| heterotrophic bacteria present in hindguts of wood-eating termites [reticulitermes flavipes (kollar)]. | strict anaerobic culture techniques were used to quantitate heterotrophic bacteria present in hindguts of reticulitermes flavipes. the grand mean number of viable cells per hindgut was 0.4 x 10(5) (first-instar larvae), 1.3 x 10(5) (third-instar larvae), 3.5 x 10(5) (workers), and 1.5 x 10(5) (soldiers). of a total of 344 isolates, 66.3% were streptococci that were always obtained regardless of the origin of termites, their developmental stage or caste, or their length of captivity. most of the ... | 1978 | 655709 |
| epi- and endobiotic bacteria associated with pyrsonympha vertens, a symbiotic protozoon of the termite reticulitermes flavipes. | | 1974 | 4598584 |
| pathogenicity of externally occurring fungi to reticulitermes flavipes. | | 1966 | 5949418 |
| effect of temperature and termite starvation on phagocytosis by protozoan symbionts of the eastern subterranean termite reticulitermes flavipes kollar | | 1998 | 9688779 |
| methanobrevibacter filiformis sp. nov., a filamentous methanogen from termite hindguts. | a morphologically distinct, filamentous methanogen was isolated from hindguts of the subterranean termite, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar) (rhinotermitidae), wherein it was part of the microbiota colonizing the hindgut wall. individual filaments of strain rfm-3 were 0.23-0.28 micron in diameter and usually > 50 micron in length and aggregated into flocs that were often >/= 0.1 mm in diameter. optimal growth of strain rfm-3 was obtained at ph 7.0-7.2 and 30 degrees c with a yeast-extract-supplem ... | 1998 | 9531629 |
| physiological ecology of methanobrevibacter cuticularis sp. nov. and methanobrevibacter curvatus sp. nov., isolated from the hindgut of the termite reticulitermes flavipes. | two morphologically distinct, h2- and co2-utilizing methanogens were isolated from gut homogenates of the subterranean termite, reticulitermes-flavipes (kollar) (rhinotermitidae). strain rfm-1 was a short straight rod (0.4 by 1.2 micron), whereas strain rfm-2 was a slightly curved rod (0.34 by 1.6 microns) that possessed polar fibers. their morphology, gram-positive staining reaction, resistance to cell lysis by chemical agents, and narrow range of utilizable substracts were typical of species b ... | 1996 | 8837417 |
| toxicity of the venom from nasonia vitripennis (hymenoptera: pteromalidae) toward fly hosts, nontarget insects, different developmental stages, and cultured insect cells. | a venom preparation from nasonia vitripennis, a wasp ectoparasitoid of fly pupae, was assayed for lethality in different stages of insects representing ten different orders and in cultured insect cells. in most cases, the motor activity of the injected insects remained completely normal for 1-2 days after the injection and displayed none of the symptoms of paralysis commonly reported for venoms of the hymenoptera. a natural host, the flesh fly sarcophaga bullata, was highly sensitive in the pupa ... | 1993 | 8342173 |
| changes in morphogenetic hormone titers in isolated workers of the termite reticulitermes flavipes (kollar). | the daily titers of juvenile hormone and ecdysteroids were determined for workers of the eastern subterranean termite reticulitermes flavipes (kollar) (isoptera, rhinotermitidae) following isolation of the workers from soldiers and reproductives. experiments have demonstrated that isolation leads to biochemical and physiological changes that result in a presolider molt. juvenile hormone (jh) and molting hormone (mh) titers were determined in hemolymph samples using radioimmunoassay. the identity ... | 1993 | 8224756 |
| phylogeny of trichomonads inferred from small-subunit rrna sequences. | small subunit (16s-like) ribosomal rna sequences were obtained from representatives of all four families constituting the order trichomonadida. comparative sequence analysis revealed that the trichomonadida are a monophyletic lineage and a deep branch of the eukaryotic tree. relative to the early divergent eukaryotic assemblages the branching pattern within the trichomonadida is very shallow. this pattern suggests the trichomonadida radiated recently, perhaps in conjunction with their animal hos ... | 1995 | 7620466 |
| two new genera of nematodes parasitic in the eastern subterranean termite, reticulitermes flavipes. | | 1971 | 5575741 |
| possible formation and development of spirochaete attachment sites found on the surface of symbiotic polymastigote flagellates of the termite reticulitermes flavipes. | we propose that spirochaete attachment sites arise from peripheral protrusions which appear on the surface of polymastigote flagellates. these protrusions develop into bracket-shaped structures which then form the mature attachment site. next the site becomes detached from the surface of the cell; this latter process may be facilitated by the fusion of vesicles located in the region immediately beneath the spirochaete attachment site. this theory could explain the variability in the number and d ... | 1975 | 1203458 |
| in situ morphology of the gut microbiota of wood-eating termites [reticulitermes flavipes (kollar) and coptotermes formosanus shiraki]. | light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to examine the in situ morphology of the gut microbiota of reticulitermes flavipes and caoptotermes formosanus. laboratory-maintained termites were used and, for r. flavipes, specimens were also prepared immediately after collection from a natural infestation. the latter endeavor enabled a study of different castes and developmental stages of r. flavipes and revealed differences in the microbiota of field versus laborat ... | 1977 | 848959 |
| caste- and development-associated gene expression in a lower termite. | social insects such as termites express dramatic polyphenism (the occurrence of multiple forms in a species on the basis of differential gene expression) both in association with caste differentiation and between castes after differentiation. we have used cdna macroarrays to compare gene expression between polyphenic castes and intermediary developmental stages of the termite reticulitermes flavipes. | 2003 | 14519197 |
| metabolism of chlorpyrifos-14-c in the eastern subterranean termite. | | 1975 | 47772 |
| endospore-forming filamentous bacteria symbiotic in termites: ultrastructure and growth in culture of arthromitus. | many morphologically distinguishable filamentous spore-forming bacteria symbiotic in the paunch (hypertrophied hindguts) of wood-eating insects have been seen since arthromitus was first described and named as a plant by leidy in 1850. previous descriptions were inadequate for acceptance of the group in modern bacteriological literature. twenty-two distinguishable arthromitids in nine different arthropod hosts are recorded on the basis of microscopic studies. five are named, including two who ... | 1990 | 11539024 |
| resistance of insecticide-treated foam board insulation against the eastern subterranean termite and the formosan subterranean termite (isoptera: rhinotermitidae). | three foam board types, one untreated control, one containing 2,000 ppm disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (dot), and one containing 1,000 ppm deltamethrin, were exposed to field populations of the eastern subterranean termite, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar), and the formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki. there was no significant difference in termite damage between foam boards treated with 2,000 ppm dot and the untreated control. form boards containing 1,000 ppm deltamet ... | 2003 | 14650528 |
| penetration of the eastern subterranean termite into soil treated at various thicknesses and concentrations of dursban tc and premise 75. | the ability of eastern subterranean termites, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar), to penetrate various concentrations and treatment thicknesses ranging from 1.0 to 50.0 mm of dursban tc and premise 75 was evaluated in a laboratory bioassay. termites penetrated only a few millimeters into 500 ppm dursban tc-treated soil at all thicknesses. as concentration decreased, termite penetration into dursban tc-treated soil increased with termites generally penetrating completely through 5.0- and 0.5-ppm tr ... | 2001 | 11332843 |
| purification and characterization of trans-permethrin metabolizing microsomal esterases from workers of the eastern subterranean termite, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar). | three alpha-naphthyl acetate hydrolyzing esterase isozymes were purified from microsomes prepared from reticulitermes flavipes workers. the two step process involved sequential preparative ief followed by continuous elution preparative electrophoresis on a 5% non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel. the first ief run resulted in 5.4-fold purification with a yield of 46.1%. subsequent ief further purified the esterases 14.3-fold and 12% yield. preparative electrophoresis of the pooled ief fractions pro ... | 2001 | 11267909 |
| impact of oxygen on metabolic fluxes and in situ rates of reductive acetogenesis in the hindgut of the wood-feeding termite reticulitermes flavipes. | the symbiotic digestion of lignocellulose in the hindgut of the wood-feeding termite reticulitermes flavipes is characterized by two major metabolic pathways: (i) the oxidation of polysaccharides to acetate by anaerobic hydrogen-producing protozoa; and (ii) the reduction of co2 by hydrogenotrophic acetogenic bacteria. both reactions together would render the hindgut largely homoacetogenic. however, the results of this study show that the situation is more complex. by microinjection of radiolabel ... | 2000 | 11234932 |
| phylogenetic diversity of termite gut spirochaetes. | a molecular phylogenetic analysis was done of not-yet-cultured spirochaetes inhabiting the gut of the termite, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar). ninety-eight clones of near-full-length spirochaetal 16s rdna genes were classified by ardra pattern and by partial sequencing. all clones grouped within the genus treponema, and at least 21 new species of treponema were recognized within r. flavipes alone. analysis of 190 additional clones from guts of coptotermes formosanus shiraki and zootermopsis an ... | 1999 | 11207751 |
| carbon dioxide release in coptotermes formosanus shiraki and reticulitermes flavipes (kollar): effects of caste, mass, and movement. | movement and carbon dioxide (co(2)) release of individual formosan, coptotermes formosanus shiraki and eastern, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar) subterranean termites were recorded simultaneously in real time. worker, soldier, and pre-alate (nymph) caste termites were recorded over 1-h periods at ambient temperature and normoxia in dry, co(2)-free air. no evidence of discontinuous gas exchange cycles (dgcs) was observed in 344 recordings. intensity of movement was constant in video tape recordin ... | 2001 | 11119767 |
| polyethylene barrier impregnated with lambda-cyhalothrin for exclusion of subterranean termites (isoptera: rhinotermitidae) from structures. | polyethylene film impregnated with lambda-cyhalothrin was placed over a sand plot and covered with a concrete slab to allow insecticide movement into the sand for a period of 5.5 yr. discs of polyethylene film and sand beneath them were sampled annually for 5 yr and at 5.5 yr for bioassay with the formosan and eastern subterranean termite. results demonstrated that sufficient quantities of lambda-cyhalothrin were released from the impregnated polyethylene film into adjacent sand to prevent termi ... | 2004 | 15154483 |
| toxicity and in vitro metabolism of t-permethrin in eastern subterranean termite (isoptera: rhinotermitidae). | toxicity and metabolism of t-permethrin were evaluated in two colonies (uf and ars) of the eastern subterranean termite, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar), collected in gainesville, fl. the uf colony (lc50 = 1.86 micrograms per vial) was approximately twofold more tolerant of t-permethrin than the ars colony (lc50 = 0.89 microgram per vial) at the lc50. the synergists piperonyl butoxide and s,s,s-tributylphosphorotrithioate increased t-permethrin toxicity four- and threefold (at the lc50) in the ... | 2000 | 10985040 |
| kinetics of uptake, clearance, transfer, and metabolism of hexaflumuron by eastern subterranean termites (isoptera: rhinotermitidae). | the rates of uptake, clearance, insect-to-insect transfer, and metabolism of [14c] hexaflumuron [n-(((3,5-dichloro-4-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluroethoxy)phenyl)- amino)carbonyl)-2,6-diflurobenzamide] were measured in eastern subterranean termite workers, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar), fed cellulose diets containing either 0.1 or 0.5% (wt:wt) hexaflumuron. the rate of uptake, level of maximum uptake, and amount of insect-to-insect transfer were concentration dependent. the clearance rate constant for he ... | 2000 | 10902344 |
| gene expression profiles among immature and adult reproductive castes of the termite reticulitermes flavipes. | array-based genomic studies were conducted with the goal of identifying immature (i.e. nymph) and adult reproductive caste-biased gene expression in the termite reticulitermes flavipes. using cdna macro-arrays, we identified thirty-four nymph-biased genes falling into eight ontogenic categories. based on gene expression profiles among diverse castes and developmental stages (determined by quantitative pcr), several important trends emerged. these findings highlight the importance of several deve ... | 2005 | 15663773 |
| polymorphism at trinucleotide microsatellite loci in the subterranean termite reticulitermes flavipes. | | 2000 | 10849299 |
| feeding inhibition and mortality in reticulitermes flavipes (isoptera: rhinotermitidae) after exposure to imidacloprid-treated soils. | feeding inhibition and mortality of reticulitermes flavipes (kollar) exposed to sand, sandy loam, loam, and silty clay loam soils treated with several concentrations of imidacloprid were studied using bioassay techniques under laboratory conditions. termite workers stopped feeding after exposure to treated soils. differences in feeding reduction varied among the soil types. based on the magnitude of the f-statistics, the effect of imidacloprid on the reduction of termite feeding was greatest in ... | 2000 | 10826195 |
| characterization of abundance and diversity of lactic acid bacteria in the hindgut of wood- and soil-feeding termites by molecular and culture-dependent techniques. | lactic acid bacteria have been identified as typical and numerically significant members of the gut microbiota of reticulitermes flavipes and other wood-feeding lower termites. we found that also in the guts of the higher termites nasutitermes arborum (wood-feeding), thoracotermes macrothorax, and anoplotermes pacificus (both soil-feeding), lactic acid bacteria represent the largest group of culturable carbohydrate-utilizing bacteria (3.6-5.2x10(4) bacteria per gut; 43%-54% of all colonies). all ... | 2000 | 10795684 |
| molecular phylogeny of parabasalids based on small subunit rrna sequences, with emphasis on the trichomonadinae subfamily. | we determined small subunit ribosomal dna sequences from three parabasalid species, trichomitus batrachorum strain r105, tetratrichomonas gallinarum, and pentatrichomonas hominis belonging to the trichomonadinae subfamily. unrooted molecular phylogenetic trees inferred by distance, parsimony, and likelihood methods reveal four discrete clades among the parabasalids. the trichomonadinae form a robust monophyletic group. within this subfamily t. gallinarum is closely related to trichomonas species ... | 2000 | 10651299 |
| hydrogen profiles and localization of methanogenic activities in the highly compartmentalized hindgut of soil-feeding higher termites (cubitermes spp.). | it has been shown that the coexistence of methanogenesis and reductive acetogenesis in the hindgut of the wood-feeding termite reticulitermes flavipes is based largely on the radial distribution of the respective microbial populations and relatively high hydrogen partial pressures in the gut lumen. using clark-type microelectrodes, we showed that the situation in cubitermes orthognathus and other soil-feeding members of the subfamily termitinae is different and much more complex. all major compa ... | 1999 | 10508080 |
| time trends in mortality for thiamethoxam and fipronil against formosan subterranean termites and eastern subterranean termites (isoptera: rhinotermitidae). | time trends in mortality for the formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki, and eastern subterranean termite, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar), were determined for thiamethoxam and fipronil. filter paper treated with 50 ppm thiamethoxam led to >80% mortality in 2-4 d for r. flavipes, whereas 5 ppm thiamethoxam resulted in >80% mortality in 2-3 d for c. formosanus. filter paper treated with 1 ppm fipronil resulted in >80% mortality in 5 d for r. flavipes and 9 d for c. formosa ... | 2005 | 16022321 |
| phylogenetic diversity of parabasalian symbionts from termites, including the phylogenetic position of pseudotrypanosoma and trichonympha. | the phylogenetic diversity of parabasalian flagellates from termite hindguts has been examined by small subunit ribosomal rna (rrna) amplification and sequencing. two species of particular interest, the giant trichomonad pseudotrypanosoma giganteum and the hypermastigote trichonympha magna, were isolated from the gut of porotermes adamsoni by micropipetting, and the rrna genes from these small populations amplified and sequenced. rrna genes representing hypermastigida and the trichomonadida fami ... | 1998 | 9864854 |
| distribution and abundance of antennopsis gallica (hyphomycetes: gleohaustoriales), an ectoparasitic fungus, on the eastern subterranean termite in canada. | the distribution of the entomogenous fungus antennopsis gallica is extended with its discovery on reticulitermes flavipes (kollar) in canada. the level of infection varied between termite castes. the most heavily infected termites were those that belonged to terminal, nonmoulting castes, soldiers and neotenic reproductives being more infected than workers and nymphs. several termites carried in excess of 200 fungal thalli, with a maximum number of 479 thalli occurring on a single neotenic reprod ... | 1998 | 9709013 |
| phylogenetic placement of trichonympha. | flagellated protists of the class hypermastigida have previously been classified on morphology alone, since no molecular sequences have been available. we have isolated dna from 350 cells of the hypermastigote trichonympha, manually collected from the hindgut of zootermopsis angusticollis, and used this dna as template for polymerase chain reaction amplification of the small-subunit ribosomal rna gene. the dna sequence of the amplified fragment is closely related to that of a previously-unidenti ... | 1998 | 9703681 |
| uric acid-degrading bacteria in guts of termites [reticulitermes flavipes (kollar)]. | uricolytic bacteria were present in guts of reticulitermes flavipes in populations up to 6 x 10 cells per gut. of 82 strains isolated under strict anaerobic conditions, most were group n streptococcus sp., bacteroides termitidis, and citrobacter sp. all isolates used uric acid (ua) as an energy source anaerobically, but not aerobically, and nh(3) was the major nitrogenous product of uricolysis. however, none of the isolates had an absolute requirement for ua. utilization of heterocyclic compound ... | 1980 | 16345587 |
| tunnel formation by reticulitermes flavipes and coptotermes formosanus (isoptera: rhinotermitidae) in response to wood in sand. | the tunneling responses of two subterranean termite species, coptotermes formosanus shiraki and reticulitermes flavipes (kollar), to the presence of sound wood in laboratory arenas were studied. branching pattern and the speed of tunnel construction between r. flavipes and c. formosanus also were compared. patlak's residence index (rho) was generated using the length, width, speed of construction, and area of the primary tunnels built by termites. in the same allotted time, c. formosanus built w ... | 2001 | 11777041 |
| responses of coptotermes formosanus and reticulitermes flavipes (isoptera: rhinotermitidae) to three types of wood rot fungi cultured on different substrates. | this study examined the responses of two termite species, the formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki, and the eastern subterranean termite, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar), to three types of wood decay fungi: a brown rot fungus, gloeophyllum trabeum (persoon: fries) murrill; a white rot fungus, phanerochaete chrysosporium burdsall; and a litter rot fungus, marasmiellus troyanus (murrill) singer. we also examined the responses of termites to these three types of fungi grow ... | 2002 | 11942746 |
| acetate synthesis from h(2) plus co(2) by termite gut microbes. | gut microbiota from reticulitermes flavipes termites catalyzed an h(2)-dependent total synthesis of acetate from co(2). rates of h(2)-co(2) acetogenesis in vitro were 1.11 +/- 0.37 mumol of acetate g (fresh weight) h (equivalent to 4.44 +/- 1.47 nmol termite h) and could account for approximately 1/3 of all the acetate produced during the hindgut fermentation. formate was also produced from h(2) + co(2), as were small amounts of propionate, butyrate, and lactate-succinate. however, h(2)-co(2) fo ... | 1986 | 16347157 |
| acoustic detection of termite infestations in urban trees. | a portable, low-frequency acoustic system was used to detect termite infestations in urban trees. the likelihood of infestation was rated independently by a computer program and an experienced listener that distinguished insect sounds from background noises. because soil is a good insulator, termite sounds could be detected easily underneath infested trees, despite the presence of high urban background noise. termite sounds could be detected also in trunks, but background noise often made it dif ... | 2002 | 12403425 |
| tunneling activity of subterranean termites (isoptera: rhinotermitidae) in sand with moisture gradients. | tunnel formation by coptotermes formosanus and reticulitermes flavipes was studied in a two-dimensional foraging arena with a moisture gradient. moisture did not appear to affect tunneling when termite first emerged from the central release chamber. but as termites of both species moved further away from the chamber and into a moisture gradient, they tunneled significantly (p < 0.05) more in sand with a higher moisture content than in sand with a lower moisture content. over the 10 d test period ... | 2003 | 12650349 |
| phylogenetic diversity and whole-cell hybridization of oxymonad flagellates from the hindgut of the wood-feeding lower termite reticulitermes flavipes. | ssu rrna genes of oxymonad protists from the hindgut of the wood-feeding termite reticulitermes flavipes were pcr-amplified using a newly designed oxymonad-specific forward primer and a newly designed reverse primer specific for termite gut flagellates. after cloning, the clone library was sorted into four groups by rflp analysis and nearly full-length ssu rrna gene sequences were obtained for representative clones from each group. phylogenetic analysis revealed that sequences of all four groups ... | 2003 | 12812374 |
| ability of canine termite detectors to locate live termites and discriminate them from non-termite material. | dogs were trained to detect eastern subterranean termites, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar), using the united states customs method of scent detection dog training modified with a food reward. dogs were tested with various numbers of eastern subterranean termites placed in vented pvc containers. trained dogs were 95.93% accurate in finding > or = 40 eastern subterranean termite workers (positive indications) and incorrectly indicated the presence of termites in 2.69% of the containers without te ... | 2003 | 14503599 |
| catnip essential oil as a barrier to subterranean termites (isoptera: rhinotermitidae) in the laboratory. | the essential oil of catnip, nepeta cataria (lamiacae) was evaluated for behavioral effects on two populations of subterranean termite, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar) and r. virginicus (banks) (isoptera: rhinotermitidae). the catnip essential oil contained approximately 36:64 e,z-nepetalactone and z,e-nepetalactone, respectively. the time to 50% dissipation (dt50) of the isomers in sand was dependent on dose, and ranged from 5.7 to 12.6 d for the e,z-isomer and 7.7-18.6 d for the z,e-isomer. f ... | 2003 | 14503601 |
| colony genetic organization and colony fusion in the termite reticulitermes flavipes as revealed by foraging patterns over time and space. | temporal and spatial analyses are seldom utilized in the study of colony genetic structure, but they are potentially powerful methods which can yield novel insights into the mechanisms underlying variation in breeding systems. here we present the results of a study which incorporated both of these dimensions in an examination of genetic structure of subterranean termites in the genus reticulitermes (primarily r. flavipes). most colonies of this species (70%) were simple families apparently heade ... | 2004 | 14717897 |
| hierarchical analysis of colony and population genetic structure of the eastern subterranean termite, reticulitermes flavipes, using two classes of molecular markers. | termites (isoptera) comprise a large and important group of eusocial insects, yet, in contrast to the eusocial hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps), the breeding systems of termites remain poorly understood. in this study, i inferred the breeding system of the subterranean termite reticulitermes flavipes based on colony and population genetic structure as determined from microsatellite and mitochondrial dna markers. termites were sampled from natural wood debris from three undisturbed, forested sites ... | 2003 | 14761059 |
| influence of soil compaction on tunnel network construction by the eastern subterranean termite (isoptera: rhinotermitidae). | eastern subterranean termites, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar), workers were introduced into arenas containing low, moderate, and high compaction builder's sand (1.05 g/cm3, 1.18 g/cm3 or 1.35 g/cm3 bulk densities, respectively), and they immediately began tunneling. termites built the tunnel network significantly fastest in soil of low compaction compared with moderately or highly compacted soil. in soil of low compaction, 221.67 +/- 4.73 cm of total tunnel distance was constructed in 1 d comp ... | 2004 | 14998131 |
| dna-based identification of the eastern subterranean termite, reticulitermes flavipes (isoptera: rhinotermitidae). | a dna-based system for the identification of reticulitermes flavipes (koller) was established based on the following criteria: adequate molecular variation, comprehensive specimen sampling, explicit morphological species identification, and cladistic analysis. termite soldiers were identified by labral shape, and these specimens and associated pseudergates were used in subsequent molecular analyses. mitochondrial dna from the at-rich region was sequenced for 173 r. flavipes, reticulitermes hagen ... | 2004 | 14998132 |
| transferof chlorfenapyr among workers of reticulitermnes flavipes (isoptera: rhinotermitidae) in the laboratory. | the potential for transfer of chlorfenapyr among subterranean termites was investigated using a donor-recipient (5:95 ratio) experiment. in one experiment, workers of reticulitermes flavipes (kollar) (isoptera: rhinotermitidae) were exposed to treated sand at 0, 50, 100, 250, and 500 ppm chlorfenapyr (wt [ai]/wt sand). exposed workers were allowed to interact with untreated nestmates for 14 d, after which mortality was assessed. the three colonies responded differently to the treatments in this ... | 2006 | 16813326 |
| parasitism of subterranean termites (isoptera: rhinotermitidae: termitidae) by entomopathogenic nematodes (rhabditida: steinernematidae; heterorhabditidae). | in laboratory bioassays, steinernema riobrave cabanillas, poinar and raulston (355 strain), steinernema carpocapsae (weiser) (mexican 33 strain), steinernemafeltiae (filipjev) (uk76 strain), and heterorhabditis bacteriophora poinar (hp88 strain) were all capable of infecting and killing three termite species, heterotermes aureus (snyder), gnathamitermes perplexus (banks), and reticulitermes flavipes (kollar) in laboratory sand assays. s. riobrave and s. feltiae caused low levels of reticuliterme ... | 2006 | 16937662 |
| phylogenetic relationships of nearctic reticulitermes species (isoptera: rhinotermitidae) with particular reference to reticulitermes arenincola goellner. | dna sequence comparisons of the mitochondrial coii, 16s, and 12s rrna genes were used to infer phylogenetic relationships among the six known us reticulitermes species (reticulitermes flavipes, reticulitermes arenincola, reticulitermes tibialis, reticulitermes hageni, reticulitermes virginicus, and reticulitermes hesperus) and the closely related european species reticulitermes santonensis. the interspecific pairwise sequence divergence, based on uncorrected "p" distance, varied up to 10% across ... | 2004 | 15012959 |
| laboratory performance and pharmacokinetics of the benzoylphenylurea noviflumuron in eastern subterranean termites (isoptera: rhinotermitidae). | a benzoylphenylurea insect growth regulator with the common name noviflumuron was evaluated for use as a baiting toxicant against the eastern subterranean termite, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar). noviflumuron demonstrated significantly greater potency and faster speed of action compared with the commercial standard hexaflumuron. in addition, noviflumuron was not a feeding deterrent on filter paper at concentrations of up to 10,000 ppm. the rates of uptake, clearance, and insect-to-insect trans ... | 2004 | 15154487 |
| characterization of termite lipophorin and its involvement in hydrocarbon transport. | the transport of lipids constitutes a vital function in insects and requires the plasma lipoprotein lipophorin. in all insects examined to date, cuticular hydrocarbons are also transported through the hemolymph by lipophorin, and in social insects they play important roles not only in water proofing the cuticle but also in nestmate recognition. high-density lipophorin (hdlp), isolated from reticulitermes flavipes plasma by kbr gradient ultracentrifugation, contains 66.2% protein and 33.8% lipids ... | 2004 | 15234621 |
| effects of juvenile hormone iii on reticulitermes flavipes: changes in hemolymph protein composition and gene expression. | termites express polyphenism during caste differentiation that is mostly undefined at the molecular level. using the eastern subterranean termite, reticulitermes flavipes kollar, we wanted (1) to test juvenile hormone (jh) model assays for their ability to induce detectable molecular changes in worker termites and (2) to investigate hemolymph proteins and their corresponding genes during jh-induced soldier caste differentiation. our results illustrate pronounced changes in two hemolymph proteins ... | 2005 | 15705500 |
| attraction of subterranean termites (isoptera) to carbon dioxide. | subterranean termites, reticulitermes spp., were attracted to carbon dioxide (co2) in laboratory and field tests. in behavioral bioassays, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar), reticulitermes tibialis banks, and reticulitermes virginicus banks were attracted to co2 concentrations between 5 and 50 mmol/mol. in further bioassays, r. tibialis and r. virginicus were attracted to the headspace from polyisocyanurate construction foam that contained 10-12 mmol/mol co2. in soil bioassays in the laboratory, ... | 2005 | 15889741 |
| valuation of efficacy and nonrepellency of indoxacarb and fipronil-treated soil at various concentrations and thicknesses against two subterranean termites (isoptera: rhinotermitidae). | the efficacy and nonrepellency of indoxacarb (150 sc, 150 g [ai]/liter) and fipronil (termidor sc, 9.1% [al]) against field-collected eastern subterranean termite, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar), and the formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki, were evaluated for mortality and penetration into treated soil in laboratory glass tube bioassays. both insecticides were tested at five concentrations (0, 1, 10, 50, and 100 ppm) and two thicknesses (20 and 50 mm) of treated soil. ... | 2005 | 15889745 |
| phe-gly-leu-amide allatostatin in the termite reticulitermes flavipes: content in brain and corpus allatum and effect on juvenile hormone synthesis. | in the subterranean termite reticulitermes flavipes, allatostatins (asts) with the c-terminus phe-gly leu-amide were localized by immunocytochemistry with antibody against a cockroach ast, dippu ast-7. ast-immunoreactivity occurred in the corpus cardiacum and corpus allatum and in the lateral and medial neurosecretory cells of the brain that innervate these organs as well as in many other nerve cells of the brain. this was observed in workers, nymphs, soldiers and secondary reproductives. a radi ... | 2005 | 15890178 |
| tunneling and mortality of eastern and formosan subterranean termites (isoptera: rhinotermitidae) in sand treated with thiamethoxam or fipronil. | thiamethoxam and fipronil were examined for their termiticidal properties against the formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki, and the eastern subterranean termite, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar). concentrations > or =8 ppm thiamethoxam and > or =1 ppm fipronil provided an effective barrier against c. formosanus and r. flavipes. sand was penetrated to some degree at all concentrations of thiamethoxam (0-800 ppm for c. formosanus and 0-1000 ppm for r. flavipes) and fiproni ... | 2005 | 16022320 |
| evaluation of novel and traditional measures for vigor of laboratory-cultured termites, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar). | the current study was undertaken to consider predictive methods for describing the vigor of reticulitermes flavipes (kollar) termites stored in a laboratory under conditions similar to control groups in bioassay. these novel methods were based on measurements for levels of biological molecules (uric acid, soluble proteins, lipid, and glycogen), percent water content, live weight, and running speed. also considered were two established, non-predictive methods for determining vigor, survivorship a ... | 2006 | 16307753 |
| isolation and characterization of norharmane from reticulitermes termites (isoptera: rhinotermitidae). | the fluorescent alkaloid norharmane has been isolated from reticulitermes termites and characterized by 1h nmr, uv/vis, mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. microcoil 1h nmr spectroscopy allowed spectra to be obtained from mass-limited material, facilitating the identification of norharmane, which is the major component in termite fluorescence under uv light. norharmane was uniformly present at approximately 1 ng/mg in reticulitermes tibialis banks workers, soldiers, and ... | 2005 | 16334338 |
| cross-feeding of lactate between streptococcus lactis and bacteroides sp. isolated from termite hindguts. | streptococcus lactis and bacteroides sp., isolated from hindguts of reticulitermes flavipes termites, were grown anaerobically in monoculture and coculture. when grown in a glucose medium, s. lactis monoculture produced lactate as the major fermentation product, with small amounts of formate, acetate, ethanol, and co(2). in coculture, glucose was completely consumed during growth of s. lactis. lactate, produced by s. lactis, then supported much of the growth of bacteroides and was fermented to p ... | 1979 | 16345401 |
| termite attractant from fungus-infected wood. | field observations suggested that subterranean termites might follow a concentration gradient of attractive material to find decaying wood. laboratory cultures of the brown rot fungus, lenzites trabea pers. ex. fr., on pine blocks formed a material attractive to the eastern subterranean termites, reticulitermes flavipes (kol.) and r. virginicus banks, and a costa rican termite, nasutitermes columbicus (holmgren). such a potent termite attractant may be useful in termite surveys and control. | 1961 | 17834302 |
| anaerobic degradation of uric acid by gut bacteria of termites. | a study was done of anaerobic degradation of uric acid (ua) by representative strains of uricolytic bacteria isolated from guts of reticulitermes flavipes termites. streptococcus strain uad-1 degraded ua incompletely, secreting a fluorescent compound into the medium, unless formate (or a formicogenic compound) was present as a cosubstrate. formate functioned as a reductant, and its oxidation to co(2) by formate dehydrogenase provided 2h + 2e needed to drive uricolysis to completion. uricolysis b ... | 1980 | 16345588 |
| volatile fatty acid production by the hindgut microbiota of xylophagous termites. | acetate dominated the extracellular pool of volatile fatty acids (vfas) in the hindgut fluid of reticulitermes flavipes, zootermopsis angusticollis, and incisitermes schwarzi, where it occurred at concentrations of 57.9 to 80.6 mm and accounted for 94 to 98 mol% of all vfas. small amounts of c(3) to c(5) vfas were also observed. acetate was also the major vfa in hindgut homogenates of schedorhinotermes lamanianus, prorhinotermes simplex, coptotermes formosanus, and nasutitermes corniger. estimat ... | 1983 | 16346296 |
| the termite gut microflora as an oxygen sink: microelectrode determination of oxygen and ph gradients in guts of lower and higher termites. | clark-type oxygen microelectrodes and glass ph microelectrodes, each with a tip diameter of <=10 (mu)m, were used to obtain high-resolution profiles of oxygen concentrations and ph values in isolated termite guts. radial oxygen profiles showed that oxygen penetrated into the peripheral hindgut contents up to about 150 to 200 (mu)m below the epithelial surface in both the lower termite reticulitermes flavipes (kollar) and the higher termite nasutitermes lujae (wasmann). only the central portions ... | 1995 | 16535076 |
| roles of oxygen and the intestinal microflora in the metabolism of lignin-derived phenylpropanoids and other monoaromatic compounds by termites. | prompted by our limited understanding of the degradation of lignin and lignin-derived aromatic metabolites in termites, we studied the metabolism of monoaromatic model compounds by termites and their gut microflora. feeding trials performed with [ring-u-(sup14)c]benzoic acid and [ring-u-(sup14)c]cinnamic acid revealed the general ability of termites of the major feeding guilds (wood and soil feeders and fungus cultivators) to mineralize the aromatic nucleus. up to 70% of the radioactive label wa ... | 1995 | 16535077 |
| regulation of polyphenic caste differentiation in the termite reticulitermes flavipes by interaction of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. | polyphenism is a key strategy used by solitary insects to adapt to changing environmental conditions and by eusocial insects for existing collaboratively in a social environment. in social insects, the morphogenetic juvenile hormone (jh) is often involved in directing the differentiation of polyphenic behavioral castes. the present study examines the effects of jh, environment and feeding on caste polyphenism in a eusocial insect, the termite reticulitermes flavipes (kollar). our approach includ ... | 2007 | 18232118 |
| hydrogen concentration profiles at the oxic-anoxic interface: a microsensor study of the hindgut of the wood-feeding lower termite reticulitermes flavipes (kollar). | molecular hydrogen is a key intermediate in lignocellulose degradation by the microbial community of termite hindguts. with polarographic, clark-type h(inf2) microelectrodes, we determined h(inf2) concentrations at microscale resolution in the gut of the wood-feeding lower termite reticulitermes flavipes (kollar). axial h(inf2) concentration profiles obtained from isolated intestinal tracts embedded in agarose ringer solution clearly identified the voluminous hindgut paunch as the site of h(inf2 ... | 1997 | 16535716 |
| temperature effect on kinetics of uptake, transfer, and clearance of [14c]noviflumuron in eastern subterranean termites (isoptera: rhinotermitidae). | [14c]noviflumuron uptake, clearance, rate of excretion, and transfer from treated to untreated termite workers were evaluated at 15,19, 23, and 27 degrees c. feeding units were constructed from plastic containers provisioned with washed sand, distilled water, [14c]noviflumuron-treated feeding discs (0.05 or 0.5% [ai]), and reticulitermes flavipes (kollar) workers. feeding units were held in environmental growth chambers preset at 15, 19, 23, and 27 degrees c. the amount of [14c]noviflumuron pres ... | 2006 | 16573334 |
| termite colony ontogeny: a long-term assessment of reproductive lifespan, caste ratios and colony size in reticulitermes flavipes (isoptera: rhinotermitidae). | thirty reticulitermes flavipes (kollar) colonies established by alates collected from two separate field sites were raised in the laboratory for eight years. twenty-one of the colonies were founded by alates from one field source and nine from another, providing demographic data from two unrelated parental lineages. colony totals ranged from 3620 to 11641 individuals, with no significant difference in size between lineages. soldier caste proportion of the colony total and mean wet weights for wo ... | 2003 | 14641982 |
| identification of reticulitermes spp. (isoptera: reticulitermatidae) from south central united states by pcr-rflp. | because of morphological ambiguity, traditional identification of reticulitermes holmgren termites has always been difficult and unreliable. a molecular diagnostic method is presented for differentiating reticulitermes species occurring in the south central united states, which are economically important urban pests. a 379-bp region of the mtdna coii gene and a 415-bp region of the mtdna 16s rrna gene were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and sequenced from reticulitermes flavipes ... | 2003 | 14650526 |
| response of reticulitermes flavipes (isoptera: rhinotermitidae) to disturbance in laboratory arenas at different temperatures and soldier proportions. | this study examined the evacuation response of groups of reticulitermes flavipes (kollar) workers after disturbance in laboratory arenas across a range of temperatures (16, 21, and 27 degrees c) and soldier proportions (1, 3, and 5%). groups of workers and soldiers were disturbed in a central chamber and then monitored during a 5-d period to examine the percentage that initially evacuated, percentage of evacuees that returned, time to evacuate, time to return, and rates (percentage per hour) of ... | 2006 | 16686148 |
| termite-egg mimicry by a sclerotium-forming fungus. | mimicry has evolved in a wide range of organisms and encompasses diverse tactics for defence, foraging, pollination and social parasitism. here, i report an extraordinary case of egg mimicry by a fungus, whereby the fungus gains competitor-free habitat in termite nests. brown fungal balls, called 'termite balls', are frequently found in egg piles of reticulitermes termites. phylogenetic analysis illustrated that termite-ball fungi isolated from different hosts (reticulitermes speratus, reticulit ... | 2006 | 16720392 |
| survey of metabolic reserves, stored uric acid, and water content from field populations of subterranean termites (isoptera: rhinotermitidae) from georgia. | total levels of uric acid, soluble proteins, lipid, glycogen, and body water were determined for reticulitermes flavipes (kollar) workers 24-72 h after field collection. in addition, levels of biological molecules were compared for termites collected from the same inspection ports within 24 h after field collection, and after laboratory captivity of 6 or 9 mo. uric acid content, described in a previous study as steadily accumulating in r. flavipes termites in captivity, was found to be low or un ... | 2006 | 16813324 |
| influence of portland cement amendment on soil ph and residual soil termiticide performance. | soil adjacent to new brick veneer work is likely to have a higher ph owing to the mixture of cement with the soil. in the gainesville, fl, area, soil samples taken from such locations had a range of ph values from 9.0 to 10.1; similar soils used in bioassays had a ph of 5.6 before the addition of cement. addition of 15 mg of portland cement to 33 g of soil increased the ph to 6, and addition of 291 mg of portland cement increased the ph to 9. the ph of soil amended with cement was stable for the ... | 2006 | 16981250 |
| juvenile hormone and colony conditions differentially influence cytochrome p450 gene expression in the termite reticulitermes flavipes. | in lower termites, the worker caste is a totipotent immature stage that is capable of differentiating into other adult caste phenotypes. we investigated the diversity of family 4 cytochrome p450 (cyp4) genes in reticulitermes flavipes workers, with the specific goal of identifying p450s potentially involved in regulating caste differentiation. seven novel cyp4 genes were identified. quantitative real-time pcr revealed the tissue distribution of expression for the seven cyp4s, as well as temporal ... | 2006 | 17201768 |
| immunomarking reveals food flow and feeding relationships in the eastern subterranean termite, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar). | trophallaxis and feeding relationships in the eastern subterranean termite, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar), were examined using a novel marking technique, rabbit igg protein coupled with an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect the marker. transfer experiments in small dishes evaluated the trophallactic transfer of the marker from donor workers fed igg-treated paper to recipient workers or larvae. worker donors rapidly acquired the marker, and 100% of donors tested positive withi ... | 2007 | 17349131 |
| correlation of cellulase gene expression and cellulolytic activity throughout the gut of the termite reticulitermes flavipes. | termites have developed cellulose digestion capabilities that allow them to obtain energy and nutrition from nutritionally poor food sources, such as lignocellulosic plant material and residues derived from it (e.g., wood and humus). lower termites, which are equipped with both endogenous (i.e., of termite origin) and symbiotic cellulases, feed primarily on wood and wood-related materials. this study investigated cellulase gene diversity, structure, and activity in the lower termite, reticuliter ... | 2007 | 17408885 |
| contact versus feeding intoxication by fipronil in reticulitermes termites (isoptera: rhinotermitidae): laboratory evaluation of toxicity, uptake, clearance, and transfer among individuals. | the susceptibility to fipronil of u.s. and french populations of reticulitermes flavipes (kollar) (isoptera: rhinotermitidae) was evaluated in two types of laboratory bioassays: contact intoxication with 0.01-1 ppm treated sand and feeding intoxication with 0.1-10 ppm treated filter paper. contact intoxication with 0.01 ppm fipronil caused 60% mortality after 55 and 64 h in the french and u.s. populations, respectively, whereas in the 5 ppm feeding assay 70 and 60% mortality was observed after 7 ... | 2009 | 19253654 |
| juvenile hormone synthesis as related to egg development in neotenic reproductives of the termite reticulitermes flavipes, with observations on urates in the fat body. | the relationship between juvenile hormone (jh) synthesis and egg development, which is well documented in cockroaches, is much less studied in their close relatives, the termites. in this study of neotenic reproductives of the subterranean termite reticulitermes flavipes, in vitro rates of juvenile hormone (jh) synthesis by corpora allata (ca) are related to vitellogenic egg development and the size of ca. the first study compared brachypterous and apterous neotenics in their first cycle of egg ... | 2007 | 17434168 |
| hermetically sealed baits for subterranean termites (isoptera: rhinotermitidae). | cellulose baits containing 0.5% hexaflumuron were hermetically sealed in a closed cell polyethylene sheet envelope and placed in soil to test their durability and efficacy against field colonies of the formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki, or the eastern subterranean termite, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar). the closed cell polyethylene sheet was readily tunneled through by termites, yet it was impervious to water and protected the cellulose baits and hexaflumuron from ... | 2007 | 17461073 |
| termite colony ontogeny: supplemental data in the long-term assessment of reproductive lifespan, female neotenic production and colony size in reticulitermes flavipes (isoptera: rhinotermitidae). | reticulitermes flavipes (kollar) colonies established by field-collected alates were reared in the laboratory for 11 years. weights of members of each caste and full-colony censuses were performed regularly; the most recent 2003-2004 data are reported. colonies averaged 11623.5 +/- 910 individuals, and with the exception of primary queens from one genetic lineage, mean weights for all castes had increased since 2001. female replacement reproductives, or neotenics, developed to replace dead queen ... | 2007 | 17524164 |
| diversity of gut bacteria of reticulitermes flavipes as examined by 16s rrna gene sequencing and amplified rdna restriction analysis. | the phylogenetic species richness of the bacteria in the gut of the termite reticulitermes flavipes was examined using near full-length 16s rrna gene sequencing and amplified rdna restriction analysis (ardra). we amplified the genes by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) directly from a mixed population of termite gut bacteria and isolated them using cloning techniques. sequence analysis of 42 clones identified a broad taxonomic range of ribotypes from six phyla within the domain bacteria: proteobac ... | 2007 | 17657534 |
| does correlation of cellulase gene expression and cellulolytic activity in the gut of termite suggest synergistic collaboration of cellulases? | termites play an important role in degradation of dead plant materials in nature. over the last century, many researchers have investigated the mechanisms of their lignocellulose digesting system. a recent publication by zhou et al. (zhou, x., smith, j.a., oi, f.m., koehler, p.g., bennett, g.w., scharf, m.e., 2007. correlation of cellulase gene expression and cellulolytic activity throughout the gut of the termite reticulitermes flavipes. gene 395, 29-39) dealt with the cellulolytic system of th ... | 2007 | 17720335 |
| stenoxybacter acetivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., an acetate-oxidizing obligate microaerophile among diverse o2-consuming bacteria from termite guts. | in termite hindguts, fermentative production of acetate--a major carbon and energy source for the insect--depends on efficient removal of inwardly diffusing oxygen by microbes residing on and near the hindgut wall. however, little is known about the identity of these organisms or about the substrate(s) used to support their respiratory activity. a cultivation-based approach was used to isolate o(2)-consuming organisms from hindguts of reticulitermes flavipes. a consistently greater (albeit not s ... | 2007 | 17827334 |
| physiological ecology of stenoxybacter acetivorans, an obligate microaerophile in termite guts. | stenoxybacter acetivorans is a newly described, obligately microaerophilic beta-proteobacterium that is abundant in the acetate-rich hindgut of reticulitermes. here we tested the hypotheses that cells are located in the hypoxic, peripheral region of reticulitermes flavipes hindguts and use acetate to fuel their o(2)-consuming respiratory activity in situ. physical fractionation of r. flavipes guts, followed by limited-cycle pcr with s. acetivorans-specific 16s rrna gene primers, indicated that c ... | 2007 | 17827335 |
| parallel metatranscriptome analyses of host and symbiont gene expression in the gut of the termite reticulitermes flavipes. | termite lignocellulose digestion is achieved through a collaboration of host plus prokaryotic and eukaryotic symbionts. in the present work, we took a combined host and symbiont metatranscriptomic approach for investigating the digestive contributions of host and symbiont in the lower termite reticulitermes flavipes. our approach consisted of parallel high-throughput sequencing from (i) a host gut cdna library and (ii) a hindgut symbiont cdna library. subsequently, we undertook functional analys ... | 2009 | 19832970 |
| bioavailability of chlorantraniliprole and indoxacarb to eastern subterranean termites (isoptera: rhinotermitidae) in various soils. | a laboratory study was conducted to determine the toxicity of indoxacarb and chlorantraniliprole to eastern subterranean termites, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar) (isoptera: rhinotermitidae) resulting from topical applications and exposure to treated soil. soils with varying organic matter (0.57-3.64%) and chemical characteristics were used in termiticide bioassays. lethal dose resulting from topical application indicated that chlorantraniliprole was two- to 11-fold more toxic than indoxacarb. ... | 2009 | 19886458 |
| chemical mimicry as an integrating mechanism: cuticular hydrocarbons of a termitophile and its host. | the staphylinid beetle trichopsenius frosti seevers has the same cuticular hydrocarbons as those of its host termite reticulitermes flavipes (kollar) and it biosynthesizes them. these cuticular hydrocarbons probably serve as the primary mechanism by which trichopsenius frosti integrates itself into the termite colony. | 1980 | 17837424 |
| field evaluation of potential control strategies against the invasive eastern subterranean termite (isoptera: rhinotermitidae) in chile. | four different termite control strategies consisting of two soil treatments with cypermethrin and fipronil and two bait treatments with hexaflumuron and sulfluramid were evaluated for their efficacy and potential for controlling the invasive eastern subterranean termite, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar) (isoptera: rhinotermitidae), in quillota and valparaiso, chile. monitoring stations were installed at all sites to measure the overall termite activity next to and at distances up to 30 m away fr ... | 2007 | 17849893 |
| distribution of neuropeptide f-like immunoreactivity in the eastern subterranean termite, reticulitermes flavipes. | the nervous system and gut of worker, soldier and alate castes of the eastern subterranean termite, reticulitermes flavipes kollar (isoptera: rhinotermitidae) were examined for immunoreactivity to an antiserum to helicoverpa zea (boddie) (leipidoptera: noctuidae) mp-i (qaarprf-nh(2)), a truncated form of neuropeptide f. more than 145 immunostained axons and cell bodies were seen in the brain and all ganglia of the ventral nerve cord. immunoreactive axons exiting the brain projected anteriorly to ... | 2008 | 20302462 |
| socio-environmental and endocrine influences on developmental and caste-regulatory gene expression in the eusocial termite reticulitermes flavipes. | strict regulation of caste differentiation, at the molecular level, is thought to be important to maintain social structure in insect societies. previously, a number of extrinsic and intrinsic factors have been shown to influence caste composition in termite colonies. one important factor is the influence of nestmates; in particular, soldier termites are known to inhibit hormone-dependent worker-to-soldier differentiation. however, soldier influences on nestmates at the molecular level are virtu ... | 2010 | 20416061 |
| molecular and biochemical markers for monitoring dynamic shifts of cellulolytic protozoa in reticulitermes flavipes. | lower termites rely on cellulolytic protozoa to aid in the digestion of their wood-based diet. however, despite the major contribution of protozoa to the lower termite digestive system, few techniques have been developed to monitor shifts in protozoan populations. this study investigated whether quantitative real-time pcr (qrt-pcr) and/or cellulase enzyme assays can be used to monitor changes of cellulolytic protozoan populations in the lower termite, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar). previously ... | 2007 | 17967355 |
| changes in juvenile hormone synthesis in the termite reticulitermes flavipes during development of soldiers and neotenic reproductives from groups of isolated workers. | workers of reticulitermes flavipes were isolated in groups of increasing numbers to determine the in vitro rates of juvenile hormone (jh) synthesis by individual pairs of corpora allata (ca) as other castes differentiated. only neotenic reproductives developed in groups of 12. mean jh synthesis rates increased after 5 weeks but only a few individuals had significantly higher rates, about 0.4 pmol/pair/h, which occurred at about 3 weeks before neotenics developed. soldiers and neotenics developed ... | 2008 | 18187146 |
| behavioral responses of two subterranean termite species (isoptera: rhinotermitidae) to instant freezing or chilling temperatures. | the behavioral responses to instant freezing or chilling temperatures and survivorship of the formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki, and the eastern subterranean termite, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar), were studied using a novel experimental design that closely simulated subterranean termites' natural in-ground environment. both termite species responded to changes in temperature by exhibiting a downward mass movement from the cold to warmer area of constant temperatur ... | 2007 | 18284773 |
| isolation of cockroach phe-gly-leu-amide allatostatins from the termite reticulitermes flavipes and their effect on juvenile hormone synthesis. | immunoreactivity to cockroach diploptera punctata allatostatin-7 (dippu ast-7) has been demonstrated previously in axons innervating the corpora allata of the termite reticulitermes flavipes. this peptide and dippu ast-11 inhibited juvenile hormone (jh) synthesis by corpora allata (ca) of brachypterous neotenic reproductives (secondary reproductives) of termites. the present study shows that r. flavipes ca are also inhibited by dippu ast-2, ast-5, ast-8, and ast-9 at approximately the same rank ... | 2008 | 18387628 |
| interaction between the subterranean termite reticulitermes flavipes (isoptera: rhinotermitidae) and the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae in foraging arenas. | the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae (metsch.) sorokin was tested in the laboratory against field-collected groups of eastern subterranean termite, reticulitermes flavipes (kollar) (isoptera: rhinotermitidae), in foraging arenas to determine the potential effect of a "trap and treat" protocol (trapping a part of the population, treating it with a biological control agent and releasing it back into the original population). individual termites were treated with a suspension of m. an ... | 2008 | 18613591 |
| two hexamerin genes from the termite reticulitermes flavipes: sequence, expression, and proposed functions in caste regulation. | previous molecular studies on the termite reticulitermes flavipes have revealed that two hexamerin proteins serve an important status quo role in the regulation of juvenile hormone (jh)-dependent caste differentiation. here, we report sequence data and other experimental evidence suggesting how these two hexamerins function in achieving caste regulation. the two hexamerin genes, named hex-1 and hex-2, encode highly unique sequence features relative to the 100+ other known insect hexamerins. thes ... | 2006 | 16580793 |
| fine structure of corpora allata of castes with different rates of juvenile hormone production in the termite reticulitermes flavipes. | the aim of this work is to describe corpora allata (ca) of several castes of the termite reticulitermes flavipes that have different rates of juvenile hormone (jh) synthesis, with respect to differences in fine structure, volume, and intensity of allatostatin immunoreactivity in their innervation. the castes chosen are workers and their potential derivatives, apterous secondary reproductives and pre-soldiers (the precursors of soldiers). these castes, at the stages chosen, produce jh at low, hig ... | 2011 | 20849977 |
| gut bacteria recycle uric acid nitrogen in termites: a strategy for nutrient conservation. | reticulitermes flavipes termites synthesize uric acid via purine-nucleoside phosphorylase (purine-nucleoside: orthophosphate ribosyltransferase, ec 2.4.2.1) and xanthine dehydrogenase (xanthine:nad(+) oxidoreductase, ec 1.2.1.37), but their tissues lack uricase (urate:oxygen oxidoreductase, ec 1.7.3.3) or any other enzyme that degrades uric acid. nevertheless, uricolysis occurs in termites, but as an anaerobic process mediated by hindgut bacteria. (14)c-tracer experiments showed that termites tr ... | 1981 | 16593064 |
| influence of temperature on rate of uptake and subsequent horizontal transfer of [14c]fipronil by eastern subterranean termites (isoptera: rhinotermitidae). | the effect of temperature on [14c]fipronil uptake and transfer from donor (d) to recipient (r) reticulitermes flavipes (kollar) (isoptera: rhinotermitidae) workers was evaluated. test chambers used in the fipronil uptake study were constructed from petri dishes containing autoclaved soil treated with 1 ppm [14c]fipronil (1.14 microci of total radioactivity per petri dish), distilled water, and r. flavipes workers. test chambers were held in environmental growth chambers preset at 12, 17, 22, 27, ... | 2008 | 18613593 |