forms by cyclical transmission of west african trypanosoma (t.) brucei isolates from man and animals. | fifteen west african trypanosoma (t.) brucei isolates from man and animals were cyclically transmitted. five stocks, belonging to the non-gambiense group, could easily be transmitted through glossina morsitans morsitans or glossina m. centralis infected on mice, whereas successful transmission of the 10 isolates, identified as trypanosoma brucei gambiense, was performed using g. palpalis gambiensis as vector. glossina p. gambiensis was infected with culture-derived procyclic trypanosomes by repe ... | 1988 | 2467539 |
| tryptophan metabolism in tsetse flies and the consequences of its derangement. | literature comparing salmon and wild type glossina morsitans morsitans and that comparing tan and wild type glossina palpalis palpalis is reviewed. new information is presented on behaviour and biochemistry of salmon and wild type g. m. morsitans. the eye color mutants result from two lesions in the tryptophan to xanthommatin pathway: lack of tryptophan oxygenase in g. m morsitans and failure to produce or retain xanthommatin in eyes (but not in testes) of g. p. palpalis. the salmon allele in g. ... | 1987 | 2473378 |
| the roles of vision and olfaction in mate location by males of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. | the roles of visual and/or olfactory stimuli in eliciting mating responses from male glossina morsitans morsitans westwood were examined, using a system for automatically recording the number and duration of mating strikes made towards decoys, under controlled conditions. the results confirm that there is no olfactory component of the female sex recognition pheromone sensed by the male antennae, and the attraction of males to females appears to be visual. the absence of male-male mating strikes ... | 1989 | 2519658 |
| responses of tsetse flies (glossina spp.) to compounds on the skin surface of an ox: a laboratory study. | the behaviour of male glossina morsitans morsitans westwood and glossina pallidipes austen (diptera: glossinidae) alighting on targets with or without ox sebum was compared. the presence of ox sebum did not increase significantly the number of flies alighting on the target in either species. however, after contact with the sebum coated target, both species showed an increase in flight activity, and g. m.morsitans showed a greater tendency to return to the target. this behaviour resulted in a num ... | 1989 | 2519690 |
| glossina morsitans morsitans: mortalities caused in adults by experimental infection with entomopathogenic fungi. | various strains of the entomopathogenic fungi: beauveria bassiana, metarhizium anisopliae, paecilomyces fumosoroseus and p. farinosus were found to be pathogenic for adult tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans but b. bassiana and m. anisopliae were the most pathogenic, often causing mortalities of up to 100%. dose-mortality relationships were demonstrated for both b. bassiana and m. anisopliae and male tsetse were observed to be more susceptible to infection than females. pure cultures of b. bass ... | 1989 | 2565071 |
| a new method for isolating trypanosoma brucei gambiense from sleeping sickness patients. | low infectivity to laboratory mammals and low virulence make trypanosoma brucei gambiense difficult to isolate and grow in amounts sufficient for biochemical characterization. we report the isolation of t.b. gambiense by feeding cryopreserved primary isolates to laboratory-reared glossina morsitans morsitans, followed by rapid cultivation in vitro of procyclic forms dissected from infected tsetse fly midguts. this technique allows the characterization of hitherto unsampled populations and avoids ... | 1989 | 2617625 |
| mechanical transmission of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense by glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera:glossinidae). | interrupted feedings of teneral, laboratory-reared glossina morsitans morsitans were used to study mechanical transmission of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. intervals between exposure of individual flies on parasitaemic rats and refeeding on clean rats were varied from five minutes to 24 hours. direct transmissions were demonstrated at each interval up to 160 minutes after exposure. proboscis dissections showed that active trypanosomes were present up to 320 minutes after exposure. no mechanica ... | 1989 | 2619386 |
| mortality in adult tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans, caused by entomopathogenic bacteria. | mortality in adult tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans, caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa, serratia marcescens, bacillus sphaericus, bacillus cereus, bacillus thuringiensis h-14, b. thuringiensis 1, b. thuringiensis 5, b. thuringiensis var. insraelensis, and providentia rettgeri was determined. when bacteria were smeared on rabbit skin and tsetse allowed to feed only once on the contaminated area, mortality 8 days postingestion was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in tsetse fed on p. aeru ... | 1989 | 2738417 |
| an enterokinase in the gut of pharate adult of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae). | an enterokinase (enteropeptidase, ec. 3.4.21.9) has been described in the pharate adult of glossina mositans morsitans. the enzyme is present in pharate adults, 21 days after pupation. it activated commercial crystalline bovine trypsinogen to trypsin. it showed affinity for concanavalin a bound to sepharose and was reversibly sensitive to boiling at ph 6.0. the apparent molecular weight, as determined by gel permeation on sepharose 6b-cl, suggests self-aggregation or an association with a large ... | 1985 | 2859754 |
| influence of the salmon mutant of glossina morsitans morsitans on the susceptibility to infection with trypanosoma congolense. | four phenotypes of a sex-linked, maternally influenced semi-lethal eye color mutant of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood were fed on trypanosoma congolense broden infected guinea pigs. infection rates were evaluated 25 days later by means of dissection. procyclic as well as mature infections were significantly more common among females with salmon-colored eyes (sal/sal) than among heterozygous (+/sal, phenotypically wild-type) females. a tendency was found for more mature infections among sa ... | 1985 | 2862776 |
| characterization of cyclically transmitted trypanosoma (t.) brucei isolates from man. | four different trypanosome isolates from human patients isolated in 1979 during the epidemic of sleeping sickness in busoga, south-east uganda, were characterized by the following methods: isoenzyme analyses of bloodstream forms by isoelectric focusing; in vitro tests of human serum resistance of bloodstream as well as metacyclic forms; tsetse fly transmission through glossina morsitans centralis and glossina morsitans morsitans to compare the above characteristics of parasite populations before ... | 1986 | 2872784 |
| defence reactions of glossina morsitans morsitans against different species of bacteria and trypanosoma brucei brucei. | tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans, fed on rats infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei showed wide fluctuations in total and differential haemocyte counts. similar fluctuations occurred in controls fed on non-infected rats and also between the two groups without showing any difference which could be attributed to the infection. trypanosome infection of the tsetse haemocoel occurred in 16.25% of the flies, starting from the second day after feeding on the infected rats, but salivary glan ... | 1986 | 2872785 |
| immunoelectron microscopic demonstration of pancreatic polypeptide in midgut epithelium of hematophagous dipterans. | midguts of mosquitoes, aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi, and of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, as well as guinea pig pancreas, were prepared for electron microscopy by using low-temperature embedding in lowicryl k4m. rabbit antiserum to bovine pancreatic polypeptide (pp) crossreacted with secretory granules of pancreatic pp-producing cells and of the clear cells in mosquito gut. rabbit antiserum to human somatostatin crossreacted with the control tissue, guinea pig pancreas d ... | 1987 | 2885369 |
| the effect of trypanosoma brucei infection of the localization of salivary gland cholinesterase in glossina morsitans morsitans. | when salivary glands of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, are stained for cholinesterase (che) activity, a net-like pattern of reaction product is observed surrounding each epithelial cell of the gland's secretory region. glands infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei show a progressive reduction in this che activity as the parasites develop. when the infection is mature, che is rarely detected in the epithelial layer but appears in the lumen of gland. the luminal che responds to sub ... | 1987 | 2892368 |
| selection for drug resistance in trypanosoma congolense during cyclic transmissions through glossina morsitans morsitans and drug treated rabbits. | a drug-sensitive trypanosoma congolense (il 1180 strain), with a known cd50 and cd90 (doses required to cure 50 and 90% of the infected animals) was cyclically passaged through tsetse flies. the infected flies were then fed on rabbits which received weekly prophylactic treatment of samorin. it was observed that the infections arising from flies maintained for over 60 days on drug-treated rabbits required higher curative doses to achieve a 50 and 90% cure. the results of this work suggest that a ... | 1988 | 2896442 |
| a behavioural bioassay to identify attractive odours for glossinidae. | 1. a behavioural bioassay, based on antennal movement responses, was developed using glossina morsitans morsitans westwood for screening chemical attractancy to tsetse. 2. chemicals found to be attractive to male tsetse were acetone, formaldehyde, methylethylketone, methylvinylketone, 1-octen-3-ol and pentanal but not acetophenone, hexanal, lactic acid or urea. 3. female tsetse also responded to all these chemicals in a similar fashion. overall responses of females were, however, less than those ... | 1987 | 2979547 |
| juvenile hormone mimics as effective sterilants for the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. | the development of puparia of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood was disrupted by topical applications of the juvenile hormone mimics s-methoprene (the resolved enantiomer of 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoic acid 1-methyl ester) (zoecon), s21149 (propionaldoxime-0-4-phenoxyphenoxyethylether) (sumitomo), or s31183 (2-[1-methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethoxy]pyridine) (sumitomo) dissolved in acetone. puparia so treated during the first 4 days of life suffered developmental abnormalitie ... | 1988 | 2980157 |
| survival and reproductive performance of female glossina morsitans morsitans when maintained on the blood of different species of wild mammals. | a study was carried out to determine the effect on the reproductive performance of female glossina morsitans morsitans westwood when allowed to feed, in vitro, for 63 days on fresh defibrinated blood of buffalo, bushbuck, cattle, eland, oryx, warthog, waterbuck or wildebeest. there were marginal differences in the survival and reproductive performance between eight different groups of tsetse, 200 per group, when fed on the blood of these mammalian species. when allowed to feed for 14 consecutive ... | 1988 | 2980193 |
| tsetse fly rdna: an analysis of structure and sequence. | a genomic library of glossina morsitans morsitans (tsetse fly) has been constructed in the phage vector embl 4 and a complete rdna unit isolated by using a d. melanogaster rdna clone as a probe. the overall organisation is typical of higher eukaryotes, including an intergenic spacer consisting of a subrepeating structure. atypically, however, the 45s precursor rna promoter was shown to lie within the last subrepeat by s1 mapping; i.e. the last subrepeat extends 90 bp into the ets. the sequence o ... | 1987 | 3029668 |
| evolution of the secondary structures and compensatory mutations of the ribosomal rnas of drosophila melanogaster. | this paper examines the effects of dna sequence evolution on rna secondary structures and compensatory mutations. models of the secondary structures of drosophila melanogaster 18s ribosomal rna (rrna) and of the complex between 2s, 5.8s, and 28s rrnas have been drawn on the basis of comparative and energetic criteria. the overall au richness of the d. melanogaster rrnas allows the resolution of some ambiguities in the structures of both large rrnas. comparison of the sequence of expansion segmen ... | 1988 | 3136295 |
| [effects of sublethal doses of deltamethrin on the pair glossina morsitans morsitans-trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense]. | the presence of trypanosoma in glossina morsitans morsitans induced a decrease in the physiological activity which is expressed in particular by a statistically higher mortality rate of infected flies. a similar effect appears with sublethal doses of deltamethrin either in infected or non infected insects. a cumulative activity of both effects was also observed in infected and treated flies. sublethal doses of the pyrethroid compound showed a delay in feeding, abortions and larval clampings. mor ... | 1988 | 3142654 |
| [localization of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense broden, 1904 (kinetoplastida, trypanosomatidae) in the proboscis of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, 1850 (diptera, glossinidae)]. | transverse sections of the proboscis of g. m. morsitans infected with t. (n.) congolense initiated after a single infective blood meal were studied. trypanosomes were located in the lateral, dorso-ventral and latero-ventral regions of the food canal. parasites were also found around the whole of the circumference of the canal. such localizations influence the transmission of trypanosomes and the epidemiology of trypanosomiasis. | 1988 | 3190120 |
| [trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolese broden, 1904 (kinetoplastida, trypanosomatidae) in epithelial cells of the anterior segment of the midgut of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, 1850 (diptera, glossinidae)]. | | 1988 | 3217562 |
| the humoral defense system in tsetse: differences in response due to age, sex and antigen types. | inoculation of live escherichia coli into tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans, stimulated a higher antibacterial immune response in females than in males. it increased with age in females from emergence to approximately 2 weeks and thereafter declined. in males, there was also a significant decrease in immune response with aging. inoculation of killed bacteria failed to stimulate antibacterial activity but stimulated a lysozyme response which was weaker than that stimulated by live bacter ... | 1988 | 3384155 |
| [comparison of the longevity of tsetse flies (glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, 1850) infected with trypanosomes (trypanosoma nannomonas congolense broden, 1904) and uninfected tsetse flies]. | this preliminary note results from a comparative study on susceptibility to pyrethroid insecticides of tsetse flies infected and not with trypanosomes. trypanosoma infection increases the susceptibility to insecticides as previous study showed it (golder et al., 1982, 1984). moreover, infected control flies showed a significant lower longevity than uninfected ones. | 1988 | 3421645 |
| lectin mediated establishment of midgut infections of trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei in glossina morsitans. | d+glucosamine, which has been shown in vitro to specifically inhibit tsetse midgut lectin activity, when fed to glossina morsitans morsitans with the infective feed significantly increased midgut infection rates of trypanosoma congolense and t. brucei rhodesiense. all flies infected with t.b. rhodesiense and maintained on a diet of blood with d+glucosamine throughout their lives developed midgut infections. midgut extracts from flies bred for refractoriness to infection with trypanosomes showed ... | 1987 | 3432950 |
| failure of trypanosoma vivax to generate protective immunity in goats against transmission by glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1987 | 3445345 |
| extrachromosomal inheritance of susceptibility to trypanosome infection in tsetse flies. ii. susceptibility of selected lines of glossina morsitans morsitans to different stocks and species of trypanosome. | two lines of glossina m. morsitans, selected for susceptibility and refractoriness to infection with a single stock of trypanosoma congolense, have now been shown to be susceptible or refractory to different stocks of t. congolense and, also, to different stocks of t. b. brucei and t. b. gambiense. the mean midgut infection rates of the susceptible line obtained in different experiments with t. congolense, t. b. brucei and t. b. gambiense were, respectively, 66%, 56% and 55%; the corresponding m ... | 1986 | 3729601 |
| extrachromosomal inheritance of susceptibility to trypanosome infection in tsetse flies. i. selection of susceptible and refractory lines of glossina morsitans morsitans. | differences in susceptibility to infection with trypanosoma congolense between f1 families of glossina morsitans morsitans indicated that susceptibility is maternally inherited in this species of tsetse fly. twelve f1 families, six selected for susceptibility and six selected for refractoriness to infection, have been bred for up to 13 generations. the reciprocal differences demonstrated in the f1 generation persisted in these selected families over many generations, indicating that susceptibili ... | 1985 | 4026443 |
| trypanosoma brucei: infectivity and immunogenicity of cultured parasites. | trypanosoma brucei brucei, derived from the salivary glands of infected tsetse flies (glossina morsitans morsitans) and maintained in culture for over 4 years, were infective to both albino rats and tsetse flies. virulence was markedly enhanced during the first passage in albino rats or tsetse flies. irradiated cultured trypanosomes induced immunity to homologous challenge but not to tsetse fly or blood-induced challenge with the same stock. | 1985 | 4029345 |
| survival and reproductive performance of female glossina morsitans morsitans when maintained on livestock infected with salivarian trypanosomes. | | 1985 | 4096568 |
| comparative analysis of the polytene chromosomes of glossina austeni and glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1974 | 4140779 |
| amino acid analyses of haemolymph of glossina morsitans morsitans (westwood). | | 1974 | 4151040 |
| comparisons between three small collections of glossina morsitans morsitans (machado) (diptera: glossinidae) from the kilombero river valley, tanzania. 1. characteristics of flies exhibiting different patterns of behaviour. | | 1972 | 4404250 |
| productivity of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood maintained in the laboratory, with particular reference to the sterile-insect release method. | glossina morsitans is of great economic importance in africa and if a mass-rearing project were to be undertaken with a view to control by the release of sterilized males it would be necessary to know the productivity that could be obtained from this species in the laboratory. data for life tables and age-specific fecundity schedules of g. m. morsitans fed on goats or lop-eared rabbits are used to calculate outputs of viable pupae or of young adult males that would be available for disposal.for ... | 1972 | 4537332 |
| polytene chromosomes of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1973 | 4682086 |
| a second incident of reproductive abnormalities in colonized glossina morsitans morsitans westw. caused by a maternally acting toxicant in rabbit food. | | 1973 | 4784097 |
| chromosome ultrastructure at meiosis in glossina austeni and glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1973 | 4784115 |
| [breeding in france, of glossina morsitans morsitans west. and gl. tachinoides west]. | | 1965 | 4955621 |
| the meiotic sequence in glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1972 | 5048064 |
| the optimum use of males in colonies of glossina morsitans morsitans west and g. austeni newst. | | 1972 | 5048822 |
| the meiotic sequence in glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1972 | 5048833 |
| the sequential cellular changes in the local skin reaction produced in goats by glossina morsitans morsitans infected with trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei. | sequential biopsies of the skin reaction elicited in goats by glossina morsitans morsitans infected with trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei were examined histologically to identify and to quantify the cellular populations involved in the reaction. the peak of the tissue response occurred 7-8 days after challenge with infected tsetse and preceded the initial detection of parasitaemia by 4-5 days. microscopically, the cellular reaction was characterized initially by a marked infiltration of polymorp ... | 1980 | 6106349 |
| distribution and attachment of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense in the proximal part of the proboscis of glossina morsitans morsitans. | the distribution and attachment of trypanosoma congolense were investigated in the proximal part of the proboscis of glossina m. morsitans. in the food canal, epimastigotes and trypomastigotes formed tufts or compact layers. trypanosomes were attached to the cuticle by their flagella, which formed zonar hemidesmosomes. the flagella were mostly attached parallel to the axis of the labrum and often pointed to its tip. foot-like processes of the flagella came into contact with adjacent flagella lea ... | 1980 | 6106351 |
| the appearance of trypanosoma (duttonella) vivax in lymph following challenge of goats with infected glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1980 | 6110327 |
| the dynamics of the cellular reactions elicited in the skin of goats by glossina morsitans morsitans infected with trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense or t. (duttonella) vivax. | local skin reactions were elicited in goats by tsetse infected with either t. (n.) congolense of t. (d.) vivax. for the former trypanosomes, the skin reaction was detected initially 7 days after challenge and was maximal 3 days later. histologically, the cellular response involved an initial influx of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (pmn) which was followed by a substantial infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages. large numbers of plasma cells remained in the skin reaction during its decline. m ... | 1981 | 6111913 |
| infectivity of monomorphic and pleomorphic trypanosoma brucei stocks cultivated at 28 c with various tsetse fly tissues. | noninfective procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei stocks derived from the pleomorphic eve 10 were cultivated at 28 c in cunningham's liquid medium in the presence of head-salivary gland, alimentary tract, and abdominal body wall explants of glossina morsitans morsitans. after 8 to 10 days of cultivation some of the procyclic forms transformed into metacyclic stages infective for mice. infectivity persisted for varying periods up to 66 days, when the experiments were terminated. only 10 explants ... | 1981 | 6115002 |
| effects of maintaining glossina morsitans morsitans on different hosts upon the vector's subsequent infection rates with pathogenic trypanosomes. | the percentage infection rates of trypanosoma vivax in glossina morsitans morsitans maintained after the infected meal on a cow, goats, rabbit, rats or mice were 88.0, 86.7, 94.8, 76.4 and 6.1, respectively. there were not significant differences between the males and females in this respect. the mortality rates of the tsetse maintained on mice or sheep were relatively high; the infection rate of the few survivors (5%) maintained on the latter host was 44.4%. the rates of t. congolense infection ... | 1981 | 6115552 |
| studies on transmission of two east african stocks of trypanosoma vivax to cattle, goats, rabbits, rats and mice. | transmission studies were conducted using two trypanosoma vivax stocks isolated from bovines in uganda. parasitaemia was low and transient in rabbits and rats; it persisted for relatively longer in nmri mice. the parasitaemia developed to a peak in a few a/j and balb/c mice; in nmri, c57b and c3h/he it was low and fleeting. lethally irradiated a/j, c57b and c3h/he mice with caesium 137 at 900 gy showed a high peak of parasitaemia; nmri and balb/c mice succumbed very rapidly to a similar radiatio ... | 1982 | 6122363 |
| the transmission of mixed infections of pathogenic trypanosoma species to susceptible hosts by glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1982 | 6131589 |
| trypanosoma congolense: susceptibility of cattle to cyclical challenge. | cattle primed by cyclical infection with glossina morsitans morsitans infected with cloned derivatives of trypanosoma congolense and treated with the trypanocidal drug berenil after 3 or 4 weeks were immune to cyclical challenge with homologous clones 3 to 5 weeks later. in these animals, localized skin reactions (chancres) and parasitemia did not develop. the same results were obtained in cattle given a homologous superinfection without prior treatment. on the other hand, cattle subjected to a ... | 1983 | 6133773 |
| some observations on factors associated with the development of trypanosoma brucei brucei infections in glossina morsitans morsitans. | the susceptibility of glossina morsitans morsitans to trypanosoma brucei brucei infection was shown to be age-dependent during the first 12 h: the youngest age group (1-8 h after emergence) being more susceptible than the older ones. the susceptibility was enhanced by cooling the young flies to a temperature of 0-5 degrees c for 30 min. male flies were found to be more susceptible than females. the number of trypanosomes ingested did not influence the subsequent salivary-gland infection rates ob ... | 1983 | 6136171 |
| trypanosoma vivax, t. congolense or t. brucei infection rates in glossina morsitans when maintained in vitro on the blood of goat or calf. | tenerals of glossina morsitans morsitans and g. m. centralis were infected with trypanosoma vivax, t. congolense or t. brucei by feeding mainly on infected goats and then maintained either in vivo on uninfected calves, goats or rabbits, or fed in vitro upon heparinised or defibrinated blood of goats or calves for 21 days for t. vivax and t. congolense and 30 days for t. brucei and then dissected. the observed differences in the infection rates for all three trypanosome species maintained on diff ... | 1984 | 6143482 |
| increased sensitivity to a natural pyrethrum extract of trypanosoma-infected glossina morsitans. | topical application of a natural pyrethrum extract on male and pregnant female glossina morsitans morsitans resulted in higher mortality for flies infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei than for uninfected control flies. infected males showed a significantly higher mortality while infected pregnant females showed a marginally significant increase in mortality. results support the hypothesis that infected flies are less healthy than uninfected flies. results also parallel previous findings using ... | 1984 | 6143486 |
| failure of trypanosomal membrane antigens to induce protection against tsetse-transmitted trypanosoma vivax or t. brucei in goats and rabbits. | a purified protein, relative molecular weight 83 kilodalton (kd), and plasma membranes from trypanosoma brucei were tested as potential vaccines against tsetse-transmitted t. vivax and t. brucei in goats and rabbits. the 83 kd protein was found in lysates of all clones of t. brucei examined, as well as in lysates of t. vivax, t. congolense and t. rhodesiense. rabbits and goats were immunized with various amounts of antigen in freund's complete adjuvant and boosted twice with antigen in freund's ... | 1984 | 6150617 |
| maintenance of glossina morsitans morsitans on antiserum to procyclic trypanosomes reduces infection rates with homologous and heterologous trypanosoma congolense stocks. | three experimental groups of male glossina morsitans morsitans were infected at their first feed with procyclic forms of different stocks of trypanosoma congolense and subsequently maintained on a diet containing rabbit antiserum to one of these stocks. control flies were similarly infected but were then maintained on normal rabbit serum. dissection of the flies 19-21 days post infection showed a reduction in both immature and mature infection rates in all groups fed on antiserum by comparison w ... | 1984 | 6150620 |
| studies on trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense iv. experimental immunization of mice against tsetse fly challenge. | groups of mice were exposed to multiple bites by tsetse flies (glossina morsitans morsitans) infected with a clone of trypanosoma congolense spread over a periof of 8 days. the mice were subsequently treated with berenil 10 days after the first fly bite as were uninfected control mice. the group of mice which received 12--15 infectious fly bites on two occasions, 21 days apart, were subsequently resistant to infection when re-challenged by flies infected with the same clone of t. congolense. the ... | 1980 | 6155654 |
| cyclical transmission of in vitro cultivated bloodstream forms and procyclic trypomastigotes of trypanosoma brucei brucei by glossina morsitans morsitans. | in vitro cultivated bloodstream and procyclic forms of trypanosoma b. brucei stib 247 were cyclically transmitted by glossina m. morsitans. the tsetse flies were infected artificially on a silicon membrane. metacyclic trypanosomes from mature salivary gland infections were used to initiate bloodstream form cultures. they transformed into slender bloodstream forms and gave rise to established cultures that proved to be infective for the vector. the metacyclic forms retained the strain-specific ba ... | 1982 | 6182705 |
| anti-trypanosomal factor in the haemolymph of glossina. | the motility of cultured procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei brucei antat serodeme derived from eatro 1125 was greatly reduced when incubated in vitro with the haemolymph of glossina morsitans morsitans at dilutions as low as 1:512 after incubation periods of 1-2 h at 27 degrees c. this effect was demonstrated in the haemolymph of male and female, teneral and non-teneral g.m. morsitans but was abolished by heat inactivation. a significant reduction in the motility of cultured forms of trypanos ... | 1982 | 6187195 |