| foreign body perforation of the esophagus initiating traumatic pericarditis in an australian fur seal. | postmortem examination of a juvenile australian fur seal, arctocephalus pusillus doriferus, washed ashore on philip island, victoria, revealed traumatic fibrinous pericarditis and hemothorax. a foreign body lodged in the right ventricle was identified as the barbed spine of the ray urolophus paucimaculatus. a small puncture wound through the esophagus indicated the initial perforation site. | 1978 | 368351 |
| tuberculosis in a captive colony of pinnipeds. | tuberculosis was diagnosed in 10 of 16 otariid seals upon post mortem examination. the species involved were new zealand fur seals (arctocephalus forsteri), australian sea lions (neophoca cinerea) and an australian fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus). five seals died, four as a direct result of mycobacterial infection. one seal died of unrelated disease. the remaining 10 animals were subsequently tuberculin tested and then killed and necropsied. tuberculous lesions were seen in five. gro ... | 1991 | 2067051 |
| polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in the australian fur seal, arctocephalus pusillus doriferus. | | 1987 | 3117145 |
| occurrence of taenia solium in a cape fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus). | the larval stage of taenia solium was recovered from the brain, skeletal muscles, heart, lungs and liver of a cape fur seal collected near cape town. this is apparently the second record of the larval stage of this cestode in a marine mammal. | 1980 | 7413162 |
| tuberculosis in a wild australian fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) from tasmania. | tuberculosis was found in a wild, mature male australian fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) at hobart, tasmania on 8 march 1992. we observed fibrogranulomatous and pyogranulomatous lesions in the lung, pleura, lymph nodes and spleen. the sds/page profile of this tasmanian isolate was similar to other seal strains; however, differences were detected using ptbn12 and insertion sequence is6110 probes. | 1995 | 7563431 |
| a review of heavy metal and organochlorine levels in marine mammals in australia. | study of toxic contaminants in marine mammal specimens collected around australia is currently uncoordinated and piecemeal. most states collect samples but there is little or no financial support for their analysis. this study combines data, published or unpublished, from 13 sources. heavy metals have been analysed in about 676 specimens; over 400 were for mercury levels in p. macrocephalus taken at a whaling station. the remaining samples were mostly from toothed whales, a few baleen whales (< ... | 1994 | 7973602 |
| genetic variation of southern hemisphere fur seals (arctocephalus spp.): investigation of population structure and species identity. | we have examined phylogenetic and geographic patterns of variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of southern hemisphere fur seals (arctocephalus spp.). our survey of 106 individuals from four putative species reveals three distinct patterns of variation reflecting ancient, recent historic, and contemporary gene flow. for the combined samples of subantarctic (arctocephalus tropicalis) and antarctic (arctocephalus gazella) fur seals, we find low levels of sequence diversity and reciprocal ... | 1997 | 9183848 |
| the endocrine pancreas of the cape fur seal, arctocephalus pusillus (schreber, 1776): an immunocytochemical study. | the indirect peroxidase method was employed to study the endocrine pancreas of the cape fur seal. immunoreactivity to insulin was confined to the cores of the islets and the insulin cells were more abundant than the other endocrine cell types, which occurred mainly in the mantles of the islets. of these, glucagon cells were the most numerous, followed by somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide (pp) cells. the latter were observed in the mantles of the islets and scattered in the exocrine tissue ... | 1997 | 9467181 |
| estimation of age from stained sections of canine teeth in the cape fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus pusillus). | methods of cutting and staining thin sections of cape fur seal canines are described. the accuracy of age determination from the histology of the prepared sections and the suitability of the sectioning method is assessed. known-age canines were used to validate age determination. longitudinal sections along the midline enable growth layer groups (glgs) in the dentine to be counted along the length of the canine root. glgs in the cementum were either absent, or returned estimates of age that were ... | 1998 | 9722409 |
| light and electron microscopical observations on the terminal airways and alveoli of the lung of the sa (cape) fur seal arctocephalus pusillus. | during activities of the sea fisheries research institute at kleinzee, lung samples from six south african fur seals were collected. the terminal airways showed pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells and occasional brush cells. smooth muscle, cartilage and submucosal glands were also present. the epithelium changed over a short distance, in the smaller airways, through pseudostratified columnar non-ciliated to simple cuboidal epithelium with no goblet cells. the ... | 1998 | 10192837 |
| the composition of australian fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) milk throughout lactation. | the proximate chemical composition of milk was determined throughout lactation in the australian fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus wood jones), a temperate species with an 11-mo lactation period typical of most temperate otariids. average lipid and protein contents were 42% and 10%, respectively, which is similar to that recorded for the polar otariid species but higher than reported in other temperate, long-lactation species. milk composition, however, varied substantially throughout l ... | 1999 | 10521328 |
| streptococcus phocae infections associated with starvation in cape fur seals. | mortalities and abortions associated with starvation occurred at cape cross, namibia, in cape fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus pusillus). affected seals showed lethargy and emaciation, and the most common pathological signs were those of a respiratory infection, both in adults and offspring. streptococcus phocae was isolated from adult seals, a cub and aborted foetuses. | 1999 | 10855831 |
| chemical characterisation of the oligosaccharides in hooded seal (cystophora cristata) and australian fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) milk. | carbohydrates were extracted from hooded seal milk, crystophora cristata (family phocidae). free oligosaccharides were separated by gel filtration and then purified by ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration and preparative thin layer or paper chromatography and their structures determined by 1h-nmr. the hooded seal milk was found to contain inositol and at least nine oligosaccharides, most of which had lacto-n-neotetraose or lacto-n-neohexaose as core units, similar to those in milk of othe ... | 2001 | 11207444 |
| electrophoretic detection of population variation within contracaecum ogmorhini (nematoda: ascaridoidea: anisakidae). | this study examined genetic variation among specimens of contracaecum ogmorhini from different otariid hosts and geographical origins using a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based mutation detection approach. the first (its-1) and second (its-2) internal transcribed spacers (its) of ribosomal dna (rdna) were amplified individually by pcr, scanned for sequence variation by single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp), and samples displaying variable sscp profiles were subjected to cycle sequenc ... | 2001 | 11465491 |
| genetic evidence for two sibling species within contracaecum ogmorhini johnston & mawson, 1941 (nematoda: anisakidae) from otariid seals of boreal and austral regions. | genetic variation of contracaecum ogmorhini (sensu lato) populations from different otariid seals of the northern and southern hemisphere was studied on the basis of 18 enzyme loci as well as preliminary sequence analysis of the mitochondrial cyt b gene (260 bp). samples were collected from zalophus californianus in the boreal region and from arctocephalus pusillus pusillus, a. pusillus doriferus and a. australis from the austral region. marked genetic heterogeneity was found between c. ogmorhin ... | 2003 | 12567006 |
| the use of experimenter-given cues by south african fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus). | dogs can use a variety of experimenter-given cues such as pointing, head direction, and eye direction to locate food hidden under one of several containers. some authors have proposed that this is a result of the domestication process. in this study we tested four captive fur seals in a two alternative object choice task in which subjects had to use one of the following experimenter-given cues to locate the food: (1) the experimenter pointed and gazed at one of the objects, (2) the experimenter ... | 2004 | 15057598 |
| fecal shedding of helicobacter spp. by co-housed australian sea lions (neophoca cinerea) and australian fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus). | with the emergence of helicobacter species as agents of gastrointestinal disease within a broad range of animal hosts, there is growing awareness of the need to identify such species and the potential role(s) they play within the intestine. of interest in this study are captive seals and sea lions, where close proximity to one another may enhance the transmission of pathogens, in particular helicobacter. the feces of several captive australian sea lions and australian fur seals were assessed for ... | 2004 | 15261996 |
| comparison of helicobacter spp. genetic sequences in wild and captive seals, and gulls. | helicobacter species are widely distributed in the gastrointestinal system of humans and many animal taxa. investigations of natural infections are essential to elucidating their role within the host. the feces of fur seals arctocephalus pusillus doriferus and sea lions neophoca cinerea from 3 separate captive populations, as well as a wild colony from kangaroo island, australia, were examined for the occurrence of helicobacter spp. the feces from several wild silver gulls larus novahollandiae w ... | 2005 | 16060262 |
| species-specific cell-matrix interactions are essential for differentiation of alveoli like structures and milk gene expression in primary mammary cells of the cape fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus pusillus). | few models are in place for analysis of extreme lactation patterns such as that of the fur seals which are capable of extended down regulation of milk production in the absence of involution. during a 10-12 month lactation period, female fur seals suckle pups on shore for 2-3 days, and then undertake long foraging trips at sea for up to 28 days, resulting in the longest intersuckling bouts recorded. during this time the mammary gland down regulates milk production. we have induced cape fur seal ... | 2006 | 16844361 |
| successful acquisition of an olfactory discrimination paradigm by south african fur seals, arctocephalus pusillus. | the present study demonstrates that south african fur seals, arctocephalus pusillus, can successfully be trained to discriminate between objects on the basis of odor cues. using a task based on a food-rewarded two-choice discrimination of simultaneously presented odor stimuli the animals acquired the basic operant conditioning paradigm within 480 to 880 stimulus contacts. moreover, the fur seals could readily transfer to new s+ and s- stimuli, were capable of distinguishing between fish- and non ... | 2008 | 18291428 |
| a new species of parafilaroides (nematoda: filaroididae) in three species of fur seals (carnivora: otariidae) from the southern hemisphere. | blocks of frozen lungs of 2 australian fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus wood jones, 1925), 2 new zealand fur seals (a. forsteri [lesson, 1828]), and 1 sub-antarctic fur seal (a. tropicalis [gray, 1872]) from 3 different locations (australia, new zealand, and south africa, respectively) were examined and found to contain lung parasites. this represents the first thorough description and identification of a new species, parafilaroides normani, from an eared seal (otariidae) in the south ... | 2009 | 18652523 |
| analysis of australian fur seal diet by pyrosequencing prey dna in faeces. | dna-based techniques have proven useful for defining trophic links in a variety of ecosystems and recently developed sequencing technologies provide new opportunities for dietary studies. we investigated the diet of australian fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) by pyrosequencing prey dna from faeces collected at three breeding colonies across the seals' range. dna from 270 faecal samples was amplified with four polymerase chain reaction primer sets and a blocking primer was used to lim ... | 2009 | 19317847 |
| sharks shape the geometry of a selfish seal herd: experimental evidence from seal decoys. | many animals respond to predation risk by forming groups. evolutionary explanations for group formation in previously ungrouped, but loosely associated prey have typically evoked the selfish herd hypothesis. however, despite over 600 studies across a diverse array of taxa, the critical assumptions of this hypothesis have remained collectively untested, owing to several confounding problems in real predator-prey systems. to solve this, we manipulated the domains of danger of cape fur seal (arctoc ... | 2010 | 19793737 |
| epizootiology of brucella infection in australian fur seals. | novel members of the bacterial genus brucella have recently emerged as pathogens of various marine mammal species and as potential zoonotic agents. we investigated the epizootiology of brucella infection in australian fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) by establishing demographic and temporal variations in antibody prevalence, attempting isolation of the causative agent, and determining whether this potential pathogen is involved in frequent abortions observed in this pinniped species. ... | 2011 | 21441188 |
| serologic survey for potential pathogens and assessment of disease risk in australian fur seals. | the introduction of pathogens into populations of animals with no previous exposure to them and, therefore, no immunologic protection, can result in epizootics. predicting the susceptibility of populations to infectious diseases is crucial for their conservation and management. australian fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) have a relatively small population size, a restricted range, and form dense aggregations. these factors make this species vulnerable to epizootics of infectious dise ... | 2011 | 21719820 |
| dirofilaria immitis in pinnipeds and a new host record. | dirofilaria immitis is a mosquito-borne pathogen that is spreading worldwide, and the associated infection (i.e. dirofilariosis) is becoming a threat to animals and humans living in endemic areas. little is known about the occurrence and risk of infection of d. immitis in pinnipeds. here we report dirofilariosis by d. immitis in several pinniped species kept in captivity in portugal. | 2017 | 28288690 |
| coinfection of california sea lion adenovirus 1 and a novel polyomavirus in a hawaiian monk seal (neomonachus schauinslandi). | the hawaiian monk seal (neomonachus schauinslandi) is an endangered species. here, we present a clinical case of a 26-yr-old male hawaiian monk seal (hms) kept in an aquarium with a history of intermittent anorexia and evidence of renal disease. histologic examination revealed eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in the liver. conventional nested pcr protocols were used to test for viruses, and it tested positive for adenovirus and polyomavirus, and negative for herpesvirus. the adenovirus parti ... | 2016 | 27468013 |
| mycobacterium pinnipedii tuberculosis in a free-ranging australian fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) in south australia. | this report describes the first case in south australia, australia, of mycobacterium pinnipedii tuberculosis in a free-ranging australian fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus). severe pyogranulomatous pleuropneumonia with intrahistocytic acid-fast beaded filamentous bacilli was seen on histology. m. pinnipedii was confirmed by full 24-loci mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat (miru-vntr) typing. spillover concerns for public health and cattle are discuss ... | 2014 | 25632695 |
| mycoplasmas in australian fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus): identification and association with abortion. | bacteria from the genus mycoplasma are common inhabitants of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genital tracts of mammals. the understanding of the pathological significance of mycoplasmas in seals is poor, as few studies have utilized the specific culture techniques required to isolate these bacteria. the current study surveyed for the mycoplasma species present in australian fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) and investigated the association between infection and pathology. mycop ... | 2011 | 22362792 |
| molecular systematics of pinniped hookworms (nematoda: uncinaria): species delimitation, host associations and host-induced morphometric variation. | hookworms of the genus uncinaria have been widely reported from juvenile pinnipeds, however investigations of their systematics has been limited, with only two species described, uncinaria lucasi from northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus) and uncinaria hamiltoni from south american sea lions (otaria flavescens). hookworms were sampled from these hosts and seven additional species including steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus), california sea lions (zalophus californianus), south american fu ... | 2013 | 24162075 |
| morphometric and molecular characterization of the species of uncinaria frölich, 1789 (nematoda) parasitic in the australian fur seal arctocephalus pusillus doriferus (schreber), with notes on hookworms in three other pinniped hosts. | this study presents morphological and molecular data on hookworms from the australian fur seal arctocephalus pusillus doriferus (schreber) currently identified in australian waters as uncinaria hamiltoni baylis, 1933. additional specimens from the australian sea lion neophoca cinerea (péron) and the new zealand fur seal arctocephalus forsteri (lesson) from australia, and the southern elephant seal mirounga leonina (linnaeus) from antarctica, were included. using the internal transcribed spacer ( ... | 2013 | 23595493 |
| characterisation of proteins in the milk of fur seals. | milk protein composition was investigated throughout the lactation periods of the australian fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) and antarctic fur seal (arctocephalus gazella). the mean protein content of the milk was found to be 10.9% and 10.6% respectively. the concentration of total protein did not change during lactation, although a decline in casein content of the milk in late lactation was apparent. milk protein concentration during a foraging/suckling cycle of the antarctic fur se ... | 2005 | 15820141 |
| metastatic liposarcoma in a south african fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus). | a 14-year-old female south african fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus) was presented with a large skin mass on the right shoulder. at necropsy examination, multiple white nodules were found in the lungs, liver, spleen and right axillary lymph nodes. histologically, the skin mass was composed of round to polygonal neoplastic cells with round to oval nuclei and variably sized cytoplasmic vacuoles. cellular and nuclear atypia were prominent. immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells expressed vimen ... | 2016 | 27290645 |
| rod-cone based color vision in seals under photopic conditions. | marine mammals have lost the ability to express s-cone opsin, and possess only one type of m/l-cone in addition to numerous rods. as they are cone monochromats they should be color blind. however, early behavioral experiments with fur seals and sea lions indicated discrimination ability between many shades of grey and blue or green. on the other hand, most recent training experiments with harbor seals under "mesopic" conditions demonstrated rod based color blindness (scholtyssek et al., 2015). i ... | 2016 | 27245870 |
| dive characteristics can predict foraging success in australian fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) as validated by animal-borne video. | dive characteristics and dive shape are often used to infer foraging success in pinnipeds. however, these inferences have not been directly validated in the field with video, and it remains unclear if this method can be applied to benthic foraging animals. this study assessed the ability of dive characteristics from time-depth recorders (tdr) to predict attempted prey capture events (apc) that were directly observed on animal-borne video in australian fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus, ... | 2016 | 26873950 |
| activity budgets of captive cape fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus) under a training regime. | ethograms and time budgets are crucial for the behavioral assessment of nonhuman animals in zoos, and they serve as references for welfare research. this study was conducted to obtain detailed time budgets of trained cape fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus) in captivity, to evaluate variations of these patterns, and to determine whether abnormal behaviors had been displayed. behavioral data for 3 cape fur seals in the wroclaw zoo were collected, and more than 300 observation hours (during a 12-mo ... | 2016 | 26709628 |
| drivers and annual estimates of marine wildlife entanglement rates: a long-term case study with australian fur seals. | methods of calculating wildlife entanglement rates are not standardised between studies and often ignore the influence of observer effort, confounding comparisons. from 1997-2013 we identified 359 entangled australian fur seals at seal rocks, south-eastern australia. most entanglement materials originated from commercial fisheries; most frequently entangling pups and juveniles. using generalized additive mixed models, which incorporated observer effort and survey frequency, we identified that en ... | 2015 | 26475026 |
| sexual niche segregation and gender-specific individual specialisation in a highly dimorphic marine mammal. | while sexual segregation is expected in highly dimorphic species, the local environment is a major factor driving the degree of resource partitioning within a population. sexual and individual niche segregation was investigated in the australian fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus), which is a benthic foraging species restricted to the shallow continental shelf region of south-eastern australia. tracking data and the isotopic values of plasma, red blood cells and whiskers were combined to ... | 2015 | 26244371 |
| from video recordings to whisker stable isotopes: a critical evaluation of timescale in assessing individual foraging specialisation in australian fur seals. | estimating the degree of individual specialisation is likely to be sensitive to the methods used, as they record individuals' resource use over different time-periods. we combined animal-borne video cameras, gps/tdr loggers and stable isotope values of plasma, red cells and sub-sampled whiskers to investigate individual foraging specialisation in female australian fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) over various timescales. combining these methods enabled us to (1) provide quantitative ... | 2016 | 26233674 |
| characteristics of marine debris that entangle australian fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) in southern australia. | marine debris is a global issue that can have devastating impacts on marine mammals. to understand the types of materials that result in entanglement and thus the potential impact of entangling items on marine wildlife, we analysed data collected from items in which australian fur seals had been entangled in southern victoria, australia over a 15year period. from 1997 to 2012, 138 entangling items were removed from seals. the majority of these entanglements were plastic twine or rope, and seals ... | 2015 | 26165938 |
| use of anthropogenic sea floor structures by australian fur seals: potential positive ecological impacts of marine industrial development? | human-induced changes to habitats can have deleterious effects on many species that occupy them. however, some species can adapt and even benefit from such modifications. artificial reefs have long been used to provide habitat for invertebrate communities and promote local fish populations. with the increasing demand for energy resources within ocean systems, there has been an expansion of infrastructure in near-shore benthic environments which function as de facto artificial reefs. little is kn ... | 2015 | 26132329 |
| identification of prey captures in australian fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) using head-mounted accelerometers: field validation with animal-borne video cameras. | this study investigated prey captures in free-ranging adult female australian fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) using head-mounted 3-axis accelerometers and animal-borne video cameras. acceleration data was used to identify individual attempted prey captures (apc), and video data were used to independently verify apc and prey types. results demonstrated that head-mounted accelerometers could detect individual apc but were unable to distinguish among prey types (fish, cephalopod, sting ... | 2015 | 26107647 |
| biannual otolith-zone formation of young shallow-water hake merluccius capensis in the northern benguela: age verification using otoliths sampled by a top predator. | otoliths collected at least monthly from scat samples of cape fur seals arctocephalus pusillus are used to show that shallow-water hake merluccius capensis from the northern benguela develop three translucent zones in their first 1·5 years of life. the novel sampling approach provided otoliths that belonged to four m. capensis cohorts of approximate known age (hatched in 1996, 1998, 2002 and 2005), allowing age verification. following spawning in austral winter, translucent zones consistently fo ... | 2015 | 25990746 |
| foraging-based enrichment promotes more varied behaviour in captive australian fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus). | during wild foraging, australian fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) encounter many different types of prey in a wide range of scenarios, yet in captive environments they are typically provided with a narrower range of opportunities to display their full repertoire of behaviours. this study aimed to quantitatively explore the effect of foraging-based enrichment on the behaviour and activity patterns displayed by two captive australian fur seals at melbourne zoo, australia. food was pres ... | 2015 | 25946412 |
| australian fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) use raptorial biting and suction feeding when targeting prey in different foraging scenarios. | foraging behaviours used by two female australian fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) were documented during controlled feeding trials. during these trials the seals were presented with prey either free-floating in open water or concealed within a mobile ball or a static box feeding device. when targeting free-floating prey both subjects primarily used raptorial biting in combination with suction, which was used to draw prey to within range of the teeth. when targeting prey concealed wi ... | 2014 | 25390347 |
| characterisation of the mitochondrial genome of parafilaroides normani (lungworm) of arctocephalus pusillus doriferus (australian fur seal). | parafilaroides normani is a metastrongyloid nematode of clinical relevance in some species of pinnipeds. the taxonomy, biology and epidemiology of this and related species are not well understood. mitochondrial (mt) dna can provide markers for studies in these areas, but genetic data are scant. here, we characterised the mt genome of p. normani. adults of this nematode were collected from arctocephalus pusillus doriferus from phillip island, victoria, australia, and genomic dna was extracted fro ... | 2014 | 24924434 |
| bilateral ocular anomalies in a south african fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus pusillus). | a female south african fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) began having obvious clinical ophthalmologic problems by 8 weeks of age. the initial clinical sign was diffuse corneal edema, which progressed to bullae formation and ulcers; the underlying cause of corneal edema and bullous keratopathy was not identified antemortem.an ophthalmological evaluation was performed when the fur seal was approximately 6 months of age, but due to the diffuse corneal edema, intraocular structures could no ... | 2014 | 24283987 |
| temporal allocation of foraging effort in female australian fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus). | across an individual's life, foraging decisions will be affected by multiple intrinsic and extrinsic drivers that act at differing timescales. this study aimed to assess how female australian fur seals allocated foraging effort and the behavioural changes used to achieve this at three temporal scales: within a day, across a foraging trip and across the final six months of the lactation period. foraging effort peaked during daylight hours (57% of time diving) with lulls in activity just prior to ... | 2013 | 24244511 |
| coping with heat: function of the natal coat of cape fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) pups in maintaining core body temperature. | cape fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus) pups spend the first weeks of life exclusively or mainly ashore. they are exposed to intense solar radiation and high temperatures for long time periods, which results in temperatures up to at least 80°c on their black natal coat. to test the hypothesis that the natal coat has a crucial function in coping with these extreme conditions, we investigated the insulating properties of the natal coat in six captive newborn cape fur seals during the first 50 days ... | 2013 | 23951287 |
| diagnosis and treatment considerations in a case of malignant mesenchymoma in an african fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus). | a 20-yr-old african fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus) presented with a slowly growing mass located on the dorsum at the level of the last thoracic vertebrae. the mass was hard, 10 cm in diameter, and not adherent to the underlying tissues. multiple biopsies were collected for histopathology and revealed extensive areas of necrosis, small nodules of malignant mesenchymal proliferation with areas of chondroid metaplasia, and atypical cells in vessel walls. the morphologic diagnosis was suggestive ... | 2013 | 23805568 |
| age-related differences revealed in australian fur seal arctocephalus pusillus doriferus gut microbiota. | the gut microbiota of australian fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) was examined at different age classes using fluorescent in situ hybridisation (fish) and 16s rrna gene pyrosequencing. the fish results indicated that in the fur seal groups, the predominant phyla are firmicutes (22.14-67.33%) followed by bacteroidetes (3.11-15.45%) and then actinobacteria (1.4-5.9%) consistent with other mammals. phylum proteobacteria had an initial abundance of 1.8% in the 2-month-old pups, but < 1% ... | 2013 | 23746080 |
| an outbreak of lethal adenovirus infection among different otariid species. | an outbreak of fatal fulminant hepatitis at a japanese aquarium involved 3 otariids: a california sea lion (zalophus californianus), a south african fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus) and a south american sea lion (otaria flavescens). in a span of about a week in february 2012, 3 otariids showed diarrhea and were acutely low-spirited; subsequently, all three animals died within a period of 3 days. markedly increased aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase activities were observe ... | 2013 | 23643878 |
| brightness discrimination in the south african fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus). | underwater, the contrast between object and background is much larger reduced with increasing distance between object and observer than in air. for marine predators, such as pinnipeds, it would therefore be advantageous to possess a high sensitivity for brightness differences, since this would increase the distance at which prey can be detected visually. few studies have examined the brightness discrimination thresholds of pinnipeds. two studies with phocid seals have confirmed low brightness di ... | 2013 | 23506966 |
| olfactory discrimination ability of south african fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus) for enantiomers. | using a food-rewarded two-choice instrumental conditioning paradigm we assessed the ability of south african fur seals, arctocephalus pusillus, to discriminate between 12 enantiomeric odor pairs. the results demonstrate that the fur seals as a group were able to discriminate between the optical isomers of carvone, dihydrocarvone, dihydrocarveol, menthol, limonene oxide, α-pinene, fenchone (all p < 0.01), and β-citronellol (p < 0.05), whereas they failed to distinguish between the (+)- and (-)-fo ... | 2013 | 23011284 |
| thoracic auscultation in captive bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus), california sea lions (zalophus californianus), and south african fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus) with an electronic stethoscope. | thoracic auscultation is an important diagnostic method used in cases of suspected pulmonary disease in many species, as respiratory sounds contain significant information on the physiology and pathology of the lungs and upper airways. respiratory diseases are frequent in marine mammals and are often listed as one of their main causes of death. the aim of this study was to investigate and report baseline parameters for the electronic-mediated thoracic auscultation of one cetacean species and two ... | 2012 | 22779229 |
| olfactory discrimination of aliphatic odorants in south african fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus). | using a food-rewarded, two-choice, instrumental conditioning paradigm we assessed the ability of south african fur seals, arctocephalus pusillus, to discriminate between members of five chemical classes of aliphatic odorants presumed to differ in their abundance in the marine chemical environment. we found that the fur seals were able to distinguish between 24 of the 25 odor pairs presented and thus have a well-developed ability to discriminate between structurally related odorants, that aliphat ... | 2010 | 20476818 |
| accuracy of argos locations of pinnipeds at-sea estimated using fastloc gps. | argos satellite telemetry is one of the most widely used methods to track the movements of free-ranging marine and terrestrial animals and is fundamental to studies of foraging ecology, migratory behavior and habitat-use. argos location estimates do not include complete error estimations, and for many marine organisms, the most commonly acquired locations (location class 0, a, b, or z) are provided with no declared error estimate. | 2010 | 20090942 |
| terrestrial apnoeas and the development of cardiac control in australian fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) pups. | the development of cardiac control in association with terrestrial respiration patterns was examined throughout the period of maternal dependence in australian fur seal pups. resting eupnoic heart rate and respiration rate were significantly correlated (r (2) = 0.49) and both decreased with age (p < 0.05 in both cases). from an early age (1 month), pups displayed terrestrial apnoeas (18.1 +/- 0.5 s) accompanied by substantial bradycardia (127 beats min(-1), a 13% decrease from eupnoic hr). terre ... | 2009 | 18985355 |
| the physiological and behavioural development of diving in australian fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) pups. | the physiological and behavioural development of diving was examined in australian fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) pups to assess whether animals at weaning are capable of exploiting the same resources as adult females. haematocrit, haemoglobin and myoglobin contents all increased throughout pup development though total body oxygen stores reached only 71% of adult female levels just prior to weaning. oxygen storage components, however, did not develop at the same pace. whereas blood ... | 2007 | 17294194 |
| individual variation in the pup attraction call produced by female australian fur seals during early lactation. | otariid seals (fur seals and sea lions) are colonial breeders with large numbers of females giving birth on land during a synchronous breeding period. once pups are born, females alternate between feeding their young ashore and foraging at sea. upon return, both mother and pup must relocate each other and it is thought to be primarily facilitated by vocal recognition. vocalizations of thirteen female australian fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) were recorded during the breeding season ... | 2006 | 16875246 |
| variation in the fatty acid composition of blubber in cape fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) and the implications for dietary interpretation. | analysis of the fatty acid (fa) composition of blubber is a valuable tool in interpreting the diet of marine mammals. this technique is based on the principle that particular fa present in prey can be incorporated largely untransformed into predator adipose tissue stores, thereby providing biochemical signatures with which to identify prey species. several studies of phocid seals and cetaceans have documented vertical stratification in the fa composition of blubber such that inferences about die ... | 2005 | 15900509 |
| gross and microscopic visceral anatomy of the male cape fur seal, arctocephalus pusillus pusillus (pinnipedia: otariidae), with reference to organ size and growth. | the gross and microscopic anatomy of the cape fur seal heart, lung, liver, spleen, stomach, intestine and kidneys (n = 31 seals) is described. absolute and relative size of organs from 30 male seals are presented, with histological examination conducted on 7 animals. the relationship between log body weight, log organ weight and age was investigated using linear regression. twenty five animals were of known age, while 6 were aged from counts of incremental lines observed in the dentine of tooth ... | 1999 | 10529060 |
| unilateral eeg activation during sleep in the cape fur seal, arctocephalus pusillus. | sleep and wakefulness on the land were studied electrophysiologically in one adult female cape fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus). in two 24-h sessions, slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep averaged 27.4% and 4.6% of the total recording time. almost 40% of the total slow-wave sleep time was accounted for episodes with well-defined interhemispheric ecog asymmetry. | 1992 | 1436677 |
| mercury concentrations in the australian fur seal arctocephalus pusillus from se australian waters. | | 1985 | 4052650 |
| anesthetization of a cape fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus) for the treatment of a chronic eye infection and amputation of a metatarsal bone. | tranquilization using 3 mg/kg of ketamine by intramuscular injection followed by inhalation anaesthesia using halothane was performed on an adult cape fur seal in order to perform a metatarsal amputation and ophthalmic examination. ketamine was found to have little effect at the dosage used while halothane proved to be a rapid induction agent providing a safe, continued level of surgical anaesthesia. variations in cardiac rate and body temperature were recorded during anesthasia and blood was sa ... | 1982 | 7182500 |
| utility of fur as a biomarker for persistent organic pollutants in australian fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus). | persistent organic pollutants (pops) can cause toxic effects in many species which include endocrine dysfunction, immunotoxicity, developmental defects and neoplasia. species dominating the upper trophic level are vulnerable to these effects due to bioaccumulation. in bass strait, the australian fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) is an important top order predator and sentinel species for ecosystem health. an alopecia syndrome is seen at high prevalence in juvenile, female australian fu ... | 2017 | 28851151 |
| physiological stress responses to natural variation in predation risk: evidence from white sharks and seals. | predators can impact ecosystems through consumptive or risk effects on prey. physiologically, risk effects can be mediated by energetic mechanisms or stress responses. the predation-stress hypothesis predicts that risk induces stress in prey, which can affect survival and reproduction. however, empirical support for this hypothesis is both mixed and limited, and the conditions that cause predation risk to induce stress responses in some cases, but not others, remain unclear. unusually clear-cut ... | 2017 | 29193090 |
| using accelerometers to develop time-energy budgets of wild fur seals from captive surrogates. | accurate time-energy budgets summarise an animal's energy expenditure in a given environment, and are potentially a sensitive indicator of how an animal responds to changing resources. deriving accurate time-energy budgets requires an estimate of time spent in different activities and of the energetic cost of that activity. bio-loggers (e.g., accelerometers) may provide a solution for monitoring animals such as fur seals that make long-duration foraging trips. using low resolution to record beha ... | 2018 | 30386705 |
| visual timing abilities of a harbour seal (phoca vitulina) and a south african fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) for sub- and supra-second time intervals. | timing is an essential parameter influencing many behaviours. a previous study demonstrated a high sensitivity of a phocid, the harbour seal (phoca vitulina), in discriminating time intervals. in the present study, we compared the harbour seal's timing abilities with the timing abilities of an otariid, the south african fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus pusillus). this comparison seemed essential as phocids and otariids differ in many respects and might, thus, also differ regarding their timing a ... | 2020 | 32388781 |
| environmental influences on foraging effort, success and efficiency in female australian fur seals. | understanding the factors which influence foraging behaviour and success in marine mammals is crucial to predicting how their populations may respond to environmental change. the australian fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus, aufs) is a predominantly benthic forager on the shallow continental shelf of bass strait, and represents the greatest biomass of marine predators in south-eastern australia. the south-east australian region is experiencing rapid oceanic warming, predicted to lead to ... | 2020 | 33077806 |
| dive behaviour and foraging effort of female cape fur seals arctocephalus pusillus pusillus. | while marine top predators can play a critical role in ecosystem structure and dynamics through their effects on prey populations, how the predators function in this role is often not well understood. in the benguela region of southern africa, the cape fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) population constitutes the largest marine top predator biomass, but little is known of its foraging ecology other than its diet and some preliminary dive records. dive information was obtained from 32 adu ... | 2019 | 31824733 |
| first report of pulmonary cysticercosis caused by taenia crassiceps in a cape fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus). | the cestode taenia crassiceps parasitizes in the intestine of domestic and wild carnivores, especially in red foxes. usually, the metacestode stage, also known as cysticercus longicollis, is located in muscles, peritoneal and pleural cavity of wild rodents. in this case, larval stages were found in a female cape fur seal, which lived in a german zoo since june 1998. in january 2019, the animal presented clinical signs in terms of inappetence and reduced mobility and, within a short time, it deve ... | 2019 | 31372338 |
| cryptic habitat use of white sharks in kelp forest revealed by animal-borne video. | traditional forms of marine wildlife research are often restricted to coarse telemetry or surface-based observations, limiting information on fine-scale behaviours such as predator-prey events and interactions with habitat features. we use contemporary animal-attached cameras with motion sensing dataloggers, to reveal novel behaviours by white sharks, carcharodon carcharias, within areas of kelp forest in south africa. all white sharks tagged in this study spent time adjacent to kelp forests, wi ... | 2019 | 30940023 |
| disappearance of white sharks leads to the novel emergence of an allopatric apex predator, the sevengill shark. | despite global declines of apex predatory sharks, evidence for ecosystem consequences remains limited and debated. this is likely a result of both the logistical difficulties of measuring such processes in marine systems and also due to shifting baselines, whereby the ecosystem changes have occurred prior to monitoring. between 2000-2018, we conducted standardized monitoring of white shark (carcharodon carcharias) abundance patterns (n = 6,333 shark sightings) and predatory activity (n = 8,076 a ... | 2019 | 30760739 |
| impact of rising sea levels on australian fur seals. | global warming is leading to many unprecedented changes in the ocean-climate system. sea levels are rising at an increasing rate and are amplifying the impact of storm surges along coastlines. as variability in the timing and strength of storm surges has been shown to affect pup mortality in the australian fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus), there is a need to identify the potential impacts of increased sea level and storm surges on the breeding areas of this important marine predator i ... | 2018 | 30356954 |
| understanding meta-population trends of the australian fur seal, with insights for adaptive monitoring. | effective ecosystem-based management requires estimates of abundance and population trends of species of interest. trend analyses are often limited due to sparse or short-term abundance estimates for populations that can be logistically difficult to monitor over time. therefore it is critical to assess regularly the quality of the metrics in long-term monitoring programs. for a monitoring program to provide meaningful data and remain relevant, it needs to incorporate technological improvements a ... | 2018 | 30183713 |
| subcutaneous merocercoids of clistobothrium sp. in two cape fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus pusillus). | fur seals represent intermediate hosts of the cestode clistobothrium. large sharks are definitive hosts for these parasites. two female, 25- and 27-year-old fur seals, caught in the 1980s at the south african coast, were examined pathomorphologically. both animals showed multifocal, up to 1 cm in diameter large cavities of the thoracic and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue containing intraluminal metacestodes of tapeworms, which were surrounded by a locally extensive, pyogranulomatous pannic ... | 2018 | 29988787 |