| astroviruses and caliciviruses: emerging enteric pathogens. | acute, infectious gastroenteritis is an extremely common disease that contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality worldwide. in the united states, it is the second most frequent illness encountered in families. while this illness generally runs a self-limited course, it may be temporarily incapacitating and impact substantially on numbers of days lost from work or school. at present, 30-40% of infectious gastroenteritis cases in the united states are attributable to viral agents, while ... | 1992 | 1365533 |
| [food-borne outbreaks of gastroenteritis caused by small round structured viruses. 1. four outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with oyster consumption]. | between december 9, 1988 and january 28, 1989, there were four outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in saitama prefecture. eighty-two of 123 persons (67%) attending four banquets in restaurants became ill: 44 cases attending three banquets were related to eating raw oysters, and 38 attending one banquet to eating sashimi. the most common symptoms were nausea, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting. average incubation periods were 29 to 32 hours long. bacteriologic analysis of stool specimens did ... | 1991 | 1662251 |
| [food-borne outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by small round structured virus. 2. an outbreak associated with bakery product consumption]. | in december 1989, an outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with cake consumption occurred in a day-care center with 60 children and 12 staff in saitama prefecture. children were served cakes at the christmas party held in the day-care center and ate them with their families. thirty-three of the 59 children (56%), 16 of the 74 families (22%) and 1 of the 10 staff (10%) eating the cakes became ill. illness consisted primarily of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and fever; the median incubation period w ... | 1991 | 1664441 |
| pattern of shedding of small, round-structured virus particles in stools of patients of outbreaks of food-poisoning from raw oysters. | the pattern of shedding of the small, round-structured virus (srsv) particles in the stools of patients who suffered from food-poisoning due to raw oysters was investigated. the duration and concentration of fecal shedding of the srsv particles were studied by electron microscopic examinations of stool specimens obtained during the course of illness to see a relation of viral shedding to day of illness. it was found that the fecal shedding of the srsv particles occurred within five days of illne ... | 1991 | 1870434 |
| a large outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with a small round structured virus among schoolchildren and teachers in japan. | in march 1989 a large outbreak of acute gastroenteritis occurred simultaneously among schoolchildren and teachers at nine elementary schools in toyota city, japan. illness was observed in 3236 (41.5%) of 7801 schoolchildren and 117 (39.4%) of 297 teachers. the main clinical symptoms were diarrhoea, vomiting, nausea and abdominal pain. gastroenteritis was significantly associated with the consumption of school lunch served by one particular lunch preparation centre. one food handler at the centre ... | 1991 | 1879493 |
| human, small round structured viruses, caliciviruses and astroviruses. | epidemiological studies on srsvs, human calicivirus and astroviruses have been limited by the problems of establishing them in cell culture and the inability to transmit them to animals or to use strains from animals as a source of antigen for diagnostic tests. the use of em and the subsequent development of rias and eias in a few research centres has shown that they are a cause of outbreaks and sporadic cases of diarrhoea and vomiting. srsvs have increasingly been recognized as a major cause of ... | 1990 | 1962728 |
| an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis caused by a small round structured virus in a geriatric convalescent facility. | an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis (age) occurred in a 201-bed geriatric convalescent facility in los angeles county during december 1988 through january 1989. the attack rate was 55% among residents and 25% among employees. illnesses were characterized by vomiting and diarrhea to a lesser extent, and the absence of fever. bacterial and parasitic tests in a sample of patients were negative. a 27 nm small round structured virus (srsv) was identified in one of 30 stools studied by immune electro ... | 1990 | 2172363 |
| western blot (immunoblot) assay of small, round-structured virus associated with an acute gastroenteritis outbreak in tokyo. | small, round-structured virus (srsv) was detected in a stool specimen of a patient during an acute gastroenteritis outbreak in tokyo and was tentatively named srsv-9. srsv-9 was purified by sucrose velocity gradient centrifugation after cscl density gradient centrifugation. the buoyant density of srsv-9 appeared to be 1.36 g/ml in cscl. a western blot (immunoblot) assay using the biotin-avidin system revealed that srsv-9 was antigenically related to the hawaii agent but distinct from the norwalk ... | 1989 | 2504773 |
| electron microscopy of stool-shed viruses: retention of characteristic morphologies after long-term storage at ultralow temperatures. | storage of stool specimens at -70 degrees c has been reported to destroy the characteristic morphology of calicivirus. to determine if other stool-shed viruses are similarly affected, stool specimens previously examined by electron microscopy and observed to contain virus particles were reexamined after 6-10 years of storage at -70 degrees c to -85 degrees c. the stools contained virus particles of different morphological types, including astrovirus, small round structured virus, adenovirus, and ... | 1989 | 2515253 |
| viral gastroenteritis aboard a cruise ship. | a 32-nm small round structured virus (srsv), possibly related to the snow mountain agent (sma), was implicated as the cause of recurrent outbreaks of gastroenteritis on a cruise ship. there was no identifiable relation to food or water consumption, but the risk of gastroenteritis among passengers who had shared toilet facilities was twice that of those who had a private bathroom and the rate of illness was related to the number of passengers sharing a communal restroom (ie, with one or more toil ... | 1989 | 2571872 |
| an outbreak of gastroenteritis in a psycho-geriatric hospital associated with a small round structured virus. | an outbreak of gastroenteritis in a psycho-geriatric hospital is described. small round structured viruses, morphologically similar to norwalk agent, were seen in stool samples from four patients. although the illness was mild, 67 patients and 30 nurses on four wards were affected over a period of 4 weeks. because of shortage of staff and isolation facilities, difficulty was experienced in introducing effective control measures. | 1986 | 2878035 |
| outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis caused by small round structured virus in psycho-geriatric patients. | | 1987 | 2886538 |
| two outbreaks of foodborne gastroenteritis caused by a small round structured virus: evidence of prolonged infectivity in a food handler. | in two outbreaks of diarrhoea and vomiting that were caused by a small round structured virus (srsv) that affected over 275 people, epidemiological and laboratory evidence showed that certain foods were the vehicles of infection and suggest that one of the chefs who prepared them may have been excreting this virus for a long time. | 1987 | 2887841 |
| food borne infection by a norwalk like virus (small round structured virus). | two outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness with identical symptoms occurred in parties attending banquets on consecutive evenings at a large hotel. the illness was typical of epidemic winter vomiting disease. small round structured viruses resembling those seen in the norwalk ohio outbreak were identified by electron microscopy in stools of victims from one episode. one food handler was found to be excreting the virus, and there was evidence of a poor standard of hygiene in the kitchen. a food hi ... | 1984 | 6086727 |
| epidemic of gastroenteritis caused by oysters contaminated with small round structured viruses. | a large outbreak of viral gastroenteritis occurred in which oysters eaten raw were the vehicle of infection. laboratory findings indicated that a small round structured virus was the infecting agent. adults of all ages were equally susceptible to infection with the virus. investigation cast doubt on the efficacy of depuration as a method for rendering oysters free of virus, and hence the public should be warned of the hazard of eating raw shellfish. | 1983 | 6416488 |
| comparison of the polymerase region of small round structured virus strains previously classified in three antigenic types by solid-phase immune electron microscopy. | we have used a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with nested sets of primers to determine the nucleotide sequences of a 166 base pair segment of the rna polymerase region of seven strains of small round structured viruses (srsvs) from the united kingdom. these srsv strains were previously classified by solid-phase immune electron microscopy into three antigenic types--uk2, uk3 and uk4, which are comparable to the prototype strains norwalk virus, hawaii agent, and snow mountain agen ... | 1994 | 7515226 |
| human enteric caliciviridae: the complete genome sequence and expression of virus-like particles from a genetic group ii small round structured virus. | comparisons of the rna polymerase and capsid sequences of small round structured viruses (srsvs) have recently shown these are genetically diverse viruses which fall into two distinct groups. the genomes of two group i viruses, southampton and norwalk viruses have been characterized; however, similar data for the genetic group ii srsvs have not been available until now. we report here the complete genome sequence of a recent group ii srsv, lordsdale virus. the lordsdale virus genome is 7555 nt i ... | 1995 | 7561776 |
| enzyme immunoassay using baculovirus-expressed human calicivirus (mexico) for the measurement of igg responses and determining its seroprevalence in london, uk. | the use of an enzyme immunoassay (eia) employing a baculovirus-expressed recombinant human calicivirus (mexico virus, mxv) for the detection of igg-specific antibodies is described. mxv appeared to be related antigenically to a strain of small round structured virus, srsv/uk4/leeds/91, which had previously been shown by solid phase immune electron microscopy (spiem) to be related to snow mountain agent (sma). one other outbreak which occurred in san anita, usa in 1980 and was due to consumption ... | 1995 | 7561789 |
| an outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with adequately prepared oysters. | over christmas 1993, an outbreak of food poisoning occurred among guests in a hotel in south west scotland. evidence from a cohort study strongly suggested that raw oysters were the vehicle for infection, probably due to a small round structured virus (srsv). detailed enquiry about the source and preparation of the oysters revealed no evidence of any unsafe handling at any stage in the food chain, nor any evidence of bacterial contamination. it is suggested that the present standards of preparat ... | 1995 | 7641830 |
| detection and differentiation of antigenically distinct small round-structured viruses (norwalk-like viruses) by reverse transcription-pcr and southern hybridization. | application of reverse transcription (rt)-pcr to detect small round-structured viruses (srsvs) from fecal specimens of patients with gastroenteritis has been insensitive because of the tremendous sequence heterogeneity between strains. we have designed two rt-pcr primer sets (g-1 and g-2) based on the nucleotide sequence diversity in the rna polymerase gene of srsvs belonging to two distinct genogroups represented by norwalk virus (primers g-1) and snow mountain agent (primers g-2). all 22 srsv ... | 1995 | 7699068 |
| polymerase chain reaction detection of small round-structured viruses from two related hospital outbreaks of gastroenteritis using inosine-containing primers. | two outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the uk which occurred nine days apart at lymington and southampton hospitals were investigated. the clinical and epidemiological features of both outbreaks were characteristic of small round-structured virus (srsv) infection with rapid onset of diarrhoea and/or nausea and vomiting and propagation of the outbreaks by secondary spread. srsv particles were observed by immune electron microscopy (em) in 60% of faecal samples from both outbreaks and no other pathog ... | 1995 | 7775939 |
| genomic diversity of small round structured viruses in the united kingdom. | fifty-two faecal specimens collected in the united kingdom between 1986 and 1992, which contained small round structured virus (srsv) particles, were tested by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays using two primer pairs derived from sequences of snow mountain agent and norwalk virus. there was poor correlation between results obtained with each primer pair. twenty specimens (38%) gave positive bands with sm51/31 primers and 18 (34%) were positive with sm52/32 primers, with a to ... | 1994 | 7852972 |
| airborne transmission of a small round structured virus. | | 1994 | 7904013 |
| airborne transmission of a small round structured virus. | | 1994 | 7906368 |
| airborne transmission of a small round structured virus. | | 1994 | 7906369 |
| transmission of a small round structured virus by vomiting during a hospital outbreak of gastroenteritis. | an outbreak of gastroenteritis due to a small round structured virus (srsv) (norwalk-like virus) occurred in an elderly care unit, affecting a total of 126 patients and staff. the outbreak caused major disruption to the provision of health care services by the unit over a 3-week period. following the outbreak a study was undertaken to explore risk factors for acquisition of srsv infection by health care workers on the unit. exposure to patients nearby who were vomiting and the number of close co ... | 1994 | 7915285 |
| sequence similarity of human caliciviruses and small round structured viruses. | the application of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) using primers directed to the rna dependent rna polymerase region within orf1 of norwalk virus (nv) showed that 31 percent of morphologically typical human caliciviruses (hucv) and 57% of small round structured viruses (srsvs) produced a product of 470 bp similar to the nv control, nv 8fiia/68/us. alignment of the amino acid sequences of morphologically typical hucvs with previously published sequences for srsvs, nv, and ... | 1994 | 7931187 |
| the role of the pre-symptomatic food handler in a common source outbreak of food-borne srsv gastroenteritis in a group of hospitals. | a common source outbreak of small round structure virus (srsv) gastroenteritis affected 81 patients and 114 staff in four hospitals served by one central hospital kitchen. eating salad items was found to be significantly associated with illness. in a cohort study of a staff buffet function eating turkey salad sandwiches was associated with illness (relative risk = 2.4; 95% ci = 1.4-4.1; p = 0.003), and a case control study of patients in one hospital showed an odds ratio of 6.6 (95% ci = 1.0-71. ... | 1994 | 7995361 |
| characterization of a variant strain of norwalk virus from a food-borne outbreak of gastroenteritis on a cruise ship in hawaii. | a gastroenteritis outbreak affecting at least 217 (41%) of 527 passengers on a cruise ship was caused by a variant strain of norwalk virus (nv) that is related to but distinct from the prototype nv strain. consumption of fresh-cut fruit served at two buffets was significantly associated with illness (p < or = 0.01), and a significant dose-response relationship was evident between illness and the number of various fresh-cut fruit items eaten. seven (58%) of 12 paired serum specimens from ill pers ... | 1994 | 8027335 |
| human enteric caliciviridae: a new prevalent small round-structured virus group defined by rna-dependent rna polymerase and capsid diversity. | sequence comparison of the rna-dependent rna polymerases of small round-structured viruses (srsvs) from 10 recent u.k. outbreaks of gastroenteritis revealed significant genetic variation. computer analyses indicated that these viruses can be divided into two discrete groups. srsv group i contains the previously characterized antigenic type 1 norwalk and type 3 southampton viruses. the amino acid sequences of the rna polymerase, capsid and orf3 of these two viruses are relatively similar (about 9 ... | 1994 | 8046390 |
| sequence diversity of small, round-structured viruses in the norwalk virus group. | we have determined the nucleotide sequences of a highly conserved region of the rna-dependent rna polymerase of the prototype snow mountain agent (sma) and of four other small, round-structured viruses (antigenically norwalk virus [nv]-like or sma-like) following reverse transcription-pcr amplification of viral rna obtained from human stools. the stool samples were either from volunteers administered sma or from sporadic cases and outbreaks of gastroenteritis that occurred in japan and the unite ... | 1994 | 8057474 |
| small, round-structured viruses (srsvs) associated with acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in gifu, japan. | two outbreaks of non-bacterial gastroenteritis occurred in gifu prefecture in january 1989 and in january 1991. both outbreaks were closely related to the consumption of raw oysters, and showed similar clinical features. small, round-structured virus particles were found in patient stools in both outbreaks by electron microscopy. the role of these particles as the causative agents of the outbreaks were strongly suggested by immune electron microscopy and/or western-blotting immunoassay. when com ... | 1993 | 8133807 |
| 3'-terminal sequence of a small round structured virus (srsv) in japan. | we determined the nucleotide sequence of about 1,000 bases from the 3'-terminus of a small round structured virus (srsv), which caused a gastroenteritis outbreak in chiba prefecture, japan, in 1987. the sequence was compared with the corresponding sequence region of norwalk virus; it consisted of a part of the open reading frame 2 (orf2), whole orf3, and 3'-noncoding region (ncr). the 624-base-long orf3 had sequence homology of 68% with the corresponding region of norwalk virus. (the amino acid ... | 1994 | 8198445 |
| two successive outbreaks of srsv-associated gastroenteritis in south africa. | two successive outbreaks of gastroenteritis in south africa were investigated to identify the aetiological agents. some patients were involved in both outbreaks. enteropathogenic bacteria or parasites were not evident in either outbreak. small round structured viruses (srsvs) were demonstrated in both outbreaks by direct electron microscopy. srsv uk3/hawaii virus was identified by immune electron microscopy as the causative agent in the first outbreak. using new recombinant norwalk virus (rnv) i ... | 1993 | 8228932 |
| norwalk-like viruses: demonstration of genomic diversity by polymerase chain reaction. | a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) amplification procedure was developed for the detection of norwalk-like viruses in fecal specimens. ninety-nine fecal specimens collected in the united kingdom and containing small round-structured virus particles as determined by electron microscopy were tested. they came from 50 outbreaks and 16 sporadic cases of viral gastroenteritis. rt-pcr products of the appropriate size for norwalk virus rna were detected in 15 specimens from thre ... | 1993 | 8263187 |
| efficacy of a recombinant norwalk virus protein enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of infections with norwalk virus and other human "candidate" caliciviruses. | a recombinant norwalk virus antigen enzyme immunoassay (rnv eia) for the detection fo norwalk virus (nv) antibodies was evaluated using sera from volunteers and patients infected with norwalk, hawaii, snow mountain agent, small round structured viruses (srsv), and human calicivirus (hucv) strains. the results for nv antibodies correlated well with previous results obtained using a nv radioimmunoassay. the test rnv eia was found to be highly specific for nv. the results of tests on sera obtained ... | 1993 | 8263497 |
| sequence and genome organization of a human small round-structured (norwalk-like) virus. | small round-structured viruses (srsvs), also known as norwalk or norwalk-like viruses, are the major worldwide cause of acute, epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. these viruses, which contain a single-stranded rna genome, have remained refractory to molecular characterization because of the small amounts of virus in clinical samples and the absence of an animal model and an in vitro culture system. the complete genomic nucleotide sequence of an srsv, southampton virus, was determine ... | 1993 | 8380940 |
| outbreak of srsv gastroenteritis at an international conference traced to food handled by a post-symptomatic caterer. | in an outbreak of small round structured virus (srsv) gastroenteritis at an international aids conference 67 people were ill with diarrhoea or vomiting, one requiring admission to hospital. epidemiological investigations demonstrated that the vehicle of infection was food prepared by a foodhandler who was recovering from a mild gastrointestinal illness. the food most strongly associated with illness, coronation chicken, was prepared by the food handler on the second day after symptoms ceased. th ... | 1993 | 8394241 |
| an outbreak of norwalk-like gastroenteritis associated with contaminated drinking water at a caravan park. | during the 1989 christmas holiday period, a large outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred among persons staying at a caravan park in southern new south wales. review of local hospital records found that 77 per cent of patients presenting with infective diarrhoea between 29 december and 3 january had stayed at the caravan park. in a retrospective cohort study we compared rates of illness among caravan park patrons exposed to different water sources. stools were tested for pathogens and convalescent ... | 1993 | 8395224 |
| dose-response in an outbreak of non-bacterial food poisoning traced to a mixed seafood cocktail. | an outbreak of non-bacterial food poisoning presumed due to small round, structured viruses (srsv) occurred at a national conference. a detailed postal survey of all conference attenders was carried out to ascertain the cause of the outbreak and 355 questionnaires were returned. univariate analysis showed that mussels in the seafood cocktail were the likely vehicle of infection. a dose-response relationship between the amount of seafood cocktail consumed and the risk of illness was demonstrated. ... | 1993 | 8519323 |
| detection of small round structured viruses in shellfish by reverse transcription-pcr. | we describe the application of a previously developed sample extraction procedure to the detection of small round structured viruses (srsvs) in shellfish. initial seeding experiments showed that pcr inhibitor removal and virus recoveries were comparable to those in previous studies with poliovirus. shellfish from a range of sewage-contaminated sites were then tested for the presence of srsvs by using broadly reactive pcr primers followed by southern blotting with internal probe sites. positive r ... | 1995 | 8534105 |
| a conserved sequence motif at the 5' terminus of the southampton virus genome is characteristic of the caliciviridae. | we have determined the 5'terminal cdna sequence for the genome of southampton virus, a recently characterized, human, small round-structured virus (srsv). genomic rna was extracted directly from a stool sample and amplified by rt-pcr by homopolymer tailing of the 3' terminus of the cdna. the additional sequence increases the overall length of the southampton virus genome by 12 nucleotides, resulting in a significant change to the genome organization by extending the first large open reading fram ... | 1995 | 8560774 |
| a university outbreak of gastroenteritis due to a small round-structured virus. application of molecular diagnostics to identify the etiologic agent and patterns of transmission. | an epidemiologic investigation of a gastroenteritis outbreak in december 1994 indicated that salad consumption during lunch was linked with illness on 2 days (5 december: odds ratio [or]=3.1, 95% confidence interval [ci]=2.0-5.0; 6 december: or=3.1, 95% ci=1.9-4.9). single stool or vomitus specimens from ill students and staff (case-patients) were examined for bacterial and viral pathogens. small round-structured viruses (srsvs) were detected by electron microscopy in stool specimens from 9 of 1 ... | 1996 | 8603955 |
| comparison of four rna extraction methods for the detection of small round structured viruses in faecal specimens. | four methods for extraction of the rna genome of small round structured viruses (srsvs) from faecal specimens by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) were evaluated. the efficiency of recovery of viral rna and removal of amplification inhibitors were compared. rna extraction using the metal chelating agent chelex-100 and sephadex g200 column chromatography were the most sensitive, detecting a 10(-4) dilution of a known srsv positive specimen. guanidinium thiocyanate (gtc) wit ... | 1996 | 8801231 |
| surveillance of outbreaks of small round structured virus infection. | | 1996 | 8851206 |
| general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease in england and wales 1992 to 1994. | data from the surveillance scheme of general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease in england and wales, reported to the phls communicable disease surveillance centre (cdsc), were used to review 1280 of the 1594 outbreaks identified between 1 january 1992 and 31 december 1994 for which a minimum data set was captured. the number of outbreaks reported in each regional health authority ranged from 31 in mersey to 221 in yorkshire. the commonest pathogens reported were salmonellas in 32% (412) ... | 1996 | 8881602 |
| detection and analysis of a small round-structured virus strain in oysters implicated in an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis. | outbreaks of shellfish-transmitted viral disease occur periodically, but frequently the causative agent is not identified. in november 1993, during investigation of a multistate outbreak of acute gastroenteritis, incriminated lots of oysters were collected. oyster tissues (stomachs and digestive diverticula) were processed for virus extraction and nucleic acid purification. human calicivirus sequences were sought by reverse transcriptase pcr using different primer sets. amplicons were obtained f ... | 1996 | 8900022 |
| outbreaks of gastroenteritis in elderly nursing homes and retirement facilities associated with human caliciviruses. | eleven outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis, eight of which were in nursing homes or retirement facilities, were reported in virginia during the winter of 1993-1994. serum samples (four outbreaks) and stool samples (two outbreaks) from involved people were tested for human calicivirus (hucv) infection by enzyme immune assays (eias) using recombinant norwalk virus (rnv) and mexico virus (rmx) capsid antigens and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). of the 31 pairs of acute and ... | 1996 | 8950691 |
| evaluation of a degenerate primer for the pcr detection of human caliciviruses. | numerous outbreaks of gastroenteritis have been associated with norwalk virus and small round structured viruses (srsvs). these single-stranded rna viruses, recently classified in the caliciviridae, have been divided into three genogroups. antigenic relationships also have been established among the different strains. as both an in vitro culture system and an animal model are lacking for these viruses, virus detection depends primarily on electron microscopy, immunological assays or molecular de ... | 1996 | 8973536 |
| reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detection and sequence analysis of small round-structured viruses in japan. | between 1985 and 1995, mass outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis caused by small round-structured virus (srsv), occurred in eight prefectures in japan. fecal samples from 59 patients ill during these outbreaks were recently examined in our laboratory by electron microscopy (em) and by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). for rt-pcr, we prepared two sets of primers, a set corresponding to the polymerase region of open reading frame 1 (orf-1) and a set corresponding to the capsi ... | 1996 | 9015124 |
| a one-tube method of reverse transcription-pcr to efficiently amplify a 3-kilobase region from the rna polymerase gene to the poly(a) tail of small round-structured viruses (norwalk-like viruses). | amplification of a 3-kb genome region from the rna polymerase gene to the 3' poly(a) tail of small round-structured virus (srsv) by reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) has been difficult to achieve because of a stable secondary structure in a region between the rna polymerase gene and the 5' end of the second open reading frame. we have developed a one-tube rt-pcr method to efficiently amplify this region. the method comprises three procedures: purification of poly(a)+ rna from a starting rna sol ... | 1997 | 9041391 |
| epidemiology of mexico virus, a small round-structured virus in yorkshire, united kingdom, between january 1992 and march 1995. | the epidemiology of the small round-structured virus, mexico virus (mxv), was investigated in north and west yorkshire, united kingdom, between january 1992 and march 1995 using a type-specific antigen elisa. the results indicate that an epidemic of mxv occurred during the winter of 1993-1994, when this strain was associated with 45 of 99 outbreaks and sporadic childhood cases of gastroenteritis. only 4 mxv-like isolates were found during the 1992-1993 winter season and none in the 1994-1995 sea ... | 1997 | 9086157 |
| outbreak of small round structured virus gastroenteritis arose after kitchen assistant vomited. | a wedding reception at a north yorkshire hotel was followed by an explosive outbreak of gastroenteritis. the attack rate among the 111 guests was 50% and vomiting was a predominant feature. the results of laboratory and epidemiological investigations were consistent with a common source outbreak of small round structured virus (srsv) infection genotype ii. the source of the outbreak was traced to a kitchen assistant who suddenly became ill on the eve of the reception and vomited into a sink used ... | 1997 | 9219424 |
| seminested rt-pcr systems for small round structured viruses and detection of enteric viruses in seafood. | highly sensitive seminested rt-pcr systems for the specific detection of genotype i and ii small round structured viruses (srsvs) were developed based on the nucleic acid information deposited in the databanks. srsvs could be detected in 10(7)-fold dilutions of three different stool samples. in addition, a rapid and simple purification protocol for enteric viruses from seafood tissues was elaborated using poliovirus (pv) as model. the virus isolation and viral rna purification include the follow ... | 1997 | 9237119 |
| phylogenetic analysis of the caliciviruses. | a phylogenetic portrait of the genus calicivirus in the family caliciviridae was developed based upon published sequences and newly characterized calicivirus (cv) strains, including additional sapporo-like hucv strains in pediatric diarrhea stool specimens from south africa, the united kingdom, and the united states. distance and parsimony methods were applied to nucleotide and amino acid sequences of human and animal calicivirus 3d rna-dependent rna polymerase (approximately 470nt) and capsid h ... | 1997 | 9260691 |
| mixed genogroup srsv infections among a party of canoeists exposed to contaminated recreational water. | samples of faeces collected from a party of canoeists involved in a gastroenteritis outbreak were examined by electron microscopy and rt-pcr for evidence of infection with srsvs. a broadly reactive primer pair was used to detect srsvs followed by application of genogroup-specific primers to srsv-positive specimens. exposure data were collected by means of a questionnaire. srsvs were detected in 1/4 specimens examined by em and 3/4 by rt-pcr. genogrouping, and sequencing of pcr products revealed ... | 1997 | 9260692 |
| three-step isolation method for sensitive detection of enterovirus, rotavirus, hepatitis a virus, and small round structured viruses in water samples. | control of drinking or bathing water quality in respect to viral contamination remains an unsolved problem. a highly sensitive isolation protocol was developed for concentration and detection of different enteric viruses from water samples. the three-step isolation procedure combines filtration with a positively charged nylon membrane, ultrafiltration and clean-up of the viral rna with a silica based membrane. detection of the viral rna is accomplished by reverse-transcription polymerase chain r ... | 1997 | 9310854 |
| correlation of patient immune responses with genetically characterized small round-structured viruses involved in outbreaks of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis in the united states, 1990 to 1995. | small round-structured viruses (srsvs) are a genetically and antigenically diverse group of caliciviruses that are the most common cause of outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. we have applied both molecular techniques to characterize srsvs in fecal specimens and serologic assays using four different expressed srsv antigens to examine the distribution of outbreak strains in the united states and determine if the immune responses of patients were strain specific. strains from 23 outbr ... | 1997 | 9407386 |
| prevalence of antibodies to the hawaii strain of human calicivirus as measured by a recombinant protein based immunoassay. | the evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay using recombinant hawaii virus-like particles (rhv-lps) with a panel of sera which had been screened previously for antibodies to norwalk virus (nv) and mexico virus (mxv) is described. the assay was also applied to study the epidemiology of hawaii virus. adult volunteers challenged with the prototype (genogroup ii, human calicivirus) hv developed significant igg responses (16-32 fold rises) following challenge whereas adults challenged or naturally infect ... | 1998 | 9496372 |
| the role of environmental contamination with small round structured viruses in a hospital outbreak investigated by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay. | in may 1994 an outbreak of vomiting and diarrhoea occurred in a 28-bed long-stay ward for the mentally infirm. the predominant symptoms were vomiting, diarrhoea, malaise and abdominal pain lasting for approximately 12 h in most cases. the attack rate was 62% (13/21) for patients and 46% (16/35) for staff members. infection control measures were implemented (containment of infectious individuals, hand hygiene among staff and environmental decontamination) and the ward was closed to admissions. af ... | 1998 | 9617683 |
| molecular characterization of morphologically typical human calicivirus sapporo. | human calicivirus sapporo (sv) has typical calicivirus morphology and causes acute gastroenteritis in children. the nucleotide sequence of 3.2 kb of the 3' end of sv was determined from a cloned cdna. the 3' end of the sv genome is predicted to encode the rna-dependent rna polymerase region, the capsid protein and two small open reading frames. the nonstructural and capsid protein coding sequences in the sv genome are fused in a single open reading frame. the organization of these proteins in th ... | 1997 | 9672617 |
| detection of norwalk-like virus genes in the caecum contents of pigs. | norwalk-like virus genes were detected by rt-pcr in the caecum contents of pigs. positive pcr products were produced from four out of 1,117 samples by nested pcr using human srsv primers. nucleotide sequences between 4,561 and 4,852 numbered according to the norwalk virus genomic rna in the rna polymerase region were determined. between the norwalk virus sequence and the sequences detected in pigs, there was 58.2% to 59.9% sequence homology. the swine sequences were located on genogroup ii of hu ... | 1998 | 9687878 |
| application of rt-pcr designed from the sequence of the local srsv strain to the screening in viral gastroenteritis outbreaks. | the yuri strain of small round structured virus (srsv) was cloned from a fecal specimen in which virus particles were observed by electron microscopy. the most common rt-pcr protocol in japan, however, using 35/36 and nv81/nv82/sm82 nested primer pairs, could not detect the srsv genome in this specimen. nucleotide and amino acid sequence analysis revealed that the yuri strain is genetically close to the genotype ii of srsv. a novel procedure using primer sets designed from the nucleotide sequenc ... | 1998 | 9688078 |
| [bacteriological and virological studies on the cause of sporadic acute gastroenteritis in tama, tokyo (1991-1996)]. | between may 1991 and december 1996, bacteriological and virological investigations on the fecal samples from patient of infantile diarrhea (155 cases), or infectious gastroenteritis (1,409 cases) diagnosed with 9 medical institutions in tama of tokyo were carried out. of 1,564 samples, 722 (46.2%) were enteropathogen positive cases, and mixed infection was also observed in about 15% of the positive cases. among 13 different kinds of enteropathogens identified, the most prevalent one was pathogen ... | 1998 | 9695470 |
| an outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with eating raw oysters. | nine members of a party of 24 people who attended a birthday party fell ill with gastroenteritis between one and three days later. a cohort study undertaken using a postal questionnaire showed that illness was associated with having eaten raw oysters. six of the cases had their stools examined and two were positive for small round structured virus. the illness was brief and none of the cases had consulted a general practitioner. had the cases not been part of a party they would not have been ide ... | 1998 | 9718837 |
| surveillance of small round structured virus (srsv) infection in england and wales, 1990-5. | data from the national surveillance scheme for general outbreaks of intestinal disease, and the national laboratory reporting scheme were used to describe the epidemiology of small round structured virus (srsv) infections in england and wales. between 1990 and 1995, there were 7492 laboratory reports of srsv. rates of reported illness were highest among infants, young children and the elderly. during 1992-5, some 707 srsv outbreaks were reported. outbreaks in hospital wards and residential facil ... | 1998 | 9747765 |
| general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease in england and wales: 1995 and 1996. | one thousand nine hundred and nineteen general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease in england and wales were reported to the phls communicable disease surveillance centre (cdsc) between 1 january 1995 and 31 december 1996, compared with 1073 in the previous two years. a minimum data set was received for 1568 (82%) of the 1919 outbreaks. over 40,000 people were affected and about 2% of those who were ill were admitted to hospital. seventy-one deaths were reported. the duration of outbreaks ... | 1998 | 9782630 |
| feline calicivirus as a model system for heat inactivation studies of small round structured viruses in shellfish. | commercial heat treatment procedures for molluscan shellfish are based on data obtained for the inactivation of hepatitis a virus (hav) in cockles. however, the most frequently reported illness associated with consumption of bivalve molluscs is gastroenteritis caused by small round structured viruses (srsvs) of the norwalk group. conditions for inactivation of srsvs are unknown. in this study a feline calicivirus was used as a model for the srsv group and conditions for its heat inactivation det ... | 1998 | 9825793 |
| molecular epidemiology of outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with small round-structured viruses in east anglia, united kingdom, during the 1996-1997 season. | during the winter season from november 1996 to may 1997, 550 fecal specimens were submitted from 94 outbreaks of gastroenteritis occurring in east anglia, united kingdom. these specimens were tested for the presence of small round-structured viruses (srsvs) by electron microscopy, reverse transcriptase pcr, or both methods. srsvs were shown to be associated with 64 of 94 (68%) of these outbreaks, of which 16 (25%) outbreaks occurred at a single location (southend) within the region. twenty-four ... | 1999 | 9854068 |
| surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks--united states, 1995-1996. | since 1971, cdc and the u.s. environmental protection agency have maintained a collaborative surveillance system for collecting and periodically reporting data that relate to occurrences and causes of waterborne-disease outbreaks (wbdos). | 1998 | 9859954 |
| [detection of small round structured virus from oysters by rt-pcr]. | | 1998 | 9916423 |
| the bovine newbury agent-2 is genetically more closely related to human srsvs than to animal caliciviruses. | the hypothesis that the enteric bovine calici-like virus newbury agent (na-2) belongs to the family caliciviridae was examined by genome sequence analysis. use of solid-phase immune electron microscopy allowed samples with good levels of virus to be identified and amplification of the genome was achieved by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. examination of a 216-amino-acid sequence in the rna-dependent rna polymerase gene and a 116-amino-acid sequence in the capsid gene showed that ... | 1999 | 9927568 |
| a community outbreak of food-borne small round-structured virus gastroenteritis caused by a contaminated water supply. | in august 1994, 30 of 135 (23%) bakery plant employees and over 100 people from south wales and bristol in the united kingdom, were affected by an outbreak of gastroenteritis. epidemiological studies of employees and three community clusters found illness in employees to be associated with drinking cold water at the bakery (relative risk 3.3, 95%, ci 1.6-7.0), and in community cases with eating custard slices (relative risk 19.8, 95%, ci 2.9-135.1) from a variety of stores supplied by one partic ... | 1999 | 10098798 |
| a study of infectious intestinal disease in england: microbiological findings in cases and controls. | a study was undertaken to identify the microorganisms and toxins in stool specimens associated with infectious intestinal disease (iid) among cases in the community and presenting to general practitioners (gps) and in asymptomatic controls. population based cohorts were recruited from practice lists in 70 practices and followed for 26 weeks (cohort component). seven hundred and sixty-one cases of iid identified from the cohorts, 2893 cases who presented to gps in 34 of the practices (gp componen ... | 1999 | 10402744 |
| investigation of an outbreak of gastroenteritis at a hospital for patients with learning difficulties. | eighty of the 460 patients and staff (attack rate 22%) in a long-stay hospital for patients with learning difficulties became ill in a general outbreak of gastrointestinal infection that followed a buffet style party on one ward. illness in the cohort of 47 resident patients, relations, and staff who attended that party was associated with having eaten ham, coleslaw, bread rolls, and cheese and pineapple on sticks. food from the hospital kitchen was supplemented by food brought in and prepared o ... | 1999 | 10462893 |
| detection of small round structured viruses in artificially contaminated water using filter adsorption and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. | the small round structured viruses (srsv) are common causes of gastroenteritis worldwide. fecally contaminated water is an important vehicle for transmission, but detection of srsv in environmental samples has been hampered by the lack of sensitive detection methods. the present work describes the detection of srsv in artificially contaminated deionized water and raw drinking water. srsv-containing fecal extracts were added to water and virus was recovered by filter adsorption-elution, followed ... | 1999 | 10477074 |
| a hospital outbreak of gastroenteritis possibly related to the contamination of tap water by a small round structured virus. | small round structured viruses (srsvs) are a major cause of gastroenteritis in institutions and sensitive new molecular techniques allow rapid diagnosis and the establishment of control measures. in january 1999, a 10 day-long outbreak of gastroenteritis in a re-education ward, was reported by a hospital hygiene department. a potential common source of contamination was tap water. the stools of six patients with gastroenteritis and seven tap water samples from the hospital ward, were tested for ... | 1999 | 10549314 |
| investigation of an outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by norwalk-like virus, using solid phase immune electron microscopy. | in february 1993, 95 persons (47 patients and 48 staff members) were affected by an hospital outbreak of viral gastroenteritis. using direct electron microscopy (em) the causative agent was identified as a small round structured virus. this was confirmed as a norwalk-like virus using solid phase immune electron microscopy (spiem). of 94 stool samples examined, 12 (13%) samples containing small round structured viruses (srsv) were spiem positive for norwalk-like virus. a further 25 (27%) samples ... | 2000 | 10662561 |
| comparison of six nucleic acid extraction methods for detection of viral dna or rna sequences in four different non-serum specimen types. | extraction of viral nucleic acids from serum samples is widely used in diagnostic pathology tests. however, the heterogeneous nature of non-serum samples may contribute to variations in the yields of viral nucleic acids with different extraction methods and specimen types. | 2000 | 10680742 |
| surveillance of viral gastroenteritis in japan: pediatric cases and outbreak incidents. | surveillance results from pediatric cases and outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis in japan are presented. in winter, both small round structured virus (srsv, or norwalk-like viruses) and rotavirus were detected from infants with gastroenteritis; however, in recent years, the prevailing time of srsv infection has preceded that of rotavirus infection. most nonbacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks were related to srsv infection, and >60% of the outbreaks were caused by contaminated food. in small-size ... | 2000 | 10804136 |
| possible community immunity to small round structured virus gastroenteritis in a rural aboriginal community. | in april 1998 an outbreak of gastroenteritis affected visitors, but none of the aboriginal residents, at a territory health services luncheon in a rural aboriginal community in central australia. the epidemiological features and identification of small round structured virus (srsv) from two participants suggest that this was an outbreak caused by a srsv. the attack rate in the visitors who ate or drank food at the luncheon was 73% (11 of 15). seventeen aboriginal residents were interviewed, none ... | 2000 | 10812750 |
| the detection of small round-structured viruses in water and environmental materials. | a procedure for concentrating small round-structured viruses (srsvs) (norwalk-like viruses) from water and other environmental materials is described. primers based on the helicase region of the srsv genome were confirmed as specific by reaction with typed specimens, and used to detect virus in concentrates of unseeded and seeded samples. virus was detected in estuarine recreational water polluted by untreated sewage, although not in seawater samples taken some distance from outfall discharges. ... | 2000 | 10856757 |
| infantile convulsions with mild gastroenteritis. | the development of sensitive new molecular genetic techniques has led to the detection of rotavirus in cerebrospinal fluid, stools and throat swabs from patients with gastroenteritis with accompanying clinical symptoms similar to infantile benign convulsions. small round structured virus (srsv) has also been found in stools of patients with similar clinical symptoms by a new procedure. however, the mechanism by which these viral infections induce benign convulsions remains to be elucidated. the ... | 2000 | 10891637 |
| evidence for airborne transmission of norwalk-like virus (nlv) in a hotel restaurant. | an outbreak of gastroenteritis followed a meal in a large hotel during which one of the diners vomited. the clinical features of the illness suggested norwalk-like virus (nlv, small round structured virus) infection, and this was confirmed by electron microscopy and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) of stool samples. further characterization of the virus by nucleotide sequence analysis of the pcr amplicons revealed identical strains in all the affected individuals. the foo ... | 2000 | 10982072 |
| detection of small round structured viruses in stool specimens from outbreaks of gastroenteritis by electron microscopy and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. | in testing 60 stool specimens small round structured virus (srsv) particles were detected in 35 (58%) specimens from all 17 outbreaks of gastroenteritis by electron microscopy (em), while srsv genes were found in 36 (60%) specimens from 15 outbreaks by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) by use of 2 primer pairs. specimens from 2 outbreaks were found srsv particles-positive by em but srsv genes-negative by rt-pcr. em remains the basic examination method for diagnosis of srsv ... | 2000 | 10989693 |
| a waterborne outbreak of small round structured virus, campylobacter and shigella co-infections in la neuveville, switzerland, 1998. | an outbreak of gastro-enteritis occurred in la neuveville, township with 3358 inhabitants. a retrospective cohort study of 1915 participants showed that 1607 (84%) had been ill. campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 28 patient faecal samples, shigella sonnei from 21 patients and small round structured viruses (srsv) from 6 patients. more than one pathogen was identified in eight persons. the epidemic curve was characteristic of a point-source outbreak. the risk for illness was significantly hig ... | 2000 | 11117956 |
| enteric viruses associated with hiv infection in tanzanian children with chronic diarrhea. | to determine whether specific viruses are associated with hiv infection in tanzanian children with chronic diarrhea. | 1994 | 11361370 |
| viruses causing diarrhoea in aids. | opportunistic viral enteritis is an important gastrointestinal manifestation of hiv related disease. cytomegalovirus (cmv) is a well established aetiological agent of disease in the gastrointestinal tract in this group. cmv enteritis may affect any region of the bowel, most commonly the colon. diagnosis and management of these infections may be difficult. the role of other viruses in so-called 'pathogen-negative' diarrhoea remains controversial. the clinical importance of hiv-specific enteropath ... | 2001 | 11444032 |
| practical lessons from the management of an outbreak of small round structured virus (norwalk-like virus) gastroenteritis. | an outbreak of viral gastroenteritis caused illness in 92 people during october 2000. all the cases had an association with one hotel and 80% of cases identified had attended one of two buffet meals on 18th october 2000. cohort analysis did not implicate any particular foodstuff in this outbreak. all bacteriological tests on food samples were negative. small round structured virus (srsv)/norwalk-like virus (nlv) particles were seen by electron microscopy in 6 out of 27 stool samples submitted fo ... | 2002 | 12070977 |
| virological control of groundwater quality using biomolecular tests. | deep groundwater, even if generally protected, could be contaminated by surface or rain water infiltration through soil fractures, septic tanks, cesspits, land irrigation, disposal of wastewater and disposal of muds from depuration systems. the sanitary importance of such possible contamination is related to the different uses of the water and it is at the maximum level when it is intended for human use. routine microbiological analyses do not consider viruses, only bacterial parameters, as cont ... | 2003 | 12639039 |
| evaluation of an antigen capture elisa based on recombinant mexico virus capsid protein. | the diagnosis of gastrointestinal infections caused by small round structured viruses (srsv) has relied upon electron microscopy and antigen/antibody assays based on norwalk virus. we investigated cases of gastroenteritis associated with srsvs employing a new sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using hyperimmune animal anti-sera against recombinant mexico virus capsid protein (rmxv). | 1996 | 15566858 |
| control of food-borne viruses. | there are two main food-borne virus infections. these are viral gastroenteritis caused by small round structured viruses (srsv) of the norwalk group and hepatitis a. both infections are normally transmitted directly from person-to-person, but on occasions they may also be food-borne or water-borne. viruses do not multiply or produce toxins in foods, and foods merely act as vehicles for their passive transfer. foods may be contaminated by infected food-handlers, and outbreaks frequently involve c ... | 2000 | 10885114 |
| outbreaks of gastroenteritis caused by srsvs from 1987 to 1992 in kyushu, japan: four outbreaks associated with oyster consumption. | from 1987 to 1992, 18 outbreaks of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis occurred in kyushu district. the most common symptoms were diarrhea, vomiting, nausea and abdominal cramp. small round structured viruses (srsvs) were detected in 52 (44.8%) of 116 stool samples from 17 outbreaks by the electron microscopy (em) method, and a significant increase in the antibody level was noted in 42 (80.7%) of 52 paired serum samples from 12 outbreaks by the immune electron microscopy (iem) method and in 18 ( ... | 1999 | 10204648 |
| a nested reverse transcriptase pcr assay for detection of small round-structured viruses in environmentally contaminated molluscan shellfish. | we describe the evaluation of a nested reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) procedure for the detection of small round-structured viruses (srsvs) in molluscan shellfish and the application of this assay for the detection of srsvs in commercially produced shellfish and in shellfish implicated in outbreaks of gastroenteritis. the range of virus strains detected and the sensitivity of detection were evaluated by using a representative panel of 21 well-characterized srsv strains. the nested rt-pcr det ... | 1998 | 9501426 |
| an outbreak of viral gastroenteritis following a wedding reception. | thirty-five people developed gastrointestinal symptoms after a wedding reception attended by 147 guests and served by eight catering staff. a retrospective cohort study showed that illness was associated independently with consumption of a pasta dish and spring rolls. the descriptive epidemiology, obtained from interviews with the guests about foods they had eaten and the onset and duration of symptoms, suggested that the outbreak was likely to have been caused by a small round structured virus ... | 1996 | 8854448 |
| antiviral effects on mouse leukemia virus replication by oligodeoxynucleotides in vitro and in vivo. | oligodeoxynucleotides (oligomers) including modified and unmodified, homo- and heterooligomers were tested for their ability to inhibit mouse srs leukemia virus (srsv)-induced proliferation of cells, colony formation, syncytium formation and reverse transcriptase (rt) activity in vitro. phosphorothioate analogs complementary to mo-mulv sequences, as well as noncomplementary homooligomers, were found to be active. unmodified homooligomer (dc14) also showed inhibition of growth of ascitic lymphoma ... | 1994 | 8194383 |
| an outbreak of food-borne gastroenteritis in two hospitals associated with a norwalk-like virus. | two connected outbreaks of gastroenteritis in separate hospitals associated with a small round structured virus morphologically indistinguishable from the norwalk virus are described. the virus was most probably introduced on chicken sandwiches prepared by a member of the kitchen staff who was incubating the disease. | 1983 | 6315816 |
| prevalence of small round structured virus infections in acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in tokyo. | during the three-year period from 1984 to 1987, 506 acute gastroenteritis outbreaks involving 14,383 patients were reported to the bureau of public health, tokyo metropolitan government. eighty (4,324 patients) of 150 outbreaks (4,860 patients) from which etiologic agents were not identified were subjected to virological investigation. spherical particles of 28-32 nm in diameter with capsomere-like structures on the surface were detected in patients' stool specimens. buoyant density of the parti ... | 1989 | 2786130 |
| small round structured virus associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in chiba, japan. | in an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis which originated in a restaurant in chiba, japan, in december, 1987, small round structured virus (srsv) particles were observed by electron microscopy in 14 of 16 stool specimens from patients. the particles were 30 to 35 nm in diameter, possessed amorphous surface structure surrounded by fine projections and had a buoyant density of 1.36 to 1.37 g/ml in cesium chloride. serological responses to the srsv were found by immune electron microscopy and wester ... | 1990 | 2277447 |
| management of hospital outbreaks of gastro-enteritis due to small roundstructured viruses. | small round structured viruses (srsvs, norwalk-like viruses, nlvs) are the most common cause of outbreaks of gastro-enteritis in hospitals and also cause outbreaks in other settings such as schools, hotels, nursing homes and cruise ships. hospital outbreaks often lead to ward closure and major disruption in hospital activity. outbreaks usually affect both patients and staff, sometimes with attack rates in excess of 50%. for this reason, staff shortages can be severe, particularly if several ward ... | 2000 | 10833336 |