Publications

TitleAbstractYear
Filter
PMID
Filter
plasmodium relictum as a cause of avian malaria in wild-caught magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus).avian malaria (plasmodium relictum) caused significant mortality in wild-caught magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) in 1986 at the blank park zoo in des moines, iowa (usa). in early winter, wild birds were captured off the southern coast of chile and flown to detroit, michigan for a 38 day quarantine. after quarantine, 18 birds were dispersed to lansing, michigan, six to a facility in maine, and 46 to des moines, iowa. upon arrival in des moines, several penguins became weak and inacti ...19883193555
polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic mobility of alkaline proteinase produced by aspergillus flavus isolated from a penguin.the electrophoretic mobility of alkaline proteinase produced by four isolates from a penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) was same in all of them and was consistent with that of aspergillus (a.) flavus nrrl 1957 used as a reference strain, but not consistent with that of a. parasiticus nrrl 2999. therefore, four isolates were confirmed as a. flavus.19938461406
systemic aspergillosis in an oiled magallanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus).this report describes a case of fatal aspergillosis caused by a. fumigatus during the recovery of an oiled magallanic penguin. the possible role of aspergillosis as a possible complication responsible for the mortality of penguins surviving the first days of treatment for oil is emphasized.200111666038
age and food deprivation affects expression of the glucocorticosteroid stress response in magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) chicks.we examined how the glucocortical stress response in free-living magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) chicks changes with age and whether adrenocortical function of chicks within a brood varies in relation to food provisioned by adults. chicks showed little corticosterone response to capture stress shortly after hatching, an intermediate response around 45-d posthatch, and a robust stress response near fledging. however, in response to an adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) challenge, hat ...200515702466
trichococcus patagoniensis sp. nov., a facultative anaerobe that grows at -5 degrees c, isolated from penguin guano in chilean patagonia.a novel, extremely psychrotolerant, facultative anaerobe, strain pmagg1(t), was isolated from guano of magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) collected in chilean patagonia. gram-variable, motile cocci with a diameter of 1.3-2.0 mum were observed singularly or in pairs, short chains and irregular conglomerates. growth occurred within the ph range 6.0-10.0, with optimum growth at ph 8.5. the temperature range for growth of the novel isolate was from -5 to 35 degrees c, with optimum growth ...200616957099
further study of contracaecum pelagicum (nematoda: anisakidae) in spheniscus magellanicus (aves: spheniscidae) from argentinean coasts.the anisakid species contracaecum pelagicum johnston and mawson, 1942, is reported for first time at 2 different sites on the argentine coast (peninsula valdés, 42 degrees 04's, 63 degrees 38'w and mar del plata, 38 degrees 05's, 57 degrees 38'w), parasitizing the magellanic penguin, spheniscus magellanicus foster. morphometric analysis and further studies of adult specimens of c. pelagicum were done using light and scanning electron microscopy. the presence of bifurcated interlabia differentiat ...200717436954
low mhc variation in the endangered galápagos penguin (spheniscus mendiculus).the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) is one of the most polymorphic regions of the genome, likely due to balancing selection acting to maintain alleles over time. lack of mhc variability has been attributed to factors such as genetic drift in small populations and relaxed selection pressure. the galápagos penguin (spheniscus mendiculus), endemic to the galápagos islands, is the only penguin that occurs on the equator. it relies upon cold, nutrient-rich upwellings and experiences severe pop ...200717457582
complete genome sequence of enterococcus faecalis strain p8-1 isolated from wild magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) feces on the south coast of brazil.enterococcus faecalis strains have a ubiquitous nature that allows them to survive in different niches. studies involving enterococci isolated from marine animals are scarce. therefore, in this study, we report the complete genome sequence of e. faecalis strain p8-1 isolated from feces of a magellanic penguin on the south coast of brazil.201626769928
detection of salmonella enterica in magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) of chilean patagonia: evidences of inter-species transmission.patagonia in southern south america is among the few world regions where direct human impact is still limited but progressively increasing, mainly represented by tourism, farming, fishing and mining activities. the sanitary condition of patagonian wildlife is unknown, in spite of being critical for the assessment of anthropogenic effects there. the aim of this study was the characterization of salmonella enterica strains isolated from wild colonies of magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus ...201525148565
new records and descriptions of digeneans from the magellanic penguin spheniscus magellanicus (forster) (aves: sphenisciformes) on the coast of brazil.five species of digeneans parasitic in the magellanic penguin spheniscus magellanicus (forster) from off the brazilian coast of the western atlantic are reported for the first time from this host and described. these are mesostephanus odhneri (travassos, 1924) lutz, 1935, posthodiplostomum macrocotyle dubois, 1937, stephanoprora uruguayensis holcman-spector & olagüe, 1989, ascocotyle (phagicola) longa ransom, 1920 and ascocotyle (phagicola) sp. one other digenean, cardiocephaloides physalis (lut ...201323595494
molecular identification and larval morphological description of contracaecum pelagicum (nematoda: anisakidae) from the anchovy engraulis anchoita (engraulidae) and fish-eating birds from the argentine north patagonian sea.anisakids use invertebrates as paratenic and/or intermediate hosts as a basic feature of larval transmission. the third-stage larva usually develops in invertebrates which are prey items of finfish paratenic hosts. contracaecum larvae molt twice inside the egg and hatch as free third-stage larvae ensheathed in the second-stage larval cuticle. copepods act as paratenic or obligatory hosts, usually ingesting these free l3 larvae, and fish act as intermediate/paratenic or metaparatenic hosts preyin ...201323500719
ecological aspects of helminth fauna of magellanic penguins, spheniscus magellanicus (aves: spheniscidae), from the northern coast of the state of são paulo, brazil.the aim of the present study was to evaluate the helminth fauna found in the magellanic penguin, spheniscus magellanicus, relating parasite population and community ecological parameters to life aspects of the host species. the study involved 237 specimens of s. magellanicus taken from the northern shore of the state of são paulo (23° 46' s, 45° 57' w) and southern shore of the state of rio de janeiro (23° 02' s, 44° 13' w), brazil. the following helminth fauna were found: the nematode contracae ...201323644789
molecular and morphological characterization of contracaecum pelagicum (nematoda) parasitizing spheniscus magellanicus (chordata) from brazilian waters.three new sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase subunit 2 (mtdna cox-2) from c. pelagicum parasite of spheniscus magellanicus, the magelanicus penguin, were determined from brazilian waters. the sequences presented 99 and 98% of similarity with c. pelagicum sequences from argentina, deposited on genbank for the same genetic region and with a strong statistical support inferred from the phylogenetic tree. the morphological and ultrastructural studies that were carried out confirmed the ...201424728364
an outbreak of chlamydophila psittaci in an outdoor colony of magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus).an outbreak of chlamydophila psittaci occurred in an outdoor colony of 63 magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) at the san francisco zoo. affected penguins presented with inappetence, lethargy, and light green urates. hematologic and serum biochemical findings were consistent with chronic inflammation. penguins did not respond to initial supportive and antimicrobial therapy, and 3 died. necropsy results of the 3 birds revealed hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, and histologic lesions include ...201223409434
vision of the humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti) in air and water.refractive states measured by retinoscopy and photorefraction indicate that the eyes of the humboldt penguin, spheniscus humboldti, are approximately emmetropic in air and water. extensive myopia in air, as predicted by earlier authors and by a recent anatomical study, is non-existent. photorefractive measurements of the refractive state, in water, of the humboldt penguin indicate that it can accommodate sufficiently to make up the loss of the refractive power of the cornea. the cornea of the hu ...20102881308
parasitological and new molecular-phylogenetic characterization of the malaria parasite plasmodium tejerai in south american penguins.this study is the first report on mortality of spheniscus magellanicus, penguin of south america, caused by plasmodium tejerai, which was identified using morphological and molecular analyses. blood stages (trophozoites, meronts and gametocytes) were reported and illustrated. the necropsy revealed marked splenomegaly and pulmonary edema, as well as moderate hepatomegaly and hydropericardium. the histopathology revealed the presence of tissue meronts in the macrophages and endothelial cells of mu ...201223269202
detection of paramyxoviruses in magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) on the brazilian tropical coast.aquatic migratory birds are a major vectors by which influenza viruses and paramyxoviruses are spread in nature. magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) are usually present on the southern shores of south america and can swim as far as the southern coast of brazil in winter. in 2008, however, several magellanic penguins were observed on the northeastern coast of brazil. paramyxoviruses were isolated from magellanic penguins on the espírito santo state coast, approximately 4000km from their ...201122189432
field endocrinology and conservation biology.field endocrinology techniques allow the collection of samples (i.e., blood, urine, feces, tissues) from free-living animals for analysis of hormones, receptors, enzymes, etc. these data reveal mechanisms by which individuals respond to environmental challenges, breed, migrate and regulate all aspects of their life cycles. field endocrinology techniques can also be used to address many issues in conservation biology. we briefly review past and current ways in which endocrine methods are used to ...200521676739
identification of plasmodium relictum causing mortality in penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) from são paulo zoo, brazil.this study reports avian malaria caused by plasmodium relictum in magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) from são paulo zoo. the disease was highly infective among the birds and was clinically characterized by its acute course and high mortality. the penguins of são paulo zoo were housed for at least 2 years without malaria; however, they had always been maintained in an enclosure protected from mosquito exposure during the night period. when they presented pododermatitis, they were freed ...201020638795
proteocatella sphenisci gen. nov., sp. nov., a psychrotolerant, spore-forming anaerobe isolated from penguin guano.a novel, obligately anaerobic, psychrotolerant bacterium, designated strain ppp2t, was isolated from guano of the magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) in chilean patagonia. cells were gram-stain-positive, spore-forming, straight rods (0.7-0.8x3.0-5.0 microm) that were motile by means of peritrichous flagella. growth was observed at ph 6.7-9.7 (optimum ph 8.3) and 2-37 degrees c (optimum 29 degrees c). growth was observed between 0 and 4% (w/v) nacl with optimum growth at 0.5% (w/v). stra ...200919620379
west nile virus seroconversion in penguins after vaccination with a killed virus vaccine or a dna vaccine.to investigate the serologic response of penguins to west nile virus (wnv) vaccines, four species of exclusively indoor-housed penguins, negative for wnv by serology, were evaluated: humboldt (spheniscus humboldti), magellanic (spheniscus magellanicus), gentoo (pygoscelis papua), and rockhopper (eudyptes chrysoscome) penguins. birds were inoculated with either a killed virus vaccine or a plasmid-mediated dna wnv vaccine, and postinoculation serology was evaluated. both vaccines induced seroconve ...200819110700
habituation of adult magellanic penguins to human visitation as expressed through behavior and corticosterone secretion.ecotourism is increasing worldwide; hence, it is important to know how wildlife are affected behaviorally and physiologically by human visitation. we studied the effects of human visitation on the magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) at punta tombo, argentina, by monitoring changes in defensive head turns and plasma corticosterone (a hormone secreted in response to stress) for penguins with and without a history of tourist visitation. habituation to human visitation was rapid. in pengui ...200616909667
corynebacterium spheniscorum sp. nov., isolated from the cloacae of wild penguins.twenty unidentified gram-positive, rod-shaped organisms were recovered from the cloacae of apparently healthy wild penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic analysis. on the basis of cellular morphology and biochemical criteria, the isolates were tentatively assigned to the genus corynebacterium, although the organisms did not appear to correspond to any recognized species. lipid studies confirmed this generic placement, and comparative 16s rrna gene sequencing s ...200312656150
[a nematode parasite of the penguin spheniscus magellanicus (forster) (ascaridoidea, anisakidae)].the nematodes were collected from the penguin spheniscus magellanicus (forster) (sphenisciformes). a study from the main species of contracaecum that occur in penguins and piscivorous birds from the south hemisphere is made, more specifically the c. eudyptulae johnston & mawson, 1942a, c. eudyptes johnston & mawson, 1953, c. heardi mawson, 1953, c. antarcticum johnston, 1938, c. prevosti tchéprakoff, 1966, c. spiculigerum (rudolphi, 1809), c. osculatum (rudolphi, 1802), c. scotti (leiper & atkin ...19846543564
health evaluation of penguins (sphenisciformes) following mortality in the falklands (south atlantic).in the falklands, heavy mortality of rock-hopper penguins eudyptes chrysocome occurred during the 1985-86 breeding season. starvation was diagnosed as the primary cause of death, possibly caused by a shortage of euphausiid crustaceans (krill) due to unusual meterological conditions. 'puffinosis' may possibly have been a contributory factor; otherwise no conclusive evidence of infectious disease or toxicosis was found and also no evidence of radioactive contamination. in the 1986-87 breeding seas ...200111558725
blood-specific isotopic discrimination factors in the magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus).the use of stable isotopes for ecological studies has increased exponentially in recent years. isotopic trophic studies are based on the assumption that animals are what they eat plus a discrimination factor. the discrimination factor is affected by many variables and can be determined empirically. the magellanic penguin is a highly abundant marine bird that plays a key role in the southern oceans. this study provides the first estimation of the magellanic penguin blood discrimination factor for ...201627476661
longer and less overlapping food webs in anthropogenically disturbed marine ecosystems: confirmations from the past.the human exploitation of marine resources is characterised by the preferential removal of the largest species. although this is expected to modify the structure of food webs, we have a relatively poor understanding of the potential consequences of such alteration. here, we take advantage of a collection of ancient consumer tissues, using stable isotope analysis and siber to assess changes in the structure of coastal marine food webs in the south-western atlantic through the second half of the h ...201425076042
survey of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus forster, 1781).magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) breed on the atlantic and pacific coasts of the southernmost parts of south america and migrate northward as far as peru and brazil. serum samples (n = 100) from magellanic penguins from three zoos and two rehabilitation centers (rcs) in brazil were assayed for the presence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii by means of the modified agglutination test (mat, cut-off ≥ 20). the penguins were categorized as young (≤4 yr old) or adults (≥4 yr old) and se ...201627010304
variations in the morphology of rhizomucor pusillus in granulomatous lesions of a magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus).this report presents a new case of mucormycosis encountered in penguin characterized by morphological variation of hyphae and presence of sporangia with numerous sporangiospores. a 4.5-year-old magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) died after exhibiting anorexia, poor nutritional condition and dyspnea. multiple nodular lesions were observed in the thoracic and abdominal regions. histopathologically, hyphae of various sizes were seen in the lungs, air sac and nodular lesions. myriad sporan ...201525892614
escherichia coli carrying incx4 plasmid-mediated mcr-1 and blactx-m genes in infected migratory magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus). 201728031274
enterococcus species diversity in fecal samples of wild marine species as determined by real-time pcr.analyses using culture-independent molecular techniques have improved our understanding of microbial composition. the aim of this work was to identify and quantify enterococci in fecal samples of wild marine species using real-time quantitative pcr. seven enterococcus species were examined in fecal dna of south american fur seals (arctocephalus australis), subantarctic fur seals (arctocephalus tropicalis), green turtles (chelonia mydas), magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus), snowy-crown ...201727991828
voriconazole toxicity in multiple penguin species.aspergillosis is a common respiratory fungal disease in penguins managed under human care. triazole antifungal drugs, including itraconazole, are most commonly used for treatment; however, itraconazole treatment failures from drug resistance are becoming more common, requiring newer treatment options. voriconazole, a newer triazole, is being used more often. until recently, no voriconazole pharmacokinetic studies had been performed in penguins, leading to empiric dosing based on other avian stud ...201526667545
high-throughput gender identification of penguin species using melting curve analysis.most species of penguins are sexual monomorphic and therefore it is difficult to visually identify their genders for monitoring population stability in terms of sex ratio analysis. in this study, we evaluated the suitability using melting curve analysis (mca) for high-throughput gender identification of penguins. preliminary test indicated that the griffiths's p2/p8 primers were not suitable for mca analysis. based on sequence alignment of chromo-helicase-dna binding protein (chd)-w and chd-z ge ...201424555797
avian malaria ( plasmodium spp.) in captive magellanic penguins ( spheniscus magellanicus ) from northern argentina, 2010.we report two cases of lethal avian malaria in magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) captive at san clemente del tuyú, argentina, approximately 560 km north of argentinean breeding colonies of magellanic penguins. blood smears revealed both penguins were concurrently infected by plasmodium (haemamoeba) tejerai, plasmodium (huffia) sp., and plasmodium (novyella) sp.201627285418
epidemiology and pathology of avian malaria in penguins undergoing rehabilitation in brazil.seabird rehabilitation is a valuable strategy to mitigate the impacts of oil pollution and other anthropogenic factors, and can significantly contribute to the conservation of penguins. however, infectious diseases such as avian malaria (plasmodium spp.) can hamper the success of rehabilitation efforts. we combined morphological and molecular diagnostic methods to investigate the epidemiology and pathology of plasmodium in magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) at rehabilitation centers a ...201525888987
comparative study between photodynamic and antibiotic therapies for treatment of footpad dermatitis (bumblefoot) in magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus).bumblefoot, referring to bed-sore-like foot lesions, is one of the most important clinical complications in captive birds and has a multifactorial etiology. photodynamic therapy has been proposed as an alternative treatment for localized infections in response to the escalating problem of antibiotic resistance. the aim of this study was to compare outcomes in a group of captive spheniscus magellanicus with bumblefoot lesions treated with photodynamic therapy (pdt) or antibiotics (atb).201525573284
sex identification of four penguin species using locus-specific pcr.traditional methods for sex identification are not applicable to sexually monomorphic species, leading to difficulties in the management of their breeding programs. to identify sex in sexually monomorphic birds, molecular methods have been established. two established primer pairs (2550f/2718r and p8/p2) amplify the chd1 gene region from both the z and w chromosomes. here, we evaluated the use of these primers for sex identification in four sexually monomorphic penguin species: king penguins (ap ...201322383375
persistent organic pollutants in juvenile magellan penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) found on the northern shore of the state of são paulo and southern shore of the state of rio de janeiro, brazil.in the present study, persistent organic pollutants (pops) were determined in 25 livers from magellanic penguins, spheniscus magellanicus, found on the state of são paulo and rio de janeiro (brazil). the following concentrations of pops (wet weight) were found: ∑ pcbs: 18.9-775.8 ng g(-1); ∑ ddts: 2.3-275 ng g(-1); and ∑ hchs: 1.0-11.8 ng g(-1). among the pcbs, there was a predominance of hexachlorobiphenyls (138 and 153) and heptachlorobiphenyls (180 and 187). among the organochlorines, ddt pre ...201222910330
lesions associated with drowning in bycaught penguins.fisheries bycatch, the incidental mortality that occurs as a result of entanglement in fishing gear, is an important conservation threat to penguins and other seabirds. identification of entanglement and drowning in beach-cast carcasses of seabirds remains a challenge, as it is still unclear what lesions are to be expected in a bycaught seabird. we necropsied 2 magellanic penguins spheniscus magellanicus that were entangled and drowned in gillnets. marked distension of the lungs with foamy red f ...201627786162
first report of kidney lesions due to renicola sp. (digenea: trematoda) in free-living magellanic penguins ( spheniscus magellanicus forster, 1781) found on the coast of brazil.this paper presents the first report of parasites from the genus renicola sp. in the kidneys of magellanic penguins. the histological analysis revealed inflammatory infiltrate (eonsinophils, lymphocytes, and plasmocytes), together with fibroplasia and compression of the adjacent ducts.201627552082
haematology of wild penguins (spenisciformes) in the falkland islands.haematological values were determined in 50 rockhopper (eudyptes crestatus), 19 gentoo (pygoscelis papua) and 12 magellanic (spheniscus magellanicus) penguins from various sites on the falkland islands. adult magellanic penguins had significantly lower haemoglobin (hb) levels, packed cell volumes (pcv) and red cell counts (rbc) than adults of the other two species. hb, pcv and rbc values were also lower in juvenile birds than in adults and lower in post-moult than in pre-moult adults. comparison ...198918679879
plasma alpha-tocopherol, total lipids and total cholesterol in wild rockhopper, magellanic and gentoo penguins before and after moulting.post moult rockhopper penguins (eudyptes crestatus) had significantly higher plasma alpha-tocopherol (vitamin e), total lipid and total cholesterol concentrations than their pre-moult counterparts. in the magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) there were post moult increases in total lipid, cholesterol and alpha-tocopherol concentrations, but only the increase in alpha-tocopherol was significant. plasma alpha-tocopherol, total lipid and total cholesterol concentrations in post moult gento ...19892773196
patterns of respiration in diving penguins: is the last gasp an inspired tactic?humboldt penguins spheniscus humboldti in captivity and free-living magellanic penguins s. magellanicus were fitted with loggers to determine beak angles during breathing. the humboldt penguins were also fitted with masks for determining rates of air flow during breathing. during periods of higher gas exchange requirement, humboldt penguins opened their beaks during inspiration, where tidal volume was linearly correlated with both change in beak angle and maximum beak angle, closed them slightly ...200312682106
magellanic penguin telomeres do not shorten with age with increased reproductive effort, investment, and basal corticosterone.all species should invest in systems that enhance longevity; however, a fundamental adult life-history trade-off exists between the metabolic resources allocated to maintenance and those allocated to reproduction. long-lived species will invest more in reproduction than in somatic maintenance as they age. we investigated this trade-off by analyzing correlations among telomere length, reproductive effort and output, and basal corticosterone in magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus). telome ...201728811878
a new species of diomedenema (nematoda, rhabditida, spiruromorpha) from spheniscus magellanicus (aves, sphenisciformes) found on the southern coast of brazil.a new species of the genus diomedenema, a spiruromorph nematode, collected from the lung of spheniscus magellanicus (sphenisciformes) found on the southern coast of the state of rio grande do sul, brazil, is described. the new species is differentiated from the only previously described species of the genus, d. diomedeae johston & mawson, 1952, by males possessing a set of caudal papillae with three pairs of precloacal, two pairs of adcloacal and one pair of postcloacal papillae; precloacal papi ...201728780915
contrasting patterns of selection between mhc i and ii across populations of humboldt and magellanic penguins.the evolutionary and adaptive potential of populations or species facing an emerging infectious disease depends on their genetic diversity in genes, such as the major histocompatibility complex (mhc). in birds, mhc class i deals predominantly with intracellular infections (e.g., viruses) and mhc class ii with extracellular infections (e.g., bacteria). therefore, patterns of mhc i and ii diversity may differ between species and across populations of species depending on the relative effect of loc ...201628725416
corrigendum to "persistent organic pollutants in juvenile magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) in south america" [chemosphere 149 (2016) 391-399]. 201728576431
acoustic correlates of body size and individual identity in banded penguins.animal vocalisations play a role in individual recognition and mate choice. in nesting penguins, acoustic variation in vocalisations originates from distinctiveness in the morphology of the vocal apparatus. using the source-filter theory approach, we investigated vocal individuality cues and correlates of body size and mass in the ecstatic display songs the humboldt and magellanic penguins. we demonstrate that both fundamental frequency (f0) and formants (f1-f4) are essential vocal features to d ...201728199318
telomeres shorten and then lengthen before fledging in magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus).for all species, finite metabolic resources must be allocated toward three competing systems: maintenance, reproduction, and growth. telomeres, the nucleoprotein tips of chromosomes, which shorten with age in most species, are correlated with increased survival. chick growth is energetically costly and is associated with telomere shortening in most species. to assess the change in telomeres in penguin chicks, we quantified change in telomere length of wild known-age magellanic penguin (spheniscu ...201728186493
chicks produced in the magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) after cloacal insemination of frozen-thawed semen.the in vitro and in vivo functionality of cryopreserved spermatozoa was examined over two breeding seasons in a zoological colony of magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus). frozen-thawed semen was inseminated into five anesthetized females, over a total of eight egg production cycles, with a different male used for each artificial insemination (ai) within each season. females were maintained within the colony in cordoned nest sites to prevent copulation with their paired male, and were in ...201627272488
penguin vision in air and water.refractive states measured by retinoscopy and photorefraction indicate that rockhopper (eudyptes crestatus), magellanic (spheniscus magellanicus) and gentoo (pygoscelis papua) penguins are approximately emmetropic in air and water. extensive myopia in air, as predicted by early authors, is nonexistent. photorefractive measurements of refractive state in water indicate that rockhopper, gentoo, magellanic and king (aptenodytes patagonica) penguins can accommodate sufficiently to make up for the lo ...19846534014
marine debris ingestion by magellanic penguins, spheniscus magellanicus (aves: sphenisciformes), from the brazilian coastal zone.magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) are non-breeding winter visitors to the brazilian coast. in 2008 and 2010, plastic items and other marine debris were found in the stomachs and intestines of 15% of 175 dead penguins collected in the lagos region of the state of rio de janeiro. one bird had its stomach perforated by a plastic straw, which may have caused its death. there are few records of penguins ingesting plastic litter, but previous studies have found similar levels of debris ing ...201121864861
vocal individuality and species divergence in the contact calls of banded penguins.penguins produce contact calls to maintain social relationships and group cohesion. such vocalisations have recently been demonstrated to encode individual identity information in the african penguin. using a source-filter theory approach, we investigated whether acoustic cues of individuality can also be found in other spheniscus penguins and the acoustic features of contact calls have diverged within this genus. we recorded vocalisations from two ex-situ colonies of humboldt penguin and magell ...201627102762
male reproductive physiology and the development of artificial insemination in the magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) using chilled-stored semen.research was performed to increase our understanding of male magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) reproductive biology and to develop artificial insemination (ai) technology to assist with maintaining the species' genetic diversity. seminal traits were characterized from seven males with noncontaminated ejaculates (n = 123) displaying high in vitro motion parameters, membrane integrity, and morphology. seven females were maintained in nest sites that permitted visual, auditory, and tacti ...201627010281
do blood parasites infect magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) in the wild? prospective investigation and climatogeographic considerations.magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) are native to argentina, chile and the falkland islands. magellanic penguins are highly susceptible to blood parasites such as the mosquito-borne plasmodium spp., which have been documented causing high morbidity and mortality in zoos and rehabilitation centres. however, to date no blood parasites have been detected in wild magellanic penguins, and it is not clear whether this is reflective of their true absence or is instead related to an insufficie ...201728073384
creation and validation of a novel body condition scoring method for the magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) in the zoo setting.this research aims to validate a novel, visual body scoring system created for the magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) suitable for the zoo practitioner. magellanics go through marked seasonal fluctuations in body mass gains and losses. a standardized multi-variable visual body condition guide may provide a more sensitive and objective assessment tool compared to the previously used single variable method. accurate body condition scores paired with seasonal weight variation measurements ...201526768691
incidence density, proportionate mortality, and risk factors of aspergillosis in magellanic penguins in a rehabilitation center from brazil.aspergillosis, an opportunistic mycosis caused by the aspergillus genus, affects mainly the respiratory system and is considered one of the most significant causes of mortality in captive penguins. this study aimed to examine a 6-yr period of cases of aspergillosis in penguins at the centro de recuperação de animais marinhos (cram-furg), rio grande, brazil. a retrospective cohort study was conducted using the institution's records of penguins received from january 2004 to december 2009. animals ...201526667521
reproductive physiology of the female magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus): insights from the study of a zoological colony.eight captive female magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) were monitored over a 10week period, commencing at 5weeks prior to egg lay (el), to increase our understanding of the species' reproductive biology. females in cordoned nest sites underwent cloacal artificial insemination (ai) every 4-7days with different semen donors for each insemination. the el interval was 97.9±3.6h (range: 84-108h) and paternity analyses revealed that conceptive inseminations occurred from 11.5 to 4.5days be ...201626393312
outbreak of avian malaria associated to multiple species of plasmodium in magellanic penguins undergoing rehabilitation in southern brazil.avian malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by plasmodium spp. avian plasmodia are recognized conservation-threatening pathogens due to their potential to cause severe epizootics when introduced to bird populations with which they did not co-evolve. penguins are considered particularly susceptible, as outbreaks in captive populations will often lead to high morbidity and rapid mortality. we used a multidisciplinary approach to investigate an outbreak of avian malaria in 28 magellanic pengui ...201424736326
isolation and characterization of igm and igy antibodies from plasma of magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus).infectious diseases such as aspergillosis, avian malaria, and viral infections are significant threats to the conservation of penguins, leading to morbidity and mortality of these birds both in captivity and in the wild. the immune response to such infectious diseases is dependent on different mechanisms mediated by cells and soluble components such as antibodies. antibodies or immunoglobulins are glycoproteins that have many structural and functional features that mediate distinct effector immu ...201526292539
a comprehensive assessment of mercury exposure in penguin populations throughout the southern hemisphere: using trophic calculations to identify sources of population-level variation.the wide geographic distribution of penguins (order sphenisciformes) throughout the southern hemisphere provided a unique opportunity to use a single taxonomic group as biomonitors of mercury among geographically distinct marine ecosystems. mercury concentrations were compared among ten species of penguins representing 26 geographically distinct breeding populations. mercury concentrations were relatively low (⩽2.00ppm) in feathers from 18/26 populations considered. population-level differences ...201526072048
trace-elements, methylmercury and metallothionein levels in magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) found stranded on the southern brazilian coast.magellanic penguins have been reported as good biomonitors for several types of pollutants, including trace-elements. in this context, selenium (se), total mercury, methylmercury, inorganic mercury (hg(inorg)), cadmium (cd) and lead (pb), as well as metallothionein (mt) levels, were evaluated in the feathers, liver and kidney of juvenile magellanic penguins found stranded along the coast of southern brazil. the highest concentrations of all trace-elements and methylmercury were found in internal ...201525960272
population regulation in magellanic penguins: what determines changes in colony size?seabirds are often studied at individual colonies, but the confounding effects of emigration and mortality processes in open populations may lead to inappropriate conclusions on the mechanisms underlying population changes. magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) colonies of variable population sizes are distributed along the argentine coastline. in recent decades, several population and distributional changes have occurred, with some colonies declining and others newly established or incre ...201525786254
molecular epidemiology of avian malaria in wild breeding colonies of humboldt and magellanic penguins in south america.avian malaria is a disease caused by species of the genera haemoproteus, leucocytozoon, and plasmodium. it affects hundreds of bird species, causing varied clinical signs depending on the susceptibility of the host species. although high mortality has been reported in captive penguins, limited epidemiological studies have been conducted in wild colonies, and isolated records of avian malaria have been reported mostly from individuals referred to rehabilitation centers. for this epidemiological s ...201525492695
photodynamic therapy for pododermatitis in penguins.pododermatitis is currently one of most frequent and important clinical complications in seabirds kept in captivity or in rehabilitation centers. in this study, five magellanic penguins with previous pododermatitis lesions on their footpad were treated with photodynamic therapy (pdt). all pdt treated lesions successfully regressed and no recurrence was observed during the 6-month follow-up period. pdt seems to be an inexpensive and effective alternative treatment for pododermatitis in magellanic ...201424888264
serological survey for select infectious agents in wild magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) in argentina, 1994-2008.despite being the most numerous penguin species in south america, exposure of the magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) to pathogens has not yet been thoroughly assessed. we collected serum from 1,058 magellanic penguins at 10 breeding colonies along the entire latitudinal range of this species in argentina. the work spanned 10 breeding seasons over 15 yr (1994-2008). sera were tested for antibodies to select infectious agents. antibodies reacting against 16 pathogens were detected (serop ...202031237822
climate change increases reproductive failure in magellanic penguins.climate change is causing more frequent and intense storms, and climate models predict this trend will continue, potentially affecting wildlife populations. since 1960 the number of days with >20 mm of rain increased near punta tombo, argentina. between 1983 and 2010 we followed 3496 known-age magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) chicks at punta tombo to determine how weather impacted their survival. in two years, rain was the most common cause of death killing 50% and 43% of chicks. in ...201424489663
genetically diverse herpesviruses in south american atlantic coast seabirds.different herpesviruses have been associated with respiratory and enteric disease and mortality among seabirds and waterfowl. in 2011, a respiratory disease outbreak affected 58.3% (98/168) of the magellanic penguins undergoing rehabilitation due to an oil spill off the southern brazilian coast. etiology was attributed to a novel herpesvirus identified by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and molecular studies with partial dna sequencing. since migration, rehabilitation a ...201728575104
behavioral responses of magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) (foster) to saltwater versus freshwater.the most common penguin species found along the coast of brazil is the magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus). these penguins spend most of their time foraging for food in the oceans. this information is vital to the maintenance of this species in captivity. the goal of this study was to evaluate the behavioral response of a group of magellanic penguins (s. magellanicus) in two different conditions of water--fresh and salt. the work was divided into two phases. first, animals were kept in ...201323877966
how much is too much? assessment of prey consumption by magellanic penguins in patagonian colonies.penguins are major consumers in the southern oceans although quantification of this has been problematic. one suggestion proposes the use of points of inflection in diving profiles ('wiggles') for this, a method that has been validated for the estimation of prey consumption by magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) by simeone and wilson (2003). following them, we used wiggles from 31 depth logger-equipped magellanic penguins foraging from four patagonian colonies; punta norte (pn), bahía ...201223251554
mhc diversity and mate choice in the magellanic penguin, spheniscus magellanicus.we estimated levels of diversity at the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii drß1 gene in 50 breeding pairs of the magellanic penguin and compared those to estimates from humboldt and galapagos penguins. we tested for positive selection and 2 conditions required for the evolution of mhc-based disassortative mating: 1) greater mhc diversity between breeding pairs compared to random mating, and 2) associations between mhc genotype and fitness. cloning and sequencing of the drß1 gene sho ...201222952272
avian pox in magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus).avian pox is an enveloped double-stranded dna virus that is mechanically transmitted via arthropod vectors or mucosal membrane contact with infectious particles or birds. magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) from two colonies (punta tombo and cabo dos bahías) in argentina showed sporadic, nonepidemic signs of avian pox during five and two of 29 breeding seasons (1982-2010), respectively. in magellanic penguins, avian pox expresses externally as wart-like lesions around the beak, flipper ...201222740548
survival and movements of magellanic penguins rehabilitated from oil fouling along the coast of south america, 2000-2010.oil pollution is a significant conservation concern. we examined data from six institutions along the coast of south america: emergency relief team of the international fund for animal welfare, fundación mundo marino, centro de recuperação de animais marinhos, natura patagonia, associação r3 animal, and mar del plata aquarium and data from resightings in argentina, brazil, chile and falkland/malvinas islands. from 2000 to 2010, 2183 oiled magellanic penguins were rehabilitated as part of the rou ...201222683106
occurrence of magellanic penguins along the northeast brazilian coast during 2008 austral winter.during the austral winter of 2008, thousands of penguins traveled to low latitudes along the south atlantic coast of south america. the atmospheric and oceanic conditions from april to july 2008 may account for the penguins' unusual geographic distribution. during that period, south atlantic coastal waters were cooler; the wind anomalies had northward and onshore components; the ocean's coastal region presented northward currents that favored the penguins to travel toward lower latitudes. this a ...201222649308
mercury levels in feathers of magellanic penguins.feathers are useful to determine mercury (hg) contamination. we evaluated the mercury concentration in feathers of magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) age 1.5 years to 25 years at punta tombo, argentina before and during their molt. mercury ranged between <1.4 and 367 ng/g dry weight, with three extreme high values (8996 ng/g, 3011 ng/g and 1340 ng/g) all in young adults. the median concentration was lowest for juveniles and significantly higher for adults but with high variation among ...201222465054
molecular sexing of unusually large numbers of spheniscus magellanicus (spheniscidae) washed ashore along the brazilian coast in 2008.there have been few studies on magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus). in 2008, these penguins washed ashore along the brazilian coast in unusually high numbers, some reaching as far as northeast brazil. as magellanic penguins show little sexual dimorphism, sex determination by morphological features is not accurate. here, we tested a molecular procedure for sexing specimens of s. magellanicus washed ashore along the coasts of sergipe, rio de janeiro and rio grande do sul in 2008, compari ...201122180075
gillnet fisheries as a major mortality factor of magellanic penguins in wintering areas.the incidental capture in fisheries is probably the main conservation problem affecting seabirds. while the capture of albatrosses and petrels on longline hooks is well-known worldwide, the bycatch of diving seabirds in gillnets is an overlooked conservation problem. during a winter coastal fishing trip, the capture of magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) was recorded in driftnet and bottom setnet fisheries for the first time in southern brazil. the highest captures rates were found in ...201121376348
n-dimensional animal energetic niches clarify behavioural options in a variable marine environment.animals respond to environmental variation by exhibiting a number of different behaviours and/or rates of activity, which result in corresponding variation in energy expenditure. successful animals generally maximize efficiency or rate of energy gain through foraging. quantification of all features that modulate energy expenditure can theoretically be modelled as an animal energetic niche or power envelope; with total power being represented by the vertical axis and n-dimensional horizontal axes ...201121270314
magellanic penguin mortality in 2008 along the sw atlantic coast.magellanic penguins migrate from patagonia reaching northern argentina, uruguay, and southern brazil on their winter migration, in parallel with the seasonal pulse of anchovy spawning. in 2008, magellanic penguins went further north than usual. many died and a few swam nearly to the equator. twelve groups surveyed 5000 km of coastline encountering 3371 penguins along the coast. most penguins arrived in northern brazil (68.4%) without petroleum (2933, 87%). almost all penguins without petroleum w ...201020674946
levels of cadmium, mercury, and lead in magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) stranded on the brazilian coast.cadmium (cd), mercury (hg), and lead (pb) were determined in samples of liver and breast muscles of first-year magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus), from two different areas on the brazilian coast, 35 on the rio de janeiro coast and 12 on the rio grande do sul coast. in both areas, cd concentrations in muscle samples were <0.025 microg/g. however, the cd and hg concentrations found in liver and hg concentrations found in muscle showed a significant difference between the two regions. th ...201019582498
corneal endothelium of the magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) by scanning electron microscopy.the corneal endothelium is essential for the maintenance of the corneal transparency. the aim of this study was to examine the morphology of the endothelial surface and perform morphometric analysis of the normal corneal endothelial cells of the magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) using scanning electron microscopy. the present work demonstrates that the corneal endothelium of the magellanic penguin is similar to those described in other vertebrates.200517312730
chronic oil pollution harms magellanic penguins in the southwest atlantic.petroleum pollution is a problem for seabirds along the southwest atlantic coast. twenty-five groups from salvador, brazil (12 degrees 58's) to san antonio oeste, argentina (40 degrees 43's) survey or rehabilitate sick or oiled seabirds. four groups, one each in brazil and uruguay, and two in argentina, kept counts of birds found alive and in need of rehabilitation. an average of 63.7% of the seabirds found were magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus), with 3869 reported since 1987. mainly ...200616364372
antennae on transmitters on penguins: balancing energy budgets on the high wire.the effect of externally mounted antennae on the energetics of penguins was studied by mounting various antennae on a transducer fixed to a model magellanic penguin spheniscus magellanicus to determine drag, run at speeds of up to 2 m s(-1) in a swim canal. for rigid antennae set perpendicular to the water flow, measured drag increased with increasing swim speed. increasing antenna length (for lengths between 100 and 200 mm) or diameter (for diameters between 1 and 4 mm) resulted in accelerating ...200415201297
offspring body condition and immunocompetence are negatively affected by high breeding densities in a colonial seabird: a multiscale approach.why avian colonies vary in size and how food competition among nearby colonies affects offspring quality are still not completely understood. we simultaneously examined the effects of four scales of breeding density on two measures of offspring viability (body condition and t-cell-mediated immunity) in the colonial magellanic penguin. body condition of fledglings was inversely correlated with breeding density within 100 m(2) of nests, and decreased with increasing numbers of breeding pairs compe ...200111454288
hematology and plasma chemistry values in beached magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) in northern argentina during the nonbreeding season.seabirds have been widely used for monitoring the health of the oceans in diverse marine regions. among low-cost survey strategies, systematic surveys of seabirds beached on coasts have been developed since the 20th century. however, these studies do not always address blood aspects. the assessment of the health status of birds based on the analysis of hematological and plasma chemistry is crucial to evaluate the overall health status profile of live organisms. here, the authors study the variab ...202031926525
histochemical study of magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) minor salivary glands during postnatal growth.the histological and histochemical features of the minor salivary glands during postnatal development have been generally associated with the type of food ingested. however, recent studies support the fact that these salivary glands develop independently of the diet; in fact, minor salivary glands have similar morphological and histochemical characteristics in adult individuals of species with different diet regimens. thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the developmental morphology o ...19999972815
reproductive endocrinology and weight change in relation to reproductive success in the magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus).the magellanic penguin is a colonial monogamous species that lays only a single clutch of two eggs per year. however, failed breeders remain at the colony and engage in nest building, fights, and copulations without relaying. the seasonal changes in reproductive hormones and body weight through the nesting cycle were studied, with respect to the reproductive success or failure of individuals. body weight changed dramatically in both sexes through the season, in response to fasting during incubat ...19947926639
parental quality and selection on egg size in the magellanic penguin.we examined the relative contributions of egg size and parental quality to hatching success, fledging success, and chick growth in the magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) be exchanging clutches between nests to reduce the covariation between egg and parental factors. among control nests, fledging success increased slightly with egg size. however, the effect of egg size independently of parental quality was limited to an influence on chick mass and size for the first 10 days post-hatchin ...199028567813
the eye of the magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus): structure of the anterior segment.we undertook a light and scanning electron microscopic study of the eye in the magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus). the anatomical peculiarities of the eyeball shape in sphenisciformes have been previously described by others; here, we show that they are accompanied by several modifications in the organization of the anterior segment of the eye. the main change was found in the portion of opaque sclera extending from the cornea to the anterior border of the scleral ossicles, which was m ...19902260531
two different avipoxviruses associated with pox disease in magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) along the brazilian coast.a novel avipoxvirus caused diphtheritic lesions in the oesophagus of five and in the bronchioli of four magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) and also cutaneous lesions in eight magellanic penguins housed in outdoor enclosures in a rehabilitation centre at florianópolis, santa catarina state, brazil. at the same time, another avipoxvirus strain caused cutaneous lesions in three magellanic penguins at a geographically distinct rehabilitation centre localized at vila velha, espírito santo ...201324164638
heterophyid trematodes (digenea) from penguins: a new species of ascocotyle looss, 1899, first description of metacercaria of ascocotyle (a.) patagoniensis hernández-orts et al. (2012), and first molecular data.two species of heterophyid trematodes were found in the magellanic penguin, spheniscus magellanicus (forster), from patagonia, argentina. ascocotyle (ascocotyle) patagoniensis hernández-orts et al. (2012) is re-described based on new, properly fixed specimens (original material from south american sea lion, otaria flavescens shaw, was from frozen hosts). metacercariae of this species are reported and described for the first time from the heart of the silversides, odontesthes argentinensis (valen ...201930723670
metal concentrations in the liver and kidney of aquatic mammals and penguins.we determined the hepatic and renal concentrations of cd, pb, zn, cu, and fe in (1) marine mammals (three bottle-nosed dolphins, six california sea lions, and one sea otter), (2) freshwater and brackish-water mammals (one oriental short-clawed otter and four european river otters), and (3) sea birds (three rock-hopper penguins, two king penguins, three humboldt penguins, four macaroni penguins, and four magellanic penguins), all of which were kept in a zoo and an aquarium in japan. we investigat ...200414985624
persistent organic pollutants in juvenile magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) in south america.magellanic penguins, spheniscus magellanicus, are the most abundant penguins living in temperate regions of south america and are good indicators of environmental pollution in the region. persistent organic pollutants (pops) were detected in the liver of magellanic penguins found debilitated or dead on the beaches of brazil (states of rio de janeiro, sao paulo, santa catarina and rio grande do sul) between 2008 and 2012 as well as in uruguay and chile in 2011. polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) we ...201626881336
incorrect likelihood methods were used to infer scaling laws of marine predator search behaviour.ecologists are collecting extensive data concerning movements of animals in marine ecosystems. such data need to be analysed with valid statistical methods to yield meaningful conclusions.201223071508
venous and arterial acid-base analysis of magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus), awake and anesthetized by isoflurane.this study aimed to compare the venous acid-base status of healthy awake versus anesthetized magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus). ten nonanesthetized penguins were manually restrained, and a venous blood sample was collected. six of these penguins were anesthetized by 2% isoflurane and, after an anesthetic stabilization period, both venous and arterial blood samples were simultaneously withdrawn. using an i-stat analyzer, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pco2), partial pressure of o ...201931120688
from mammals back to birds: host-switch of the acanthocephalan corynosoma australe from pinnipeds to the magellanic penguin spheniscus magellanicus.trophically-transmitted parasites are regularly exposed to potential new hosts through food web interactions. successful colonization, or switching, to novel hosts, occur readily when 'donor' and 'target' hosts are phylogenetically related, whereas switching between distantly related hosts is rare and may result from stochastic factors (i.e. rare favourable mutations). this study investigates a host-switching event between a marine acanthocephalan specific to pinnipeds that is apparently able to ...201728981550
luck in food finding affects individual performance and population trajectories.energy harvesting by animals is important because it provides the power needed for all metabolic processes. beyond this, efficient food finding enhances individual fitness [1] and population viability [2], although rates of energy accumulation are affected by the environment and food distribution. typically, differences between individuals in the rate of food acquisition are attributed to varying competencies [3], even though food-encounter rates are known to be probabilistic [4]. we used animal ...201830449669
compound-specific stable isotope analyses in falkland islands seabirds reveal seasonal changes in trophic positions.while nitrogen and carbon stable isotope values can reflect ecological segregation, prey choice and spatial distribution in seabirds, the interpretation of bulk stable isotope values is frequently hampered by a lack of isotopic baseline data. in this study, we used compound-specific isotope analyses of amino acids (csia-aa) to overcome this constraint and to study interspecific differences, seasonal and historical changes in trophic positions of five seabird species, three penguins and two petre ...202032293412
comparative morphometric evaluation of hepatic hemosiderosis in wild magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) infected with different plasmodium spp. subgenera.avian malaria is one of the most important diseases of captive penguins. we employed morphometric techniques to evaluate hepatic hemosiderosis in rehabilitating wild magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) that were negative (n = 9) or naturally infected by different subgenera of plasmodium spp. (n = 24), according with: plasmodium subgenera (haemamoeba, huffia, other lineages, and unidentified lineages), severity of plasmodium histopathological lesions, and concurrent diseases, age class ...201930810664
correction: occurrence of tissue cyst forming coccidia in magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) rescued on the coast of brazil.[this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209007.].201930742697
Displaying items 1 - 100 of 136