| monthly incidence of theileria cervi and seroconversion to babesia odocoilei in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in texas. | monthly monitoring of fawns collected from an area in texas endemic for theileria cervi and babesia odocoilei showed that transmission of t. cervi occurred during july and august, a time period consistent with the occurrence of amblyomma americanum. seroconversion to b. odocoilei occurred during october to december and possibly continued through january and february. the time of seroconversion was more suggestive of transmission of b. odocoilei by ixodes scapularis than by amblyomma americanum. | 1992 | 1512881 |
| transmission of babesia odocoilei in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) by ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae). | laboratory reared ixodes scapularis proved to be an efficient vector of babesia odocoilei emerson and wright between white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). transtadial survival of the babesia occurred between nymph and adult stages of the tick, and the adult stage transmitted the babesia. | 1990 | 2388362 |
| the isolation and partial characterization of a babesia sp. from desert bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis nelsoni). | a novel babesia parasite of desert bighorn sheep was isolated. its taxonomic description, host range, pathogenicity and antigenic relatedness were investigated. the parasite was infective for black-tailed and white-tailed deer, but with host-specific differences compared to that of bighorn sheep. a splenectomized calf and domestic sheep were refractory to infection. a comparative immunofluorescence assay detected antigens cross-reactive with babesia odocoilei, b. divergens, b. equi and b. caball ... | 1993 | 8508161 |
| ixodes (ixodes) scapularis (acari:ixodidae): redescription of all active stages, distribution, hosts, geographical variation, and medical and veterinary importance. | the blacklegged tick, ixodes (ixodes) scapularis say, 1821, is redescribed, based on laboratory reared specimens originating in bulloch county, georgia. information on distribution, host associations, morphological variation, and medical/veterinary importance is also presented. a great deal of recent work has focused on this species because it is the principal vector of the agent of lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmidt, hyde, steigerwaldt & brenner) in eastern north america. its d ... | 1996 | 8667375 |
| antigenic, phenotypic and molecular characterization confirms babesia odocoilei isolated from three cervids. | babesia isolates from an elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) and a caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou) with fatal infections were compared to babesia odocoilei (engeling isolate) from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) by experimental infection, serologic, and small subunit ribosomal rna (ssu rrna) gene sequence analysis studies. both the indirect fluorescent antibody test and immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated antigenic variation among the isolates. experimental infection studies showe ... | 2000 | 10941738 |
| diversity of babesia infecting european sheep ticks (ixodes ricinus). | questing ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) adult and nymphal ticks collected in various parts of slovenia were tested for the presence of babesial parasites with a pcr assay based on the nuclear small subunit rrna gene (nss-ribosomal dna [rdna]). thirteen of 135 ticks were found to contain babesial dna. sequence determination and analysis of amplified portions of nss-rdna revealed their identity with babesia microti and a high degree of homology with babesia odocoilei and babesia divergens. the r ... | 2001 | 11526189 |
| epidemiological survey of babesia species in japan performed with specimens from ticks collected from dogs and detection of new babesia dna closely related to babesia odocoilei and babesia divergens dna. | detection and analysis of babesia species from ticks recovered from dogs in japan were attempted by pcr and nucleotide sequence analysis based on the 18s rrna gene, respectively. a total of 1136 ticks were examined for babesia dna by 18s rrna-based pcr and nucleotide sequencing. partial sequences of babesia canis vogeli dna were detected from six ticks in aomori, nara, hiroshima, oita, and okinawa prefectures; and babesia gibsoni asia-1 dna was also detected in four ticks in osaka, hiroshima, mi ... | 2003 | 12904344 |
| ribosomal rna analysis of babesia odocoilei isolates from farmed reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) and elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) in wisconsin. | piroplasms isolated from a farmed reindeer and elk in wisconsin were determined to be babesia odocoilei, based on morphology and ribosomal rna (rrna) analysis. different clinical manifestations were observed in the two host species. the reindeer was parasitemic and exhibited acute babesiosis resulting in death, while the elk showed no parasites in blood smears and no overt clinical signs of babesiosis. b. odocoilei was, however, readily cultured from elk erythrocytes. small subunit rrna gene seq ... | 2003 | 14505046 |
| new ruminant hosts and wider geographic range identified for babesia odocoilei (emerson and wright 1970). | babesia odocoilei was found to infect two previously unknown host species, desert bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis nelsoni) and musk oxen (ovibos moschatus), both of which are members of the family bovidae. previously, b. odocoilei has been reported in only cervidae hosts. new geographic regions where b. odocoilei infections have not been reported previously include pennsylvania and new york, where fatal babesiosis has occurred in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus); new hampshire, where elk (ce ... | 2005 | 16456156 |
| molecular detection and characterization of cytauxzoon felis and a babesia species in cougars from florida. | piroplasms, morphologically indistinguishable from cytauxzoon felis, previously were detected in 36% of cougars in florida. we utilized a nested 18s rrna assay, which amplifies dna from all piroplasms, to screen blood samples collected from 41 cougars from florida (39 native florida panthers [puma concolor coryi] and two translocated texas cougars [p. c. stanleyana]) from 1989-2005. thirty-nine of the 41 cougars (95%) were positive for piroplasms; however, sequence analysis and restriction enzym ... | 2006 | 16870859 |
| first case of human babesiosis in germany - clinical presentation and molecular characterisation of the pathogen. | babesiosis is a common infection of animals and is gaining increasing attention as an emerging tick-borne zoonosis of humans in europe. here we report on the first case of human babesiosis in germany in a 63-year-old splenectomised german patient with a relapse of nodular lymphocyte-predominant hodgkin's lymphoma. after treatment with a chimeric anti-cd20 antibody preparation (rituximab), the patient was hospitalised because of anaemia and dark urine from haemoglobinuria. presumptive diagnosis o ... | 2007 | 17350888 |
| quantitative pcr for detection of babesia microti in ixodes scapularis ticks and in human blood. | babesia microti, the primary cause of human babesiosis in the united states, is transmitted by ixodes scapularis ticks; transmission may also occur through blood transfusion and transplacentally. most infected people experience a viral-like illness that resolves without complication, but those who are immunocompromised may develop a serious and prolonged illness that is sometimes fatal. the geographic expansion and increasing incidence of human babesiosis in the northeastern and midwestern unite ... | 2013 | 24107203 |
| survey of ixodes pacificus ticks in california reveals a diversity of microorganisms and a novel and widespread anaplasmataceae species. | ixodes pacificus ticks can harbor a wide range of human and animal pathogens. to survey the prevalence of tick-borne known and putative pathogens, we tested 982 individual adult and nymphal i. pacificus ticks collected throughout california between 2007 and 2009 using a broad-range pcr and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (pcr/esi-ms) assay designed to detect a wide range of tick-borne microorganisms. overall, 1.4% of the ticks were found to be infected with borrelia burgdorferi, 2.0% w ... | 2015 | 26375033 |
| babesia spp. in ticks and wildlife in different habitat types of slovakia. | babesiosis is an emerging and potentially zoonotic disease caused by tick-borne piroplasmids of the babesia genus. new genetic variants of piroplasmids with unknown associations to vectors and hosts are recognized. data on the occurrence of babesia spp. in ticks and wildlife widen the knowledge on the geographical distribution and circulation of piroplasmids in natural foci. questing and rodent-attached ticks, rodents, and birds were screened for the presence of babesia-specific dna using molecu ... | 2016 | 27207099 |
| relatively low prevalence of babesia microti and anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes scapularis ticks collected in the lehigh valley region of eastern pennsylvania. | several human pathogens are transmitted by the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis. these include the spirochetes that cause lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi) which is endemic to the lehigh valley region of eastern pennsylvania. emerging and currently rare tick-borne diseases have been of increasing concern in this region, including tick-borne relapsing fever (caused by borrelia miyamotoi), human granulocytic anaplasmosis (caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum), and human babesiosis (caused by b ... | 2015 | 26318263 |
| increased diversity of zoonotic pathogens and borrelia burgdorferi strains in established versus incipient ixodes scapularis populations across the midwestern united states. | the center of origin theory predicts that genetic diversity will be greatest near a specie's geographic origin because of the length of time for evolution. by corollary, diversity will decrease with distance from the origin; furthermore, invasion and colonization are frequently associated with founder effects that reduce genetic variation in incipient populations. the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis, harbors a suite of zoonotic pathogens, and the geographic range of the tick is expanding in ... | 2014 | 24953506 |
| ultrastructural characteristics of babesia odocoilei in vitro. | babesia odocoilei continuously cultured in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) erythrocytes was examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. merozoites, trophozoites, intermediate-stage forms, and dividing forms were observed. merozoites possessed a single nucleus, inner membrane complex, rhoptries, free ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and single membrane-bound vesicles. trophozoites lacked an inner membrane complex and rhoptries. intermediate stages were characteriz ... | 1993 | 8501601 |
| in vitro cultivation of a babesia isolated from a white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). | pyriforms and ring forms of babesia odocoilei were detected in thin blood smears obtained from a white-tailed deer killed by a hunter in anderson county, texas. erythrocytes from the deer were cultured and the parasites maintained through 8 serial subcultures during 1 mo. the parasite was successfully established in culture using medium 199 supplemented with either 20% deer serum or 40% normal adult bovine serum. the highest parasitemia observed was 30% and more than 4 parasites per erythrocyte ... | 1988 | 3357095 |
| comparative studies of babesia spp. from white-tailed and sika deer. | babesia odocoilei from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in texas (usa) and b. capreoli isolated from sika deer (cervus nippon) in ireland were compared morphologically and antigenically. babesia odocoilei and b. capreoli paired pyriforms resembled each other closely when in sika deer, but b. odocoilei pyriforms in white-tailed deer were slightly different. babesia odocoilei in white-tailed deer also differed from b. odocoilei and b. capreoli in sika deer in the frequency of its develop ... | 1991 | 2023332 |
| disease survey of free-ranging grey brocket deer (mazama gouazoubira) in the gran chaco, bolivia. | samples from 17 free-ranging hunter-killed grey brocket deer (mazama gouazoubira) in the gran chaco, bolivia, were collected during june-august 1999. all 17 deer appeared to be in good condition at the time of death. gross necropsies were performed, serum was collected for serologic evaluation of selected infectious disease agents, and feces and ectoparasites were collected for evaluation of internal and external parasites. serologic tests were positive for antibodies against bovine respiratory ... | 2004 | 15137493 |
| babesia odocoilei infection in elk. | two male north american elk from a commercial herd were evaluated because of a sudden onset of lethargy, anorexia, and voiding of red urine. these 2 elk were kept in the same pen as 4 other male elk that had died during the preceding 2 months. laboratory analyses revealed anemia and intraerythrocytic parasites, later confirmed as babesia odocoilei (a protozoal hemoparasite of cervids). of the 240 elk remaining in the herd, 59 were screened for b odocoilei by microscopic evaluation of blood smear ... | 2003 | 14552494 |
| babesia odocoilei emerson and wright, 1970 in white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus (zimmermann), in virginia. | pooled blood samples from six white-tailed deer from the great dismal swamp in virginia were inoculated into two splenectomized deer. a moderately severe clinical reaction ensued, characterized by a hemolytic anemia, and a babesia found in both recipient animals was presumptively identified as b. odocoilei. this is the first reported identification of this parasite in white-tailed deer in virginia. | 1985 | 3999247 |
| serological prevalence and isolation of babesia odocoilei among white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in texas and oklahoma. | serum samples collected from 581 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from texas and from 124 white-tailed deer from oklahoma were tested by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique against babesia odocoilei. prevalence of seropositive reactors varied from site to site in both states. prevalence rates were statistically ranked as high, intermediate or low. deer less than 12-mo-old had a significantly lower prevalence than all other age classes. | 1989 | 2654422 |
| detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia odocoilei dna in ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) collected in indiana. | the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis say, first reported in indiana in 1987, has now been detected in more than half of indiana's counties. the first case of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (human anaplasmosis) in indiana was reported in 2002. we now report the detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia odocoilei (emerson and wright 1968) in i. scapularis ticks collected in northern indiana. using polymerase chain reaction analysis, 41 of 193 adult ticks (21.2%) collected from deer we ... | 2006 | 16619631 |
| genotypically unique babesia spp. isolated from reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in the united states. | two morphologically dissimilar babesia spp. were cultured from reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in placer county, calif. the smaller isolate, designated rd61, was morphologically similar to babesia odocoilei. serum from rd61-infected reindeer reacted equally strongly to b. odocoilei and rd61 parasites in the indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test. small subunit ribosomal rna (ssu rrna) gene-sequence analysis showed 99.0% identity to that of b. odocoilei. the larger piroplasm, designated r ... | 2002 | 12049456 |
| diagnosis and treatment of babesia odocoilei in captive reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) and recognition of three novel host species. | two captive reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) at a new york zoological institution were diagnosed with babesia odocoilei. clinical signs consistent with acute babesiosis included fever, hemoglobinuria, and hemolytic anemia. both episodes were precipitated by stressful events that may have compromised their immunocompetence. the diagnosis was confirmed by visualization of intraerythrocytic parasites on stained blood smears, polymerase chain reaction, and speciation of the babesia by sequencin ... | 2009 | 19368255 |
| role of the lone star tick, amblyomma americanum (l.), in human and animal diseases. | we reviewed scientific literature pertaining to known and putative disease agents associated with the lone star tick, amblyomma americanum. reports in the literature concerning the role of the lone star tick in the transmission of pathogens of human and animal diseases have sometimes been unclear and even contradictory. this overview has indicated that a. americanum is involved in the ecology of several disease agents of humans and other animals, and the role of this tick as a vector of these di ... | 2009 | 19054615 |
| molecular evidence of a new babesia sp. in goats. | in this study, a novel babesia sp. infecting goats was detected and its phylogenetic relationship to related species was determined. a total of 200 blood samples collected from sheep (n=78) and goats (n=122) were examined in the study. the v4 hypervariable region of the 18s rrna gene of the novel babesia sp. was amplified by pcr and analysed using a reverse line blot hybridization assay adapted for small ruminants. samples from seven goats hybridized to theileria/babesia catch-all and babesia ca ... | 2017 | 28043378 |
| babesia odocoilei infection in a saskatchewan elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) herd. | an 8-year-old female elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) cow, presented for chronic severe weight loss and unthriftiness, was diagnosed with babesia odocoilei infection based on blood smear evaluation, polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and dna sequence analysis. subsequently, velvet antler from a male that died acutely on the same farm was also pcr positive for babesia spp. both animals originated from a game ranch of saskatchewan-bred and -raised animals with no known history of tick exposure, but w ... | 2013 | 23780934 |
| environmental investigation following the first human case of babesiosis in tennessee. | babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne zoonotic disease in the united states caused by babesia parasites. in 2009, the first case of babesiosis was documented in tennessee. environmental investigation at the reported site of tick exposure included collection of ticks and specimens from eastern cottontail rabbits (sylvilagus floridanus) and white-tailed deer ( odocoileus virginianus ) that were tested for piroplasms by molecular and serologic methods. one hundred and sixty-six ixodes scapularis tic ... | 2014 | 23971411 |
| use of the polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of babesia odocoilei 18s ribosomal rna in formalin-fixed tissues. | the effect of fixation and storage conditions on the performance of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays for babesia odocoilei were examined using 3 different primer sets targeting the eukaryotic 18s ribosomal rna gene, with variably sized products of 1,723 base pairs (bp), 483 bp, and 306 bp. all primer sets performed well on fresh-frozen tissue, and storage for 1 year at -20°c did not affect pcr performance. formalin fixation markedly affected the amplicon length that could be amplified. how ... | 2014 | 24916444 |
| a molecular epidemiological survey of babesia, hepatozoon, ehrlichia and anaplasma infections of dogs in japan. | tick-borne diseases are often encountered in canine clinical practice. in the present study, a molecular epidemiological survey of dogs in japan was conducted to understand the prevalence and geographical distribution of babesia spp., hepatozoon spp., ehrlichia spp. and anaplasma spp. pathogen-derived dna in blood samples obtained from 722 dogs with a history of exposure to ticks and/or fleas was examined by pcr. the prevalence of babesia gibsoni, babesia odocoilei-like species, hepatozoon canis ... | 2015 | 25947226 |
| the first detection of species of babesia starcovici, 1893 in moose, alces alces (linnaeus), in norway. | babesiosis is an emerging zoonotic disease and various wildlife species are reservoir hosts for zoonotic species of babesia starcovici, 1893. the objective of the present study was to investigate the presence and prevalence of babesia spp. in moose alces alces (linnaeus) in two regions of norway. a total of 99 spleen samples were collected from animals of various ages from an area with the occurrence of the tick ixodes ricinus (linnaeus, 1758), and from an area where the ticks are known to be ab ... | 2016 | 27188749 |
| molecular and serologic evidence for babesia bovis-like parasites in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in south texas. | the current study was undertaken to determine if white-tailed deer in south texas harbor babesia bovis, a causative agent of bovine babesiosis. blood samples from free-ranging white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) on two ranches in lasalle and webb counties were screened for b. bovis and other hemoparasites by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to detect the piroplasm 18s rdna. serology was conducted on selected samples to detect antibody activity to b. bovis by the immunofluorescent antib ... | 2010 | 20605333 |
| infection and co-infection rates of anaplasma phagocytophilum variants, babesia spp., borrelia burgdorferi, and the rickettsial endosymbiont in ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) from sites in indiana, maine, pennsylvania, and wisconsin. | in total, 394 questing adult blacklegged ticks, ixodes scapularis say (acari: ixodidae), collected at four sites were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for five microbial species: anaplasma phagocytophilum, babesia microti, babesia odocoilei, borrelia burgdorferi, and the rickettsial i. scapularis endosymbiont. identities of genetic variants of a. phagocytophilum were determined by sequencing a portion of the 16s dna. in 55% of infected ticks (193/351), a single agent was detected. in ... | 2008 | 18402145 |