| [m. s. voronin, an outstanding russian mycologist (on the centenary of the discovery of plasmodiophora brassicae voronin)]. | | 1978 | 345067 |
| the ultrastructure of mitosis in plasmodiophora brassicae (plasmodiophorales). | mitosis was examined in plasmodia of plasmodiophora brassicae within artifically inoculated cabbage roots, using light- and electron microscopy. mitotic nuclear divisions are characterized by a persistent nucleolus, bipolar centrioles paired end-to-end, densely staining chromatin, and a complex array of membranes that surround and ramify through the spindle. chromatin begins to condense in prophase, and is aligned at metaphase in a reticulate plate on the nuclear equator. the chromatin is not r ... | 1979 | 536395 |
| [animal and plant cancers produced by viruses and bacteria]. | in this review the animal and plant cancers produced by viruses : (onkeorna, adeno, herpes, papova, pox, reovirus, fig 1-6), bacteria : (agrobacterium tumefaciens, fig. 7), fungi : (plasmodiophora brassicae, and nematode : (meloidgyne) are discussed. | 1976 | 979708 |
| abnormal growth of tissues infected with plasmodiophora brassicae. | | 1969 | 5787004 |
| growth of plasmodiophora brassicae in host callus. | | 1969 | 5818479 |
| current status of the plasmodiophorids. | plasmodiophorids are a monophyletic group with uncertain systematic affinities. features of the group include cruciform nuclear division; obligate, intracellular parasitism; biflagellated, heterocont zoospores; and environmentally resistant resting spores. economically significant members of the group include plasmodiophora brassicae, the causative agent of clubroot of cabbage; spongospora subterranea, the causative agent of powdery scab of potato; and two members of the genus polymyxa, vectors ... | 1995 | 8688155 |
| high-level expression of a viscotoxin in arabidopsis thaliana gives enhanced resistance against plasmodiophora brassicae. | viscotoxins are a group of toxic thionins found in several mistletoe species. the constitutive camv-omega promoter was used to drive the expression of the viscotoxin a3 cdna from viscum album in transgenic arabidopsis thaliana c24. lines with high viscotoxin a3 levels in all parts of the plant were selected and tested for resistance against the clubroot pathogen plasmodiophora brassicae. the transgenic lines were more resistant to infection by this pathogen than the parental line. | 1998 | 9526499 |
| indole glucosinolate and auxin biosynthesis in arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh. glucosinolate mutants and the development of clubroot disease. | mutants and wild type plants of arabidopsis thaliana were analysed for differences in glucosinolate accumulation patterns, indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) biosynthesis and phenotype. a previously identified series of mutants, termed tu, with altered glucosinolate patterns was used in this study. only the line tu8 was affected in shoot phenotype (shorter stems, altered branching pattern). synthesis of iaa and metabolism were not much affected in the tu8 mutant during seedling development, although the ... | 1999 | 10384731 |
| expression and localization of nitrilase during symptom development of the clubroot disease in arabidopsis. | the expression of nitrilase in arabidopsis during the development of the clubroot disease caused by the obligate biotroph plasmodiophora brassicae was investigated. a time course study showed that only during the exponential growth phase of the clubs was nitrilase prominently enhanced in infected roots compared with controls. nit1 and nit2 are the nitrilase isoforms predominantly expressed in clubroot tissue, as shown by investigating promoter-beta-glucuronidase fusions of each. two peaks of bet ... | 2000 | 10677430 |
| [kohlhernie - neue ansätze zur bekämpfung der gefürchteten kohlerkrankung] | durch pflanzenkrankheiten entstehen weltweit hohe ernteverluste. eine der häufigsten infektionen in der familie der kreuzb&luml;tengewächse wird durch den pilz plasmodiophora brassicae verursacht. die krankheit äußert sich in form von wurzeltumoren, den "kohlherniegallen". da es auf verseuchten böden zu hohen ernteausfällen kommt, besteht ein enormes interesse an der aufklärung der vorgänge, die zu diesem krankheitsbild führen. | 2000 | 10760780 |
| promoter analysis of pyk20, a gene from arabidopsis thaliana. | the gene pyk20 which has been isolated from arabidopsis thaliana encodes a protein with a glutamine-rich domain in the c-terminal region. the transcription of this gene was shown to be induced in feeding sites of root-parasitic nematodes (heterodera schachtii), in roots infected by a fungus-like organism (plasmodiophora brassicae), by plant hormone treatment, and by wounding. in order to identify functional promoter regions seven different 5' and 3' pyk20 promoter (ppyk20) deletion fragments wer ... | 2000 | 10960738 |
| the ssu rdna coding region of a filose amoeba contains a group i intron lacking the universally conserved g at the 3'-terminus. | we sequenced small subunit ribosomal dna (rdna) pcr-fragments of sizes 2.3 kb and 2.9 kb isolated from a culture of the red alga, porphyra spiralis var. spiralis. phylogenetic analysis of the 2.3-kb fragment showed that it encoded the sequence of a contaminant filose amoeba. the nuclearia-like amoeba (named strain n-por) was identified with scanning electron microscopy. its rdna sequence was positioned with strong bootstrap support within a diverse protist assemblage that includes filose amoebae ... | 2000 | 11128712 |
| induction of trehalase in arabidopsis plants infected with the trehalose-producing pathogen plasmodiophora brassicae. | various microorganisms produce the disaccharide trehalose during their symbiotic and pathogenic interactions with plants. trehalose has strong effects on plant metabolism and growth; therefore, we became interested to study its possible role in the interaction of arabidopsis thaliana with plasmodiophora brassicae, the causal agent of clubroot disease. we found that trehalose accumulated strongly in the infected organs (i.e., the roots and hypocotyls) and, to a lesser extent, in the leaves and st ... | 2002 | 12118885 |
| stimulation by caffeic acid, coumalic acid, and corilagin of the germination of resting spores of the clubroot pathogen plasmodiophora brassicae. | some chemicals were examined for their effects on the germination of resting spores of the clubroot pathogen plasmodiophora brassicae, and on the control of clubroots in chinese cabbage. caffeic acid, coumalic acid, and corilagin stimulated the germination of plasmodiophora spores and prevented the formation of clubroots in chinese cabbage. clubroot might be controlled by agents with germination-stimulating effects. | 2003 | 12619690 |
| effects of cyazofamid against plasmodiophora brassicae woronin on chinese cabbage. | cyazofamid (4-chloro-2-cyano-n,n-dimethyl-5-p-tolylimidazole-1-sulfonamide) is a novel fungicide with high levels of activity against oomycetes fungi and plasmodiophora brassicae woronin. the effects of cyazofamid were investigated against p. brassicae, the causal agent of clubroot disease in chinese cabbage. cyazofamid at 0.3 mg litre(-1) inhibited resting spore germination of this pathogen by about 80%. cyazofamid at 3-10 mg litre(-1) exhibited fungicidal activity to resting spores of p. brass ... | 2003 | 12639045 |
| identification of two loci for resistance to clubroot (plasmodiophora brassicae woronin) in brassica rapa l. | in an analysis of 114 f(2) individuals from a cross between clubroot-resistant and susceptible lines of brassica rapa l., 'g004' and 'hakusai chukanbohon nou 7' (a9709), respectively, we identified two loci, crr1 and crr2, for clubroot (caused by plasmodiophora brassicae woronin) resistance. each locus segregated independently among the f(2) population, indicating that the loci reside on a different region of chromosomes or on different chromosomes. genetic analysis showed that each locus had li ... | 2003 | 12955203 |
| a solution-culture technique for obtaining root-hair, or primary, infection by plasmodiophora brassicae. | | 1958 | 13549703 |
| scar and caps mapping of crb, a gene conferring resistance to plasmodiophora brassicae in chinese cabbage ( brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis). | clubroot disease, caused by plasmodiophora brassicae wor., is highly damaging for chinese cabbage. the cr (clubroot resistant) shinki dh (doubled haploid) line of chinese cabbage carries a single dominant gene, crb, which confers resistance to the p. brassicae races 2, 4, and 8. an f(2) population derived from a cross between the cr shinki dh line and a susceptible line, 94sk, was used to map the crb gene. inoculation of f(3) families with ssi (single-spore isolate) resulted in a 1:2:1 segregati ... | 2004 | 14997298 |
| isolate-specific and broad-spectrum qtls are involved in the control of clubroot in brassica oleracea. | clubroot, caused by plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most damaging diseases of vegetable brassica crops in the world. in this study, genetic control and mapping of loci implied in quantitative resistance against five isolates of p. brassicae were studied in the f(1) and f(2/3 )progenies of the cross c10 (resistant kale)xhdem (susceptible broccoli). a genetic map was constructed using rflp, random and specific pcr-based markers. the 199 loci were assembled into nine linkage groups covering ... | 2004 | 15007504 |
| actin and ubiquitin protein sequences support a cercozoan/foraminiferan ancestry for the plasmodiophorid plant pathogens. | the plasmodiophorids are a group of eukaryotic intracellular parasites that cause disease in a variety of economically significant crops. plasmodiophorids have traditionally been considered fungi but have more recently been suggested to be members of the cercozoa, a morphologically diverse group of amoeboid, flagellate, and amoeboflagellate protists. the recognition that cercozoa constitute a monophyletic lineage has come from phylogenetic analyses of small subunit ribosomal rna genes. protein s ... | 2004 | 15068273 |
| screening and evaluation of resistance to downy mildew (peronospora parasitica) and clubroot (plasmodiophora brassicae) in genetic resources of brassica oleracea. | 52 entries including landraces, old cultivars and wild accessions of b. oleracea and closely related brassica species were screened for resistance against downy mildew and clubroot. several accessions resistant to downy mildew and a few to clubroot were found. genetic inheritance of the resistance in downy mildew was investigated by screening f1 and bc1f1 offspring from three resistant landrace accessions crossed with both a resistant and a susceptible father. the seedling resistance against dow ... | 2004 | 15703046 |
| infection of chinese cabbage by plasmodiophora brassicae leads to a stimulation of plant growth: impacts on cell wall metabolism and hormone balance. | the importance of plant hormones in clubroot infection has long been recognized. the morphological changes, such as cell division and cell elongation leading to gall formation are triggered in the early stages of infection. we analysed cell expansion by localizing xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (xth)-action and screened the endogenous concentrations of several classes of phytohormones by mass spectrometry in the early stages of plasmodiophora brassicae infection in chinese cabbage (br ... | 2005 | 15760367 |
| translocation of sugars into infected cabbage tissues during clubroot development. | sucrose, glucose, and inositol were the major sugars in cabbage hypocotyls infected by plasmodiophora brassicae and in noninfected hypocotyls, based on paper, thin-layer, and gas-liquid chromatography. small amounts of trehalose were tentatively identified in extracts from noninfected hypocotyls, whereas up to 20x this level occurred in extracts from infected hypocotyls. inositol declined in the infected hypocotyls while glucose increased to about 4x the level in noninfected hypocotyls. fructose ... | 1969 | 16657127 |
| transcriptome analysis of arabidopsis clubroots indicate a key role for cytokinins in disease development. | the clubroot disease of the family brassicaceae is caused by the obligate biotrophic protist plasmodiophora brassicae. infected roots undergo a developmental switch that results in the formation of aberrant roots (clubs). to investigate host gene expression during the development of the disease, we have used the arabidopsis ath1 genome array. two timepoints were chosen, an early timepoint at which the pathogen has colonized the root but has induced only very limited change of host cell and root ... | 2006 | 16673935 |
| a family of auxin conjugate hydrolases from brassica rapa: characterization and expression during clubroot disease. | during the obligate biotrophic interaction of plasmodiophora brassicae with members of the brassicaceae, the host roots show hypertrophy and galls are established. an increased auxin pool appears to correlate with cell expansion and cell division, but the origin of the free auxin is not yet clear. as previous results point to increased iaa-hydrolytic activity in infected roots of brassica rapa at later time points of infection, we isolated iaa-amidohydrolase-like genes from various tissues. we c ... | 2006 | 16771990 |
| community structure of actively growing bacterial populations in plant pathogen suppressive soil. | the bacterial community in soil was screened by using various molecular approaches for bacterial populations that were activated upon addition of different supplements. plasmodiophora brassicae spores, chitin, sodium acetate, and cabbage plants were added to activate specific bacterial populations as an aid in screening for novel antagonists to plant pathogens. dna from growing bacteria was specifically extracted from the soil by bromodeoxyuridine immunocapture. the captured dna was fingerprinte ... | 2007 | 16944345 |
| identification of genes from the obligate intracellular plant pathogen, plasmodiophora brassicae. | plasmodiophora brassicae is an intracellular pathogen that infects plants in the brassicaceae family. although an important pathogen group, information on the genomic makeup of the plasmodiophorids is almost completely lacking. we performed suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) between rna from p. brassicae-infected and uninfected arabidopsis tissue, then screened 232 clones from the resulting ssh library. in addition, we used an oligo-capping procedure to screen 305 full-length cdna clone ... | 2006 | 17064373 |
| high avidity binding of engineered papaya mosaic virus virus-like particles to resting spores of plasmodiophora brassicae. | papaya mosaic virus (papmv) like particles (vlps) were used as a platform for fusion of affinity peptides binding to resting spores of plasmodiophora brassicae-a major pathogen of crucifers. three peptides with specific affinity to the target were isolated and cloned at the c-terminus of the papmv coat protein (cp), generating three different high avidity vlps. the peptides were exposed at the surface of the vlps and their avidity to resting spores of p. brassicae was measured by flow cytometry. ... | 2007 | 17126944 |
| a hormone and proteome approach to picturing the initial metabolic events during plasmodiophora brassicae infection on arabidopsis. | we report on the early response of arabidopsis thaliana to the obligate biotrophic pathogen plasmodiophora brassicae at the hormone and proteome level. using a cycb1;1::gus construct, the re-initiation of infection-related cell division is shown from 4 days after inoculation on. sensitivity to cytokinins and auxins as well as the endogenous hormone levels are evaluated. both an enhanced cytokinin gene response and an accumulation of isopentenyl adenine and adenosine precede this re-initiation of ... | 2006 | 17153927 |
| intron-rich gene structure in the intracellular plant parasite plasmodiophora brassicae. | plasmodiophora brassicae, a pathogen of brassicaceae plants, is grouped within the eukaryotic supergroup, the rhizaria. although a large diversity of protists is found in the rhizaria, genomes of organisms within the group have barely been examined. in this study, we identified dna sequences spanning or flanking 24 p. brassicae genes, eventually sequencing close to 44 kb of genomic dna. evidence from this preliminary genome survey suggested that splicing is an important feature of p. brassicae g ... | 2007 | 17618828 |
| genetic mapping of clubroot resistance genes in oilseed rape. | clubroot caused by the obligate biotrophic protist plasmodiophora brassicae is a major disease of brassica species. clubroot resistances introduced from b. oleracea var. 'böhmerwaldkohl' and resistance from b. rapa ecd-04 were genetically mapped in oilseed rape (b. napus l.). a doubled haploid (dh) population of rape seed was developed by crossing a resistant dh-line derived from a resynthesized b. napus with the susceptible cultivar 'express'. the dh population was tested in the greenhouse agai ... | 2008 | 18040658 |
| microorganisms against plasmodiophora brassicae. | in order to find microorganisms showing antifungal activities against plasmodiophora brassicae, which causes club root, korean salt-fermented fishery products were tested. several fermented broths of microorgansims isolated from ammodytes personatus fishery products showed high antifungal activities. the identification of microorganisms and their in vivo antifungal activities are reported herein. | 2007 | 18051313 |
| zoosporangia, believed to be those of plasmodiophora brassicae, in the root hairs of non-cruciferous plants. | | 1949 | 18117137 |
| differential regulation of root arginine catabolism and polyamine metabolism in clubroot-susceptible and partially resistant arabidopsis genotypes. | the hypertrophy and hyperplasia of infected roots into clubs are the intrinsic characteristics of clubroot, one of the economically most important diseases in brassica crops worldwide. polyamines, arginine (arg)-derived metabolites, have long been recognized as cell proliferation and differentiation regulators in plants and consequently are suitable candidates for potential gall development factors. furthermore, arg catabolism, through arginase, which is strongly connected to polyamine metabolis ... | 2008 | 18305204 |
| identification of quantitative trait loci controlling partial clubroot resistance in new mapping populations of arabidopsis thaliana. | to date, mechanisms of partial quantitative resistance, under polygenic control, remain poorly understood, studies of the molecular basis of disease resistance have mainly focused on qualitative variation under oligogenic control. however, oligogenic conferred resistance is rapidly overcome by the pathogen and knowledge of the relationship between qualitative and quantitative resistance is necessary to develop durably resistant cultivars. in this study, we exploited the arabidopsis thaliana-plas ... | 2008 | 18427770 |
| mapping of isolate-specific qtls for clubroot resistance in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l. ssp. pekinensis). | a number of clubroot resistant (cr) chinese cabbage cultivars have been developed in japan using resistant genes from cr european fodder turnips (b. rapa ssp. rapifera). clubroot resistance in european fodder turnips are known to be controlled by the combined action of several dominant resistance genes. we have developed three chinese cabbage clubroot-resistant doubled haploid (dh) lines--t136-8, k10, and c9--which express resistance in different manners against two isolates of plasmodiophora br ... | 2008 | 18612625 |
| alternative transcription initiation of the nitrilase gene (brnit2) caused by infection with plasmodiophora brassicae woron. in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l.). | in clubroot disease, gall formation is induced by infection with the obligate biotroph plasmodiophora brassicae, and cell hypertrophy is dependent on increased auxin levels. the enzyme nitrilase is suggested to play an important role in auxin biosynthesis in plants. here, we investigated the expression of nitrilase genes in clubroot disease in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l.). we isolated four isogenes of nitrilase (brnit1, brnit2, brnit3, and brnit4) from chinese cabbage. when a brnit2-specif ... | 2008 | 18726557 |
| metabolic changes in roots of the oilseed canola infected with the biotroph plasmodiophora brassicae: phytoalexins and phytoanticipins. | analyses of metabolite production and accumulation in roots of canola ( brassica napus l. spp. oleifera) infected with the phytopathogen plasmodiophora brassicae (clubroot) allowed the identification of 45 metabolites. hplc analysis corroborated by metabolite isolation and nmr spectroscopic data demonstrated for the first time that phytoalexins and phytoanticipins were produced in roots of canola infected with a soilborne biotroph. in addition, six new indolyl metabolites were identified, synthe ... | 2008 | 18834132 |
| specific polymerase chain reaction primers for the detection of plasmodiophora brassicae in soil and water. | abstract the development of specific oligonucleotide primers for plasmodiophora brassicae has led to a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) detection method for p. brassicae in soil and water. initially, the pcr was used to amplify a section of the rdna repeat. the pcr products were sequenced and the data used to design primers that were directed at the ribosomal rna genes and internal transcribed spacer regions. specificity was tested against more than 40 common soil organisms, host plants, a ... | 1999 | 18944752 |
| surface disinfestation of resting spores of plasmodiophora brassicae used to infect hairy roots of brassica spp. | abstract resting spores of plasmodiophora brassicae were surface-disinfested by treatment with 2% chloramine-t for 20 min and then with an antibiotic solution (1,000 ppm of colistin sulfate, 1,000 ppm of vancomycin hydrochloride, and 6,000 ppm of cefotaxime sodium) for 1 day. the disinfested resting spores were used to inoculate hairy roots of cabbage (brassica oleracea var. capitata cv. fuji wase), chinese cabbage (b. pekinensis cv. musou hakusai), turnip (b. rapa var. rapifera cv. wase okabu), ... | 1999 | 18944777 |
| isolation and characterization of endophytic actinomycetes from chinese cabbage roots as antagonists to plasmodiophora brassicae. | this study was conducted to select endophytic actinomycetes as biocontrol agents against chinese cabbage clubroot caused by plasmodiophora brassicae. a total of 81 endophytic actinomycetes were isolated from surface-sterilized roots of chinese cabbage that was grown on paddy field and upland soils collected from various locations in korea. by using 16s ribosomal dna (rdna) gene sequencing, they were classified to 8 actinobacterial genera. the genus microbispora (67%) was most frequently isolated ... | 2008 | 19047815 |
| raphanus sativus, sinapis alba, and fagopyrum esculentum as hosts to meloidogyne incognita, meloidogyne javanica, and plasmodiophora brassicae. | cultivars of oilseed radish (raphanus sativus var. oleifera cv. adagio, nemex, pegletta, renova, siletina, siletta nova, and ultimo), white mustard (sinapis alba cv. albatross, emergo, maxi, martigena, metex, and serval), buckwheat (fagopyrum esculentum cv. prego, tardo), and phacelia (phacelia tanacetifolia cv. angelia) were tested for susceptibility to meloidogyne incognita race 3 and meloidogyne javanica. experiments were conducted in growth chambers at 25 c and 16 hours light for 42 days aft ... | 1994 | 19279960 |
| mapping of two genes for resistance to clubroot (plasmodiophora brassicae) in a population of doubled haploid lines of brassica oleracea by means of rflp and aflp markers. | a genetic map covering 615 cm in 12 linkage groups was assembled based on 92 rflp and aflp markers segregating in a population of 107 doubled haploid lines (dh lines) of brassica oleracea. the dh-line population was obtained through microspore culture from the f(1) of two homozygous parents: dh-line bi derived from the cabbage landrace bindsachsener, and dh-line gr from broccoli cv 'greenia'. sixty-five percent of the loci, and in some cases complete linkage groups, displayed distorted segregati ... | 1997 | 19352748 |
| the so-called rhythms of growth-energy in mouse cancer. | in conclusion we may summarize the above biological observations in a series of theses as follows: 1. cancer cells differ from other epithelial cells in respect to: (a) size relations of nucleus and cell body; (b) power of indefinitely continued division. 2. cancer cells differ from embryonic cells in absence of: (a) power of differentiation; (b) power of coördination of parts to whole; (c) power of self-regulation and limit of growth. 3. the continued development of the cancer cells is subject ... | 1908 | 19867132 |
| increase in brao1 gene expression and aldehyde oxidase activity during clubroot development in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l.). | summary in clubroot disease, gall formation is induced by infection with the obligate biotroph plasmodiophora brassicae due to increased levels of auxins and cytokinins. because aldehyde oxidase (ao) may be involved in auxin biosynthesis in plants, we isolated two ao genes (brao1 and brao2) from chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis cv. muso), which are the most similar to aao1 among arabidopsis ao genes, and examined their expressions during clubroot development. the expression of brao ... | 2006 | 20507442 |
| molecular cloning of brassica rapa nitrilases and their expression during clubroot development. | summary three isoforms of nitrilase were cloned from turnip, brassica rapa l., and their expression during clubroot development caused by plasmodiophora brassicae was investigated. the isoforms were designated brnit-t1, brnit-t2 and brnit-t4 based on homology to known nitrilases. brnit-t1 and brnit-t2 have 80% homology to three nitrilases from arabidopsis thaliana (atnit1, atnit2 and atnit3). brnit-t4 showed 90% homology to atnit4. to confirm their enzyme activity, the recombinant proteins were ... | 2007 | 20507526 |
| molecular characterization of a serine protease pro1 from plasmodiophora brassicae that stimulates resting spore germination. | clubroot, caused by plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most serious diseases of cultivated cruciferous crops in the world. however, the basis for pathogenicity in p. brassicae is not well understood. in this study, a serine protease gene (pro1) was cloned from p. brassicae and its molecular characteristics were investigated. southern analysis and specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification indicated that pro1 is a single-copy gene present in a broad range of p. brassicae pathotyp ... | 2010 | 20618708 |
| flavonoid accumulation in arabidopsis thaliana root galls caused by the obligate biotrophic pathogen plasmodiophora brassicae. | three different flavonoids-naringenin, quercetin and kaempferol-accumulate in root galls of arabidopsis thaliana after infection with the obligate biotrophic pathogen plasmodiophora brassicae. in addition, high-performance liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography analysis indicated that these flavonoids and their glycosides were induced in galls rather than in healthy roots. the transcripts of selected genes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids were up-regulated during the time ... | 2010 | 20618711 |
| evolution of rhizaria: new insights from phylogenomic analysis of uncultivated protists. | recent phylogenomic analyses have revolutionized our view of eukaryote evolution by revealing unexpected relationships between and within the eukaryotic supergroups. however, for several groups of uncultivable protists, only the ribosomal rna genes and a handful of proteins are available, often leading to unresolved evolutionary relationships. a striking example concerns the supergroup rhizaria, which comprises several groups of uncultivable free-living protists such as radiolarians, foraminifer ... | 2010 | 21126361 |
| genomics of biotrophic, plant-infecting plasmodiophorids using in vitro dual cultures. | the plasmodiophorids are a phylogenetically distinct group of parasitic protists that infect plants and stramenopiles, causing several important agricultural diseases. because of the obligate intracellular part of their lifecycle, none of the plasmodiophorids has been axenically cultured. further, the molecular biology of the plasmodiophorids is poorly understood because pure cultures are not available from any species. we report on an in-vitro dual culture system of the plasmodiophorids plasmod ... | 2010 | 21183405 |
| extracellular invertase is involved in the regulation of clubroot disease in arabidopsis thaliana. | clubroot disease of brassicaceae is caused by an obligate biotrophic protist, plasmodiophora brassicae. during root gall development, a strong sink for assimilates is developed. among other genes involved in sucrose and starch synthesis and degradation, the increased expression of invertases has been observed in a microarray experiment, and invertase and invertase inhibitor expression was confirmed using promoter::gus lines of arabidopsis thaliana. a functional approach demonstrates that inverta ... | 2010 | 21355997 |
| complete sructure of nuclear rdna of the obligate plant parasite plasmodiophora brassicae: intraspecific polymorphisms in the exon and group i intron of the large subunit rdna. | plasmodiophora brassicae is a soil-borne obligate intracellular parasite in the phylum cercozoa of the rhizaria that causes clubroot disease of crucifer crops. to control the disease, understanding the distribution and infection routes of the pathogen is essential, and thus development of reliable molecular markers to discriminate geographic populations is required. in this study, the nuclear ribosomal rna gene (rdna) repeat unit of p. brassicae was determined, with particular emphasis on the st ... | 2011 | 21497131 |
| identification of expressed genes during infection of chinese cabbage (brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) by plasmodiophora brassicae. | abstract. plasmodiophora brassicae is an obligate, biotrophic pathogen causing the club-root disease of crucifers. despite its importance as a plant pathogen, little is known about p. brassicae at the molecular level as most of its life cycle takes place inside the plant host, and axenic culturing is impossible. discovery of genes expressed during infection and gene organization are the first steps toward a better understanding of the pathogen-host interaction. here, suppression subtractive hybr ... | 2011 | 21518080 |
| arabidopsis thaliana, a new tool to investigate polymyxa betae-host interactions. | little is known about the genome of polymyxa betae and its interactions with sugar beet, due partly to the obligate nature of the protist and the patents on beta vulgaris sequences. the identification of an ecotype of arabidopsis thaliana compatible with the protist would help to improve this knowledge. the infection and development of p. betae in 14 worldwide ecotypes of a. thaliana were studied. the detection of plasmodia and resting spores and the production of zoospores in the roots of a. th ... | 2010 | 21542467 |
| indicator organisms for assessing sanitization during composting of plant wastes. | the potential for using plant pathogens and seeds as indicator organisms for assessing sanitization of plant wastes during composting was tested in bench-scale flask and large-scale systems. plasmodiophora brassicae was unsuitable due to high temperature tolerance in dry to moist composts, and detection of viable inoculum post-composting using bioassay plants not corresponding with that using taqman® pcr, possibly due to preservation of nucleic acids at elevated temperatures. several other plant ... | 2011 | 21546235 |
| genetic and physiological analysis of the relationship between partial resistance to clubroot and tolerance to trehalose in arabidopsis thaliana. | • in arabidopsis thaliana the induction of plant trehalase during clubroot disease was proposed to act as a defense mechanism in the susceptible accession col-0, which could thereby cope with the accumulation of pathogen-synthesized trehalose. in the present study, we assessed trehalose activity and tolerance to trehalose in the clubroot partially resistant accession bur-0. • we compared both accessions for several trehalose-related physiological traits during clubroot infection. a quantitative ... | 2011 | 21599669 |
| plasmodiophora brassicae: a review of an emerging pathogen of the canadian canola (brassica napus) crop. | plasmodiophora brassicae causes clubroot disease in cruciferous plants, and is an emerging threat to canadian canola (brassica napus) production. this review focuses on recent studies into the pathogenic diversity of p. brassicae populations, mechanisms of pathogenesis and resistance, and the development of diagnostic tests for pathogen detection and quantification. taxonomy: plasmodiophora brassicae is a soil-borne, obligate parasite within the class phytomyxea (plasmodiophorids) of the protist ... | 2011 | 21726396 |
| Effect of temperature on cortical infection by Plasmodiophora brassicae and clubroot severity. | A study was conducted to assess the effect of temperature on infection and development of Plasmodiophora brassicae in the root cortex of Shanghai pak choy (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) and on subsequent clubroot severity. Ten-day-old seedlings were grown individually, inoculated with resting spores, and maintained in growth cabinets at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30?C. Seedlings were harvested at 2-day intervals, starting 8 days after inoculation (DAI) and continuing until 42 DAI. Roots were assessed ... | 2011 | 21864086 |
| occurrence of clubroot on shepherd's-purse caused by plasmodiophora brassicae. | clubroot symptoms were frequently observed on roots of shepherd's-purse (capsella bursa-pastoris) grown in a field in nonsan, chungnam province, korea in march, 2009. many resting spores were found in the cells of the root gall tissues collected from the field. the clubroot pathogen was identified as plasmodiophora brassicae based on its morphological and pathological characteristics. this is the first report that p. brassicae causes clubroot of shepherd's-purse in korea. | 2011 | 22783109 |
| shotgun label-free proteomic analysis of clubroot (plasmodiophora brassicae) resistance conferred by the gene rcr1 in brassica rapa. | clubroot, caused by the plasmodiophorid pathogen plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most serious diseases on brassica crops worldwide and a major threat to canola production in western canada. host resistance is the key strategy for clubroot management on canola. several clubroot resistance (cr) genes have been identified, but the mechanisms associated with these cr genes are poorly understood. in the current study, a label-free shotgun proteomic approach was used to profile and compare the ... | 2016 | 27462338 |
| identification of novel qtls for isolate-specific partial resistance to plasmodiophora brassicae in brassica rapa. | plasmodiophora brassicae, the causal agent of clubroot disease of the brassica crops, is widespread in the world. quantitative trait loci (qtls) for partial resistance to 4 different isolates of p. brassicae (pb2, pb4, pb7, and pb10) were investigated using a bc1f1 population from a cross between two subspecies of brassica rapa, i.e. chinese cabbage inbred line c59-1 as a susceptible recurrent parent and turnip inbred line ecd04 as a resistant donor parent. the bc1f2 families were assessed for r ... | 2013 | 24376876 |
| draft genome sequence of antagonistic agent lysobacter antibioticus 13-6. | lysobacter antibioticus 13-6, isolated from the roots of chinese cabbage, effectively controls the pathogens plasmodiophora brassicae, xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, x. oryzae pv. oryzae, xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae, and pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. we report the first draft genome sequence of the l. antibioticus species in china. | 2014 | 25301638 |
| differential expression of mirnas in brassica napus root following infection with plasmodiophora brassicae. | canola (oilseed rape, brassica napus l.) is susceptible to infection by the biotrophic protist plasmodiophora brassicae, the causal agent of clubroot. to understand the roles of micrornas (mirnas) during the post-transcriptional regulation of disease initiation and progression, we have characterized the changes in mirna expression profiles in canola roots during clubroot disease development and have compared these to uninfected roots. two different stages of clubroot development were targeted in ... | 2014 | 24497962 |
| transcriptome analysis of brassica rapa near-isogenic lines carrying clubroot-resistant and -susceptible alleles in response to plasmodiophora brassicae during early infection. | although plasmodiophora brassicae is one of the most common pathogens worldwide, the causal agent of clubroot disease in brassica crops, resistance mechanisms to it are still only poorly understood. to study the early defense response induced by p. brassicae infection, a global transcriptome profiling of the roots of two near-isogenic lines (nils) of clubroot-resistant (cr bjn3-2) and clubroot-susceptible (bjn3-2) chinese cabbage (brassica rapa) was performed by rna-seq. among the 42,730 unique ... | 2015 | 26779217 |
| response of arabidopsis thaliana roots with altered lipid transfer protein (ltp) gene expression to the clubroot disease and salt stress. | the clubroot disease of brassicaceae is caused by the obligate biotrophic protist plasmodiophora brassicae. the disease is characterized by abnormal tumorous swellings of infected roots that result in reduced drought resistance and insufficient distribution of nutrients, leading to reduced crop yield. it is one of the most damaging diseases among cruciferous crops worldwide. the acquisition of nutrients by the protist is not well understood. gene expression profiles in arabidopsis thaliana clubr ... | 2015 | 27135222 |
| camalexin contributes to the partial resistance of arabidopsis thaliana to the biotrophic soilborne protist plasmodiophora brassicae. | camalexin has been reported to play defensive functions against several pathogens in arabidopsis. in this study, we investigated the possible role of camalexin accumulation in two arabidopsis genotypes with different levels of basal resistance to the compatible eh strain of the clubroot agent plasmodiophora brassicae. camalexin biosynthesis was induced in infected roots of both col-0 (susceptible) and bur-0 (partially resistant) accessions during the secondary phase of infection. however, the le ... | 2015 | 26257750 |
| integrated omics study of lipid droplets from plasmodiophora brassicae. | plasmodiophora brassicae causes clubroot disease in cruciferous. in this report, lipid droplets were observed in the resting spores of p. brassicae. 295 lipid droplet-associated proteins were identified and categorized into nine groups. transcriptome analysis of these proteins during three different zoosporic stages revealed differences in gene expression pattern. go enrichment analysis revealed that these proteins associated with lipid droplets were mainly linked to biosynthesis and metabolism. ... | 2016 | 27874080 |
| arabidopsis mutant bik1 exhibits strong resistance to plasmodiophora brassicae. | botrytis-induced kinase1 (bik1), a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, plays an important role in resistance against pathogens and insects in arabidopsis thaliana. however, it remains unknown whether bik1 functions against plasmodiophora brassicae, an obligate biotrophic protist that attacks cruciferous plants and induces gall formation on roots. here, we investigated the potential roles of receptors fls2, bak1, and bik1 in the infection of p. brassicae cruciferous plants. wild-type plants, fls2, ... | 2016 | 27679580 |
| the compact genome of the plant pathogen plasmodiophora brassicae is adapted to intracellular interactions with host brassica spp. | the protist plasmodiophora brassicae is a soil-borne pathogen of cruciferous species and the causal agent of clubroot disease of brassicas including agriculturally important crops such as canola/rapeseed (brassica napus). p. brassicae has remained an enigmatic plant pathogen and is a rare example of an obligate biotroph that resides entirely inside the host plant cell. the pathogen is the cause of severe yield losses and can render infested fields unsuitable for brassica crop growth due to the p ... | 2016 | 27036196 |
| incorporation of hygromycin resistance in brassica nigra and its transfer to b. napus through asymmetric protoplast fusion. | with the idea to develop a selection system for asymmetric somatic hybrids between oilseed rape (brassica napus) and black mustard (b. nigra), the marker gene hygromycin resistance was introduced in this last species by protoplast transformation with the disarmed agrobacterium tumefaciens strain c58 pgv 3850 hpt. the b. nigra lines used for transformation had been previously selected for resistance to two important rape pathogens (phoma lingam, plasmodiophora brassicae). asymmetric somatic hybri ... | 1989 | 24227144 |
| draft genome sequence of bacillus amyloliquefaciens hb-26. | bacillus amyloliquefaciens hb-26, a gram-positive bacterium was isolated from soil in china. sds-page analysis showed this strain secreted six major protein bands of 65, 60, 55, 34, 25 and 20 kda. a bioassay of this strain reveals that it shows specific activity against p. brassicae and nematode. here we describe the features of this organism, together with the draft genome sequence and annotation. the 3,989,358 bp long genome (39 contigs) contains 4,001 protein-coding genes and 80 rna genes. | 2014 | 25197462 |
| enhancement of biocontrol activities and cyclic lipopeptides production by chemical mutagenesis of bacillus subtilis xf-1, a biocontrol agent of plasmodiophora brassicae and fusarium solani. | bacillus subtilis xf-1 has been used as a biocontrol agent of clubroot disease of crucifers infected by plasmodiophora brassicae, an obligate pathogen. in order to maximize the growth inhibition of the pathogen, random mutagenesis using n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine was applied to strain xf-1. the efficacy of 226 selected mutants was assessed against the growth of an indicator fungal pathogen: fusarium solani using agar plate assay and the disruptive effects on the resting spores of p. br ... | 2014 | 25320450 |
| genome sequencing of bacillus subtilis strain xf-1 with high efficiency in the suppression of plasmodiophora brassicae. | the genome of the rhizobacterium bacillus subtilis xf-1 is 4.06 mb in size and harbors 3,853 coding sequences (cds). giant gene clusters were dedicated to the nonribosomal synthesis of antimicrobial lipopeptides and polyketides. remarkably, xf-1 possesses a gene cluster involved in the synthesis of chitosanase that is related to the suppression of the pathogen plasmodiophora brassicae. | 2013 | 23558530 |
| diversity and active mechanism of fengycin-type cyclopeptides from bacillus subtilis xf-1 against plasmodiophora brassicae. | bacillus subtilis xf-1, a strain with demonstrated ability to control clubroot disease caused by plasmodiophora brassicae, was studied to elucidate its mechanism of antifungal activity against p. brassicae. fengycin-type cyclopeptides (ftcps), a well-known class of compounds with strong fungitoxic activity, were purified by acid precipitation, methanol extraction, and chromatographic separation. eight homologs of fengycin, seven homologs of dehydroxyfengycin, and six unknown ftcps were character ... | 2013 | 23462003 |
| evidence that the biofungicide serenade (bacillus subtilis) suppresses clubroot on canola via antibiosis and induced host resistance. | this study investigated how the timing of application of the biofungicide serenade (bacillus subtilis qst713) or it components (product filtrate and bacterial cell suspension) influenced infection of canola by plasmodiophora brassicae under controlled conditions. the biofungicide and its components were applied as a soil drench at 5% concentration (vol/vol or equivalent cfu) to a planting mix infested with p. brassicae at seeding or at transplanting 7 or 14 days after seeding (das) to target pri ... | 2013 | 23113546 |
| manipulation of auxin and cytokinin balance during the plasmodiophora brassicae-arabidopsis thaliana interaction. | the symptoms of the clubroot disease on brassica species caused by the obligate biotrophic protist plasmodiophora brassicae relies, among other factors, on the modulation of plant hormones. signaling, transport as well as biosynthesis and metabolism are key features how the levels of auxins and cytokinins are controlled. we here describe (a) how to inoculate the model plant arabidopsis thaliana with p. brassicae, (b) qualitative and quantitative methods to evaluate disease severity in auxin and ... | 2017 | 28265986 |
| comparative transcriptome analysis between broccoli (brassica oleracea var. italica) and wild cabbage (brassica macrocarpa guss.) in response to plasmodiophora brassicae during different infection stages. | clubroot, one of the most devastating diseases to the brassicaceae family, is caused by the obligate biotrophic pathogen plasmodiophora brassicae. however, studies of the molecular basis of disease resistance are still poor especially in quantitative resistance. in the present paper, two previously identified genotypes, a clubroot-resistant genotype (wild cabbage, b2013) and a clubroot-susceptible genotype (broccoli, 90196) were inoculated by p. brassicae for 0 (t0), 7 (t7), and 14 (t14) day aft ... | 2016 | 28066482 |
| detection of ribosomal dna sequence polymorphisms in the protist plasmodiophora brassicae for the identification of geographical isolates. | clubroot is a soil-borne disease caused by the protist plasmodiophora brassicae (p. brassicae). it is one of the most economically important diseases of brassica rapa and other cruciferous crops as it can cause remarkable yield reductions. understanding p. brassicae genetics, and developing efficient molecular markers, is essential for effective detection of harmful races of this pathogen. samples from 11 korean field populations of p. brassicae (geographic isolates), collected from nine differe ... | 2017 | 28054984 |
| clubroot resistance qtl are modulated by nitrogen input in brassica napus. | nitrogen levels can modulate the effectiveness of clubroot resistance in an isolate- and host-specific manner. while the same qtl were detected under high and low nitrogen, their effects were altered. clubroot, caused by plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most damaging diseases of oilseed rape and is known to be affected by nitrogen fertilization. however, the genetic factors involved in clubroot resistance have not been characterized under nitrogen-limiting conditions. this study aimed to ... | 2017 | 28050618 |
| the tandem repeated organization of nb-lrr genes in the clubroot-resistant crb locus in brassica rapa l. | to facilitate prevention of clubroot disease, a major threat to the successful cultivation of chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l.), we bred clubroot-resistant (cr) cultivars by introducing resistance genes from cr turnips via conventional breeding. among 11 cr loci found in b. rapa, we identified crb in chinese cabbage cultivar 'cr shinki' as a single dominant gene for resistance against plasmodiophora brassicae pathotype group 3, against which the stacking of crr1 and crr2 loci was not effective. ... | 2017 | 28013378 |
| hypoxia response in arabidopsis roots infected by plasmodiophora brassicae supports the development of clubroot. | the induction of alcohol fermentation in roots is a plant adaptive response to flooding stress and oxygen deprivation. available transcriptomic data suggest that fermentation-related genes are also frequently induced in roots infected with gall forming pathogens, but the biological significance of this induction is unclear. in this study, we addressed the role of hypoxia responses in arabidopsis roots during infection by the clubroot agent plasmodiophora brassicae. | 2016 | 27835985 |
| the large subunit rdna sequence of plasmodiophora brassicae does not contain intra-species polymorphism. | clubroot disease caused by plasmodiophora brassicae is one of the most important diseases of cultivated brassicas. p. brassicae occurs in pathotypes which differ in the aggressiveness towards their brassica host plants. to date no dna based method to distinguish these pathotypes has been described. in 2011 polymorphism within the 28s rdna of p. brassicae was reported which potentially could allow to distinguish pathotypes without the need of time-consuming bioassays. however, isolates of p. bras ... | 2016 | 27750174 |
| a genome-wide association study reveals new loci for resistance to clubroot disease in brassica napus. | rapeseed (brassica napus l.) is one of the most important oil crops in the world. however, the yield and quality of rapeseed were largely decreased by clubroot (plasmodiophora brassicae woronin). therefore, it is of great importance for screening more resistant germplasms or genes and improving the resistance to p. brassicae in rapeseed breeding. in this study, a massive resistant identification for a natural global population was conducted in two environments with race/pathotype 4 of p. brassic ... | 2016 | 27746804 |
| pathotype classification of plasmodiophora brassicae isolates using clubroot-resistant cultivars of chinese cabbage. | clubroot disease caused by plasmodiophora brassicae is one of the most serious diseases in brassica crops worldwide. in this study, the pathotypes of 12 korean p. brassicae field isolates were determined using various chinese cabbage including 22 commercial cultivars from korea, china, and japan, and 15 inbred lines. all p. brassicae isolates exhibited the typical clubroot disease on non-clubroot resistant cultivar, indicating that the isolates were highly pathogenic. according to the reactions ... | 2016 | 27721692 |
| genetics and molecular mapping of resistance to plasmodiophora brassicae pathotypes 2, 3, 5, 6, and 8 in rutabaga (brassica napus var. napobrassica). | clubroot disease, caused by plasmodiophora brassicae, is a threat to the production of brassica crops including oilseed b. napus. in canada, several pathotypes of this pathogen, such as pathotypes 2, 3, 5, 6, and 8, were identified, and resistance to these pathotypes was found in a rutabaga (b. napus var. napobrassica) genotype. in this paper, we report the genetic basis and molecular mapping of this resistance by use of f2, backcross (bc1), and doubled haploid (dh) populations generated from cr ... | 2016 | 27549861 |
| expression of salicylic acid-related genes in brassica oleracea var. capitata during plasmodiophora brassicae infection. | brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage) is an important vegetable crop in asian countries such as korea, china, and japan. cabbage production is severely affected by clubroot disease caused by the soil-borne plant pathogen plasmodiophora brassicae. during clubroot development, methyl salicylate (mesa) is biosynthesized from salicylic acid (sa) by methyltransferase. in addition, methyl salicylate esterase (mes) plays a major role in the conversion of mesa back into free sa. the interrelationshi ... | 2016 | 27171821 |
| quantification of plasmodiophora brassicae using a dna-based soil test facilitates sustainable oilseed rape production. | outbreaks of clubroot disease caused by the soil-borne obligate parasite plasmodiophora brassicae are common in oilseed rape (osr) in sweden. a dna-based soil testing service that identifies fields where p. brassicae poses a significant risk of clubroot infection is now commercially available. it was applied here in field surveys to monitor the prevalence of p. brassicae dna in field soils intended for winter osr production and winter osr field experiments. in 2013 in scania, prior to planting, ... | 2016 | 27135241 |
| identification of genome-wide variants and discovery of variants associated with brassica rapa clubroot resistance gene rcr1 through bulked segregant rna sequencing. | clubroot, caused by plasmodiophora brassicae, is an important disease on brassica species worldwide. a clubroot resistance gene, rcr1, with efficacy against pathotype 3 of p. brassicae, was previously mapped to chromosome a03 of b. rapa in pak choy cultivar "flower nabana". in the current study, resistance to pathotypes 2, 5 and 6 was shown to be associated with rcr1 region on chromosome a03. bulked segregant rna sequencing was performed and short read sequences were assembled into 10 chromosome ... | 2016 | 27078023 |
| analysis of salicylic acid-dependent pathways in arabidopsis thaliana following infection with plasmodiophora brassicae and the influence of salicylic acid on disease. | salicylic acid (sa) biosynthesis, the expression of sa-related genes and the effect of sa on the arabidopsis-plasmodiophora brassicae interaction were examined. biochemical analyses revealed that, in p. brassicae-infected arabidopsis, the majority of sa is synthesized from chorismate. real-time monitored expression of a gene for isochorismate synthase was induced on infection. sa can be modified after accumulation, either by methylation, improving its mobility, or by glycosylation, as one possib ... | 2016 | 26719902 |
| genotyping-by-sequencing map permits identification of clubroot resistance qtls and revision of the reference genome assembly in cabbage (brassica oleracea l.). | clubroot is a devastating disease caused by plasmodiophora brassicae and results in severe losses of yield and quality in brassica crops. many clubroot resistance genes and markers are available in brassica rapa but less is known in brassica oleracea. here, we applied the genotyping-by-sequencing (gbs) technique to construct a high-resolution genetic map and identify clubroot resistance (cr) genes. a total of 43,821 snps were identified using gbs data for two parental lines, one resistant and on ... | 2016 | 26622061 |
| the suppressive effect of a commercial extract from durvillaea potatorum and ascophyllum nodosum on infection of broccoli by plasmodiophora brassicae. | a sand solution technique demonstrated the capacity for a commercial seaweed extract from durvillaea potatorum and ascophyllum nodosum (seasol commercial®) to significantly suppress infection of broccoli by plasmodiophora brassicae. in the primary stages of infection, the extract reduced the number of plasmodia formed in the root hairs by 55 %. later, in the secondary stages of infection, the extract reduced plasmodia in the root cortical cells by up to 84 %. the suppression of infection was fou ... | 2017 | 26435579 |
| [quantitative detection of chinese cabbage clubroot based on ftir spectroscopy]. | clubroot, caused by plasmodiophora brassicae, is considered the most devastating soilborne disease in brassica crops. it has emerged as a serious disease threatening the cruciferous crop production industry in china. nowadays, the detection techniques for p. brassicae are laborious, time-consuming and low sensitivity. rapid and effective detection methods are needed. the objective of this study is to develop a fourier transform infrared spectrometer (ftir) technique for detection of p. brassicae ... | 2015 | 26415436 |
| both the jasmonic acid and the salicylic acid pathways contribute to resistance to the biotrophic clubroot agent plasmodiophora brassicae in arabidopsis. | the role of salicylic acid (sa) and jasmonic acid (ja) signaling in resistance to root pathogens has been poorly documented. we assessed the contribution of sa and ja to basal and partial resistance of arabidopsis to the biotrophic clubroot agent plasmodiophora brassicae. sa and ja levels as well as the expression of the sa-responsive genes pr2 and pr5 and the ja-responsive genes argah2 and thi2.1 were monitored in infected roots of the accessions col-0 (susceptible) and bur-0 (partially resista ... | 2015 | 26363358 |
| the plasmodiophora brassicae genome reveals insights in its life cycle and ancestry of chitin synthases. | plasmodiophora brassicae causes clubroot, a major disease of brassica oil and vegetable crops worldwide. p. brassicae is a plasmodiophorid, obligate biotrophic protist in the eukaryotic kingdom of rhizaria. here we present the 25.5 mb genome draft of p. brassicae, developmental stage-specific transcriptomes and a transcriptome of spongospora subterranea, the plasmodiophorid causing powdery scab on potato. like other biotrophic pathogens both plasmodiophorids are reduced in metabolic pathways. ph ... | 2015 | 26084520 |
| auxin homeostasis, signaling, and interaction with other growth hormones during the clubroot disease of brassicaceae. | the obligate biotrophic protist plasmodiophora brassicae causes worldwide devastating losses on brassica crops. among these are oilseed rape, vegetable brassicas, and turnips. however, the fact that arabidopsis thaliana is a good host for p. brassicae, has boosted research on the molecular interaction using the resources available for this model plant. due to the uncontrolled growth of infected host root tissues the disease has been coined "clubroot." consequently, during the last years, alterat ... | 2014 | 25764434 |
| characterization of a gene identified in pathotype 5 of the clubroot pathogen plasmodiophora brassicae. | clubroot caused by plasmodiophora brassicae is an important disease of crucifers worldwide. isolates of the pathogen can be classified into pathotypes according to their pathogenicity on differential hosts. in this study, the presence or absence of all database-available nonhousekeeping p. brassicae genes (118 in total) were assessed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis in isolates belonging to five p. brassicae pathotypes (2, 3, 5, 6, and 8 according to williams' differential set). one g ... | 2015 | 25689519 |
| fine mapping of rcr1 and analyses of its effect on transcriptome patterns during infection by plasmodiophora brassicae. | the protist plasmodiophora brassicae is a biotrophic soil-borne pathogen that causes clubroot on brassica crops worldwide. clubroot disease is a serious threat to the 8 m ha of canola (brassica napus) grown annually in western canada. while host resistance is the key to clubroot management, sources of resistance are limited. | 2014 | 25532522 |
| infection of plasmodiophora brassicae in chinese cabbage. | brassica crops infected by plasmodiophora brassicae can produce root galls (clubroots) and be prevented from growing normally. to understand the series of changes that occur in the host root during root gall production, the resistance character of 21 chinese cabbage lines were identified and then resistant and susceptible lines were used for infection observation. hydroponic technology system was used for plants growing, and the infection process of p. brassicae in the roots of resistant and sus ... | 2014 | 25526218 |
| a novel methyltransferase from the intracellular pathogen plasmodiophora brassicae methylates salicylic acid. | the obligate biotrophic pathogen plasmodiophora brassicae causes clubroot disease in arabidopsis thaliana, which is characterized by large root galls. salicylic acid (sa) production is a defence response in plants, and its methyl ester is involved in systemic signalling. plasmodiophora brassicae seems to suppress plant defence reactions, but information on how this is achieved is scarce. here, we profile the changes in sa metabolism during arabidopsis clubroot disease. the accumulation of sa and ... | 2015 | 25135243 |
| heteroconium chaetospira induces resistance to clubroot via upregulation of host genes involved in jasmonic acid, ethylene, and auxin biosynthesis. | an endophytic fungus, heteroconium chaetospira isolate bc2hb1 (hc), suppressed clubroot (plasmodiophora brassicae -pb) on canola in growth-cabinet trials. confocal microscopy demonstrated that hc penetrated canola roots and colonized cortical tissues. based on qpcr analysis, the amount of hc dna found in canola roots at 14 days after treatment was negatively correlated (r = 0.92, p<0.001) with the severity of clubroot at 5 weeks after treatment at a low (2×10(5) spores pot(-1)) but not high (2×1 ... | 2014 | 24714177 |